Chapter 21: The Industrial Revolution

• Society went from domestic (agricultural)

system to industrial (factory system);

• Transition from being self-sufficient to

producing things for others

Domestic System (agricultural)

People worked out of their homes:

- grew everything they needed, made what they needed

- depended only on themselves

- Did not get a paycheck

- Farms were self-contained units

Factory Systems -Factories came about

-brought the people and supplies to one place and put them together

-Began in Great Britain: agricultural revolution took place there first

-New crops grown:

-Potatoes and corn (which came from the Americas)

-Clovers and turnips

-Replenished the soil (put nitrogen back in soil)

-Not have to leave field fallow every 3rd yr.

-Feed to the animals; more food and materials to make clothing

- Improved people’s diets

- Better diet = better health and longer life

- Population will increase overall

- More things in demand: more food

- Land: enclosure movement (fencing in the public land; no common lands)

- To take care of the land

- Iron plow

- Plant the seeds with the seed drill

- Create rows to make it easier to weed

- Create rows to grow more easily (less competition among plants)

- Create rows to be able to use less seed

- Create rows to make harvesting easier

- Anybody farming a small portion probably has to leave the land

Factory System Continued

Textile Industry - needs to produce more consumer goods like

clothing

- Place for those forced off the land to find work

- To produce cloth:

- Spin cotton into thread

- No longer one person at a time in a cottage to do the process

- James Hargreaves

- “spinning jenny” – attach several threads to one wheel helps to produce more thread

- John Kay

- Weaving thread into cloth

- “ flying shuttle” – the threads held in place by the machine

-Richard Arkwright

-Machine that would hold 100 spindles to produce more thread for more cloth to fill the flying shuttle

-“water frame”

-Samuel Crompton

-Increases ability of “water frame”

-“spinning mule”

-Edward Cartwright

-Power loom to move thread back and forth

-Powered by water

-Able to weave thread 200 times faster into cloth

-Eli Whitney

-Speed up cleaning the seeds and stickers out of the raw cotton so you can get more to the new factories

-“cotton gin”

-Made process 50 times faster

Interchangeable Parts: Eli Whitney

- mass production

- Make things cheaper to repair

- No longer have to custom make every single part

- Parts are identical to a particular model and makes it easier to replace part

- Less expensive to replace parts

- More people can afford to go out and buy the product

- Makes it more practical for people to buy new products

-Machines require people to run them:

-People displaced from the land start to go to the factories to get a job

-Now people go to the factory to earn a living

-14-18 hr. days; 6 days a week

-Worked for 60 cents to $1 per week

-Wages low because so many people needed work

-Early Factories had to be built by rivers - Need new way to power factories so we can put factories closer to where the workers were

Factory System Continued

-Working in a factory:

-People worked for from 50 cents to $1 per week

-Average salary 62 cents/week (a dime a day)

-Barely fed a family of 5

-Whole family needed to work (maybe start at age 5)

-12-16 hr. days, 6 days/week (72-96 hours/week)

-Workplace dangerous and unhealthy

-Get caught in machines and injured

-No workers’ compensation or unemployment money

Development of Steam Power -new source of power for textile industry

-Transportation is going to leap forward

-Created need for more miners, etc. to keep up

the supply of coal

-Thomas Savory - engine to pump water out of

coal mines; tended to blow up

-Thomas Newcommen: works to improve the

steam engine; safer but broke down too much;

took too much coal for the power output in return

-James Watt: enough improvement to get 4

times power out of same amt. Of coal; relatively

safe and efficient

How it Works Watt

Clip 1st 6 minutes –

Tech of the Industrial

Rev: go to clip

-Use coke (form of coal) instead of charcoal (from burnt hard

wood – England is getting short on trees) to produce iron

-Henry Cort: process to make iron stronger, less likely to crack

under pressure; make sheets of iron; puddling process (form iron

into melted puddle, heat very quickly to bring impurities to top, on

the bottom, iron is more pure and better for functioning)

-Henry Bessemer: Bessemer Process:

-Makes steel (iron + alloy of other metals) for the first time

-Steel is stronger and more workable that pure cast iron

-Cast iron shatters easily if dropped

-Cast iron can’t be remelted and reshaped

-Bessemer Process

-Blast cold air through hot melted iron to remove impurities (impurities cool faster than the steel; get blown out the other side before the steel cools)

Transportation -modes in the early 1800s: walking, horses, boats.

Factories needed materials transported to their

locations – cotton, coal, etc. Used barges: pulled

upstream by horses and mules

-George Stephenson

-The “Rocket” – steam engine locomotive traveled at 36 mph. Used a model from the coal mines (coal cars on rails)

-By 1850, rail speeds were up to about 60 mph

-Steam Engine on a boat – Robert Fulton: The Clermont (paddle wheeler) 1st Steamboat

Industrial Rev Pop 2 1. He worked to improve the steam engine; safer but broke down

too much; took too much coal for the power output in return.

2. He created enough improvement to get 4 times power out of same amt. Of coal; relatively safe and efficient new steam engine design.

3-5. 3 main modes of transportation early 1800s

6. Process for turning iron cheaply into steel?

7. Henry Cort came up with a process to make this stronger?

8. George Stephenson designed the Rocket – what was it? Be specific?

9. Steamboat inventor?

10. Originally factories were built next to these, at least until the development of the Steam Engine.

Advanced Communication

-Samuel F.B. Morse:

1837: telegraph

-Electrical impulses

along a wire sent and

received in a signaling

device

-1851: first telegraph

cable under English

Channel to connect

Britain to France

Section 2 of Chapter 21

Ind. Rev. spreads from Britain to Belgium

• plentiful deposits of coal and iron ore

• Long standing tradition of mf., esp., in

textiles

– Skilled labor force already there

• Before assembly lines, etc

- specialize in textile industry

- Went from “clothes” to fashion

- Josef Marie Jacquard: invents first power loom that can do specific patterns in fabric

- Punchcard loom: insert card into loom to set design

- Increases variety of cloth and opportunities to charge for more intricate patterns

- Jacquard loom was the forerunner to the computer w/punchcard system

- Help from the French government

- Tariffs on cloth and clothing from any other country

- Helps keep the market for French goods high

Ind. Rev. spreads to France:

How it

Works

Watt Clip

last 6

minutes –

Tech of

the

Industrial

Rev: go to

clip

Ind. Rev. spreads to the U.S.: - lots of natural resources: coal, iron, ore, hardwood

trees (for charcoal)

- By 1870, US producing as much steel as Great Britain

- By 1880s, US became one of leading industrial nations

in world - We’ve been in the top 5 ever since

- May 10, 1869: transcontinental railroad was completed

at Promontory Point Utah

Ind. Rev. spreads to Germany: -1890s –1900s: finally becomes major industrial

power

-Ruhr Valley

-Contained coal, iron, ore, etc. that would

power industrialization

-Helped Germany build itself into a world power

by 1910

Scientific Advancements Photography:

- Louis Daguerre: photography – daguerreotypes (first photographs in 1839)

- Use darkroom; use a box with a hole; place flat piece of metal in box; coat metal with silver iodide; take box out to take picture; treat metal with mercury fumes; treat with table salt

- Hard to make more than one print

- William Fox Talbot: a paper “negative” in 1839 allowed one to print as many pictures as needed

- Matthew Brady: Civil War

- Newspapers bought/ took pictures to help sell papers

- Made photography fashionable

Industrial

Revolution

recap and

people review

Take Notes >

go to site >

http://ww

w.youtube

.com/watc

h?v=zhL5

DCizj5c

Other Scientific Advances -William Perkins: English Chemist

-Make dyes from coal

-Makes colors more affordable than using indigo or other natural dyes

-Discards from his coal usage became the basis of modern day fertilizers

-Alessandro Volta (Italian):

-Batteries

-First way to store electricity

-Michael Faraday (English):

-First electric generator

-Eventually replaced steam engine in many factories

Ind Rev Pop 3

1-5. 5 imp. People of the Industrial Rev?

6-10 5 imp inventions from this time?

- Alexander Graham Bell: patent on the telephone ()

- Way to transport electricity

- Transport human voice across distances in electrical impulses that are turned back into sound at the other end

- Guglielmo Marconi (Italian): send electric signals through the air; recapture and turn back to sound

- Called “wireless” in Britain; “radio” in US

- Thomas Alva Edison (American):

- Phonograph: first wax cylinder recordings

- Light bulb: needed practical filament to burn lengthy time; created a vacuum inside the bulb

- First to “light” Menlo Park, NJ

-Gottlieb Daimler (German):Invented internal combustion engine. One of first to build an automobile

-Rudolph Diesel (German): Engine made to power heavy equipment Read about the Automobile pg 616 – side notes –

Side notes Automobile

Daimler creates - Internal Comb. 10 miles/hr gasoline engine – eventually giving rise to the Company Mercedes-Benz

Early Cars Handmade and expensive 1893-1901 only several hundred made

Eventually Henry Ford and the Model T change the car. Making it available to the masses

- Henry Ford (American):

- Auto factory in Michigan

- Created modern day assembly line; (Moving Belt) assembling many parts into finished product through breaking down process into series of small tasks

- Mass production – turning out large quantities of identical goods

Rd Pg 614- New leisure together

then students do ?s for pgs - 615-

619 ?s

The Wright Brothers

-Orville and Wilbur were bicycle manufacturers from Dayton, OH but Flight took place in Kitty hawk NC

-Dec. 17, 1903: strong north wind to help get in the air; easier to land on ice instead of mud to help prevent crashes

-Flight lasted 12 seconds; distance 120 ft.

-First time a machine carrying a man had propelled itself into the air and landed again - What about Pre power?

-flying machine: “The Flyer”

-Take flight at a level elevation and land on the ground again

-Powered by a gasoline engine instead of wind

Hysteria of Flight

• Da Vinci 1500s – Parachute, Ornithoptor

• Henri Gifford 1852 – Balloon Airship

• George Cayley 1853 – Glider, Father of

Aerodynamics

• Wright Bros – 1903, 1st Engine Powered Plane

• Lindbergh 1927 – Spirit of St Louis Cross

Atlantic

No Fly Zone Clip

So we Have all these new inventions: Now what?

Financing Industrial Rev Growth: Companies

-limited liability corporations

-Sell stock to investors in exchange for capital

(money) to start/run their business

-“limited liability”: only lose as much money as you invest in the company

-Can’t come and collect other personal assets - Monopoly:

- Total control of the trade of a good or service

- Standard Oil Company:

- Run by John D. Rockefeller

- Controlled at one time up to 98-99% of market

- AT&T (telephone company)

- Water and sewer provision is Brodhead is a public utility

- Really only want one water and sewer line to serve the whole town

- Minimizes spread of contamination

The Effects of Industrialization -populations changed from being rural to being urban: (farming

to factories)

-1800: most of the people lived on farms

-By 1920: almost half of the people lived in cities

-By 2000: less than 2% of US population lives on farms

-Farming is still needed because we need:

-Cheap and readily available food

-We spend 12% of income on food

-Japan spends 42% of income on food

-England spends 28% of income on food

-Many businesses are ag-related

-1 of every 5 jobs in America still tied to ag.

- Population Explosion: from Industrial Rev. to WWI

- Between 1750 –1914 population in Europe grew from 140 million to 463 million people (multiplied 3 times)

- More food and better diet (healthier, lived longer, produce more children)

- Medical advances

- Public sanitation (doing things to keep the entire public healthy)

- For example: Manchester, Eng.

- In 1750- 16,000 people in Manchester

- Coal and iron discoveries bring factories to the city

- By 1855- 455,000 people in Manchester (30 times growth in 10 yrs.)

- Problems with city growth:

- Lack of housing (many houses too small; no light (windows); no sanitation)

- Clean water was rare

- Manchester not chartered as city: no taxation for improvements, no laws to regulate public health

Farm society more neighborly as far as helping each other out

- In the city, one no longer necessarily relies or knows neighbors

- Slums appear: most run-down part of town

- A lot of people living in a very small area

- Perhaps several families in one apartment/living space

- Changing status of women

- Start working outside the home

- Under domestic system, life still revolved around the household

- By 1914, women had to work

- More responsibility added to workload

- More status

- Right to vote

- Right to live on their own w/o having a male to supervise

- More opportunity to make it on their own financially

- in 1750, wealthy land owners (aristocracy) were at top of society

- Middle class: doctors, lawyers, and clergy

- Lowest class were peasants

- Farm workers or small farmers

- Majority of people

- Industrial Rev. will change the middle class:

- Gets bigger as people gain wealth

- Mine/factory owners

- Factory workers (make very little money) – still on lower level, still peasants

Changes in Society: Classes

Changes in the Industrial Revolution: Primarily

Britain - 1819: 80,000 workers demonstrated in orderly manner in

Manchester (organized labor: Unions)

- Wanted economic and political reform

- Better wages

- Wanted government to stop favoring only the factory/business owners

- If government doesn’t regulate business, abuses occurs some even want socialism in which the government runs or controls all of the major industries)

- Government didn’t understand what it was like for workers

- Government supported soldiers who fired into the crowd

- 1831: Parliament started to investigate the condition of the factories

- Cotton mill worker testifies to parliament

- Whole family must work for survival (6 am – 8:30 pm)

- Children too tired at night to eat what little supper they had

- 17 yr-old girl who worked in mines (women and children smaller to get through mine more easily)

- Work 5 am to 5 pm

- No school except Sunday School – can’t read or write

Changes in the Industrial

Revolution Continued

- 1831: Journalists and writers start publicizing the poverty and grinding work of the children

- Charles Dickens: wrote about abuses of child labor (Oliver Twist, David Copperfield)

- Beginning of Reforms:

- Factory Act (1833): limited the work hours of children: 9-13, 8 hrs/day; 14-18, 12 hrs/day

- Mines Act (1842): employers could no longer hire women/girls to work in mines; min. age for boys, 13

- 10 hrs. Act: limited day to 10 hrs for women and children under 18

- 1874: 10 hr. workday extended to all workers

Changes in the Industrial Revolution

Continued

- Rise of Labor Unions

- Government made them illegal at first: Combination Acts of 1800

- Labor unions add to cost of goods, reduce profits, hurt business (accountable to employees)

- Skilled workers have advantage because valuable to employer (cabinetmaker, hat maker, etc.)

- By 1868: 100,000 workers had joined unions

- 1889: London dockworkers (unskilled workers) go on strike

- Shut down busy port

- Make “strikes” a tool to be used by labor unions to get concessions

Changes in the Industrial Revolution Continued

- Improvements:

- Wages nearly doubled in last half of 1800s

- Fewer hours meant employers had to offer more wages to attract workers

- Unions also a factor

- Work environments started to get safer

- More productive

- Proper ventilation

- Proper lighting

- Laws passed to ensure safety in the work place

- Government insurance funds created

- Injury

- Unemployment

- Old age pensions

- Public schools set up by 1914