Dorian invasion

This article is about a hypothetical event of prehistoricGreece. For other uses, see Dorian (disambiguation).

The Dorian invasion[1] is a concept devised by histori-ans of Ancient Greece to explain the replacement of pre-classical dialects and traditions in southern Greece by theones that prevailed in Classical Greece. The latter werenamed Dorian by the ancient Greek writers after the his-torical population that owned them, the Dorians.Greek legend asserted that the Dorians took possessionof the Peloponnesus in an event called the Return of theHeracleidae (Ancient Greek: -). Classical scholars saw in the legend a hypo-thetically real event they termed theDorian invasion. Themeaning of the concept has changed several times, ashistorians, philologists and archaeologists used it in at-tempts to explain the cultural discontinuities expressed inthe data of their elds. The pattern of arrival of Dorianculture on certain islands in the Mediterranean, such asCrete, is also not well understood. The Dorians coloniseda number of sites on Crete such as Lato.[2]

Despite nearly 200 years of investigation, the actual-ity of the Dorian invasion has never been established.The meaning of the concept has become to some degreeamorphous. The work done on it has mainly served torule out various speculations. The possibility of a realDorian invasion remains open. Likewise, there have beenattempts to link them or their victims with the emergenceof the equally mysterious Sea Peoples.

1 Return of the HeracleidaeThe ancient tradition tells that the descendants ofHeracles (the Heracleidae), exiled after his death, re-turned after some generations in order to reclaim domin-ion their ancestor Heracles had held in the Peloponnesus.The Greece to which the traditions refer is the mythicone, now considered to be Mycenaean Greece. Thetheme of the return of the Heracleidae" is consideredlegendary. The exact descent diers from one ancient au-thor to another, the salient point being that in each case atraditional ruling clan traced its origin, thus its legitimacy,to Heracles.The translation of return is strictly English; the Greekconnotations are quite dierent. The Greek words are ka-tienai[3] and katerchesthai, literally to descend, comedown or go down or less commonly be brought

Heracles and Athena. Attic red-gure vase.

down. It means a descent from uplands to lowlands, orfrom the earth to the grave, or a rushing down upon as aood, or sweeping down upon as a wind or a ship, or thosereturning from exile (which typically would have to be byship). It is never used as a simple return home, whichis a nostos[4] (as in nostalgia or the returns from Troy).The Heracleidae are not returning to a former home forwhich they are homesick, they are sweeping down uponthe Peloponnesus in war, thus inviting the English trans-lation of invasion.There is, however, a distinction between Heracleidae andDorians. George Grote summarizes the relationship asfollows:[5]

"Herakles himself had rendered ines-timable aid to the Dorian king Aegimius, whenthe latter was hard pressed in a contest withthe Lapithae .... Herakles defeated the Lapi-thae and slew their king Koronus; in return forwhich Aegimius assigned to his deliverers onethird part of his whole territory and adoptedHyllus as his son.

Hyllus, a Perseid, was driven from the state of Mycenaeinto exile after the death of Heracles by a dynastic rival,Eurystheus, another Perseid:[6]

After the death ... of Herakles, his sonHyllos and his other children were expelled and

1

2 2 THE TERM INVASION

persecuted by Eurystheus ... Eurystheus in-vaded Attica, but perished in the attempt ....All the sons of Eurystheus lost their lives ...with him, so that the Perseid family was nowrepresented only by the Herakleids ....

The Pelopid family now assumed power. The Heraclidsendeavored to recover the possessions from which theyhad been expelled but were defeated by the Ionians atthe Isthmus of Corinth. Hyllus staked peace for threegenerations against immediate reoccupation on a singlecombat and was killed by Echemus of Arcadia.The Heracleidae now found it prudent to claim the Do-rian land granted to Heracles:[5] and from this momentthe Herakleids and Dorians became intimately united to-gether into one social communion. Three generationslater the Heracleidae with Dorian collusion occupiedthe Peloponnesus, an event Grote terms a victoriousinvasion.[6]

2 The term invasion

6th-century cup from Laconia, the very center of the classicalDorians, representing Nike, the goddess of victory, attendingupon a Spartan warrior.

The rst widespread use of the term Dorian invasionappears to date to the 1830s. A popular alternative wasthe Dorian migration. For example, in 1831 ThomasKeightly was using Dorian migration in Outline of His-tory; by 1838 in The Mythology of Ancient Greece andItaly he was using Dorian invasion.Neither of those two words exactly ts the events, asthey imply an incursion from outside a society to within;but the Dorians were not outside of either Greece orGreek society. William Mitford's History of Greece(17841810)[7] described a Dorian conquest followed

by a revolution in Peloponnesus so complete that, ex-cept in the rugged province of Arcadia, nothing remainedunaltered.[8]

In 1824 Karl Otfried Mller's Die Dorier was pub-lished in German and was translated into English byTufnel and Lewis for publication in 1830. They usesuch terms as the Doric invasion[9] and the invasianof the Dorians[10] to translate Mllers Die Einwan-derung von den Doriern (literally: the migration of theDorians),[11] which was quite a dierent concept.On one level the Einwanderung meant no more than theHeraklidenzug, the return of the Heracleidae. However,Mller was also applying the sense of Vlkerwanderungto it, which was being used of the Germanic migrations.Mllers approach was philological. In trying to explainthe distribution of tribes and dialects he hypothesized thatthe aboriginal or Pelasgian population was Hellenic. Hisrst paragraph of the Introduction asserts:[12]

The Dorians derived their origin [der Ur-sprung des dorischen Stammes] from those dis-tricts in which the Grecian nation borderedtoward the north upon numerous and dissim-ilar races of barbarians. As to the tribeswhich dwelt beyond these borders we are in-deed wholly destitute of information; nor isthere the slightest trace of any memorial ortradition that the Greeks originally came fromthose quarters.

Mller goes on to propose that the original Pelasgian lan-guage was the common ancestor of Greek and Latin,[13]that it evolved into Proto-Greek and was corrupted inMacedon and Thessaly by invasions of Illyrians. Thissame pressure of Illyrians drove forth Greeks speakingAchaean (including Aeolian), Ionian, and nally Dorianin three diachronic waves, explaining the dialect distribu-tion of Greek in classical times.[14]

Following this traditional view, Thumb noticed that inthe Peloponnesus and in the islands, where the Doriansestablished themselves, their dialect showed elements ofthe Arcadian dialect. This can be explained if the Dori-ans conquered a Pre-Doric population, which was pushedinto the Arcadian mountains. Where the Dorians were aminority, there is a mixed dialect, as in Boeotia, or theDorians adopted the existing dialect, as in Thessaly.[15]To the Achaeans described by Homer belongs the Aeolic-Arcadian dialect in the whole of eastern Greece, withthe exception of Attica, where the Ionians were conned.The Ionians must be considered the oldest rst wave ofthe Greek migration.[16]

In 1902, K. Paparigopoulos, calling the event the De-scent of the Heraclidae, stated that the Heraclidae camefrom Thessaly after being expelled by the Thessalians liv-ing in Epirus.[17]

33 Kretschmers external Greeks

Toward the end of the 19th century the philologist PaulKretschmer made a strong case that Pelasgian was a pre-Greek substrate, perhaps Anatolian,[18] taking up a clas-sical theme of remnant populations existing in pock-ets among the Greek speakers, in mountainous and ru-ral Arcadia and in inaccessible coasts of the far south.This view left Mllers proto-Greeks without a home-land, but Kretschmer did not substitute the Heracleidaeor their Dorian allies from Macedon and Thessaly. In-stead he removed the earliest Greeks to the trail lead-ing from the plains of Asia, where he viewed the Proto-Indo-European language as having broken up about 2500BC. Kretschmer suggested that somewhere between thatAsian homeland and Greece a new cradle of the Greektribes developed, fromwhich Proto-Ionians at about 2000BC, Proto-Achaeans at about 1600 BC and Dorians atabout 1200 BC came to swoop down on an increas-ingly less aboriginal Greece as three waves of externalGreeks.[19]

Kretschmer was condent that if the unknown homelandof the Greeks was not then known, archaeology wouldnd it. The handbooks of Greek history from then onspoke of Greeks entering Greece. As late as 1956 J.B.Bury's History of Greece (3rd edition) wrote of an in-vasion which brought the Greek language into Greece.Over that half-century Greek and Balkan archaeologyunited in an eort to locate the Dorians further norththan Greece. The idea was combined with a view that theSea Peoples were part of the same north-south migrationabout 1200 BC.The weakness in this theory[20] is that it requires both aninvadedGreece and an external area where Greek evolvedand continued to evolve into dialects contemporaneouslywith the invaded Greece. However, although the invadedGreece was amply represented by evidence of all sorts,there was no evidence at all of the external homeland.Similarly, a clear Greek homeland for the Sea Peoplesfailed to materialize. Retaining Mllers three waves andKretschmers Pelasgian pockets the scholars continued tosearch for the Dorians in other quarters. Mllers com-mon ancestor of Greek and Latin had vanished by 1950;and by 1960, although still given lip service, the conceptof Greek developing outside of Greece was in decline.[21]

4 Greek origin in Greece

Additional progress in the search for the Dorian inva-sion resulted from the decipherment of Linear B inscrip-tions. The language of the Linear B texts is an early formof Greek now known as Mycenaean Greek. Compar-ing it with the later Greek dialects scholars could tracethe development of the dialects from the earlier Myce-naean. For example, classical Greek anak-s (),

Athens

Chalkis

Megara

Thebes

Delphi

Dodona

Larissa

Olympia

Sparta

Argos

Corinth

Epidaurus

Pergamum

Smyrna

Ephesus

Miletus

Crete

Pylos

Ambracia

Corcyra

Leucas

Cephallonia

Zacynthos

Skyros

Andros

Naxos

Cyprus

Ionian Sea

Sea of Crete

Aegean Sea

Propontis

Thessaly

Epirus

MACEDONIANTHRACIAN

ILLYRIAN

Boeotia

Aeolia

Euboea

Attica

Arcadia

Ionia

Rhodes

Kos

Samos

Lesbos

Chios

Lemnos

Cyclades

Thera

Laconia

ArgolisElis

Chalcidice

Messenia

Achaea

LYDIAN

CARIAN

Doric

Attic

Aeolic Arcado-Cypriot

Greek dialects in the classical periodWestern group:

Northwest Greek

Central group:

Eastern group:Ionic

Achaean Doric

Greek dialects after the event or events termed the Dorianinvasion. Before this, the dialect spoken in the later Dorianrange (except for Doris itself) is believed to have been Achaean,from which Attic, Ionic and Aeolic descended. Doric displacedAchaean in southern Greece.

king, was postulated to be derived from a reconstructedform *wanak- (F). In the Linear B texts appearsthe form , wa-na-ka, sometimes accompanied by the, wa-na-sa (F, queen).Ernst Risch lost no time in proposing that there was nevermore than onemigration, which brought proto-Greek intoGreece. Proto-Greek is the assumed last common ances-tor of all known varieties of Greek and then dissimilatedinto dialects within Greece.[22] Meanwhile the linguistsclosest to the decipherment were having doubts about theclassication of proto-Greek. John Chadwick summariz-ing in 1976 wrote:[23]

Let us therefore explore the alternativeview. This hypothesis is that the Greek lan-guage did not exist before the twentieth centuryB.C., but was formed in Greece by the mixtureof an indigenous population with invaders whospoke another language .... What this languagewas is a dicult question ... the exact stagereached in development at the time of the ar-rival is dicult to predict.

Georgiev suggested that:[24]

The Proto-Greek region included Epirus,approximately up to in the northincluding Paravaia, Tymphaia, Athamania,Dolopia, Amphilochia, and Acarnania, westand north Thessaly (Hestiaiotis,, Perrhaibia,Tripolis, and Pieria), i.e. more or less the ter-ritory of contemporary northwestern Greece

In another ten years the alternative view was becomingthe standard one. JP Mallory wrote in 1989 concerning

4 5 DESTRUCTION AT THE END OF MYCENAEAN IIIB

the various hypotheses of proto-Greek that had been putforward since the decipherment:[25]

Reconciliation of all these dierent the-ories seems out of the question ... the cur-rent state of our knowledge of the Greek di-alects can accommodate Indo-Europeans en-tering Greece at any time between 2200 and1600 BC to emerge later as Greek speakers.

By the end of the 20th century the concept of an invasionby external Greek speakers had ceased to be the main-stream view, (although still asserted by a minority); thusGeorey Horrocks writes:[26]

Greek is now widely believed to be theproduct of contact between Indo-European im-migrants and the speakers of the indigenouslanguages of the Balkan peninsula beginning c.2,000 B.C.

If the dierent dialects had developed within Greece nosubsequent invasions were required to explain their pres-ence.

5 Destruction at the end of Myce-naean IIIB

A record of Pylos, preserved by baking in the re that destroyedthe palace about 1200 BC, according to the excavator, Carl Ble-gen. The record must date to about 1200, as the unbaked clay,used mainly for diurnal or other short-term records, would soonhave disintegrated.

Meanwhile the archaeologists were encountering whatappeared to be a wave of destruction of Mycenaeanpalaces. Indeed, the Pylos tablets recorded the dispatchof coast-watchers, to be followed not long after by theburning of the palace, presumably by invaders from thesea. Carl Blegen wrote:[27]

the telltale track of the Dorians must berecognized in the re-scarred ruins of all thegreat palaces and the more important townswhich ... were blotted out at the end of Myce-naean IIIB.

Blegen follows Furumark[28] in dating Mycenaean IIIBto 13001230 BC. Blegen himself dated the Dorian in-vasion to 1200 BC.A destruction by Dorians has its own problems (as dis-cussed in the next section) and is not the only possibleexplanation. At approximately this time Hittite power inAnatolia collapsed with the destruction of their capitalHattusa, and the late 19th and the 20th dynasties of Egyptsuered invasions of the Sea Peoples. A theory, reportedfor instance by Thomas and Conant, attributes the ruin ofthe Peloponnesus to the Sea Peoples:[29]

Evidence on the Linear B tablets from theMycenaean kingdom of Pylos describing thedispatch of rowers and watchers to the coast,for instance, may well date to the time that theEgyptian pharaoh was expecting the arrival offoes.

The identity of the foes remained a question. The evi-dence suggests that some of the Sea Peoples may havebeen Greek. However, most of the destroyed Mycenaeansites are far from the sea, and the expedition against Troyat the end of this period shows that the sea was safe. Des-borough believes that the sea was safe in central and southAegean in this period.[30]

Michael Wood suggests relying on tradition, especiallythat of Thucydides:[31]

"[L]et us not forget the legends, at least asmodels for what might have happened. Theytell us of constant rivalries with the royal clansof the Heroic Age Atreus and Thyestes,Agamemnon and Aigisthes, and so on ....

In summary, it is possible that the Mycenaean worlddisintegrated through feuding clans of the great royalfamilies.[31] The possibility of some sort of internalstruggle had long been under consideration. Chadwick,after following and critiquing the development of dier-ent views, in 1976 settled on a theory of his own:[32] therewas no Dorian invasion. The palaces were destroyed byDorians who had been in the Peloponnesus all along as asubservient lower class (Linear B: , do-e-ro, maleslave"; latter Greek form: ),[33] and now werestaging a revolution. Chadwick espoused the view thatnorthern Greek was the more conservative language, andproposed that southern Greek had developed under Mi-noan inuence as a palace language.Mylonas joins two of the previous possibilities. He be-lieves that some developments in Argolis and attempts forrecovery after 1200 BC, can be explained by an internalghting, and by an enemy pressure, by the Dorians. Evenif the Dorians, were one of the causes of the Bronze agecollapse, there is evidence that they brought with themsome new elements of culture. It seems that the Doric

5clans moved southward gradually over a number of years,and they devastated the territory, until they managed toestablish themselves in the Mycenaean centres.[34]

6 Invasion or migration

The Dorian migration in H.G. Wells' The Outline of History(1920).

After theGreekDarkAges, much of the population of thePeloponnesus spoke Dorian, while the evidence of LinearB and literary traditions, such as the works of Homer,suggests that the population spoke Achaean MycenaeanGreek before. In addition, society in the Peloponnesushad undergone a total change from states ruled by kingspresiding over a Palace economy to a caste system ruledby a Dorian master ethnos at Sparta.According to the scholar H. Michell:[35] If we assumethat the Dorian invasion took place some time in thetwelfth century, we certainly know nothing of them forthe next hundred years. Blegen admitted that in the sub-Mycenaean period following 1200:[27] the whole areaseems to have been sparsely populated or almost de-serted.The problem is that there are no traces of any Doriansanywhere until the start of the Geometric period about950 BC. This simple pottery decoration appears to becorrelated with other changes in material culture, such asthe introduction of iron weapons and alterations in burialpractices from Mycenaean group burials in tholos tombsto individual burials and cremation. These can certainlybe associated with the historical Dorian settlers, such asthose of Sparta in the 10th century BC.[35] However, theyappear to have been general over all of Greece; moreover,the new weapons would not have been used in 1200.

The scholars were now faced with the conundrum of aninvasion at 1200 but a resettlement at 950. One expla-nation is that the destruction of 1200 was not caused bythem, and that the quasi-mythical return of the Heraclei-dae is to be associated with settlement at Sparta c. 950.It is possible that the destruction of the Mycenaean cen-tres, was caused by the wandering of northern people (Il-lyrian migration). They destroyed the palace of Iolcos(LH III C-1), the palace of Thebes ( late LH III B), thenthey crossed Isthmus of Corinth (end of LH III B) theydestroyed Mycenae, Tiryns and Pylos, and nally theyreturned northward. However Pylos was destroyed bya sea-attack, the invaders didn't leave behind traces ofweapons or graves, and it cannot be proved that all thesites were destroyed about the same time.[36] It is also pos-sible that the Doric clans moved southward gradually overa number of years, and they devastated the territory, untilthey managed to establish themselves in the Mycenaeancentres.[34]

7 Closing the gap

Proto-geometric pottery, but of Athens, not Sparta.

The quest for the Dorian invasion had begun as an attemptto explain the dierences between Peloponnesian societydepicted by Homer and the historical Dorians of classi-cal Greece. The rst scholars to work on the problemwere historians researching the only resources availableto them: the Greek legends. The philologists (later lin-guists) subsequently took up the challenge but in the endonly brought the problem into sharper denition. Finallythe archaeologists have inherited the issue. Perhaps some

6 9 NOTES

Geometric pottery, Dorian Argos.

distinctively Dorian archaeological evidence will turn upor has turned up giving precise insight as to how and whenPeloponnesian society changed so radically.The historians had dened the Greek Dark Ages, a periodof general decline, in this case the disappearance of thepalace economy and with it law and order, loss of writ-ing, diminishment of trade, decrease in population andabandonment of settlements (destroyed or undestroyed),metals starvation and loss of the ne arts or at least thediminution of their quality, evidenced especially in pot-tery. By its broadest denition the dark age lasted be-tween 1200 and 750, the start of the archaic or oriental-izing period, when inuence from the Middle East via theoverseas colonies stimulated a recovery.A dark age of poverty, low population and metals star-vation is not compatible with the idea of great popula-tion movements of successful warriors wielding the latestmilitary equipment sweeping into the Peloponnesus andtaking it over to rebuild civilization their way. This darkage consists of three periods of art and archaeology: sub-Mycenaean, Proto-geometric and Geometric. The mostsuccessful, the Geometric, seems to t the Dorians bet-ter, but there is a gap, and this period is not localized toand did not begin in Dorian territory. It is more to beassociated with Athens, an Ionian state.Still, the Dorians did share in the Geometric period andtherefore to nd its origin might be perhaps to nd theorigin of the Dorians. The Geometric originated by cleartransition from the Proto-geometric. The logical breakin material culture is the start of the Proto-geometric atabout 1050 BC, which leaves a gap of 150 years. The year1050 oers nothing distinctively Dorian either, but if theDorians were present in the Geometric, and they were notalways in place as an unrecorded lower class, 1050 is mostlikely time of entry. Cartledge says humorously:[37]

It has of late become an acknowledgedscandal that the Dorians, archaeologically

speaking, do not exist. That is, there is no cul-tural trait surviving in the material record forthe two centuries or so after 1200 which canbe regarded as a peculiarly Dorian hallmark.Robbed of their patents for Geometric pot-tery, cremation burial, iron-working and, theunkindest prick of all, the humble straight pin,the hapless Dorians stand naked before theircreator or, some would say, inventor.

C.Moss suggests that there is not any archaeological evi-dence that a Doric civilization substituted the Achaeancivilization, and that theDorianmethods of a war-society,was a myth created by the scientists who were based onthe Spartan delusion. The Dorians who spoke a dier-ent dialect were mixed with the local population, whenthey migrated to the new lands [38]

The question remains open to further investigation.

8 See also Ancient Greek dialects Comparative method Dorians Doric Greek Doris Dorus, the eponymous founder Greek Dark Ages Historical linguistics Sparta Vedic Period

9 Notes[1] About the so-called Dorians Issue cf. Francesco Per-

ono Cacciafoco, Sulle piste dei Dori. Ipotesi a confronto traLinguistica, Archeologia e Storia [On the Traces of the Do-rians. Compared Hypotheses According to Linguistics, Ar-chaeology, and History], Pisa University Press (EdizioniPLUS), Pisa 2009, link book.

[2] Hogan, C. Michael (10 January 2008). Lato Hillfort.The Modern Antiquarian. Julian Cope.

[3] Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (2007) [1940]."". Greek-English Lexicon. Medford: PerseusDigital Library, Tufts University.

[4] "". Liddell & Scott.

[5] George Grote, Greece Part I, Chapter XVIII, Section I:Return of the Herakleids into Peloponnesus.

7[6] George Grote, Greece Chapter IV: Heroic Legends : Ex-ile of the Herakleids.

[7] Mitfords single-volume rst edition came out in 1784 tobe followed by a second edition containing Volumes I andII in 1789. The remainder of the initial 8-volume set waspublished by 1810. The third edition of 1821 had morevolumes. Some 29 editions more followed. Mitfordswork features marginal notes stating the ancient sources.

[8] Mitford, William. The History of Greece. Volume I.Boston: Timothy Bedlington and Charles Ewer, Cornhill.p. 197.

[9] Mller 1830, p. 107.

[10] Mller 1830, p. 97.

[11] Mller 1844, p. 85.

[12] Mller 1830, p. 1.

[13] Mller 1830, pp. 67.

[14] Mller 1830, pp. 1119.

[15] A.Thumb: Handbuch der griechischen Dialekte 1932 :Martin Nilsson Die Geschichte der Griechische ReligionC.F.Beck Verlag, Munchen, p. 330

[16] J.L.Myres, Who were the Greeks? 1930 : Martin NilssonDie Geschichte der Griechische Religion C.F.Beck Verlag,Munchen, p. 330

[17] Paparigopoulos, K., 1902, History of the Greek Nation,(re-edited in demotic Greek, 1995), v. 1, p. 189

[18] Hall, Jonathan M. (2002). Between Ethnicity and Culture.Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 40. ISBN 0-226-31329-8. Paul Kretschmer ... had pointed to ele-ments in Greek vocabulary ... that appeared to be non-Hellenic, and therefore pre-Hellenic ... for example, the-nth- sux in Tirynthos ... which Kretschmer believedhad been transmitted to Greece from Anatolia.

[19] Drews 1988, p. 8. Paul Kretschmer concluded thatthere had been three Greek invasions of Greece duringthe Bronze Age. The last of these, ca. 1200 B.C., wassurely the Dorian Invasion.

[20] A survey of the problems connected with the historicityof the Dorian invasion may be found Hall, J.M. (2007).A History of the Archaic Greek World ca. 1200479 BCE.Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. Chapter 3. A num-ber of ISBNs, including 0631226672.

[21] Drews 1993, p. 63. The old view that the Dorianinvasion proceeded from the central Balkans and that itoccurred ca. 1200 is now maintained by only a fewarchaeologists and against increasing evidence to the con-trary.

[22] Risch, Ernst (1955). Die Gliederung der griechischenDialekte in neuer Sicht. Museum Helveticum 12: 6175.The argument is summarized, and Risch is cited, in Drews1988, p. 39.

[23] Chadwick, John (1976). The Mycenaean World. Cam-bridge University Press. pp. 23. ISBN 0-521-21077-1.

[24] Georgiev, Vladimir Ivanov (1981). Introduction to the his-tory of the Indo-European languages. Pub. House of theBulgarian Academy of Sciences. p. 156.

[25] Mallory, J.P. (1991). In Search of the Indo-Europeans:Language, Archaeology and Myth. New York: Thamesand Hudson. p. 71. ISBN 0-500-27616-1.

[26] Horrocks, Georey (1997). Homers Dialect. In Mor-ris, Ian; Powell, Barry B. A New Companion to Homer.Leiden, Boston: Brill. pp. 193217. ISBN 90-04-09989-1.

[27] Blegen, Carl (1967), The Mycenaean Age: The TrojanWar, the Dorian Invasion and Other Problems, LecturesinMemory of Louise Taft Semple: First Series, 19611965,Princeton: Princeton University Press, p. 30, LC 67-14407.

[28] Furumark, Arne (1972). Mycenaean Pottery. Svenska in-stitutet i Athen. ISBN 91-85086-03-7. This book, a pot-tery lookup reference, arranges pottery by stylistic groups,assigning relative dates correlated when possible to calen-dar dates, along with the evidence. It is the standard pot-tery reference for Mycenaean times.

[29] Thomas, Carol G.; Craig Conant (2005). The TrojanWar.Westport, Connecticut: The Greenwood press. p. 18.ISBN 0-313-32526-X.

[30] G.Mylonas (1966) Mycenae and the Mycenaean age,Princeton University Press pp. 230,231

[31] Wood, Michael (1987). In Search of the TrojanWar. NewYork: New American Library. pp. 251252. ISBN 0-452-25960-6.

[32] Chadwick, John (1976). Who were the Dorians?".Parola del Passato 31: 103117. Chadwicks point ofview is summarized and critiqued in Drews 1988, Ap-pendix One: The End of the Bronze Age in Greece

[33] Paleolexicon.

[34] G. Mylonas, Mycenae and the Mycenaean age, pp. 231,232

[35] Michell, H. (1964). Sparta. Cambridge: Cambridge Uni-versity Press. p. 7.

[36] G. Mylonas Mycenae and the Mycenaean age, pp. 227,228

[37] Cartledge, Paul (2002). Sparta and Lakonia: A RegionalHistory, 1300362. Routledge. p. 68. ISBN 0-415-26276-3.

[38] C.Moss (1984). La Grce archaique, d' Homre Es-chyle. Editions du Seuil, p.p 34,35

10 Bibliography Francesco Perono Cacciafoco, Sulle piste dei Dori.

Ipotesi a confronto tra Linguistica, Archeologia e Sto-ria [On the Traces of the Dorians. Compared Hy-potheses According to Linguistics, Archaeology, and

8 11 EXTERNAL LINKS

History], Pisa University Press (Edizioni PLUS),Pisa 2009, link book.

Drews, Robert (1988). The Coming of the Greeks:Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and theNear East. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton UniversityPress. ISBN 0-691-02951-2.

Drews, Robert (1993). The End of the Bronze Age:Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe CA. 1200B.C. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton UniversityPress.

Hall, Jonathan M. (2000). Dorians and Herakl-idai. Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity. CambridgeUniversity Press. pp. 5665. ISBN 0-521-78999-0.

Hall, Jonathan M. (2006). Dorians: Ancient Eth-nic Group. In Wilson, Nigel. Encyclopedia of An-cient Greece. New York: Routledge Taylor & Fran-cis Group. pp. 240242. ISBN 0-415-97334-1.

Mller, C.O.; Henry Tufnell (Translator); GeorgeCornewall Lewis (Translator) (1830). The Historyand Antiquities of the Doric Race. Volume I. Lon-don: John Murray.

Mller, Karl Otfried (1844). Geschichten hellenis-cher Stmme und Stdte. Zweiter Band: Die Dorier.Breslau: J. Max and Company.

Mylonas, George E. (1966). Mycenae and theMyce-naean Age. Princeton UP. ISBN 0-691-03523-7.

Pomeroy, Sarah B.; Stanley M. Burstein; WalterDonlan; Jennifer Tolbert Roberts (1999). AncientGreece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History.Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509742-4.

11 External links Casson, Stanley (July 1921). The Dorian Invasionreviewed in the light of some New Evidence. TheAntiquaries Journal (London and elsewhere: OxfordUniversity Press) I (No. 1): 199221.

Jacob-Felsch, Margrit (2000). Problems in Myce-naean Chronology (PDF). Hephaistos (18)..

Thomas, Carol (Spring 1978). Found: the Dori-ans (PDF). Expedition Magazine (Penn Museum,University of Pennsylvania): 2125.

912 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses12.1 Text

Dorian invasion Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian_invasion?oldid=671035990 Contributors: Mdebets, Reddi, Wetman, NatKrause, Dbachmann, Paul August, Bender235, Oop, Alansohn, Alex '05, Woohookitty, Ainodecam, Dodiad, Qwertyus, Rjwilmsi, Chobot,RussBot, Deucalionite, Botteville, LakeHMM, Mhardcastle, Attilios, SmackBot, Hmains, Chris the speller, Rmagill, Persian Poet Gal, Em-ufarmers, Proofreader, Mjgilson, Igoldste, Future Perfect at Sunrise, BobMalouchy, Doug Weller, Thijs!bot, Bibi Saint-Pol, Magioladitis,Albmont, Lady Mondegreen, Macedonian, Elphion, AllGloryToTheHypnotoad, Thanatos666, Gerakibot, Jeremytrewindixon, ClueBot,Niceguyedc, DragonBot, Catalographer, 1ForTheMoney, Cewvero, Addbot, DOI bot, MinisterForBadTimes, Achsenzeit, AgadaUrbanit,Luckas-bot, AnomieBOT, Alexikoua, Citation bot, ArthurBot, LilHelpa, Erud, Omnipaedista, Patronanejo, Citation bot 1, RjwilmsiBot,SayNoToTheism, EmausBot, Orphan Wiki, WikitanvirBot, Never give in, Finn Bjrklid, SporkBot, Pokbot, Helpful Pixie Bot, Citation-CleanerBot, Toliste65, Mogism, Krakkos, Jestmoon, 7Sidz, Monkbot, SecondoMontanarelli and Anonymous: 40

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Return of the HeracleidaeThe term invasionKretschmers external GreeksGreek origin in GreeceDestruction at the end of Mycenaean IIIBInvasion or migrationClosing the gapSee alsoNotesBibliographyExternal linksText and image sources, contributors, and licensesTextImagesContent license