Skopje MacedoniaFebruary 2010

Domestic Violence SurveyAlbania, 2007-08

National Institute of Statistics, INSTAT

Domestic Violence Survey

This research project involved the collaboration of several organizations:

Institute of Statistics of Albania (INSTAT) UN organizations: UNICEF, UNDP, Team of national experts: experts & civil

society Steering committee: GOs (MOLSAE),

NGOs and academics

Why embark on a national study of domestic violence in Albania?

To fill a significant gap in the limited studies on domestic violence in Albania (national level)

To develop a baseline measure of domestic violence against women and children, against which future measures can be compared;

To generate much reliable data and findings that can be used to develop effective prevention, protection, and legal measures and policies.

Research design

Conducting survey research on domestic violence is challenging because:

This is a phenomena that happens behind closed doors, and difficult to be declared.

To develop clear operational definitions of the different types of domestic violence,

To define the right tools for measuring the nature and prevalence of each of these types of domestic violence

 

INSTAT developed the survey after an extensive review of:

• International literature on domestic violence.

• Existing survey instruments used in Europe, the United States, and Africa.

• Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) documents and questionnaires specifically the Module on Domestic violence was a main source.

• Administrative data published by the Ministry of Interior.

• Data and information on domestic violence published by member NGOs of the Network Against Gender-Based Violence and Human Rights.

Development of the survey

 Survey structure

• The National Survey on Domestic Violence consisted of a series of close-ended questions that are developed in 10 separate modules:

• Module 1: Information Module (MODHH)• Module 2: Module of Household Structure (MODHL)• Module 2: Module of Socio-Economic Characteristics (MODSE)• Module 3: Module on Violence Against Women (MVAW)• Module 4: Selection Module of Women Age 15-49 Years

(MODSEL WM)• Module 5: Module of Marriage and Sexual Behavior (MODMA)• Module 6: Module of Domestic Violence toward Women

(MODDV)• Module 7: Module of Using Weapons (MODSALW)• Module 8: Selection Module of Children Age 10-14 Years

(MODSEL)• Module 9: Module of Domestic Violence toward Children Age 10-

14 Years (MODDV CH)• Module 10: Module of Using Weapons in Front of or Against

Children (MODSALW CH)

Survey Design

Sample size: 2,700 HHNr of clusters: 311Sampling desegregation: Urban/ rural 12 prefectures

Field work period: September 2007Nr of working Teams : 12 teams (prefectures)Field Work staff: 21 interviewers, 12

supervisors, 1 Controller.Duration of the field Work: 25 days

Continue…..

A cross-sectional population-based household survey conducted in a national level

One to two individuals were sampled in each household (randomly selected & interviewed separately)

Eligible woman: between15 and 49 years of age living in the household.

Eligible child: between 10 and 14 years of age and living in the household

Data processing and Analyses

• A standardized approach to coding was adopted and a data entry program was developed in CSPro Software.

• The data entry and processing procedures were rigorous and carefully supervised by INSTAT.

• The clean database was used for data analysis using SPSS.

INSTAT has professional standards for data processing and interpretation that have been applied in this national survey on domestic violence.

Not succeeded:

SALWEconomic cost of domestic violence

Domestic violence

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Domestic violence is:any act of violence exerted by a family member on the other, any where, which negatively affects the well being, physical or psychological integrity, freedom, the right to full development of a family member.

Violence against women and girls in the Survey is referred to the Declaration on Elimination of Violence against Women as occurring in:family, community, and perpetrated or condoned by state.

 [

Domestic violence

Basic survey assumptions

Family is an organized system wherein individual members are interdependently exerting a continuous and reciprocal influence on one another.

It is composed of subsystems that are constantly in interaction and in mutual influence.

Main survey trends:

Macro-system variables: how background characteristics such as age, gender and education shape domestic violence.

Family stress and resources variables: how the relative absence or presence of economic and social resources, in urban and rural communities, shape violence.

Micro-system variables: why individuals and family subsystems continue to suffer domestic violence despite the antiviolence large scale action of governmental institutions and NGO-s.

Domestic violence on women

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Attention seeking variables:

Environmental experienceEducation level of womenAge of abused womenEmployment

Table 4.1. Percentage of women age 15 to 49 years who experience domestic violence

n %

Emotional abuse 1,311 50.6

Psychological abuse 1,013 39.1

Physical violence 808 31.2

Sexual violence 330 12.7

It is important to note that there were a significant number of women who did not respond to the questions about abuse in their marriage or intimate relationship.

The percentage of nonrespondents varied from as many as 35.9% for emotional abuse, 29.6% for physical violence and psychological abuse, and 23.2% for sexual violence .  This data was taken directly from the frequencies that identified the number of missing responses/missing data.

Appendix Table 8. Physical violence by women’s demographicsN=1,988  

Physical violence  

Yes No  

Age Group n % n %  

15-17 years 2 22.2 7 77.8  

18-21 years 10 15.6 54 84.4  

22-25 years 32 22.1 113 77.9  

26-29 years 80 38.8 126 61.2  

30-33 years 133 46.8 151 53.2  

34-37 years 139 45.4 167 54.6  

38-41 years 124 40.0 186 60.0  

42-45 years 121 43.2 159 56.8  

46-49 years 167 43.5 217 56.5  

Marital Status  

Married/living with someone 776 40.0 1,163 60.0  

Divorced/Separated 32 66.7 16 33.3  

Level of Education  

No education 2 50.0 2 50.0  

Primary education 19 70.4 8 29.6  

Secondary education 422 44.7 523 55.3  

High school education 314 39.8 474 60.2  

University education 48 22.1 169 77.9  

Work Status  

Works outside the home 346 39.4 533 60.6  

Yes, but on maternity leave 5 29.4 12 70.6  

Does not work outside the home

457 41.8 635 58.2 

Residence  

Urban 385 35.1 712 64.9  

Rural 423 47.5 468 52.5  

Appendix Table 10. Sexual violence by women’s demographicsN=1,988  

Sexual violence  

Yes No  

Age Group n % n %  

15-17 years 0 0.0 9 100.0  

18-21 years 4 6.3 60 93.8  

22-25 years 11 7.6 134 92.8  

26-29 years 37 18.0 169 82.0  

30-33 years 50 17.6 234 82.4  

34-37 years 49 16.0 257 84.0  

38-41 years 55 17.7 255 82.3  

42-45 years 49 17.5 231 82.5  

46-49 years 75 19.5 309 80.5  

Marital Status  

Married/living with someone 314 16.2 1,625 83.8  

Divorced/Separated 16 33.3 32 66.7  

Level of Education  

No education 1 25.0 3 75.0  

Primary education 6 22.2 21 77.8  

Secondary education 166 17.6 779 82.4  

High school education 128 16.2 660 83.8  

University education 29 13.4 188 86.6  

Work Status  

Works outside the home 154 17.5 725 82.5  

Yes, but on maternity leave 3 17.6 14 82.4  

Does not work outside the home 173 15.8 919 84.2  

Residence  

Urban 178 16.2 919 83.8  

Rural 152 17.1 739 82.9  

Where to look for…

Violence in rural vs. urban areas2nd decade of marriage violence: a constant

reappearance in violence onsetDivorce impediment because of fear for

scarcity of resourcesRichness of living community

Domestic violence on children

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Appendix Table 38. Physical violence by child’s genderN=970  Gender  

Male Female  Physical violence n % n %   Yes 325 66.7 247 51.1   No 162 33.3 236 48.9  Hit with objects   Yes 71 14.6 56 11.6   No 416 85.4 427 88.4  Slapped, punched, kicked   Yes 322 66.1 241 49.9   No 165 33.9 242 50.1  

Appendix Table 41. Types of abuser by child’s genderN=634  Gender  

Male Female  Father/step-father n % n %   Yes 180 52.0 110 38.2   No 166 48.0 178 61.8  Mother/step-mother   Yes 239 69.1 208 72.2   No 107 30.9 80 27.8  Sister/Brother   Yes 120 34.7 122 42.4   No 226 65.3 166 57.6  Grandparent   Yes 19 5.5 17 5.9   No 327 94.5 271 94.1  Close family   Yes 15 4.3 12 4.2   No 331 95.7 276 95.8  Other family   Yes 6 1.7 8 2.8   No 340 98.3 280 97.2  

Some light shed on why-s?

Stereotypes of behaviorReplications of stereotypes and social gender

based rolesThe ordinary care of relationships in familiesViolence and couple intimate relationship

Thank you for the attention!

Skopje, Macedonia 16 February 2010