DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST MARRIED WOMEN …sajms.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/15-DOMESTIC-VOILEN...2015/08/15 · women are more susceptible to domestic violence (Punia & Niwas,

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South Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (SAJMS) ISSN:2349-7858:Volume 2 Issue 3

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST MARRIED WOMEN-A STUDY ON SCHEDULED CASTE AND NON- SCHEDULED CASTE TRIBAL WOMEN

OF KINNAUR DISTRICT

Author:- Hoshiar Singh*

& Sunder Kala Negi†

ABSTRACT

In India where almost half of the population is women, they have always been ill-treated and deprived

of their right to life and personal liberty as provided under the constitution of India. Women’s are always

considering as emotionally and physically weaker than the males and Domestic violence is a major

contributor to physical and mental ill health of a women and is evident to some degree, in every society in

the world. Therefore this paper addresses the domestic violence against married schedule caste and non

schedule caste tribal women of Kinnaur district (Himachal Pradesh). For accomplishing the objectives

fourty cases of domestic violence victim women were selected for recording their narratives, Interview,

Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping, Semi-Structured Socio-Demographic Datasheet, Self Prepared Domestic

Violence Assessment Questionnaire ( DVAQ) and qualitative analysis & interpretation were prepared.

The narratives were recorded, processed, analyzed and tabulated in order to derive major themes and

subthemes. The result based on qualitative research revealed that the more physical and verbal violence

with lower schedule caste women of the tribal area along with the high prevalence factors i.e. alcohol

* Medical Social Worker, Department of Health and Family Welfare , Himachal Pradesh, Email:[email protected]

† Research scholar Department of Psychology, Himachal Pradesh University, summer Hill, Shimla-171005. Email: [email protected]

mailto:Email:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

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abuse of husband, treating wife as slave, treating the violence as a right on women, and ignoring and

tolerating tendency of women. Physical violence is the major cause of concern among these women. The

women feared to resort to law because of unawareness about their rights. Due to MNREGA and self Help

group the financial condition of the SC and Non Sc women is little bit improved in family decision making.

It’s also revealed that there is little acknowledgement of the situation of victims and level of awareness

among these women regarding Domestic Violence Act 2005 and other development programmes for the

welfare and empowerment of women.

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The phenomenon of domestic violence is as old as humans. Violence in home is going on since

hundreds of years all over the world. Society intentionally formulated some beliefs, attitude and traditions

which facilited this violence especially towards women. That is social norms were purposely created to

ensure the subordination of women. The percentage of domestic violence is always more in countries

where the laws and social norms diminish the status of women. Women are generally the prime victims of

domestic violence and which is linked to their disadvantaged position in the society. Sociologists have

always belived that domestic violence is dictated by gender equation in most cases, and women’s are

usually facing more violence in the domestic set up. The World Health Organization (WHO), reported that

globally 29% to 62% of women have experience physical and sexual violence by intimate partner.

Domestic violence is an important cause of morbidity and mortality for women in every country where

these associations have been studied.

Violence against women is not a new phenomenon to know. Domestic violence is recognized as

the significant barriers of the empowerment of women (Sahoo & Pradhan , 2006). There are many forms

of violence against women and these includes psychological (e.g. critical comment, controlling behaviour,

social isolation, economic abuse), physical and sexual abuse. Physical violence can often result in multiple

injuries and may lead to chronic conditions, while emotional abuse can have severe long-term effects on

victim’s mind. Scars on the body heal but scars on the soul take much longer time to fade. Researches

shows that women who are subjected to violence experience multi trauma. In developing countries,

women are more susceptible to domestic violence (Punia & Niwas, 2013).

In India women population, they have always been ill-treated and deprived of their right to life and

personal liberty as provided under the constitution of India. Women are always suppose as a emotionally

and physically weaker than the males, whereas in 21st century women had proved themselves in almost

every field of life affirming that they are no less than men due to their hard work whether at home or

working places but still behind closed doors of homes, in all across our country, women are being beaten,

tortured and killed. It is happening in towns, rural and tribal areas, cities and in metropolitans as well.

Now it’s crossing all social classes, racial lines, age groups and genders. It is becoming a legacy being

passed on from one generation to another. It is one of the pathetic realities that women are not safe and

secure anywhere. According to a latest report prepared by India’s National Crime Records Bureau

(NCRB), a crime has been recorded against women in every three minutes in India. Every 60 minutes, two

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women are raped in this country. Every six hours, a young married woman is found beaten to death, burnt

or driven to suicide.

In 16 June 2011 an article appeared in India today, which reported that India to be the fourth most

dangerous place for women in the world. This violence was started even before women are born with sex

selective abortion and battering during pregnancy. The latest data from national crime report bureau

(NCRB, 2013) states that a total of 2,44,270 incidents of crime against women (both under Indian panel

code (IPC) AND Special & Local Laws (SLL) were reported in the country during the year 2012 the rate

of crime committed against women is 41.7 % and reported an increase of crime is 6.4 per cent from the

previous year. this report also observed that “cruelty” inficted on Indian women by her husband or his

relative comprise 43.6 per cent of all crimes against women while an astonishing 98.2 percent of the

offenders in rape incidences of the country in 2012 were known of the victim. These numbers does not

take into consideration incidences of marital rape, because as in India marital rape is not recognized as an

offence.

Violence at home a shocking connotation as home is where one should be the safest with family

but this statistics suggested that women are generally unsafe at the place that is considerate to be the most

secure place in the world i.e. her home but also ironically women is more likely to be victimized by those

family members who are supposed to be protect her dignity and well being. On the bases of 13 years

analysis of crime data, in 28 July 2014 the times of India reported that a little more than 57 rapes

happened every day in India. This averages over 2 rapes every hour every day. The data also reported a

women being molested every 26 minute. This may also means that children boys and girls, in India grown

in a situation where they see violence against women as the norm which is a very dangerous for the future

of the society (Fatima & Ahmad, 2015).

India has the largest concentration of tribal population in the world. The word tribal denotes a

group of people living in primitive conditions. It is a social group with territorial affilation, endogamous

with no specialization of functions. Tribes are the autochthonous people of the land who are belived be the

earliest settlers in Indian peninsula. This study was done among the ‘‘Kinnauri’’ tribes in Himachal. In the

ancient mythology, the people of Kinnaur were known as Kinners, the halfway between men and gods.

Kinnaur is in the northeast corner of Himachal Pradesh and surrounded by the Tibet to the east. Kinnaur is

mountainous area and slopes are covered with thick wood, orchards, fields and picturesque hamlets. This

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tribal district was opened for the outsiders in 1989. The people have strong culture and beliefs generally

follow the Buddhism and Hinduism. The Kinners consist of the Rajputs (Khosias ), the Lohar, the Badhi

(Domang) and Koli and the Nangalu (chamang). The Kinnnauri people speak the Kinnauri dialect and at

present Hindi as the second language. The festival of tribal community is also different. The life style of

Kinnauras was found very different from the other communities. This was reflected through their dressing

sense, outfits, ornaments, and habits. They live under very harsh conditions and Kinnauri economy is

based mainly on horticulture, agriculture and animal husbandry.

Due to globalization these tribal people is also affected and statistics shows that the crime against

women is also increasing in tribes, in Himachal year 2011-12 it was 1024 and in the year 2012-13 it is

1523. Hindu marriage act is not implemented in kinnaur and kinnauri tribal women had no right on

property after marriage. Kinnauri tribes have their own norms and cultural beliefs which they had

followed from years. Kinnauri tribal women proved themselves in almost every field of life affirming that

they are no less than men due to their hard work whether at home, field or even at working places. In

Kinnaur district, female work participation rate is 59.17 in census 2011 which is district wise in Himachal

Pradesh highest participation rate of women’s. In India, the phenomenon of violence in the family is very

complex and deep-rooted. Women are deemed inferior in this male oriented society (Lakshmaiahet, 1995).

To prevent violence against women and to protect the rights of aggrieved women, the legislation

‘The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005’ was passed by the parliament. According

to this act every victim/ or victim relative can file a complaint to the protection officer, police officer or

magistrate in the form of ‘Domestic Incident Report’ (Similar to FIR), it will be considered as the primary

evidence of the offence. After implementation of Domestic violence Act, 2005, the situation of women is

not improved and one of the major reasons behind that is unawareness about law and women rights among

women. In 21st century still tribal women are less awareness about their right and those women who are

aware they have to fight with some rigid community belief of tribal society. Most common forms of

domestic violence prevalent in these tribal area is biting, 2nd marriage, Treating the Wife as a Slave ,forced

pregnancy, dowry related violence , girl-child abuse, critical comments, mental torture of women who are

not able to give birth to sons etc. The description of tribal women is the “Tower of Tolerance”. Moreover,

poverty alcoholism, illiteracy and unawareness are the four major corset foundations for eruption of

violence in lower class families of India (Rapley, 2003). However, since the present study is concerned

more with sociological aspect of the problem.

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YEAR- April, 2013 to March, 2014

Yearly progress report on implementation of protection of women from Domestic violence Act-2005

KALPA NICHAR POOH TOTAL

No. of Protection officer Appointed

4 3 3 10

Government Servant

Male --- 1 2 3

Female 4 2 1 7

Members of NGO’s

Male --- --- --- ---

Female --- --- --- ---

Number of Service provider registered

1 ---- --- 1

No of Medical Facilities notified --- --- --- ---

No of Shelter Home notified --- ---- --- ---

No. of complaints of domestic violence lodged with PO

2 --- --- ---

No. of Domestic incident Report (DIR) ---

Lodged with SP---

Sent direct to court---

----

34

---

---

32

---

---

0

---

---

66

---

No of DIR forwarded to Magistrate

13 1 0 14

No. of Aggrieved persons provided medical aid by Medical facility ----

--- --- --- ---

NO. of Aggrieved persons provided shelter by shelter homes ---

--- --- --- ---

No. of Aggrieved persons provided legal aid and under legal service Authorities Act 1987 ---

--- --- --- ---

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No. of applications heard by Magistrate

8 1 0 9

No. of applications disposed of by Magistrate

3 1 0 4

No. of case in which experts order granted by Magistrate ---

--- --- --- ---

No. of cases in which interim order granted by Magistrate ---

--- --- --- ---

No. of Protection order granted by Magistrate ---

--- --- --- ---

No. of custody orders granted by Magistrate ---

--- --- --- ---

No. of compensation orders granted by Magistrate ---

--- --- --- ---

No. of cases in which Monetary relief granted by Magistrate---

--- --- --- ---

No. of cases in which judgment has gone against the women ---

--- --- --- ---

No, of Respondents of breach of protection orders or interim protection orders brought up before Magistrate ---

--- --- --- ---

Imprisonment and fine --- --- --- --- ---

No. of respondents fined or imprisoned for breach of protection order or interim protection order

--- --- --- ---

Source “District Programme office, Women and Child Department, Reckong Peo Kinnaur.

Objectives:

1. To know the Socio-Demographic profile and general status of the females living in the study area.

2. To Study the Nature of Domestic Violence on Women.

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3. To Asses the Prevalence Factors for Domestic Violence

4. To assess the awareness about the Domestic violence Act-2005.

PRESENT STUDY

The present study is confined to district Kinnaur, which is a tribal district of Himachal

Pradesh and approximately 270 Km from Shimla town. The study is pioneer in nature because

attempt has been made to explore the domestic violence against married scheduled caste and non-

scheduled caste tribal women of kinnaur district. The present study attempts to address the

prevalence of different kinds of Domestic Violence – verbal, physical, sexual, psychological,

economic etc. in Scheduled caste and non- Scheduled tribe women of Kinnaur District of Himachal

Pradesh. It also explains how there is little acknowledgement of the situation of victims and level of

awareness among these women regarding Domestic Violence Act 2005. The main objective of the

Study is to work on grass root level within the society, and to find out the socio demographic profile

and general status of the females. The study highlights the ground realities of women’s condition

and position in Women Empowerment era in Himachal Pradesh

Method

Sample and Data Selection: Data is very much required for any research. There are two types of

data viz. primary data and secondary data. In present study both type of data has been used.

Primary data and Secondary data:

Primary data are those which are collected fresh and for the first hand and thus happen to

be original in character, which we collected on the field discussing with respondents. We asked no.

of questions from them and got response from their side. The main source of Primary data was

interview schedule and questioner.

Secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone. The main sources

of secondary data were: internet, books, article etc

SAMPLE DESIGN

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The present study is a descriptive study. The study design gives in brief universe, sample size

and criteria for selection of respondents. The study was conducted in District Kinnaur, Himachal

Pradesh. There is three blocks in Kinnaur district; these are Pooh block, Kalpa block and Nichar

block.

Sample Size:

The sample size comprised 40 respondents from the District Kinnaur. Only Married Domestic

violence victim women were selected from these three blocks. The respondents were selected with

the help of NGO, Mental health professionals and Govt Organization’s of Kinnaur district.

PARTICIPENT’S Inclusion & Exclusion Criteria:

Inclusion Criteria:

a) Kinnauri women

b) Married sc and non-sc Women

c) Domestic violence victim Women

d) Willingly Agreed

e) Not more than 50 years of age.

f) Able understand and read Hindi or Local Language at least

Exclusion Criteria:

a) Unmarried Women

b) Mentally or Physically Disabled

MEASURES

In this study both qualitative and quantitative measures have been used. In quantitative

method field observation, interview, Fuzzy cognitive mapping, case study and photography have

been used. In quantitative analysis, the self Report Measure has been used on both the groups. The

descriptions of both the methods are as follows:-

Qualitative measures

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Observation: Observation is a fundamental aspect of any discipline and has been playing

pivotal role in the social work as a social science discipline. It deals with noting and recording of

events and human behavior without formal manipulation of variables operating in the events was

undertaken in the present study.

Interview: Interview is a formal or informal meeting between two people or among a group

of people for the purpose of obtaining information about something in particular. It is more

appropriately a face to face conversation which is always goal directed. It is considered as a

successful tool in social sciences research.

Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM): Individuals store their own perception of the reality

through mental maps. In cognitive maps, the stored concepts are decoded, analyzed and clearly

structured through cause and effect relationships, and this is significantly useful both for individual

aims (through understanding of complex issues) and in group situations. A cognitive map is

constituted by nodes, which represents the concepts and are connected to each other by links (also

called edges). The edges are directed to show the directions of the cause-effect relationships. The

fuzzy cognitive maps, was developed initially by Kosllo in 1986, later used by Ozesmi (1999, 2003,

2006) is a pure qualitative technique. Here subject is directed to report his major problem area of his

life. Hence observation, interview and fuzzy cognitive mapping were used in recording narrative of

the respondents while doing Interviewing. It helped in identifying or deriving major themes behind

such practices.

Quantitative Measures

1. Semi-Structured Socio-Demographic Datasheet

2. Self Prepared Domestic Violence Assessment Questionnaire ( DVAQ)

1) Socio-demographic Datasheet

The socio-demographic characteristics of the married women and spouse were collected in a semi

structure datasheet. The details were age, education, occupation, religion, type of family, family

income and residence. Marital details such as duration of marital life, type of marriage and number

of children.

2) Self Prepared Domestic Violence Assessment Questionnaire (DVAQ):

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The Domestic Violence Assessment Questionnaire was prepared which is further divided in to five

sub-sections to measure the (1) Family Environment and Support (2) Physical & Verbal Violence

(3) Psychological Violence; (4) Awareness of Domestic Violence Act 2005; (5) A check list to

identify the causes of Domestic violence.

Domain Low ( Score)

[From Average]

High ( Score)

[From Average ]

Family Environment & Support

Good Bad

Physical & Verbal Bad Good

Psychological Good Bad

Procedure

The study was conducted between January 2014 to September 2014 in the three blocks (Pooh

block, Nichar block, Kalpa block) of Kinnaur District. Only married sc and non-sc women were

selected from this tribal area. The women who meet the inclusion criteria were assessed. They were

explained about the objectives of the study and the probable time taken for the interview. Purposive

sampling method was used and during the course, 55 respondents fulfilled the criteria, 10 couples

refused to take part due to time constraints and family pressure and 5 other respondent were not

suffering from the domestic violence. 40 domestic violence victim women consented to participate

in the study and were included. Informed consent was taken from the respondents willing to take

part in the study. Confidentiality was assured and maintained.

Respondent were assessed in two sessions, information was collected in a semi-structured

interview, observation and questioner. In each session; small breaks were given according to the

requirement of respondent. After collecting the relevant socio-demographic details, the respondents

were administered with Domestic Violence Questionnaire.

ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION

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The collected data was interpreted & arranged by Statistical Package for Social Sciences-16

(SPSS16) which is specially designed for this purpose. The socio-demographic data of women

respondents and their spouses were tabulated and analyzed using the descriptive statistics.

Table 1.2: Distribution of Socio-demographic characteristics of women respondents

Variables Sr. No

Respondent detail Frequency (%)

Age

1. 21-30 11

2. 31-40 21

3. 41-50 08

Religion 1. Hindu 36

2. Buddhism 04

Education

1. Uneducated 06

2. 5th 13

3. 10th 15

4. Intermediate 06

5. Higher and professional 00

Occupation

1. Housewife 28

1. (a) Housewife + Working in manrega for earning

13

1. (b) Housewife + SHG 01

1. ( c) Housewife + Working in people’s field, houses etc

06

1. ( d) Only Housewife 08

2. Govt job 03

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3. Private job 00

4. Self employed 09

CASTE 1. SC 27

2. Non-SC 13

Place of Residence 1. Rural 40

Type of House

1. Kachha 03

2. Semi kachha 07

3. Puccka 30

Marriage 1. Love 11

2. Arranged 29

Type of marriage 1. Monogamy marriage 35

2. Polyandry marriage 02

3. Polygamy marriage 01

State of marriage 1. First marriage 38

2. Second marriage 02

Marriage

Duration

1. 0-5 07

2. 6-10 14

3. 11-15 09

4. 16-20 08

5. 21 and more 02

Number of Children

1. No children 04

2. One 06

3. Two 18

4. Three 08

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5. Four and more 04

Type of Family 1. Nuclear 12

2. Joint 20

3. Extended 08

Family Members 1. 2- 5 17

2. 6-9 14

3. 9-12 09

Presently living with

1. With Husband 11

2. With Parents (Mother , Father of victim)

23

3. With relative 02

4. Living separate 04

5 other 00

Own Income (PM)

1. No income 12

1. Less than 4,000 21

1. 4,000-8,000 04

2. 9,000-12,000 02

3. 13000-20,000 01

4. 21,000 and more 00

Interpretation:

Age: The mostly 21 domestic violence victims were in the 31-40 age groups.

Religion: The total respondents were Hindu were 36 and 4 respondent were Buddhist.

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Education: The women respondents, 6 were uneducated, 13 respondents of them were upto 5th, 15

respondent were educated upto 10th, 6 respondent were intermediate and no respondent were

educated in Higher and professional.

CASTE: Mostly domestic violence victim women were belong to scheduled caste category (27)

and rest respondent belong to non-Scheduled caste (13) category.

Occupation: The 28 respondent were housewife, 03 respondents were in govt job, 09 respondents

were self employed and no respondent were doing any private job. In detail out of 28 housewife’s

(13 respondents were Housewife + working in manega for earning perpose , 1 respondent is

Housewife +SHG , 6 respondent were housewife + working in people’s field, Houses etc for

earning purpose on temporary bases and rest 8 respondent were only housewife and they have no

source of income completely dependent on other.

Residence: all respondent were belonging to rural residence (tribal district).

Type of House: The 3 respondent houses were as kacchha houses and 30 were paccka houses, rest

7 were belonging to semi kaccha houses.

Marriage: The only 11 respondent marriages was love marriage and rest of the others 29

respondents marriage was arranged marriage.

Type of Marriage: The 35 respondent marriages was monogamous type of marriage, 2 respondent

marriages was polyandrous marriage and rest 1 respondent marriage was polygamous kind of

marriage.

State of Marriage: The 38 respondent marriages was first time and rest 2 respondent marriages

were second time.

Duration of Marriage: The marital details show that 7 respondents were married between 0-5

years, majority 14 respondents were married between 6-10 years, 9 respondent were married

between 11-15 years, 8 respondent married between 16-20 years and only 2 respondent were

married 21 year and above years.

Number of Children: The majority of the respondents had two children i.e. 18 and it was followed

by 08 of three children, 06 respondent had single child, 4 respondents had no child and rest 04 had

four and more children.

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Type of Family: The 20 respondent were belonging to joint family and 12 respondent were belong

to nuclear family and 08 respondent were related to extended family system.

Family Members: The 17 respondents had belonged to 2-5 numbers of family members and

followed 14 respondent had 6-9 numbers of family members and rest were 09 were belonged to 9-

12 family members.

Presently Living with: the 23 respondent were living with her mother and father, 11 respondent

presently living with Husband, 4 respondent living separately and 2 respondent living with relative

house. It shows that the main source of support is parents (Mother, father of victims).

Income (PM): The 12 respondent were having an income ranges from Rs.8,000 – Rs.12,000 and

10 respondent were having an income ranges from 20,000 and more, 9 respondent income ranges

from 4,000-8,000, 08 respondent income ranges 12,000-20,000 and 1 respondent were having a

less than 4,000 income.

Table 1.3 Distribution of Socio-demographic Characteristics of spouse group

Table -1.3: shows the socio-demographic details of spouse group

Age: The mean age of the spouse group is 38.6 ± 4.5.

Socio-demographic Characteristics

Detail of Respondent

Spouse Mean + SD and

N (%)

Age 38.6 ± 4.5

Sex Male 40 (100%)

Education

Up to Matric Intermediate Graduation Other

03 (7.5%) 20 (50.0%) 13 (32.5%) 04 (10.0%)

Occupation

Farmer Labourer Job Business

23 (57.5%) 03 (7.5%)

06 (15.7%) 08(20.0%)

Alcohol Dependency

Daily Concurrently Occasionally No Intake

20 (50.0%) 13 (32.5%) 04 (10.0%)

03 (7.5 %)

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Education: 20 (50.0%) were upto intermediate level, 13(32.5%) upto graduation, 4 (10.0%) were

educated in other technical field rest 3(7.5%) were educated upto matric.

Occupation: In the spouse group, 23 (57.5%) belonging to farmer, 8 (20.0%) belonging to business

and 6 (15.0%) belonging to job and rest 3 (7.5%) were labourer.

Alcohol Dependency: 3 (7.5) were from no intake, 4 (10.0) belonging to occasionally intake, , 13

(32.5%) belonging to concurrently and rest 20 (50.0%) were belonging to daily intake.

Table 1.4: Distribution of Domestic violence Act Awareness of women respondents

Awareness about domestic violence Act (before domestic violence and after domestic violence)

1. How many women (victim) know about domestic violence act ( Before domestic violence )

Know’s Not knows

03 37

2. How many women (victim) know about domestic violence act (After Domestic violence )

27 13

Source of Awareness about the Domestic violence Act

1 Family member 02

2. Relative 01

3. T.V , news paper , radio, internet

05

4. Panchayat 02

5. NGO 10

6. Govt agency 06

7. Other source 01

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Awareness about “District Programme officer and Women and Child Department

1. Yes 28

2. NO 12

Awareness about protection officer

1. yes 07

2. no 33

Interpretation:

Awareness about domestic violence Act ( before domestic violence Victim ) : Out of 40

respondent only 3 respondent know about domestic violence act before victim of domestic violence

and rest 37 respondent don’t know and hear about domestic violence Act before victim of domestic

violence.

Awareness about domestic violence Act (After domestic violence Victim , Present Awareness):

Presently Out of 40 victims 27 respondent know about domestic violence act and rest 13 victim still

don’t know about domestic violence act.

Source of Awareness about the Domestic violence Act: Mostly 10 victim awareness and know

about domestic violence Act from NGO, 06 respondent first time know about domestic violence act

from Govt Agency, 5 respondent know about domestic violence act from electronic media like TV,

newspaper, radio and internet, 2 respondent aware about domestic violence act with the help of

family member and Panchayat and 1 victim first time aware about domestic violence act from their

relative and other source.

Awareness about “District Programme officer and Women and Child Department: 28

respondent aware about District Programme officer and Women and Child Department and rest 12

respondent not aware about District Programme officer and Women and Child Department.

Awareness about protection officer: The mostly 33 respondent not aware about protection officer

and only 7 respondent know about protection officer

Table 1.5: Domain wise distribution of Domestic Violence on women respondents

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Domain N Mean ±SD

Family Environment &

Support 40 24.05±.1.72

Physical & Verbal Violence 40 16.9±.1.94

Psychological Violence 40 31.2±3.21

Table .5: The above table shows domain wise distribution of score on domestic violence on women

respondents group. The mean and SD are as 24.05±1.72 in family environment and support,

16.9±1.94 in physical and verbal violence and 31.2±3.21 in psychological violence. In physical &

verbal violence low score is indicating the high physical violence.

Table 1.6.: Prevalence factors for Domestic Violence

S.No. Factors Total Score Out of 40

1. Doubt of extra-marital relations / Doubt of love affairs before marriage

28

2. Dowry or any other Demand 06 3. Tolerating Tendency 28 4. Free and Social nature 00 5. Treating the Wife as a Slave 18 6. Husband’s alcoholism 33 7. Not doing house-work properly 25 8. Ignoring and tolerate of women. 28 9. Lack of Family Support (mother,father side) 05 10. Lack of Social Support 11 11. Dominating Attitude of Husband or in laws 31 12. Treating Violence as a Right 07 13. Lack of Awareness of you about the Domestic

Violence Act 31

14. Inter-Caste Marriage 02 15. Partial fulfillment or non-fulfillment of

promises made at the time of marriage. 06

16. Infertility – No child 04 17. Birth of girl child repeatedly 06 18. Low job satisfaction (Husband) 00 19. Husband economically dependent on parents 18 20. Dressing fashionably 00

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Table 1.6: In this given table most prevalence factors No. 01, 2, 6, 7, 8, 11, 13 are more prominent.

The more respondents indicate in these following areas and lowest factors are as: 4, 14, 18 and 20.

SUGGESTIONS

The Government has implemented several development programmes for the welfare and

empowerment of weaker sections. Economic development programmes are most important schemes

for the income generation and creating employment opportunities to disadvantaged classes. The

main problem is how to implement those programmes. Effective implementation and fund

utilization under these schemes will definitely be instrumental in removing the poverty and creating

job opportunities for scheduled caste largely. In the context of present study Govt. need to create

awareness about different Govt. schemes related to economic and social development of Scheduled

Caste and scheduled tribe people. Because most of Scheduled Caste and scheduled tribe people are

unaware about the development schemes of the Govt.

Conclusion

The present study aimed at finding out the nature of domestic violence on sc and non-sc

women and prevalence factors.

To achieve these objectives, a descriptive study design was adopted and 40 domestic

violence victim women were selected, into the study using purposive sampling method. The

respondents were selected from. District Kinnaur.

Majority of them were Hindus, housewife by occupation and were from rural(tribal) area

of residence, belonged from joint family, monogamous type of marriage, married between 6-

10 years and had two children.

It was observed that the severity of physical violence more prominent due to husband’s

unnecessary suspicious nature and alcoholic behavior. Victim and victim’s family members

are not aware about law’s and welfare programs for victim women. Family (mother and

father side) support is available for victim but lack of support from in lows side.

It was also found that the joint families were more as compare to nuclear family system

and mostly domestic violence victim women belongs to scheduled caste category.

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In the end, I would like to conclude that the more physical and verbal violence with SC and

non SC tribal women in the respective area along with the high prevalence factors i.e. Husband’s

alcoholism, Dominating Attitude of Husband or in laws, Lack of Awareness about the Domestic

Violence Act, Doubt of extra-marital relations / Doubt of love affairs before marriage, Dowry or

any other Demand, treating wife as slave and ignoring and tolerating tendency of women.

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