DOMAIN/IX Users Guide

Order No. 005803Revision 00

Software Release 9.0

Apollo Computer Inc.330 Billerica Road

Chelmsford, MA 01824

Apollo Computer Inc. reserves the right to make changes in specifications and other information contained in this publication without prior notice, and the reader should, in all cases, consult Apollo Computer Inc. to determine whether any such changes have been made.

THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS GOVERNING THE SALE OF APOLLO COMPUTER INC. HARDWARE PRODUCTS AND THE LICENSING OF APOLLO COMPUTER INC. SOFTWARE CONSIST SOLELY OF THOSE SET FORTH IN THE WRITTEN CONTRACTS BETWEEN APOLLO COMPUTER INC. AND ITS CUSTOMERS. NO REPRESENTATION OR OTHER AFFIRMATION OF FACT CON-TAINED IN THIS PUBLICATION, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO STATEMENTS REGARDING CAPACITY, RESPONSE-TIME PERFOR- MANCE, SUITABILITY FOR USE OR PERFORMANCE OF PRODUCTS DESCRIBED HEREIN SHALL BE DEEMED TO BE A WARRANTY BY APOLLO COMPUTER INC. FOR ANY PURPOSE, OR GIVE RISE TO ANY LIABILITY BY APOLLO COMPUTER INC. WHATSOEVER.

IN NO EVENT SHALL APOLLO COMPUTER INC. BE LIABLE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WHATSOEVER (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOST PROFITS) ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS PUBLI- CATION OR THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN IT, EVEN IF APOLLO COMPUTER INC. HAS BEEN ADVISED, KNEW, OR SHOULD HAVE KNOWN OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

THE SOFTWARE PROGRAMS DESCRIBED IN THIS DOCUMENT ARE CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND PROPRIETARY PRODUCTS OF APOLLO COMPUTER INC. OR ITS LICENSORS.

THIS SOFTWARE AND DOCUMENTATION ARE BASED IN PART ON THE FOURTH BERKELEY SOFTWARE DISTRIBUTION UNDER LICENSE FROM THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFOR- NIA.

1985 Apollo Computer Inc. All rights reserved.Printed in U.S.A.

First Printing: July 1985

This document was formatted using the troff text formatter distributed with domain/ixTM software.

APOLLO and DOMAIN are registered trademarks of Apollo Computer Inc.AEGIS, DGR, DOMAIN/IX, DPSS, DSEE, D3M, GMR, and GPR are trademarks ofApollo Computer Inc.

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PREFACEThe domain/ixTM Users Guide and its companion volume, the DOMAIN/IX Text Processing Guide consist of those papers normally included in Volumes 2A, 2B, and 2C of the UNIX Programmers Manual as supplied by Bell Telephone Labs and the University of California at Berkeley. The papers in these books have been revised where necessary to reflect the domain system environment. However, we have tried to remain aware of the history of unix as a multiuser system, and have included the more important references to operations conducted at termi-nals.

AudienceThis Users Guide is intended for users who are familiar with unix software, aegisTM software, and domain networks. We recommend that you read one of the following tutorial introductions if you are not already familiar with unix.

Bourne,StephenW.The UNIX System. Reading: Addison-Wesley, 1982.

Kernighan,BrianW.andRobPike.The UNIX Programming Environment, Englewood Cliffe, Prentice-Hall, 1984.

Thomas,RebeccaandJeanYates.A User Guide to the UNIX System. Berkeley: Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 1982.

This document also assumes a basic familiarity with the domain system. The best introduction to the domain system is Getting Started With Your DOMAIN System (Order No. 002348). This manual explains how to use the keyboard and display, read and edit text, and create and exe- cute programs. It also shows how to request domain system services using interactive commands.

The Structure of This DocumentThis manual is divided into four sections and an appendix.

Section 1 provides an introduction to domain/ix and explains how to install the SR9 domain/ix software.

Section 2 discusses shells. Chapter 1 is an overview of the shells available to the domain/ix user. Chapter 2 is an introduc-tion to the Bourne shell. Chapter 3 is an introduction to the C shell.

UNIX is a trademark of AT&T Bell Laboratories.

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Section 3 deals with the communications programs mail and uucp. Section 4 deals with the following support tools.

awkapatternmatchingtool

sedastreameditor

lintaCprogramchecker

makeaprogramformaintainingotherprograms

lexalexicalanalyzer

yaccacompilercompiler

sccsasourcecodecontrolsystem

Appendices includes papers on The C Programming Language, Ratfor, the M4 Macro Processor, the bc and dc programs, and the sendmail and curses packages.

Related VolumesThe DOMAIN/IX Users Guide (this book) is the first volume you should read. It explains how domain/ix works, and contains extensive material on the Bourne shell, C shell, and the communications utilities mail and uucp.The DOMAIN/IX Text Processing Guide (Order No. 005802) describes the unix text editors (ed, ex, and vi) supported by domain/ix. It also contains material on the formatters troff and nroff, the macro packages -ms, -me, and -mm, and the preprocessors eqn and tbl.The DOMAIN/IX Command Reference for System V (Order No. 005798) describes all the unix System V shell commands supported by the sys5 version of domain/ix.

The DOMAIN/IX Programmers Reference for System V (Order No. 005799) describes all the unix System V system calls and library func- tions supported by the sys5 version of domain/ix.

The DOMAIN/IX Command Reference for BSD4.2 (Order No. 005800) describes all the BSD4.2 unix shell commands supported by the bsd4.2 version of domain/ix.

The DOMAIN/IX Programmers Reference for BSD4.2 (Order No. 005801) describes all the BSD4.2 unix system calls and library functions supported by the bsd4.2 version of domain/ix.

The DOMAIN C Language Reference (Order No. 002093) describes C program development on the DOMAIN system. It lists the features of C, describes the C library, and gives information about compiling, binding, and executing C programs.

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The DOMAIN System Command Reference (Order No. 002547) gives information about using the DOMAIN system and describes the DOMAIN commands.

The two-volume DOMAIN System Call Reference (Volume i Order No. 007196, Volume ii Order No. 007194) describes calls to operating system components that are accessible to user programs.

Documentation ConventionsUnless otherwise noted in the text, this manual uses the following sym- bolic conventions.

command Command names and command-line options are set in bold type. These are commands, letters, or symbols that you must use literally.

output Output returned by programs or commands is shown in Roman type.

[optional] Square brackets enclose optional items in formats and com-mand descriptions.

...Horizontalellipsesindicatethattheprecedingitemcanberepeatedone or more times.

name[x] Single numbers or numbers and letters enclosed in brackets immediately following the name of a unix command or library function refer to the section where you can find reference information on the command or function in the DOMAIN/IX Command Reference or the DOMAIN/IX Programmers Reference.

x A control character, where x is the character.

small caps We use small caps for acronyms and key names; e.g., ascii and RETURN . Note that in tutorial material, we place a box around the name of a key.

filename We use italics to represent generic, or meta- names in example command lines, and also to represent a character that stands for another character, as in dx where x is a digit. In text, the names of files written or read by pro- grams are set in italics.

Problems, Questions, and SuggestionsWe appreciate comments from the people who use our system. In order to make it easy for you to communicate with us, we provide the User Change Request (UCR) system for software-related comments, and the Readers Response form for documentation comments. By using these formal channels, you make it easy for us to respond to your comments.

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You can get more information about how to submit a UCR by consulting the DOMAIN System Command Reference. Refer to the CRUCR (Create User Change Request) command. You can also get more infor- mation by typing:

/com/help crucrin any unix or aegis shell. There is a Readers Response form at the back of this manual. Wed appreciate it if you would take the time to fill it out when youre ready to comment on this document.

SECTION 1

GETTING STARTED

Section 1-1

CONTENTS1. An Overview of DOMAIN/IX 1-11.1 INTRODUCTION 1-11.2 AN OVERVIEW OF DOMAIN ARCHITECTURE 1-1

1.2.1 The DOMAIN System 1-21.2.2 The User Interface 1-21.2.3 DOMAIN/IX and AEGIS 1-2

1.3 THE DISPLAY AND THE DISPLAY MANAGER 1-31.3.1 Pads and Windows 1-31.3.2 Default Windows and Shells 1-41.3.3 dm Commands 1-51.3.4 Regions 1-61.3.5 Moving the Cursor 1-61.3.6 Keyboard Mapping 1-71.3.7 UNIX Key Definitions 1-7

1.4 DM Environment Variables 1-91.5 INSTALLING DOMAIN/IX 1-111.6 SUPPORT FOR MULTIPLE UNIX VERSIONS 1-11

1.6.1 Name Space Support 1-131.6.2 Environment Switching 1-141.6.3 Getting Help 1-15

1.7 OTHER FEATURES OF DOMAIN/IX 1-161.7.1 Setting up a UNIX-Style Login Sequence 1-161.7.2 The Process Model 1-161.7.3 Filename Mapping 1-171.7.4 Password and User Identification 1-191.7.5 File Protection 1-191.7.6 Read, Write, and Execute Rights 1-201.7.7 Output from the C Compiler 1-201.7.8 Debugging 1-201.7.9 LibraryOrganization1-201.7.10 The Process Environment Flag 1-201.7.11 Ownership of Files 1-211.7.12 Networking Software 1-21

1.8 HOW TO FORMAT ONLINE DOCUMENTS 1-21

2. Installing DOMAIN/IX 2-12.1 INTRODUCTION 2-1

2.1.1 Terms 2-12.1.2 What Happens During Installation