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Video 1-1Chemistry is a Physical Science; Matter and It’s Properties

Chapter 1

Matter and Change

1-1) Chemistry Is a Physical Science

Chemistry—the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes.

• What is a substance made of?• What is its internal arrangement?• How does it behave if heated, cooled, or

mixed with other substances?• Why?

1-1) Chemistry Is a Physical Science

Instruments are routinely used to extend our ability to Observe and make Measurements.

• scanning electron microscope—shoots beam of electrons at materials; scattering shows internal structure

1-1) Chemistry Is a Physical Science

1-1) Chemistry Is a Physical Science

1-1) Chemistry Is a Physical Science

Instruments are routinely used to extend our ability to Observe and make Measurements.

• X-ray diffraction—how these rays bend as they are shot through a substance shows internal structure

1-1) Chemistry Is a Physical Science

1-1) Chemistry Is a Physical Science

Branches of Chemistry:

• Organic chemistry: study of most carbon containing compounds– Ex. Petroleum industry

• Inorganic chemistry: study of all substances not classified as organic (not containing carbon)– Ex. New metallic alloys

1-1) Chemistry Is a Physical ScienceBranches of Chemistry:• Physical chemistry: study of the

properties and changes of matter and their relation to energy – Ex. Fuel cell technology

• Analytical chemistry: identification of components and composition of materials– Ex. Crime labs

1-1) Chemistry Is a Physical Science

Branches of Chemistry:

• Biochemistry: study of substances and the processes occurring in living things– Ex. Pharmaceutical companies

1-1) Chemistry Is a Physical Science

Branches of Chemistry:

• Theoretical chemistry: use of mathematics and computers to understand the principles behind observed chemical behavior and to design and predict the properties of new compounds– Ex. University researchers

1-1) Chemistry Is a Physical Science

Chemical—any substance that has a definite composition (chemical formula).

• Elements (sodium, oxygen, nitrogen)

• Compounds (water, sugar, salt)

1-1) Chemistry Is a Physical ScienceTypes of Research and Development:• basic research—carried out for the

sake of increasing knowledge (what, how, and why)– Ex. Creating new elements

• applied research—carried out to solve a specific problem– Ex. Creating lighter, stronger materials

for automobile bodies

1-1) Chemistry Is a Physical Science

Types of Research and Development:

• technological development—involves the production and use of products that improve our quality of life.– Manufacturing and producing efficient

hydrogen fuel cells for cars

1-2) Matter and Its Properties

Matter—anything that has mass and volume

• mass— a measure of the amount of matter (a measure of the resistance of an object to a change in its state of motion)

• volume—the amount of three-dimensional space an object occupies.

1-2) Matter and Its Properties

Basic Building Blocks of Matter:

Atom—smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element

• Element—a pure substance made of only one kind of atom

• Ex. Helium, lithium

1-2) Matter and Its PropertiesBasic Building Blocks of Matter:Compound—substance made from the

atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded.

• Molecule—smallest unit of certain elements and compounds that retains all of the properties of that element or compound.

• Ex. H2O, C12H22O11 (sucrose)

1-2) Matter and Its PropertiesProperties and Changes in Matter:• Extensive properties—depend on

the amount of matter that is present.– Ex. volume, mass, energy in a

substance

• Intensive properties—do NOT depend on the amount of matter present.– Ex. boiling point, melting point, density

1-2) Matter and Its Properties

Properties and Changes in Matter:

• Physical properties—characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity (chemical composition) of a substance.

• Ex. Mass, length, color, density

1-2) Matter and Its Properties

Properties and Changes in Matter:

• Physical change—change in a substance that does NOT involve a change in the identity of the substance.

• Ex. any phase change (melting, boiling, etc.)

1-2) Matter and Its Properties

Properties and Changes in Matter:

Phase Shape Volume Compressibility

Solid definite definite None

Liquid container definite None

Gas container container High

Plasma container container Slight

1-2) Matter and Its Properties

Properties and Changes in Matter:

• Chemical Property—relates to a substance’s ability (or inability) to undergo changes that transform it into different substances.

• Ex. Oxygen reacts (combusts) with hydrogen but not helium

1-2) Matter and Its Properties

Properties and Changes in Matter:

• Chemical Change (chemical reaction)—one or more substances are converted into different substances (different chemical composition)

• Ex. Iron rusting

1-2) Matter and Its Properties

Properties and Changes in Matter:• Chemical Change (chemical reaction)—

one or more substances are converted into different substances (different chemical composition)

• reactants—substances that react in a chemical change

• products—substances that are formed by the chemical change

1-2) Matter and Its Properties

Properties and Changes in Matter:

reactants products

• “reactants yield products”

1-2) Matter and Its Properties

Energy and Changes:

• All changes (chemical and physical) involve energy

• Can be in many different forms (light, heat, mechanical)

• Can be absorbed or released by the system undergoing the change

1-2) Matter and Its Properties

Energy and Changes:

• Energy is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical or physical process (assumes different form)

Law of Conservation of Energy

1-2) Matter and Its Properties

Energy and Changes:

• In the sun, matter is destroyed and energy is created through fusion? Why doesn’t this violate the Law of Conservation of Energy?

• Fusion is NOT a chemical or physical process (nuclear process).

Video 1-2Intro to the Periodic Table; Classification of Matter

The Periodic Table

Group or family

Period

Metals

Nonmetals

Metalloids

Transition Metals

Rare Earth (Inner Transition) Metals

Noble Gases

1A– Alkali Metals

2A– Alkaline Earth Metals

3A– Boron Family

4A– Carbon Family

5A– Nitrogen Family

6A– Oxygen Family

7A– Halogens

Metals• Shiny luster

•Good conductor of heat & electricity

• Malleable (hammered into sheets)

• Ductile (pulled into wires)

Metals• High tensile strength (resist breaking when pulled or bent)

• Ex. Copper

Nonmetals• Low melting points

• Dull luster

• Poor conductor of heat & electricity

• Brittle

• Ex. phosphorus

Metalloids• characteristics of metals & nonmetals

• solids

• semiconductors of electricity

• less malleable than metals (more than nonmetals)

Noble Gases

• generally unreactive

• all are gases at room temp.

• helium (He) and neon (Ne) cannot form compounds

Classification of Matter

Homogeneous Heterogeneous

M ixture

Compounds E lements

Pure Substance

Matte rMore than 1 type of basic particle?

Uniform composition? Broken down further?

Y N

Y N Y N

Mixture

• blend of 2 or more substances, each of which retains its own identity and properties

• physical combination

• compositions can vary

Homogeneous Mixture

• uniform in composition (same proportion of components throughout)

• also called solutions

Heterogeneous Mixture

• NOT uniform in composition (different proportion of components throughout)

Pure Substance

• fixed composition (only 1 type of particle)

• every sample has exactly same composition (% of elements)

Compound

• can be broken down into two or more simpler compounds or elements by a chemical change

Element

• simplest form of matter

• cannot be broken down further by chemical methods