DOMAIN IENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS

AND READING (32% of test)

• Standard I. Oral Language: developmental processes of oral language,

• Standards II, III, V, VI. Phonemic Awareness; Alphabetic Principle; Word Analysis and Decoding; Fluency word analysis skills

• Standard IV. Literacy Development and Practice: foundations of reading and early literacy development.

• Standard VII. Reading Comprehension: components of comprehension, and strategies for improving their comprehension.

• Standard VIII, IX : Development of Written Communication; Writing Conventions

writing is a developmental

• Standard XI. Research and Inquiry Skills:

study and inquiry

• Standard XII. Viewing and Representing• Standard VIII. Assessment and Instruction in

Developing Literacy Types of Assessment

Types of Assessment

Formal assessment: Data driven (statistics); Standardized tests; General areas of knowledge; (Remember the Bell Curve - percentiles, stanines, etc.)

Informal Assessment: Performance driven; more specific knowledge areas; (remember IRIs, RMIs, rubrics, portfolios)

Great link to Assessments for review

Link to “other” Assessments

Roles of Oral Language

• Oral language is how children (people) organize their thoughts. It is the foundation for other language and learning strategies.

• Critical thinking and cognitive development are impacted by oral language development. We learn to think by talking things out.

Oral Language Development

• Stages of Oral Development

• 0 – 12 months: From “cooing” to “babbling”

• 1 – 2: Holophrasic to telegraphic (2 words)

• 2 – 3: Telegraphic to descriptive ((NO!))

• 3 - 4: Simple to Complex ((Overgeneralization of rules))

• 4 – 6: Toward refinement ((Generative Language))

Innatist View

• L.A.D: Language Acquisition Device (Noam Chomsky): Internal mechanism (neurological system) activated by environmental stimuli.

• Deep Structure: Universal Grammar• Basic syntactic rules• Not imitative

Constructivist View• Language learning is individual• It is impacted by the social, linguistic and

cultural context in which the child encounters language.

• Piaget: Cognitive growth Linguistic Growth• Vygotsky: Linguistic Growth Cognitive

Growth

Developing Oral Language

• Oral play: language of position like: over, under, around

• Daily schedule• Role play: acting out situations• Use technologies to allow kids to interact

with language• BACK

Essential Components for Reading Instruction (NRP)

• Phonemic Awareness • Phonics • Vocabulary Development • Reading Fluency, including

Oral Reading Skills • Reading Comprehension

Strategies BACK

Early Reading Instruction• Sequence of Instruction (Developmentally basic to most

complex)

First Developmentally: Phonemic Awareness - Oral segmentation and blendingSequenced as follows:

• First: “rubber banding”• Second: segmenting using compound words• Third: syllabic segmentation and blending• Fourth: onset and rime segmentation and blending• Fifth: individual sound segmentation and blending

• Second Developmentally: Alphabetic Principle - Speech is made up of individual sounds (Phonemic Awareness) and these sounds can be represented by individual letters.1. Alphabet books are one strategy2. Language Experience stories are helpful

• Second Developmentally: Alphabetic Principal – Relationship between English written symbols and specific sound.

• Third Developmentally: Phonic Instruction - Word identification strategy using English spelling (Orthographic) patterns as an aide to orally producing matches for written words.

• Sequence for phonic instruction is the same as for Phonemic Awareness

Terms you should know:• ·        Consonant Digraph - Two connected

consonants which produce one sound- (ch, th, ng)• ·        Consonant Blends or Clusters - two (or more)

connected consonants which produce the sounds of all - (st, fl, scr)

• ·        Diphthongs - Two connected vowels which produce a single “glided” sound (oi in oil OR ea in real)

• ·        Schwa - Any vowel when it produces the sound “uh” as the “a” in America. “c” is the symbol used to represent schwa.

·      Onset and Rime - The onset is the part of a syllable that comes before the vowel. Rime is the rest of the syllable.

• Phoneme – Smallest unit of sound in a language. EXAMPLE: “that”: /ơ/ǽ/t/ There are three phonemes, but four letters.

• Grapheme - Graphemes are the letters of the alphabet written on paper to represent separate sounds of speech written in words. Single letter or digraphs. /f/ – f, ph, gh, ff

Morpheme - The smallest meaningful unit of a language. They can be bound Free (stands alone - “man”) or they can be Bound (must be attached to a Free morpheme [-ly] - “manly”)

• Structural Analysis - Studying words using morphological knowledge to find the meaning of the word.

Implications for Instruction of Very Young Children

Teachers must:·        help children understand that language is

composed of sounds stung together.·        individual words are made up of particular

sounds ion a particular order.·        help children learn to segment and blend

these sounds using metacognitive strategies.• help children understand that particular

sounds may be represented by a particular letter or pattern of letters. BACK

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Vocabulary Development• ·        Have structure and organization behind the words

you present. • o       By word type : emotion words, action words• o       By roots• o       Etc.• ·        Incorporate multisensory learning from the

beginning. • ·        Model the activities first. • ·        Most work with vocabulary should be done with all

the meanings available • ·        Keep an ongoing list prominently posted. * Go beyond the definitions of the words. Include

the connotations BACK

Reading Stages

Preindependent

1. Magical

plays with books

listens to stories

begins to notice print

2. Self-Concept Stage1. Reading-like behavior

2. Reconstructs familiar books and stories

3. Writing begins to display phonic influences

4. Rhymes

5. Begins phonemic awareness

3. Bridging Stage1. Reads and writes name

2. Picks out individual words (does not transfer from one context to another)

3. Reads familiar books

4. Enjoys chants and rhyming poetry

Independent Stage

1. Takeoff Stage1. Wants to read often

2. Knows that print conveys meaning

3. Conserve meaning across situations

4. Oral reading is often word-for-word rather for meaning

2. Independent Reading Stage1. Comprehends authors message

2. Reads for pleasure

3. Transactional eading

4. Orally reads with expression

5. Sees print as “truth”

3. Skilled Reader1. Can read about things outside emmediate

experiences

2. Incorporates “read” vocabulary into their own

3. Can discuss elements of stories and texts

4. Makes inferences

5. Critically reads

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Stages of Writing Development

Preliterate: Drawing • uses drawing to stand for writing • believes that drawings / writing is

communication of a purposeful message

• read their drawings as if there were writing on them

• Preliterate: Scribbling • scribbles but intends it as writing • scribbling resembles writing • holds and uses pencil like an adult

• Emergent: Random-letters or letter strings

• uses letter sequences perhaps learned from his/her name

• may write the same letters in many ways

• long strings of letters in random order

Transitional: Writing via invented spelling

• creates own spelling when conventional spelling is not known

• one letter may represent an entire syllable

• words may overlay • may not use proper spacing • as writing matures, more words are

spelled conventionally • as writing matures, perhaps only

one or two letters invented or omitted

• Fluency: Conventional spelling • usually resembles adult writing

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Study SkillsSkimmingScanningPreviewingAdjusting reading rate to materialsSQRRROutliningGraphic Organizers – maps, charts, graphs

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Inquiry Learning

GoalInquiry teaching leads students to build their

understanding of fundamental ideas through experience with materials, by consulting books, other resources, and experts, and through argument and debate among themselves

Inquiry-Based Methodology• It focuses on asking questions, considering

alternative explanations, and weighing evidence. It includes high expectations for students to acquire factual knowledge, but it expects more from them than the mere storage and retrieval of information.

Facets of Inquiry• ·         making observations;• ·         posing questions; • ·         examining books and other sources of

information to see what is already known;• ·         planning and conducting investigations;• ·         reviewing what is already known in light of

experimental evidence;• ·         using tools to gather, analyze, and

interpret data; • ·         proposing answers, explanations, and

predictions; • ·         and communicating the results.

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Research Based/Teachable Comprehension Strategies

• using background knowledge to make inferences (Hansen and Pearson 1983) or set purposes (Ogle 1986);

• getting the main idea (Baumann 1984); • identifying the sources of information needed to

answer a question (Raphael and Pearson 1985); and • using the typical structure of stories (Fitzgerald and

Spiegel 1983) or expository texts (Armbruster et al. 1987) to help students understand what they are reading.

Comprehension Strategies

• Before-reading techniques* Know, Want to Know, Learn - KWL* Inferential Strategy

• During-reading techniques* asking questions -

* summarizing* making predictions

• After-reading techniques* discussion* interviewing

Some Helpful LinksStrategies for Reading Comprehension

http://curry.edschool.virginia.edu/go/readquest/strat/

 

David Pearson’s Notions

http://ed-web3.educ.msu.edu/literacy/Word/balancin.doc

 

Saskatchewan Evergreen Curriculum – Reading Instruction

http://www.sasked.gov.sk.ca/docs/mla/read.html

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From the NRP

Good readers are purposeful and active. They use a wide variety of strategies, often simultaneously, to create meaning from text. Some of the most important are:

1. Monitoring comprehension: Successful readers know when they understand a passage and when they don’t. When they don’t understand, they know to pause and utilize strategies to improve their understanding.

2. Using prior knowledge: Thinking about what is already known about the subject helps readers make connections between the story and their knowledge.

3. Making predictions: Good readers often make predictions as they read through a story, using both the knowledge they bring to a text as well as what they can derive from the text.

4. Questioning: When children ask questions about what they read and subsequently search for answers, they are interacting with the text to construct meaning. Good questions are based on a child’s knowledge base and what further information she desires.

5. Recognizing story structure: Children will understand a story better if they understand how it is organized (i.e., setting, plot, characters, and themes).

6. Summarizing: When they summarize a story, readers determine the main idea and important information and use their own words to demonstrate a real understanding of the text.

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Informal Reading Inventories

Purpose: To assess reading levels – independent, instructional, frustration

Includes: Graded Word List, Graded Oral and Silent Passages, Listening Test

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Miscue Analysis

 • Purpose: To assess strategic strengths and

weaknesses of the reader through examination of the reader’s unaided interaction with extended text.

• Includes: Reading passage, retelling rubric, tape recorder

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KEY CONCEPTS OF VIEWING AND REPRESENTING

There are four basic forms of media involved in viewing and representing. They each serve a different master.

Creative MediaDescriptive MediaPersuasive MediaExpository Media

Creative Media

Creative media is used to entertain, for the most part. This includes such varied things as:

FilmGraphic artWeb designClothing designCartoonsPhotographsEtc.

Descriptive Media

Descriptive Media is primarily used to report.

This includes such things as:

Journalism

Documentaries

Marketing coordination

News photographs

Persuasive Media

Persuasive Media is meant to influence the audience’s thinking. Some examples could include:

Advertising of all kinds

Special interest group specials and sites

Political blogs

Pseudo-news sites

Expository Media

Expository Media tried to explain or inform. Some examples of this might be:

Textbooks

Illustrations

Maps

Diagrams

Storyboards

Within the several forms of media, there are several types of media. These are the ways in which media may be displayed.

Printed - paper

Visual - graphics

Audio

Electronic – all forms of electronic media

Helping students learn understand the various types and forms discussed allows the learner to construct meaning in several ways.

Analyze: Examine in order to interpret

Interpret: Explain the meaning

Evaluate: Determine the significance of the meaning

In order to analyze, interpret and evaluate, the viewer/representer must use some, or all, of the following:

Content

Format

External factors (schema)

Accuracy

Bias

INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES

• Teachers can incorporate media literacy concepts and activities into all content areas.

• CREATING MEDIA MESSAGES

• More than just analyzing media— it’s learning to create

• Production activities are a valuable

• PROMOTING MEANINGFUL DISCUSSION

• Students need to feel “safe”

• Support this by providing a safe environment for students’ ideas, observations and questions

• SUPPORTING CRITICAL READING SKILLS

• Elicit student responses beyond the surface:

• Open ended questions• Metacognitive questioning• Self reflection

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