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Domain Bacteria. Domain Archaea. Domain Eukarya. Common ancestor. Kingdom: Animals. Domain Eukarya. Animal Characteristics . Heterotrophs must ingest others for nutrients Multicellular complex bodies No cell walls allows active movement Sexual reproduction - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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AP Biology 2007-2008
DomainBacteria
DomainArchaea
DomainEukarya
Common ancestor
Kingdom: AnimalsDomain Eukarya
AP Biology
Animal Characteristics Heterotrophs
must ingest others for nutrients Multicellular
complex bodies No cell walls
allows active movement Sexual reproduction
no alternation of generations no haploid gametophyte
AP Biology
PoriferaCnidaria
Platyhelminthes
sponges jellyfish flatworms roundworms
NematodaMollusca Arthropoda Chordata
Annelida Echinodermata
mollusks
multicellularity
Ancestral Protist
tissues
bilateral symmetry
body cavity
segmentation
Animal Evolution
coelom
starfish vertebrates
endoskeleton
segmentedworms
insectsspiders
backbone
specialization & body complexity
specialized structure & function,muscle & nerve tissue
distinct body plan; cephalization
body complexity digestive & repro sys
digestive sys
body size
redundancy,specialization, mobility
body & brain size, mobility
radial
bilateral
AP Biology
Body Cavity ectoderm
ectodermmesoderm
endoderm
ectodermmesoderm
endoderm
mesodermendoderm
acoelomate
pseudocoelomate
coelomate
coelom cavity
pseudocoel
Space for organ system development
increase digestive & reproductive systems increase food capacity
& digestion increase gamete
production Coelem
mesoderm & endoderm interact during development
allows complex structures to develop in digestive system ex. Stomach CLICK FOR VIDEO
protostome vs. deuterostome
AP Biology 2004-2005
What’s the most complex problem in biology?
AP Biology 2004-2005
The most complex problem
How to get from here to there
AP Biology 2004-2005
Egg zygote morula
AP Biology 2004-2005
Egg morula blastula Blastula formation
successive divisions result in a blastula hollow single-layered
sphere enclosing a space = blastocoel
AP Biology 2004-2005
AP Biology 2004-2005
Early embryonic stages Morula
solid ball stage Blastula
hollow fluid-filled ball stage by time human embryo reaches uterus
Gastrula development of primitive digestive tract
(gut) & tissue layers
AP Biology 2004-2005
Gastrulation zygote blastula gastrula
How you looked as a blastula…
AP Biology 2004-2005
Gastrulation zygote blastula gastrula
rearranges the blastula to form 3-layered embryo with a primitive gut
AP Biology 2004-2005
Gastrulation
blastopore:forms at sperm
penetration point
archenteron:forms endodermembryonic gut
mesoderm
dorsal lip: organizing center for developmenttissue formation
AP Biology 2004-2005
Primary tissue or “germ” layers ectoderm
external surfaces: skin epidermis (skin); nails, hair & glands; tooth enamel;
eye lens; epithelial lining of nose, mouth & rectum; nervous system
endoderm internal lining
epithelial lining of digestive tract & respiratory systems; reproductive system & urinary tract; digestive organs
mesoderm middle tissues: muscle, blood & bone
notochord; skeletal, muscular, circulatory, lymphatic, excretory & reproductive systems; lining of body cavity
AP Biology 2004-2005
Basic body plan Archenteron becomes
embryonic gut mouth at one end anus at the other
Protostomes “1st mouth” blastopore = mouth invertebrates
Deuterostomes “2nd mouth” blastopore = anus echinoderms &
vertebrates
AP Biology
Invertebrate: Porifera Sponges
no distinct tissues or organs do have specialized cells
no symmetry sessile (as adults)
food taken into each cell by endocytosis
AP Biology
Invertebrate: Cnidaria Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral
tissues, but no organs two cell layers radial symmetry predators
tentacles surround gut opening
extracellular digestion release enzymes
into gut cavity absorption by cells
lining gut
medusapolyp
AP Biology
hydra
stinging cellwith nematocyst
trigger
dischargednematocyst
undischargednematocyst
tentacles
mouth
sensorycell
stingingcell
Stinging cells of Cnidarians
AP Biology
Invertebrate: Platyhelminthes
ectoderm
mesodermendoderm
Flatworms tapeworm, planaria mostly parasitic bilaterally symmetrical
have right & left & then have head (anterior) end & posterior end cephalization = development of brain concentration of sense organs in head
increase specialization in body plan
Animals nowface the world
head on!
acoelomate
AP Biology
Invertebrate: Nematoda Roundworms
bilaterally symmetrical body cavity
pseudocoelom = simple body cavity digestive system
tube running through length of body (mouth to anus) many are parasitic
hookworm
C. elegans
AP Biology
Invertebrate: Mollusca Mollusks
slugs, snails, clams, squid bilaterally symmetrical (with exceptions) soft bodies, mostly protected by hard shells true coelem
increases complexity & specialization of internal organs
AP Biology
Invertebrate: Annelida Segmented worms
earthworms, leeches segments
increase mobility redundancy in body sections
bilaterally symmetrical true coelem
fan worm leech
AP Biology
Invertebrate: Arthropoda Spiders, insects, crustaceans
most successful animal phylum bilaterally symmetrical segmented
specialized segments allows jointed appendages
exoskeleton chitin + protein
AP Biology
Arthropod groups
insects6 legs, 3 body parts
crustaceansgills, 2 pairs antennaecrab, lobster, barnacles, shrimp
arachnids8 legs, 2 body partsspiders, ticks, scorpions
AP Biology
Invertebrate: Echinodermata Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber
radially symmetrical as adults spiny endoskeleton deuterostome loss of bilateral symmetry?
AP Biology
Invertebrate quick check…
Which group includes snails, clams, and squid? Which group is the sponges? Which are the flatworms?
…segmented worms?…roundworms?
Which group has jointed appendages & an exoskeleton?
Which two groups have radial symmetry? What is the adaptive advantage of bilateral
symmetry? Which group has no symmetry?
Invertebrates: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata
AP Biology
Vertebrates fish, amphibians,
reptiles, birds, mammals
internal bony skeleton backbone encasing
spinal column skull-encased brain
deuterostome
Chordata
postanaltail notochord
hollow dorsalnerve cord
pharyngealpouches
becomes brain & spinal cord
becomes vertebrae
becomes gills or Eustachian tube
becomes tail or tailbone
AP Biology
Vertebrates: Fishsalmon, trout, sharks450 mya
Characteristics body structure
bony & cartilaginous skeleton jaws & paired appendages (fins) scales
body function gills for gas exchange two-chambered heart;
single loop blood circulation ectotherms
reproduction external fertilization external development in
aquatic egg
gillsbody
AP Biology
Transition to LandEvolution of tetrapods
Tibia
Femur
Fibula
Humerus Shoulder
RadiusUlna
TibiaFemur
Pelvis
Fibula Lobe-finned fish
Humerus
Shoulder
Radius
Ulna
Pelvis
Early amphibian
AP Biology
lung
buccalcavity
glottisclosed
Vertebrates: Amphibian Characteristics
body structure legs (tetrapods) moist skin
body function lungs (positive pressure) &
diffusion through skin for gas exchange three-chambered heart;
veins from lungs back to heart ectotherms
reproduction external fertilization external development in aquatic egg metamorphosis (tadpole to adult)
frogssalamanders toads
350 mya
AP Biology
Vertebrates: Reptiles Characteristics
body structure dry skin, scales, armor
body function lungs for gas exchange thoracic breathing; negative pressure three-chambered heart ectotherms
reproduction internal fertilization external development in
amniotic egg
250 mya dinosaurs, turtles lizards, snakesalligators, crocodile
embryoleatheryshell
chorion
allantoisyolk sac
amnion
AP Biology
Vertebrates: Birds (Aves) Characteristics
body structure feathers & wings thin, hollow bone;
flight skeleton body function
very efficient lungs & air sacs four-chambered heart endotherms
reproduction internal fertilization external development in
amniotic egg
150 mya finches, hawk ostrich, turkey
trachea
anteriorair sacs
lung
posteriorair sacs
AP Biology
Vertebrates: Mammals220 mya / 65 mya mice, ferret
elephants, batswhales, humans
musclescontract
diaphragmcontracts
Characteristics body structure
hair specialized teeth
body function lungs, diaphragm; negative pressure four-chambered heart endotherms
reproduction internal fertilization internal development in uterus
nourishment through placenta birth live young mammary glands make milk
AP Biology
Vertebrates: Mammals Sub-groups
monotremes egg-laying mammals lack placenta & true nipples duckbilled platypus, echidna
marsupials pouched mammals
offspring feed from nipples in pouch short-lived placenta koala, kangaroo, opossum
placental true placenta
nutrient & waste filter shrews, bats, whales, humans
AP Biology
Vertebrate quick check… Which vertebrates lay eggs with shells? Which vertebrates are covered with scales? What adaptations do birds have for flying? What kind of symmetry do all vertebrates have? Which vertebrates are ectothermic and which
are endothermic Why must amphibians live near water? What reproductive adaptations made mammals
very successful? What characteristics distinguish the 3 sub-
groups of mammals?
AP Biology 2007-2008
That’s the buzz!
AnyQuestions?