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Cell type Cell Structure Body Type Nutrition Example
Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryotic Cell wall, peptidoglycan
Unicellular Autotrophic & heterotrophic
Tetanus E. coli
Archaea Archae- bacteria
Prokaryotic Cell wall, no peptidoglycan
Unicellular Autotrophic & heterotrophic
Methanogens
Eukarya Protista Eukaryotic Mixed Unicellular & multicellular
Autotrophic & heterotrophic
Amoebas Euglenas Kelps
Eukarya Fungi Eukaryotic Cell wall, chitin
Unicellular & multicellular
Heterotrophic Yeasts Mushrooms
Eukarya Plantae Eukaryotic Cell wall, cellulose
Multicellular Autotrophic Ferns Pine trees Moss
Eukarya Animalia Eukaryotic No cell wall Multicellular Heterotrophic Birds Earthworms Fish
DOMAIN KINGDOM CHARACTERISTICS
Fungus-like Protists – Heterotrophic
– Absorb nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter
– Have centrioles; no chitin in cell wall
– Types include slime molds and water molds
Zooflagellates - Use flagella to move
– Most absorb food through cell membrane – Most reproduce asexually, but some can
reproduce sexually by dividing to form gametes – Examples:
– Trypanosoma (African Sleeping Sickness) – Giardia (intestinal parasite) – Trychonympha (termites)
Sarcodines - Use pseudopods to move
– Most engulf their food by surrounding it and taking it into a food vacuole
– Reproduction by binary fission (asexual) – Examples:
– Entamoeba histolytica (Amoebic Dysentery)
– Foraminiferans – secrete calcium carbonate shells
– Heliozoans – secrete silica shells
Ciliates - Use cilia to move
– Many use cilia to “sweep” food into a gullet, which traps food and forces it into food vacuoles
– Reproduction by binary fission (asexual)
– Can occasionally exchange genetic information by conjugation
– Examples: – Paramecium – Stentor – Vorticella
Sporozoans - non-motile
– Parasitic—often with complex life-cycles involving more than one host
– Examples: – Toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis) – Plasmodium falciparum (malaria)
Euglenophytes – (Euglenophyta)
– No cell wall – 2 flagella (very similar to some zooflagellates) – Examples:
– Euglena
Dinoflagellates – (Pyrrophyta)
– Approx. half are photosynthetic & half are heterotrophic
– 2 flagella that wrap around the organism in grooves between two thick plates of cellulose that protect the cell.
– Asexual reproduction – Many are luminescent – Only known eukaryotes
that do not have histones – Example:
– “Red tides”
Chrysophytes – (Chrysophyta)
– Contain bright yellow pigments (Chrysophyta means “golden plants”)
– Most have 1 or 2 flagella, though some may be amoeboid or sessile
– Examples: – Yellow-green algae – Golden-brown algae
Diatoms – (Bacillariophyta)
– One of the most abundant organisms on earth. – Thin, delicate silicate cell walls (very beautiful) – Cell walls shaped like petri dish with two flat
sides that fit together along the rim – Cell walls have fine lines and patterns that look
like they are etched into them
Red Algae – (Rhodophyta)
– Contain red pigment in addition to chlorophyll – Red pigment is good at absorbing blue light,
which allows them to live at unusual depths for photosynthetic organisms
– Most are multicellular with complex life cycles – Some are used in foods (i.e. sushi, certain
puddings, certain gelatinous food additives) – Examples:
– “Irish moss” – tide pools & rocky coastlines – Coralline algae – involved in formation and
stabilization of coral reefs
Brown Algae – (Phaeophyta)
– Contain brown accessory pigment in addition to chlorophyll
– All are multicellular – Most are marine – Examples:
– Giant Kelp – can reach heights of more than 200 ft.
– Sargassum – can form huge floating masses several miles long
Green Algae – (Chlorophyta)
– Very similar to plants – Many live most of their lives as single cells
– Chlamydomonas – commonly grows in ponds, ditches, & wet soil
– Some form colonies (cells group together, but do not specialize) – Spirogyra – forms long threadlike
colonies called filaments – Volvox – forms spherical colonies
of 500 – 50,000 individual cells – Some are truly multicellular (well-developed
specialized structures) – Ulva – “sea lettuce”
Slime Molds
– Important decomposers – 2 major stages in life cycle:
– Free-living unicellular amoeboid cells – Mold-like spore-producing clumps that
closely resemble fungi – Two broad groups of slime molds:
– Cellular Slime Molds – (acrasiomycota) – Individual cells remain distinct from
each other during all stages in life-cycle – Acellular Slime Molds – (myxomycota)
– Individual cells fuse together to form large multinucleated structures known as plasmodia
Slime Molds
– Important decomposers – 2 major stages in life cycle:
– Free-living unicellular amoeboid cells – Mold-like spore-producing clumps that
closely resemble fungi – Two broad groups of slime molds:
– Cellular Slime Molds – (acrasiomycota) – Individual cells remain distinct from
each other during all stages in life-cycle – Acellular Slime Molds – (myxomycota)
– Individual cells fuse together to form large multinucleated structures known as plasmodia
Slime Molds
– Important decomposers – 2 major stages in life cycle:
– Free-living unicellular amoeboid cells – Mold-like spore-producing clumps that
closely resemble fungi – Two broad groups of slime molds:
– Cellular Slime Molds – (acrasiomycota) – Individual cells remain distinct from
each other during all stages in life-cycle – Acellular Slime Molds – (myxomycota)
– Individual cells fuse together to form large multinucleated structures known as plasmodia
Water Molds – (Oomycota)
– Important decomposers in water – Parasitize plants on land – Produce multinucleated filaments
called hyphae – Life cycles include sexual and
asexual reproductive stages – Example – Irish Potato Blight (1845)
Cell type Cell Structure Body Type Nutrition Example
Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryotic Cell wall, peptidoglycan
Unicellular Autotrophic & heterotrophic
Tetanus E. coli
Archaea Archae- bacteria
Prokaryotic Cell wall, no peptidoglycan
Unicellular Autotrophic & heterotrophic
Methanogens
Eukarya Protista Eukaryotic Mixed Unicellular & multicellular
Autotrophic & heterotrophic
Amoebas Euglenas Kelps
Eukarya Fungi Eukaryotic Cell wall, chitin
Unicellular & multicellular
Heterotrophic Yeasts Mushrooms
Eukarya Plantae Eukaryotic Cell wall, cellulose
Multicellular Autotrophic Ferns Pine trees Moss
Eukarya Animalia Eukaryotic No cell wall Multicellular Heterotrophic Birds Earthworms Fish
DOMAIN KINGDOM CHARACTERISTICS
DIPLOID NUCLEI
HAPLOID NUCLEI
DIKARYOTIC
1. Germination 2. Fusion of cytoplasm 3. Mushroom
formation 4. Fusion of nuclei
(fertilization) 5. Meiosis 6. Spore formation 7. Mycelia growth
1
4
3 2
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Spores
Plasmogamy
Fertilization
6
7
5
Meiosis
Lichens – Mutualistic relationship between fungus and
green algae, cyanobacteria, or both
– Extremely resistant to cold and drought
– Able to grow where few other organisms can (i.e. dry, bare rock in deserts or mountain-tops)
– Often first to colonize barren environments
– Benefits of relationship:
– Photosynthesis provides energy
– Fungus provides water, minerals, & protection from intense sunlight
– Help in early formation of soil by gradually breaking down rocks on which they grow
Mycorrhizae – Mutualistic relationship between
fungus and plant
– Hyphae of fungi form intricate network in and around roots of plants
– One fungal network may interact with multiple plant root systems
– Benefits of relationship – Presence of fungus dramatically
improves plant’s ability to absorb water and minerals from soil – Hyphae network effectively increases
surface area of plant root system
– Fungus releases enzymes that frees nutrients in soil
– Plants provide fungi with sugars produced during photosynthesis
– Estimated 80 – 90% of plants are dependent on these fungal symbionts (some cannot survive without them)