Australasian Plant Pathology (1998) 27: 119-126

Dorothy E. Shaw: A biography of her career in plant pathology

Gordon S. Purss

62 Townsend Road, Buderim, Queensland 4556 Australia

Dorothy Shaw is an Australian plant pathologistwhose career has included an early period inAustralia, two years in Canada, over 21 years inPapua NewGuinea(PNG) anda laterperiodalsoinAustralia. This biography describes some of herprofessional experiences in plant pathologyandrelatedfields.

Early Australian studies

Dorothybegan her tertiarystudiesat theUniversityof Sydney in 1943 inthe Faculty ofAgriculture, andproceeded during her course on Commonwealthscholarships. During her University vacationssheworkedin the AustralianWomen's LandArmyandafter World WarII with otheremployers in variousrural industries. ShegraduatedBScAgr in 1947 andbecamea Demonstratorand latera Teaching Fellowin Plant Pathology, in Genetics and PlantBreeding,and in Agricultural Botany, at the University ofSydney. During this time she workedclosely withProfessorW L Waterhouse, especially in regardtonon-rust specimens, includingthe identification ofsomeherbarium specimens fromPNG,andisolatingC/aviceps purpurea forhisergotresearch. Thoseofuswhoremember Professor Waterhouse willrealisethat manyofhis admirablequalitiesare reflected inDorothy'scharacter, especially thecommitment anddetermination whichbecame ahallmarkofhercareer.Shealsoworked withPeter Valder during his hon­oursyear.During this time she developed interestsin mycology, fungaltaxonomy andcytology, as wellas pathology, interestswhichhavecontinued to thepresent day.

Dorothywas admitted to the degreeofMScAgrin 1953 for her work on species of Septoria andrelated genera on Gramineae in Australia. Twopaperswerepublishedfromthe thesis, but themainpart of the work remained unpublishedbecausein1953 she wasawardeda ThomasLawrance PawlettScholarshipand left immediatelyfor overseas.

Australasian Plant Pathology Vol. 27 (2) 1998

Dorothy Shaw1998

Canadian experiences

En route to Canada via the UK by ship Dorothyvisited the Commonwealth Mycological Institute(CMI, laterInternational Mycological Institute, nowCABI Bioscience) thenatKew, and metthemycolo­gistswithwhomshehas hadmostworthwhilecon­tacts during the last 45 years.

In Canadasheworked at the CanadaDepartmentofAgriculture Cereal Laboratory at Winnipeg underDr.T.Johnson, andwasalsoenrolledat theUniver­sity of Manitoba. While there she gave a series ofseminars on thegenetics ofmicroorganisms, includ­ing Neurospora, Aspergillus andAllomyces. FieldworkwascarriedoutaroundOttawa, and samplingswere made across the northern United States of

119

AmericaandtheCanadianprairies. Sheobtained herPhD in 1955 following studies on Leptosphaeriaavenaria, especially regarding the formation ofmicroconidiaduring autumnand winter, thedevel­opmentofthe sexualstatein spring,andthe nuclearcondition ofthe propagu1es. While in Canada shewas awardeda Rockefeller Grantwhichenabledhertovisit laboratories in the UnitedStatesofAmerica.

Papua NewGuinea

The Plant Pathology Section and conditions inPNG In 1955 Dorothy was invited to developaPlant PathologySectionin the Departmentof Agri­culture, StockandFisheries inPNG. Shewasthefirstperson to hold such a position and as such faced achallengingtask,as therewerefewfacilities, equip­ment or literature,and noancillarylaboratory staff.For example, the Pathology Laboratory consisted ofone roomand annex,bothwithopen(louvred) sidesand thereforeimpossible to keepfreefromdustandcontamination, oneoldmicroscope, onerefrigerator,little laboratory equipment and little pathologyliterature. All equipment had to be ordered fromAustralia.

Therewasalmostnoinformation available on theoccurrence and importance of plant diseases, andsome of what was availablewas incorrect,e.g. thereputed occurrence of sugarcane smut, caused byUstilago scitaminea, which has never beenrecordedin PNG sincethefirst misidentification bya non-pathologist.

Therewasalsolittleinformation available on thedanger posedby exoticdiseasesto plants importantin subsistence agriculture and to the plantationcrops contributing to export earnings.

Furthermore, there was little understanding ofthe causalagents ofdiseasebyindigenous growers.Blights, spots,malformationsand other symptomswereusuallyattributedto maliciouswitchcraft, andoneofDorothy's earlyexperiences washer involve­ment with 'bewitched' yams (infected withColletotrichum gloeosporioides) wheretheownerwas threatening drastic personal repercussions onthe reputed perpetrator (a fellow villager) of the'bewitching'.

Another difficultywas that of language. Thereare over700 languagesin PNG,mostofwhichhavenever been recorded, and although there are twolingue franche, viz. Neo-Melanesian('Pidgin') inNewGuineaand PoliceMotu in Papua, thesewere

120

bynomeansuniversalevenwithin the tworegions.Most expatriates soon acquired useful phrases inoneorboth,whilesome(likeDorothy) tookcoursesin each. However, oftenlaboratoryassistantscouldnot communicatewith each other (becauseof themultiplicityoflanguages) except in English. Thiswasbecoming more widely taught in schools,butthe highest grade available in the early days wasequivalent to primary level.

An added corollary to the above was that evenPNGspeakers in Pidginor PoliceMotucouldoftennot read in either, or in English. As pointed out byShaw (1984) this meant that chemotherapy wasrarelypractisedin subsistence agriculture inPNG,mainlybecause oftheformerinabilityofmanygrow­ers to read instructions,poison warnings and anti­dote measures. There was also the possibility oferrorand misinterpretation in oral instruction, espe­ciallyif translated throughone or moreof the locallanguages orseverallingue franche foreachrecipient.

Transportwas oftena problem. Roadswereverylimited in 1955and were of course unsealed awayfrom the maincentres. Eventhe HighlandHighwaybetween Laeand Mt Hagenwasoftenblockedwithlandslips at theKassamandDauloPasses.Vehiclesweresometimes scarce,and on one occasionin theHighlands a hearsewastheonlytransportavailable.Surveys to and betweenvillage gardens often hadto be madeon foot,but there wasusually accessbyroadto boardingschools, missionsand prisons,allofwhich reliedon their garden produce.

Accessbetween areas was by plane, includingthe CatalinaFlyingBoat, and AvroAnsonswhose'paper' fuselage sometimespeeled off in patches.Someof the airstrips were (and still are) on slopes,sothat planescouldlandonlyup thestrip, nomatterthe winddirection. Small ships and launcheswereused around the coast, and local canoes on somerivers and as access to coastal areas withoutwharves.

In lateryearsthereweremoreand improvedair­stripsandmoremodemcraft. Helicopters wereusedlater in specialcircumstances. These included thetransport of staff to relatively inaccessible spotsremote fromthe areawithcoffee rust in 1965. Thesespotswerethought to be uninfested, but needed tobechecked byground teams.A helicopterwas alsoused to search the heavily forested slopes ofMt Giluwe, the highest mountain in Papua, for aclearingsaidto havebeenmadeduring thewar,andwhichcouldhavebeen usedas a base for samplingfor Phytophthora cinnamomi or whatever, in the

Australasian Plant Pathology Vo!' 27 (2) 1998

Nothofagus forest. As no clearing was found - ithad probably been overgrown in the interveningyears - a landing had to be made in a small villageclearing.

ThePlant Pathology andancillary services ThePlant Pathology Section was developedto providea Governmentservice incorporatingexaminationofspecimensfrom allgrowers. Specimens wereusuallyforwarded direct by expatriate growers,and by ex­patriate Agricultural Extension Officers(whonor­mally spentthree outofeveryfour weekspatrolling)on behalf of indigenous growers. Specimenssome­times took many days to reach the laboratory.

Dorothy made innumerable collecting trips inPNG and began amassing information towardsherlong term goal of publishing a host index of plantdiseases in that country. Her first list waspublishedin 1963. Allplantswereofinterest, butespecially thesubsistence crops (taros, sweet potato, bananas,coconut, sago, yams and cassava);plantationcrops(coffee, cocoa, coconut, tea, rubber and later oilpalm); plantation shadeand ground covers; pasturespecies; introduced vegetables; and weeds and in­digenous plants, with many of these last being uti­lised in village culture.

Dorothywas a gazettedPlant QuarantineOfficerwith close association with the Quarantine Serviceof the Departmentand she (and later otherstaff) wasresponsible for the examination of all plants beinggrown in quarantine at the Laloki Station outsidePort Moresby. She also lectured on the need forquarantine to Members of the House of Assembly(the forerunner ofParliamentbeforeIndependence)during which they saw, for the first time, objectssmaller than those discernible to the naked eye.Quarantine aspects were also introduced into lec­tures on PNG Natural History given by Dorothy toincoming expatriateofficersin variousgovernmentdepartments on their arrival in PNG.

As well as pathological problems, studies werecarried out on nodulation of legumes in the field,and she initiated the supply ofRhizobium culturesto growersas a Governmentservice. Various micro­biological and abiotic conditions were also investi­gated. These included algae on some high altitudewet airstrips; haemolytic sago; fungi on waste foodaround villages; malfunction of the coolingsystemof one of the main electricity generating plants;entomogenousmicroorganisms; leaf tumoursin teaseedlings;and lightning strikes, especiallyin coco­nuts. Forensic investigations were also carried out.

Australasian Plant Pathology Vol. 27 (2) 1998

The abovestudieswere often in collaboration withother pathology staff and colleagues in agronomy,chemistry, entomology, medicine,civil aviationandother government departments.

Many overseasspecialistscollaborated in carry­ing out identificationsofPNG material on request,especially those at the CMI, including Drs. C.Booth, F.e. Deighton, M.B.Ellis,D.L.Hawksworth,A Sivanesan,DJ. Stamps and B.C. Sutton) and atthe Royal Botanic Gardens (especially Drs. D.AReidand D.N. PegIer),alsoat Kew. Assistancewasalsoreceived in virology and nematology identifica­tions from Rothamsted (United Kingdom) andIndooroopilly (Queensland).These and others whocarried out identifications were acknowledged inShaw(1984, pp4-5).Visitors with pathology, mycol­ogyor microbiologyinterests included Drs. E.J.H.Corner, AJ. Dabek. I.M. Hirst, A Johnston, Y.Kobayasi and colleagues, L.S. Olive, D.D. Perkins,AF. Posnette,R T.Plumb,RH. Stover, PD.Turnerand G.A.Zentmyer.

Dorothy and other Department membersachievedworldwide recognition for their workwithcoffee rust, caused by Hemileia vastatrix. Thispathogenwasdiscovered in 1965in the hills inlandfrom Port Moresby in small coffee plantations.Eradication was attempted and was deemed suc­cessful,as no infections were found in (published)surveys carried out throughout the entire countryduringthe next tenyears. The campaign, whichcostan assessed $Aus70 000 at the time, gave manyyears of respite to the main coffee growing areasand provided the PNG economy with hundreds ofmillionsofdollars in export fundsbeforethe fungussubsequently occurred in a different region (andspreadquickly) in 1986.

Asa resultofthecampaign,FAOinvitedDorothyto participatein a studygroupmeeting in CostaRicatoconsiderthe lateroutbreakofcoffee rust in Brazil.In 1977 shevisitedNicaraguaasanFAOIUNDP Con­sultant on the outbreak of coffee rust in that coun­try, and El Salvador toadviseon protection measures.

After some years, Dorothy was able to build upfacilitiesat both the Port Moresby(Konedobu)andKeravat laboratories, and to increase the profes­sional staff in the Pathology Section, as well asancillarymembers. It wasverypleasing to her to seemore pathologists appointed in the Department ofForestsand at the University. These were, ofneces­sity,expatriates until such time as PNG graduatesbecameavailableand werein turn absorbedinto thework ofthe Departments and the University.

121

During her time in PNG,over 10000specimenswere handled by the Pathology Section. Some ofthese were retained in the Herbariumand are nowhoused in a new Reference CollectionsBuildingatKila Kila near Port Moresby (APPS News, April1997),and someduplicates werelodgedat the CM!.

Dorothy's particular interests have been plantpathologyand mycology witha spill-over intosomebotanical aspects of the hosts. One fungal genus(Shawiella) has beennamedafterher,andfournewfungal species. She has herself named four newfungal genera (three with co-authors) and 14 newfungal species, (some with co-authors). Her pub­lishedpaperson PNGmaterial, some withotherstaffmembers and some with overseascolleagues, areincluded in the list of publications.

In 1970she was appointedan M.B.E. forpublicserviceand in 1975wasa recipientofan Independ­ence Medal awardedbythe PNG Government.

Dorothyconsidered herselffortunate to workinPNG for a reason other than pathology, viz. theopportunity it gave her to meetand talk with manyinterestingpeopleinPNG, and with scientists fromaround the world. These latter includedProfessorT. Dobzhansky (geneticist); Dr. P. W. Richards(botanist);Dr. L.J. Brass(botaniston the ArchboldExpeditions); Dr. J.L. Gressitt, Dr.ElmoHardy, Dr.T.C. Maa and ProfessorC.D.Michener(entomolo­gists); Sir Alexander Todd and Dr. Woodward(chemists); ProfessorKennedy(geophysicist); Pro­fessor Pike (linguist) and Dr. Hobart van Deusen(zoologist). These,and manyothers, visited PNGonfieldworkor forfamiliarisation and otherpurposes.

During her period in PNG, Dorothy studiedphilosophyfor three years as an external studentofthe University of Queensland. Recreational inter­ests includedsnorkelling, sailing,canoeing(in out­riggers) and rangeshooting (.303 rifle). Shewasalsoa member of the ScoutAssociationand Headquar­tersCommissioner (Cubs) inPNG, beingawarded theSilver Acorn in 1969 for outstanding service toScouting.

Overseas and vacatlonal study Investigations ofplant disease outsidePNG includeda survey(withA. Johnstonof the CMI)of West NewGuinea(nowIrian Jaya) and a coconut problem in SolomonIslands. As a PNG representative,DorothyvisitedIndia, and had study tours to the Philippines,Malaysia, Ghana,Costa RicaandTrinidad. Vacationstudy was undertaken at the CMI (United King­dom), at the Canada Department of Agricultureat

122

Ottawa,and at Brisbanein the Department of Pri­mary Industries. I readily recall Dorothy seekingpermission for the use of the laboratories for hervacational studies in the Plant PathologyBranch,first on aquatic fungi and later on false yeasts.

Recent work in Australia

Dorothyreturnedto Australiain 1976as a VisitingScientist in the Plant Pathology Branch of theDepartmentofPrimaryIndustriesat Indooroopilly,Queensland, whereshecontinuedher contactwithPNG pathology as a Consulting Pathologist. AtIndooroopilly she compiled Microorganisms inPapua New Guinea which was published in 1984.This list includes microorganisms on plants andmanysubstrates, includinginsects,plant and forestproducts, plant litter, soiland man's artifacts. Thisisquitea remarkable achievement whenconsideredalongside similardocumentation withinmanycoun­tries, including Australia.Fewcountries can boastsuch a knowledge base for the benefit of futuregenerations and yetitscompilation (as distinctfromtherecords) was(apartfromthe section on 'Lichens'withDr.D.L.Hawksworth) theworkofonescientist.

Asmentionedpreviously, Dorothyvisited Nica­raguaandEl Salvador in 1977 at therequest ofFAO/UNDP afterthe outbreak ofcoffee rust in the formercountry. Shealso revisited PNGtwiceafter the out­breakofcoffee rusttherein 1986, as wellasvisitingCanberra twice in the same year to consider theimplicationsof the outbreakwith colleaguesat theAustralian National University. She was also aninvitedspeakerat the International FoundationforScience's MeetingonEdibleAroidsin Suva,Fiji, in1981.

Dorothycontinues her work on pathology, par­ticularly on diseases ofcertainaroidsand on mycol­ogy. Shehas also publishedvariouspapers on beesand fungi, includinga worldreviewof the inciden­tal collectionof fungal sporesby bees and the col­lectionof sporesin lieuof pollen. This subjectis ofparticular interest to her as the spores collectedincludethoseof rustsand powdery mildewsas wellas Neurospora. Her papers also include some onbotanical and related aspectsof aroids and bees inan extension of theabove interests. The workis stillbeing carried out at Indooroopilly, where she is aVisiting Scientist withthe PlantProtection Unitandan HonoraryResearchAssociatewith the Queens­landHerbarium.

Australasian Plant Pathology Vo!. 27 (2) 1998

Memberships and Offices

Dorothywas Secretary ofthe Australian Institute ofAgricultural Science (NSW Branch)forsome years,and a foundationmemberand PNGrepresentativeof the Australasian Plant Pathology Society, whoawardedher Honorary Membership in the Society.She isa memberofthe AustralianInstituteofAgri­cultural Science(nowA.I.A.S.T) and Presidentofthe PNGBranch,beingawarded a Fellowship inthatSociety; a Life Memberof both the British Myco­logical Societyand the Linnean Society of NSW;and a memberof the RoyalSociety of Queenslandand ofthe International AroidSociety.

In PNG she was Chairperson of the ScientificAdvisoryCommitteeto the NationalParksBoard;Trustee,PNGNationalParksBoard;Trustee, PNGMuseum;Councillor, PNGUniversity; Councillor,Australian Conservation Foundation; AssociateEditor, Biological Conservation; and Secretary,Editor and later President of the PNG ScientificSociety.

Acknowledgements

Mr. Alan Charles and Mrs. Gwen Cartledgepro­vided insight into Dorothy'scontribution in PapuaNewGuinea. Drs. FredButlerandPeterValder pro­videdcomments on theearlydaysofhercareer. Thefirst draftofthis paperwaspreparedwiththeassist­anceofMr.PeterMayers. Dorothy kindly consentedto review the draft and most of the detail can beattributed to her; I was really only the facilitator.Dr. Bob Dodman gave continual guidance andeditorial comments. This assistance in preparingthis account of quite a remarkable lady is deeplyappreciated.

References

This list does not includeall publishedpapers butdoes include all those relevant to plant pathologyand mycology.

Shaw, D.E. (1951) - A Septoria disease of Euphorbiapeplus L. Proceedings ofthe Linnean Society ofNewSouth Wales 76: 7-25.

Shaw, D.E. (1952) - Ropy smut ofLiverpool Plains grass.Proceedings oftheLinnean Society ofNew South Wales77: 142-145.

Australasian Plant Pathology Vo!. 27 (2) 1998

Shaw, D.E. and Valder, P.G. (1952) - A study of themicroflora of wheat grains in New South Wales. Pro­ceedingsoftheLinnean Society ofNew South Wales77:307-322.

Valder, PG. and Shaw, DE (1952) - Yellow spot diseaseof wheat in Australia. Proceedings of the LinneanSociety ofNew South Wales 77: 323-330.

Shaw, D.E. (1953a) - Cytology of Septoria andSelenophoma spores. Proceedings of the LinneanSociety ofNew South Wales 78: 122-130.

Shaw, D.E. (1953b) - The genus Selenophoma onGramineae in Australia. Proceedings ofthe LinneanSociety ofNew South Wales 78: 151-159.

Shaw, D.E. (1956) - A Deightoniella disease ofSaccha­rum species. Papua and New Guinea AgriculturalJournal 11: 77-81.

Shaw, DE (1957 a) - Studies on Leptosphaeria avenariaf.sp. avenaria. Canadian Journal ofBotany 35: 97­112.

Shaw, DE (1957b) - Studies on Leptosphaeria avenariaf.sp. triticea on cereals and grasses. Canadian JournalofBotany 35: 113-118.

Shaw, D.E. (1958) - Notes from Papua and New Guinea.Commonwealth Phytopathological News 4: 61.

Shaw, D.E. (1959) - Diseases in the Territory of Papuaand New Guinea. Report of the first F.A.O. TechnicalCacao Meeting in Accra, Ghana. Cacao (InternationalAmerican Cacao Centre) 4,3: 1-15.

Deighton, F.C. and Shaw, D.E. (1960) - White leaf streakof rice caused by Ramularia oryzae sp. novo Transac­tions ofthe British Mycological Society 43: 516-518.

Booth, C. and Shaw, D.E. (1961) - Black cross, caused bya new species of Phyllachora on banana. Papua andNew Guinea AgriculturalJournal13: 157-159.

Shaw, D.E. (1962a) - Coffee rust risk to Papua and NewGuinea. Highlands Quarterly Bulletin 3: 9-10.

Shaw, D.E. (1962b) - Diseases of coffee in Papua andNew Guinea. Papua and New Guinea AgriculturalJournal 15: 1-6.

Shaw, D.E. (1962c) - New record for Netherlands NewGuinea: false rust ofPueraria lobata. Transactions ofthe Papua New Guinea Scientific Society 3: 18-19.

Shaw, D.E. (1962--63) - Diseases of cacao in Papua andNew Guinea. Papua and New Guinea AgriculturalJournal 15: 79-90.

Shaw, D.E. (1963a) - Plant pathogens and other micro­organisms in Papua and New Guinea. Department ofAgriculture, Stock and Fisheries, Port Moresby,Research Bulletin No. 1: 1-78.

123

Shaw, D.E. (1963b) - Annotated list of references to plantpathogens and miscellaneous fungi in West NewGuinea. Department ofAgriculture, Stock and Fisher­ies, Port Moresby, Research Bulletin No. 1: 79-82.

Shaw, D.E. (1965a) - Diseases of coconut in Papua andNew Guinea. Papua and New Guinea AgriculturalJouma/17: 67-71.

Shaw, D.E. (1965b) - Condition resembling blister blightof tea on tea seedlings in quarantine in New Guinea.FA.a. Plant Protection Bulletin 13: 56-64.

Shaw, D.E. (1965c) - A condition resembling ring spot ofmaize in Papua. Commonwealth PhytopathologicalNews, Part 1, January, p. 4 (Reprinted with illustra­tion in Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Joumal17: 172, 1965).

Shaw, D.E. (1966) - Diffuse yellow leaf spot of Arabicacoffee in Papua and New Guinea. Papua and NewGuinea AgriculturalJouma/18: 120-121.

Booth, C. and Shaw, D.E. (1967) - Anthostomellafusispora sp. novo and A. cylindrospora sp. novo onCocos nucifera. Papua andNew Guinea AgriculturalJouma/19: 94-98.

Shaw, D.E. (1967) - Powdery mildew ofrubber in Papua.Papua and New Guinea AgriculturalJoumal19: 140­146.

Shaw, D.E. and Alcorn, J.L. (1967) - The genusVerrucispora gen. novo (Fungi Imperfecti) onProteaceae inNew Guinea and Queensland.ProceedingsoftheLinnean SocietyofNew South Wales92: 171-173.

Shaw, D.E. and Booth, C. (1967) - Petiole disease ofcoconut in Papua. Papua and New Guinea AgriculturalJouma/19: 89-93.

Shaw, D.E. (1968a) - Outbreak of blister smut of maizein New Guinea and its attempted eradication. Depart­ment ofAgriculture, Stock and Fisheries, Port Moresby,Research Bulletin, Plant Pathology Series 2: 3-19.

Shaw, D.E. (1968b) - Coffee rust outbreaks in Papua from1892 to 1965 and the 1965 eradication campaign.Department ofAgriculture, Stock and Fisheries, PortMoresby, Research Bulletin, PlantPathology Series 2:20-52.

Shaw, D.E. (1968c) - A lightning strike of coconuts inNew Guinea. Papua and New Guinea AgriculturalJouma/19: 147-150.

Shaw, D.E. (1968d) - A note on the non-transmission ofCentrosema mosaic virus through seed. Papua andNew Guinea AgriculturalJoumal19: 151.

Shaw, D.E. (1968e) - Wellman's leaf and fruit spot ofArabica coffee inNew Guinea. Papua and NewGuineaAgriculturalJoumal19: 152-166.

124

Shaw, D.E. (1968j) - Traumatic verticallysigenous canalsin cacao in Papua and New Guinea. Papua and NewGuinea Agricultural Joumal20: 65-69.

Shaw, D.E. (1968g) - "Citrus - some notes" - a correc­tion. Rural Digest (Port Moresby) 10: 40-41.

Shaw, D.E. and Burnett, W.M. (1968) - Investigation intothe cause ofleaftumours of tea seedlings. Papua andNew Guinea Agricultural Joumal19: 167-192.

Shaw,.D.E. and van Velsen,R.J. (1968-1969) - Lightningstnke of cacao and Leucaena in New Britain. Papuaand New Guinea Agricultural Joumal20: 75-82.

Shaw, D.E. and Burnett, WM (1969) - Galls ofcacao inPapua and New Guinea. Papua and New GuineaAgriculturalJoumal21: 25-48.

Shaw, D.E. (1970a) - Further spread of blister smut ofmaize in Papua and New Guinea. Papua and NewGuinea Agricultural Joumal21: 102-105.

Shaw, D.E. (1970b) - Coffee eradication in a previouslycoffee rust infested area in Papua. Papua and NewGuinea Agricultural Joumal22: 59-61.

Shaw, D.E. and Deighton, F.C. (1970) - Yellowleafmouldof Pueraria lobata caused by Alycovellosiellapuerariae sp. novo Transactions ofthe British Myco­logical Society 54: 326-330.

Fisher, J.M. and Shaw, DE (1971) - Radopholus similis,the burrowing nematode in New Guinea. Papua NewGuinea Agricultural Joumal22: 177-178.

Shaw, D.E. and Hawksworth, D.L. (1971) ­Stromatothecia nothofagi, a new genus and species ofscolecospored Ascomycetes from Nothofagus in NewGuinea. Papua and New Guinea Scientific SocietyProceedings 1970,22: 21-25.

Shaw, D.E. (1972a) - The ecology of fungi. PresidentialAddress Papua and New Guinea Scientific SocietyProceedings 1971,23: 5-8.

Shaw, D.E. (1972b) - Fungi. In Encyclopaedia ofPapuaNew Guinea (Ed P. Ryan), Vol. 1:472-474. Universityof Melbourne Press and University of Papua NewGuinea.

Shaw, DE. (l972c). Legumes, nodulation. In Encyclopae­dia ofPapua New Guinea (Ed P. Ryan), Vol. 2: 639.

Shaw, D.E. (1972d) -Tngoldiella hamata gen. et sp. nov.,a fungus with clamp connections from a stream innorth Queensland. Transactions ofthe British Myco­logical Society 59: 255-259.

Shaw, D.E., Brown, J.S. and Cunningham, A. (1972)­Fungi isolated from stored and waste foodstuffs inPapua and New Guinea. Papua New Guinea MedicalJouma/15: 108-112.

Australasian Plant Pathology Vol. 27 (2) 1998

Shaw, D.E., Cartledge, E.G. and Stamps D.J. (1972) ­First records of Phytophthora cinnamomi in PapuaNew Guinea. Papua New Guinea AgriculturalJournal 23: 46-48.

Shaw, D.E., Trinick, MJ., Layton, W.A. and Cartledge,E.G. (1972) - The Rhizobium Supply Service in PapuaNew Guinea. Papua New Guinea AgriculturalJournal 23: 12-26.

Stamps, D.J., Shaw, D.E. and Cartledge, E.G. (1972)­Species ofPhytophthora and Pythium in Papua NewGuinea. Papua New Guinea Agricultural Journal 23:41-45.

Shaw, D.E. (I 974a) - The Rhizobium requirements oflegumes in Papua New Guinea. Science in New Guinea2: 97-101.

Shaw, D.E. (1974b) - Diseases oflegumes in Papua NewGuinea. Science in New Guinea 2: 107-111.

Cartledge, E G., Shaw, D.E. and Stamps, D.J. (1975)­Studies in relation to dead patches of Nothofagus inPapua New Guinea. Department 0/Agriculture. StockandFisheries, PortMoresby, Research Bulletin 13: 1­26.

Shaw, D.E. (1975a) - Further report on coffee eradicationin two areas in Papua. Department ofAgriculture,Stock and Fisheries, Port Moresby. Research Bulletin13: 33-38.

Shaw, D.E. (1975b) - Dlustrated notes on flowering, flow­ers, seed and germination in taro (Colocasia esculentay.Department 0/Agriculture. Stock and Fisheries, PortMoresby, Research Bulletin 13: 39-59.

Shaw, D.E. and Layton, W.A. (1975) - Occurrence ofpeanut rust and tobacco powdery mildew in PapuaNew Guinea. Department 0/Agriculture, Stock andFisheries, PortMoresby. Research Bulletin 13: 27-32.

Donovan,K.O., Shaw,D.E. and Amato,D.(1976) - Sagoand haemolysis. Papua New Guinea Medical Journal19: 183-184.

Shaw, D.E. (l976a) - Diseases ofsome ofthe major foodcrops in Papua New Guinea and some aspects ofquarantine. Proceedings of the 1975 Papua NewGuinea Food Crops Conference, Department ofPrimary Industry, Port Moresby, pp. 251-256.

Shaw, D.E. (1976b) - Some aspects of plant pathology inPapua New Guinea. (Abstract ofInvited Lecture).Australasian Plant Pathology Society Newsletter,Supplement 5 (I): Item 06.

Shaw, D.E. (l976c) - Germination of spores ofMarasmiellus ep ochnous. Papua New GuineaAgricultural Journal 27: 67-68.

Australasian Plant Pathology Vol. 27 (2) 1998

Shaw, D.E. (1976d) - The plant quarantine barrier andsome breaches in Papua New Guinea. Papua NewGuinea Agricultural Joumal Tl: 121-135.

Sivanesan, A., Shaw, D,E. and Brown, J.S. (1976) ­Leiosphaerella longispora sp. novo on coconut petiolein Papua New Guinea. Transactions 0/ the BritishMycological Society 67: 529-532.

Donovan, K.O., Shaw, D.E. and Amato, D. (1977) - Sagohaemolysis: clinical features and microbiological stud­ies. Papua New Guinea Medical Journal 20: 167-174.

Shaw, D.E. (1977a) - Report on continuing eradication ofcoffee in two areas in Papua New Guinea. Papua NewGuinea Agricultural Journal 28: 27-32.

Shaw, D.E. (1977b) - Gaeumannomyces leptosporus inPapua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea AgriculturalJournal 28: 33-38.

Shaw, D.E. (1977c, undated, issued 1977) - Coffee rustcaused by the fungus Hemileia vastatrix. Departmentof Primary Industry and the Coffee Industry Board(P.N.G.) Information leaflet.

Shaw, D.E. and Olive, L.S. (1977) - A rare Protostelid(Mycetozoa) recorded in Australia. Proceedings oftheLinnean Society ofNew South Wales 102: 58-59.

Sivanesan, A and Shaw, D.E. (1977) - Gnomoniapapuana sp. novo with a Sesquicillium conidial state.Transactions ofthe British Mycological Society 68: 85­90.

Plumb, R.D., Dabek,A.J. and Shaw, D.E. (1978) - Virusesin oil palms. TropicalAgriculture (Trinidad) 55: 59-63.

Shaw, D.E. and Kula, G.R. (1978) - A disease of somelegumes in Papua New Guinea caused by Sclerotiumsp. Papua New Guinea AgriculturalJournal 29: 5-10.

Shaw, D.E., Plumb, R.T. and Jackson, G.VH (1979) ­Virus diseases of taro (Colocasia esculenta) andXanthosoma sp. in Papua New Guinea. Papua NewGuinea Agricultural Journal 30: 71-97.

Shaw, D.E. and Cartledge, E.G. (1979 (1980))­Sporobolomycetaceae from Indooroopilly (Australia)and from Port Moresby (Papua New Guinea).Proceedings ofthe Linnean Society cfNew South Wales104: 161-170.

Jones, DR, Shaw, D.E. and Gowanlock, D.H. (1980) ­Bacilliform virus particles detected in Cyrtosperma sp.imported from Solomon Islands. Australasian PlantPathology 9: 5-6.

Shaw, D.E. and Robertson, D.F. (1980) - Collection ofNeurospora by honeybees. Transactions ofthe BritishM..vcological Society 74: 459-464.

125

Shaw, D.E. (1981) - Further information sought on thecollection of fungus spores by bees. AustralasianBeekeeper 82: 187-188.

Shaw, D.E. and Robertson, D.F. (1981) - Collection offungus spores by bees. Australasian Beekeeper 82:185-187.

Shaw, D.E. (1982) - Ecology of fungi in New Guinea. InBiogeography and Ecology ofNew Guinea (Ed J.L.Gressit), pp. 475-496. The Hague: W. Junk.

Shaw, D.E. (1984) - Microorganisms in Papua NewGuinea. Department of Primary Industry, PortMoresby, Research Bulletin No. 33. 344 pp.

Shaw, D.E. and Sutton, B.C. (1985) -A new aero-aquatichyphomycete from Papua New Guinea and Australia.Botanical Journal ofthe Linnean Society 91: 25-36.

Greber, R. and Shaw, nE. (1986) - Dasheen mosaic virusin Queensland. AustralasianPlant Pathology 15: 29-33.

Shaw, D.E., Bourke, R.M., Bell, S.C. and Shaw, BD.(1986a) - Implications of the 1986 outbreak ofcoffeerust in Papua New Guinea. National Centre for Devel­opment Studies, Canberra. Island/Australia WorkingPaper No. 86/15.

Shaw, D.E., Bourke, R.M., Bell, S.C. and Shaw, BD.(1986b) - The coffee rust problem in Papua NewGuinea. Pacific Economic Bulletin, July 1986.

Shaw, D.E. (1987) - Report to the Coffee DevelopmentAgency on coffee rust severity and other aspects inPapua New Guinea. Department of PrimaryIndustries, Queensland.

Shaw, D.E. (1988) - Verticillium lecanii a hyperparasiteon the coffee rust pathogen in Papua New Guinea.Australasian Plant Pathology 17: 2-3.

Shaw, D.E. (1989) - Spore extrusion ofmangrove fungi inPapua New Guinea and Australia The Mycologist 3:118-120.

Shaw, D.E. (1990a) - Blooms ofNeurospora in Australia.The Mycologist 4: 6-13.

Shaw, D.E. (1990b) - The incidental collection of fungalspores by bees and the collection of spores in lieu ofpollen. Bee World 71: 158-176.

Haydon, G.F. and Shaw, D.E. (1991) - Zinc accumulationin Monstera deliciosa near Brisbane. AustralasianPlant Pathology 20: 125-129.

Shaw, D.E. (1991 a) - Further collections offungus sporesby bees. The Australasian Beekeeeper 93: 68.

Shaw, D.E. (1991 b) - Rust of Monstera deliciosa inAustralia. Mycological Research 96: 665-678.

126

Shaw, D.E. (1992a) - Abnormal internal rust sori duringthe last 100 years. The Mycologist 6: 23-28.

Shaw, D.E. (1992b) -Abnormal internal sori ofPucciniapaullula f.sp, monsterae on Monstera deliciosa.Australasian Plant Pathology 21: 123-127.

Shaw, D.E. and Melksham, KJ. (1992) - Formation ofoil-like drops from Monstera rust urediniospores.Mycologist 6: 87-91.

Shaw, D.E. «(1992) 1993) - Occurrence and frequency ofthe stomata ofleaves ofA10nstera deliciosa (Araceae).Aroideana 15: 8-16.

Shaw, DE (1993a) - A note on the further occurrence andviability of teliospores of Puccinia paullula f.sp,monsterae. Australasian Plant Pathology 22: 19-21.

Shaw, D.E. (1993b) - Honeybees collecting Neurosporaspores from steamed Pinus logs in Queensland. TheMycologist 7: 182-185.

Shaw, D.E. (1993c) - Reminiscences. In IMI: Retrospectand Prospect (Ed D.L. Hawksworth), pp. 93-94. CABInternational.

Shaw, D.E. and Alcorn, J.L. (1993) - New names forVerrucispora and its species. Australian SystematicBotany 6: 273-276.

Shaw, D.E. (1994a) - Experimental induction ofteliospores of Puccinia paullula f.sp. monsterae onMonstera deliciosa. Australasian Plant Pathology 23:57-65.

Shaw, D.E. (1994b) - Mycopredisposition to suscepti­bility and the fungi involved. Australasian PlantPathology Ts: 170-189.

Shaw, D.E. (1994c) - The aero-aquatic fungusCancellidium applanatum K. Tubaki in Queensland,Australia. Mycologist 8: 162-163.

Shaw, D.E. (1995a) - Reaction of aroids to Pucciniapaullula f.sp. monsterae. Australasian Plant Pathol­ogy 24: 15-21.

Shaw, D.E. (1995b) - Infection by Colletotrichumgloeosporioides through lesions ofPuccinia paullulaf.sp. monsterae on Monstera deliciosa. Mycologist 9:131-134.

Shaw, D.E. (1996) - Authors of fungal names. Australa­sian Plant Pathology 25: 1-2.

Shaw, D.E. (199 ) - Species of Neurospora recorded inAustralia, and the continued collection of Neurosporaconidia by honey bees (Apis mellifera) in lieu of pollen.Mycologist (In press).

Australasian Plant Pathology Vol. 27 (2) 1998