Double Functions

To walk you through the Ming-Qing Transition

To show you how to put together an essay in a logical manner

Components in a Chinese GardenComplement each other

RocksYang

Plants/FlowersNature

WaterYin

Architecture/Literature/Art

Culture

Epiphanies from Chinese Gardens

1. Appositional vs. oppositional:

Internal relationship among those major components: they complement each other;

External relationship to its environment

Fusion of subjectivity and objectivity

2. One Can Never See the Whole Scene of a Chinese Garden—Same/Different flowers in different seasons;

Same plants and tress in different seasons

Our knowledge is forever partial as fresh combinations in scenes are infinite; Symbolic meaning of bamboo:

Focal Point/EmphasisFigure/ground Contrast

Definition: A focal point is the element in a painting that pulls in the viewer's eye, that is the center of attention or the main subject. You can emphasize a focal point through the painting's composition, through color, and through the range of tones you use.

Figure/Ground SwitchDepending on perspectives

Rubin's vase (sometimes known as the Rubin face or the Figure-ground vase) is a famous set of cognitive optical illusions developed around 1915 by the Danish psychologist Edgar Rubin.

“Find the Moth” 39Ralph A. Clevenger/Corbis Images 16

Figure-Ground Contrast Blurred/Blended

Empathy: A fusion of subjectivity and objectivity

UW Fountain/Mountain View

To complement something is not a passive act;

View-borrowing is two-way traffic

Empathyan encounter between the self and

the other

1. the intellectual identification with or vicarious experiencing of the feelings, thoughts, or attitudes of another.

2. the imaginative ascribing to an object, as a natural object or work of art, feelings or attitudes present in oneself: By means of empathy, a great painting becomes a mirror of the self.

Empathy and Sympathy

are relationships based on Shared Emotions & Understanding. Empathy is understood as the ability to mutually experience the thoughts, emotions, and direct experience of others without them being directly communicated intentionally.

Sympathy is a feeling of care and understanding for suffering beings.

Both have similar usage but differ in their emotional meaning.

Empathy vs. sympathy

The ability to co-experience and relate to the thoughts, emotions, or experience of another without them being communicated directly by the individual

The ability to understand and to support the emotional situation or experience of another being with compassion and sensitivity

Principles for architectural designs

The Wall/Memorial is blended in as part of the landscape instead of asserting its dominant presence regardless its environment: one end points at the Lincoln Memorial, and the other points at the Washington Monument; together, they make up a trilogy—the self becoming part of the other or wise versa;

Pay attention to interrelations;

The Vietnam Memorial Wall

Names on the WallChronologically Listed

An act of Empathy

Act of Empathy/Lack of Empathy

The self and the other is fused/delicately balanced;

Two features in Confucius’ five-fold relationship:

1. Hierarchy 2. Reciprocity

Lack of empathy leads to endless troubles in human affairs;

Tyranny of the minority/individual; tyranny of the majority/community

(Before) taking one step, examine (at least) three steps ahead

zǒu yí bù kàn sān bù 走 一 步， 看 三 步

In Tao Te Ching, Laozi states that “Governing a large state is like boiling a small fish.” Laozi, Tao Te Ching. Trans. by D. C. Lau. (1963; rpt. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2001), 87. http://nothingistic.org/library/laotzu/ (60)

Governing a (large) state is like playing chess.—Weizhi Gao

No short-sighted/ Band-Aid solutions; A headache is a just

symptom; Causes may vary. Function like a Chinese

doctor/woodpecker

The Function of “The Sisters” in Dubliners

Diagnosis for the entire book

Diagnosis Write like a woodpecker Four ways to diagnose: Observe Smell Ask Feel the pulse Comprehensive

treatment/root

Synergy

Synergy (positive, careful planning)

Plan ahead; Plant a piece/seed

here and there; Create a symphony

out of all synergy;

Synergy (negative) Short-sighted

measures/moves or Band-Aid solutions could create some ripple effect; its consequences could burst like pent-waters;

Quantitative & QualitativeChanges and Transformation

Before a situation tips, there are signs of troubles that often escape our sight;

As a leader for the next generation, you need to diagnose a situation like a woodpecker but treat the illness like a Chinese doctor—comprehensively/root

防患于未然【 fánghuànyúwèirán 】 nip in the bud (state).

Transition in Dynasties

1. The enduring challenge is how to unify and govern China/How to Tame the Yellow River—the Loess Plateau;

2. Dynasties embrace ancient virtues: benevolence (Confucianism); the Natural Way (Daoism); and the Law (Legalism-reward and punishment)

3. What happens in the transitions? A case study of the Ming-Qing Transition

Question 1 (group presentation)What leads to the Fall of Ming?

Random list (314) Rational List Chronological Inverted Pyramid Climactic

(Progressive intensive)

Internal/external

Types of Cause

1. multiple contributory causes (it is rare that a single cause can fully explain a complex phenomenon);

2. Causal chains: a set of linked causes in which one cause leads to another and then another until a result is achieved;

3. interactive causes: causes rarely operate independently; they affect each other

Ripple Effect of Natural Disasters

The Little Ice age (1300-1850) on a larger scale Food shortages Aggravated by laid-off soldiers in search of food; Instead of easing the pressure, the government increased

taxes Li Zicheng uprising: “Equal-field/Tax Exemption 均田免赋”

his popular slogan attracted thousands; In 1644, Li Zicheng took over Beijing, and Emperor

Chongzhen committed suicide in Jingshan Park. “The Shun Dynasty” founded by Li Zicheng lasted from

February 8 to June 5 in 1644.

End of The Ming DynastyRole of Li Zicheng: Direct Catalyst

“The time is out of joint: O cursed spite,That ever I was born to set it right!”—Hamlet (Irony)

Natural disasters/food shortage due to the “Little Ice Age”;

Dong Zhongshu’s “correlative cosmology”

Li Zicheng (1606–1645) Uprising (Shun Dynasty 大順 , “suitable” for about four months); Nicknamed as a “dashing king” brain vs. bran

Emperor Chongzhen 崇祯killing his daughter before committing suicide 1644

Fiscal Problems 314Riots over Rent vs. supplies of silver

Internal/Domestic issue/disorder

Linked/connected to external/diplomatic relationship with Japan

Japanese invasion of Korea (1592–1598) Result: Korean and Chinese victory; Japanese withdrawal from the peninsula.

1639, cut-throat move

Part and Whole

牵一发而动全身 [qiānyífà‘érdòngquánshēn]

pull one hair and you move the whole body; a slight move in one part may affect the situation as a whole

Internal Power Struggle If there is no tiger in the mountains, a

monkey will claim the throne

Eunuchs control the court—Wei Zhongxian (1568~1627)

Donglin Academy: fighting corruption (1624)

Impeachment of Wei Zhongxian (24 crimes)

(Yang Lian 杨涟 /Zuo Guangdou/ 左光

斗、 Huang Zunsu 黄尊素、 Zhou Shunchang 周顺昌

Weaknesses of the Imperial Institution (273-274)

Question 3 in Worksheet 7 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_

Ming_Dynasty 20 emperors, most of them good-for-nothing Review “Canon of Yao”-- 禅让【 shàn ràng 】

abdicate or hand over the crown to another (virtuous and capable) person and 世袭【 shì xí 】 (generational) hereditary.

斑竹【 bānzhú 】 mottled bamboo (éhuáng/nǚyīng 娥皇 / 女英 : Emperor’s Shun’s wives)

Two Steps/Three LevelsPrecision and Generalization

Precision (Step up (to it) at three levels

Textual analysis Contextual

Information (historical/biographical, etc.)

Inter-textual connections

Generalization Step back (from it) Broader perspective Identify/Infer larger

patterns that apply to other dynasties/dynastic changes

Question 2“The Yangzhou Massacre” vs.

Qing’s glorious accomplishments

“The Yangzhou Massacre” (East Asia 317; Sourcebook 271-279)

Shi Kefa 史可法 Question on the

source/number of people actually killed

Territorial expansion Prosperity and

peace--4 times the annual land tax was canceled (319)

Maintaining Chinese language and cultural heritage/

architecture

The Qing Dynasty1644–1911 (268 years)

The second dynasty ruled by a minority ethnic group;

The first one is the Yuan Dynasty ruled by Mongols (1271–1368)

12 emperors Qing’s national flag

Territorial Expansion during the Qing Dynasty

1661—Zheng Chenggong chased the Dutch out of Taiwan that fell under the Dutch rule since 1602;

1681-1683: Battle against the Ming loyalists and incorporated Taiwan into China proper;

Since 1696, Mongolia accepted Qing rule due to its military supremacy—cannons/muskets vs. bows and arrrows; in 1921, Outer Mongolia split away;

1718, military presence in Tibet that was under Mongol’s rule; Qinghai and Xinjiang provinces Manchus’ own territory: Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces,

part of Korea (in 1616, Nurhaci declared war on the Ming Dynasty) Part of Sichuan (Zhang Xianzhong)

Map of the Ming Dynasty1368 to 1644

Territory of the Qing Dynasty

Rise of the Manchus After thirty years of struggle,

the Jurchen 女真 chief Nurhaci ([ˌnʊəˈhɑːtʃɪ] 努爾哈赤 ) combined the three Jurchen tribes and founded the Later Jin Dynasty (1616–1636). Nurhaci's eighth son and heir, Huáng Tàijí ( 皇太極 ), later changed the name of his people from Jurchen to Manchu in 1635. The next year, he changed the name of the Later Jin to Qing in 1636.

Why Nurhaci Rebelled against the Ming Dynasty

In 1616, Nurhaci declared war on the Ming Dynasty

“Seven Grievances” http://www.cultural-

china.com/chinaWH/html/en/History2732bye7940.html

Over Ming’s favoritism over Yehe tribe

Qing’s Army: the Eight Banners (East Asia 321)

Production/Military Combined

Qing’s military organization is based on Jurchen’s model of hunting/troops dispatching: every ten men as a group.

In 1601, Nurhaci established four banners: Yellow, red, white and blue.

In 1615, it is expanded to eight. Plain Yellow/Boarded Yellow; Plain

Red/Boarded Red/Plain White/Boarded White; Plain Blue/Boarded Blue

Originals & derivativesThe Eight Banners (321)

Evaluation ofThe Banner System

Although the banners were instrumental in the Qing Empire takeover of China proper in the 17th century from the Ming Empire, they began to fall behind rising Western powers in the 18th century, and were to ultimately become highly ineffective in modern warfare by the second half of the 19th century. The later banners proved unable to defeat Western powers, such as Britain, in the Opium Wars and were also seriously challenged by the Taiping Rebellion.

Imperial Summer Resort 1703 -1792, Hebei Province

The Kangxi Dictionary (1716)Standardized 214 Radicals

The supplemented dictionary contains 47,035 character entries, plus 1,995 graphic variants, giving a total of 49,030 different characters. They are grouped under the 214 radicals and arranged by the number of additional strokes in the character. Although these 214 radicals were first used in the Zihui, due to the popularity of the Kangxi Dictionary they are known as Kangxi radicals and remain in modern usage as a method to categorize traditional Chinese characters.

The Complete Tang Poems

In 1705, on Kangxi's order, a compilation of Tang poetry, the Quantangshi, was produced.

1. Not complete 2. overlapping 3. no

references/sources given

四库全书 Siku Quanshuthe Complete Books of the Four

Treasures During the height of the

Qing Dynasty in the 18th century CE, the Qianlong Emperor commissioned the Siku quanshu, to demonstrate that the Qing could surpass the Ming Dynasty's 1403 Yongle Encyclopedia, which was the world's largest encyclopedia at the time.

The editorial board included 361 scholars, with Ji Yun ( 紀昀 ) and Lu Xixiong ( 陸錫熊 ) as chief editors. They began compilation in 1773 and completed it in 1782.

Emperor Qian Long(East Asia 320-321) http://uwch-

4.humanities.washington.edu/~WG/~188/Source%20Book%20for%20Sinology/

Jĩng ( 经 "Classics")

Chinese classic texts—green color

Shǐ ( 史 "Histories") histories

and geographies from Chinese history—red color

Zĭ ( 子 "Masters") philosophy,

arts, sciences from Chinese philosophy—blue color

Jí ( 集 "Collections")

anthologies from Chinese literature—grey color

322 “Random Notes

from Prison” 丛书【 cóngshū 】

a series of books; collection

“Random Notes from Prison”By Fang Bao1668-1749

East Asia 322 the Complete Books of the Four Treasures, grand in scale

Many books are also damaged due to censorship;

Three Ancient ProjectsThe Three “Great Walls”

How to use Index for a quick access Expand your group project/midterm/final paper The Great Wall (51/275-276*) from the Qin to

Ming Dynasty—military function The Grand Canal (East Asia 377)—economic

function The Complete Books of the Four Treasures

(East Asia 321)—cultural significance

Types of EvidenceTo enrich your essay

1. Statistical evidence 2. Anecdotal evidence (humorous stories) 3. Testimonial: Commercials that use

spokespersons to testify about the quality of a company’s product, lawyers who rely on eye-witness accounts  to win a case, and students who quote an authority in their essays are all using testimonial evidence. 

4. Analogical evidence (reason with analogy)

Question 3The Wrath of Wu Sangui vs.

The Wrath of Achilles (Homer)

1. the role of Individual leaders at a critical moment

“The Law of the Few”—The Tipping Point

Power of an idea/ideal--12 representatives at the first conference of the Chinese Communist Party (1921 in Shanghai)

2. What influence one’s decision/change one’s perspective at a critical moment?

Ethos/Pathos/Logos The Wrath of Wu

Sangui vs. the Wrath of Achilles

What is the right thing to doat a critical moment?

What would be the alternative? Imagine if Wu Sangui did not open the

gate to Shanhaiguan, how could history be rewritten?

DVD on the Great Wall Is it a curse or blessing for the Chinese

people?

Role of Wu Sangui(1612 – 1678)

a Ming Chinese general who was instrumental in the succession of rule to the Qing Dynasty in 1644. Considered by traditional scholars as a traitor to both the Ming and the Qing dynasties, Wu declared himself Emperor of China as ruler of the Zhou Dynasty in 1678, but his revolt was quelled by the Qing Kangxi Emperor.

Review of Li Zicheng’s ProgramDid not last very long

Li Zicheng uprising: “Equal-field/Tax Exemption 均田免赋” his popular slogan attracted thousands;

In 1644, Li Zicheng took over Beijing, and Emperor Chongzhen committed suicide in Jingshan Park.

“The Shun Dynasty” founded by Li Zicheng lasted from February 8 to June 5 in 1644.

Another Civil War?Another age of Division

The last Ming emperor committed suicide; Li Zicheng’s dynasty lasted about four months; Zhang Xianzhong broke up with Li Zicheng and

went to Sichuan (his Daxi Dynasty lasted from 1644 to 1646)

Manchu was rising up in the northeast; Were the gate of Shanhai Pass not open, it

would take longer time for Manchu to make it all the way to Beijing;

Peasants Uprising in China

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rebellions_in_China

No coherent program

Mostly concerned with land reform/equal field;

Mao Zedong made his name by organizing peasants movement

Shanhaiguan 山海关 【 shānhǎiguān 】 Shanhai Pass

the eastern end of the Ming Dynasty Great Wall. The "First Pass Under Heaven“

In 1961, Shanhaiguan became a site of China First Class National Cultural Site. Along with Jiayuguan 嘉峪关 and Juyongguan, it is one of the major passes of the Great Wall of China.

The First Pass Under Heaven

It is nearly 300 km east of Beijing and linked via the Jingshen Expressway 京沈高速公路 (658 km in length, constructed from 1996 to 2000).

Li Zicheng Held Wu Sangui’s father as hostage to force Wu Sangui to surrender

Wu Sangui’s father Wu Xiang, Ming’s

general in charge of Liaodong Region, now Liaoning and Jilin province

1631, defeated The Battle of Daling

River 大淩河之役

Wu Sangui’s concubine Chen Yuanyuan was also in Beijing

1651 “Song of Yuanyuan” by Wu Weiye 吴伟业Statue of Chen Yuanyuan

in Gold Hall Park in Kunming

Wu’s Reward

Wu was rewarded with the position of Pingxi Wang (平西王 ) in Yunnan by the Qing imperial court, after he conquered the region from the remnants of Ming loyalists. It had been extremely rare for someone outside of the royal family, especially a non-Manchu, to be granted the title of Wang (king). Those being awarded the title of Wang who were not members of the royal family were called Yixing Wang ( 異姓王 , literally meaning "kings whose surnames are different from that of the emperor").

Wu Sangui’s Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty

Wu Sangui—Yunnan Province Shang Kexi—Guandong Province Geng Zhongming—Fujian province Emperor Kangxi defeated Wu Sangui et al. (East Asia 319)

The Wrath of AchillesThe Theme of Iliad by Homer

Achilles accuses Agamemnon of being the “greediest for gain of all men” when Agamemnon took Briseis, Achilles's captive, Briseis, as compensation after he lost Chryseis

Odysseus returns Chryseis to her father (by Claude Lorrain, 1644)

Achilles’ WithdrawalAchilles’ Participation

The first wrath of Achilles was caused by the fact that Agamemnon took his captive, thus violating his honor

Greek culture was a shame culture;

The second time Achilles got angry was because his best friend Patroklus was killed, thus spurring him to go back to the battlefield.

As a result, he killed Hector.

Patroklus put on Achilles’ armor and assumed his persona;

Question 4

Sword and Pen: In the Ming-Qing transition, consider the interesting fact that the new leaders were from non-Chinese ethnic groups (without their own written language) but in the course of the Qing dynasty became perhaps more Chinese than the Chinese. What policy on language did they follow? What contributions to maintaining the written Chinese cultural heritage did the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors make? (See East Asia 321).

Emperor Kangxi (r. 1661-1772)Cover Image, China: A Cultural,

Social, and Political History

Portrait of Yinti 允禵 , Prince Xun 恂郡王(1688-1755) and his wife by Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institute, Washington DC;

A non-Chinese ruled China for 61 years and 305 days; but later Manchus are assimilated into China.

Two-Way Traffic

Qing emperor became more Chinese than Chinese?

What did they bring to China that was not Chinese?

The Banner System East Asia 321

Banners in Beijing