Double V campaign : victory at home and abroad campaign organised by Philip Randolph

Executive Order 8802 ends discrimination in workplaces. FEPC made sure orders

carried out

Integrated fighting units and more black

officers

Black nurses only treated black soldiers

In 1954, Linda Brown’s father took Topeka Board of Education to the Supreme Court. They agreed that Linda should be allowed to attend the all white school. Schools were to be integrated but still not carried out

In 1957, at Little Rock High School, President Eisenhower sent 101st Airborne division (10000 troops) to make sure that 9 black children could complete their education. Supreme Court stated that the action of the state governor Orval Faubas in closing down the school was illegal.

In 1962, James Meredith, a black student had US marshals sent to the University of Mississippi by President Kennedy. US soldiers protected him whilst he completed his studies

Supreme Court in 1956 supported the decision that bus segregation was illegal following the arrest of Rosa Parks. Martin Luther King organised the bus boycott and recognised the power of the media in changing public opinion

In 1961, following the action of the freedom riders who made sure that desegregation was carried out, it was now illegal to segregate in bus waiting rooms and stations

In 1964, the Civil Rights Act was passed which ended discrimination at work and public places

In 1965, a Voting Act was passed which gave 1 million blacks the right to vote

Many students took up the cause of blacks and women

The death of J.F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King convinced young people that the USA was corrupt

The Vietnam War angered the young. They saw $500 million a week and 300 USA soldiers deaths as a waste

The war angered many as they thought it was wrong that the USA was fighting for freedom in Vietnam when blacks did not freedom in the USA

Young people were influenced by the music of Bob Dylan, etc. His anti - war songs won over many.

Students criticised their universities. The Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)organised rallies and marches. At Berkely, there were student sit - ins

At Kent State University, Ohio, there were protests which resulted in 4 students being shot and 11 injured

Students experimented with drugs like cannabis.

World War Two proved that women could do men’s jobs and gave them a wage and independence. Only 2% of women kept their jobs at the end of the war

In the 1950s’ women became wealthier. They gained college education and did not want to give up work when they had a child The birth control pill

gave them greater freedom

Betty Friedan wrote the Feminine Mystique. This and and other books encouraged women to challenge ideas about them as mothers and housewives

Evidence proved that women were not treated the same. They only earned 59% of a man’s wage

There was the creation of NOW. 40,000 female members campaigned for equal rights

•1963: Equal Pay Act passed

•1964 : Civil Rights passed which ended discrimination for women

•1972 : Education Amendment Act outlawed discrimination

Women saw the success of black civil rights

USSR at the end of the Second World War had started to occupy land in eastern Europe. They made these countries communist

In 1948, the USSR tried to blockade Berlin and make the city communist. The plan failed but showed that communism was trying to spread

In 1949, the USSR developed their own atom bomb. They supposedly got the secrets from American spies - the Rosenbergs

In 1949, China became communist.

Building on this fear, Senator Joesph McCarthy claimed that he had a list of 205 known communists. Using his position on HUAC, he threatened to publish the names

When Senators, like Tydings tried to challenge McCarthy about this, McCarthy turned on him. Tydings was not re-elected and many were now frightened to criticise McCarthy

Between 1950 and 1954, McCarthy used the media to great effect. He would accuse people on television, through the newspapers, etc to heighten the fear of communism.

At 43, he lacked experience in handling Congress

His own party, of southern Democrats were against civil rights They feared that they would lose the support of southern whites and opposed changes to help blacks

Congress was controlled by the Republicans who would block his laws

Kennedy’s attention was taken away by events in the Cold War. The building of the Berlin Wall and events in Cuba distracted him

Appointed blacks to key government posts

James Meredith case

Proposed a civil rights bill

Area Re - development Act designed to give loans

Housing Act to help poor housing through cheap loans

Manpower Training act to help the unemployed

Proposed Medicare bill to give free help to the elderly but never passed

Minimum wage raised to $1.25 an hour

Kennedy : Democrat leader

Civil Rights Act, 1964 Voting Rights Act, 1965

Minimum Wage Raised to $1.40 an hourModel Cities Act,

1966 cleared slums

Created nation-wide programmes for new jobs, such as the Peace Corps

Medicare Act gave free help medical help to the old

Elementary Education Act gave government help to schools

Vietnam War was costing $500 million a week and 300 deaths

Vietnam War diverted money away from helping people

Widespread public unrest. Especially in black areas. Watts riots in 1965. Growth of Black Power movement

Economy was not performing so well, so government did not raise as much money through taxationJohnson : Democrat leader

(a) 5 burglars broke into the Democratic Headquarters.

(b) Two journalists, Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward discover that they belong to CREEP

(c )Nixon claimed that he knew nothing of the burglary. Went on TV and said that there would be no white - wash. Nixon appointed Archibald Cox to carry out an investigation.

(d )Emerged that Nixon had secretly recorded all conversations in the Whitehouse since 1971. Nixon was order to hand the tapes over by the Senate. Nixon refused stating it was “executive privilege” (e) Nixon handed

the tapes over to the new investigator. 18 minutes of tape had been left out (f) Nixon eventually handed

over all the tapes. He would either be impeached or resigned. He resigned in 1973

President Nixon : Republican leader