Doing Business in Kenya_economic Profile 2012_TIMOTHY MAHEA

7/31/2019 Doing Business in Kenya_economic Profile 2012_TIMOTHY MAHEA

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Cmenedy \peaikc2

Jcnyh



© 0<80 Voc Invcpnhvienhk @hnj aep Pcmen}vpsmvien hnf Fcqcke|dcnv %

Voc Wepkf @hnj8?8? O ]vpccv NW

Wh}oingven+ FM 0<6==

Vckc|oenc 0<0$67=$8<<<

Invcpncv www.wepkf`hnj.epg

Hkk pigov} pc}cpqcf.

8 0 = 6 <? <7 <1 <3

H me|s`kimhvien ea Voc Wepkf @hnj hnf voc Invcpnhvienhk Ainhnmc Mep|ephvien.

Voi} qeksdc i} h |pefsmv ea voc }vhaa ea voc Wepkf @hnj Gpes|. Voc ainfing}+

invcp|pcvhvien} hnf menmks}ien} c|pc}}cf in voi} qeksdc fe nev ncmc}}hpikypcakcmv voc qicw} ea voc Ccmsviqc Fipcmvep} ea voc Wepkf @hnj ep voc

geqcpndcnv} vocy pc|pc}cnv. Voc Wepkf @hnj fec} nev gshphnvcc voc hmmsphmy

ea voc fhvh inmksfcf in voi} wepj.

Pigov} hnf \cpdi}}ien}

Voc dhvcpihk in voi} |s`kimhvien i} me|ypigovcf. Me|ying hnf%ep vphn}divving

|epvien} ep hkk ea voi} wepj wivoesv |cpdi}}ien dhy `c h qiekhvien ea h||kimh`kc

khw. Voc Wepkf @hnj cnmesphgc} fi}}cdinhvien ea iv} wepj hnf wikk nepdhkky

gphnv |cpdi}}ien ve pc|pefsmc |epvien} ea voc wepj |ped|vky.

Aep |cpdi}}ien ve |oeveme|y ep pc|pinv hny |hpv ea voi} wepj+ |kch}c }cnf h

pcxsc}v wivo med|kcvc inaepdhvien ve voc Me|ypigov Mkchphnmc Mcnvcp+ Inm.+

000 Pe}cweef Fpiqc+ Fhnqcp}+ DH <890=+ S]H: vckc|oenc 97?$73<$?6<<:

ah 97?$73<$667<: Invcpncv www.me|ypigov.med.

Hkk evocp xscpic} en pigov} hnf kimcn}c}+ inmksfing }s`}ifihpy pigov}+ }oeskf `c

hffpc}}cf ve voc Eaaimc ea voc \s`ki}ocp+ Voc Wepkf @hnj+ 8?8? O ]vpccv NW+

Wh}oingven+ FM 0<6==+ S]H: ah 0<0$300$0600: c$dhik

|s`pigov}Lwepkf`hnj.epg.

Me|ic} ea Feing @s}inc}} 0<802 Feing @s}inc}} in h Depc Vphn}|hpcnv Wepkf+

Feing @s}inc}} 0<882 Dhjing h Fiaacpcnmc aep Cnvpc|pcncsp}+ Feing @s}inc}}

0<8<2 Pcaepding vopesgo Fiaaimskv Vidc}+ Feing @s}inc}} 0<<9+ Feing @s}inc}}

0<<?+ Feing @s}inc}} 0<<72 Oew ve Pcaepd+ Feing @s}inc}} in 0<<12 Mpchving

Be`}+ Feing @s}inc}} in 0<<32 Pcdeqing E`}vhmkc} ve Gpewvo hnf Feing @s}inc}}in 0<<62 Snfcp}vhnfing Pcgskhvien} dhy `c fewnkehfcf hv

www.feing`s}inc}}.epg.

I]@N2 97?$<$?08=$??==$6

C$I]@N2 97?$<$?08=$??=6$8

FEI2 8<.8391%97?$<$?08=$??==$6

I]]N2 8709$01=?

\pinvcf in voc Snivcf ]vhvc}

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= Jcnyh Feing @s}inc}} 0<80

MENVCNV]

Invpefsmvien .................................................................................................................................. 6

Voc `s}inc}} cnqipendcnv .......................................................................................................... 3

]vhpving h `s}inc}} ..................................................................................................................... 86

Fchking wivo men}vpsmvien |cpdiv} ........................................................................................... 06

Gcvving ckcmvpimivy ....................................................................................................................... =6

Pcgi}vcping |pe|cpvy .................................................................................................................. 6<

Gcvving mpcfiv .............................................................................................................................. 69

\pevcmving inqc}vep} ................................................................................................................... 31

\hying vhc} ................................................................................................................................ 11

Vphfing hmpe}} èpfcp} .............................................................................................................. 76

Cnaepming menvphmv} .................................................................................................................... ?=

Pc}ekqing in}ekqcnmy .................................................................................................................. 9<

Fhvh nevc} ................................................................................................................................... 91

Pc}espmc} en voc Feing @s}inc}} wc`}ivc ............................................................................ 8<8



6 Jcnyh Feing @s}inc}} 0<80

INVPEFSMVIEN

Feing @s}inc}} }ocf} kigov en oew ch}y ep fiaaimskv iv i}aep h kemhk cnvpc|pcncsp ve e|cn hnf psn h }dhkk ve

dcfisd$}irc `s}inc}} wocn med|kying wivo pckcqhnv

pcgskhvien}. Iv dch}spc} hnf vphmj} mohngc} in

pcgskhvien} haacmving 8< hpch} in voc kiac mymkc ea h

`s}inc}}2 }vhpving h `s}inc}}+ fchking wivo men}vpsmvien

|cpdiv}+ gcvving ckcmvpimivy+ pcgi}vcping |pe|cpvy+

gcvving mpcfiv+ |pevcmving inqc}vep}+ |hying vhc}+

vphfing hmpe}} èpfcp}+ cnaepming menvphmv} hnf

pc}ekqing in}ekqcnmy.

In h }cpic} ea hnnshk pc|epv} Feing @s}inc}} |pc}cnv}

xshnvivhviqc infimhvep} en `s}inc}} pcgskhvien} hnf voc|pevcmvien ea |pe|cpvy pigov} vohv mhn `c med|hpcf

hmpe}} 8?= cmenedic}+ aped Hagohni}vhn ve Rid`h`wc+

eqcp vidc. Voc fhvh }cv meqcp} 61 cmenedic} in ]s`$

]hohphn Hapimh+ =0 in Khvin Hdcpimh hnf voc Mhpi``chn+

06 in Ch}v H}ih hnf voc \hmiaim+ 06 in Ch}vcpn Cspe|c

hnf Mcnvphk H}ih+ 8? in voc Diffkc Ch}v hnf Nepvo

Hapimh hnf ? in ]esvo H}ih+ h} wckk h} =8 ECMF oigo$

inmedc cmenedic}. Voc infimhvep} hpc s}cf ve hnhkyrc

cmenedim esvmedc} hnf ifcnviay wohv pcaepd} ohqc

wepjcf+ wocpc hnf woy.

Voi} cmenedy |peaikc |pc}cnv} voc Feing @s}inc}} infimhvep} aep Jcnyh. Ve hkkew s}cask med|hpi}en+ iv

hk}e |peqifc} fhvh aep evocp }ckcmvcf cmenedic}

/med|hphvep cmenedic}) aep chmo infimhvep. Voc fhvh in

voi} pc|epv hpc msppcnv h} ea Bsnc 8+ 0<88 /cmc|v aep

voc |hying vhc} infimhvep}+ woimo meqcp voc |cpiefBhnshpy”Fcmcd`cp 0<8<).

Voc Feing @s}inc}} dcvoefekegy oh} kidivhvien}. Evocp

hpch} id|epvhnv ve `s}inc}}‖}smo h} hn cmenedy’}

|peidivy ve khpgc dhpjcv}+ voc xshkivy ea iv}

inaph}vpsmvspc }cpqimc} /evocp vohn voe}c pckhvcf ve

vphfing hmpe}} èpfcp} hnf gcvving ckcmvpimivy)+ voc

}cmspivy ea |pe|cpvy aped vocav hnf keeving+ voc

vphn}|hpcnmy ea geqcpndcnv |pemspcdcnv+

dhmpecmenedim menfivien} ep voc snfcpkying }vpcngvo

ea in}vivsvien}‖hpc nev fipcmvky }vsficf `y Feing

@s}inc}}. Voc infimhvep} pcacp ve h }|cmiaim vy|c ea `s}inc}}+ gcncphkky h kemhk kidivcf kihìkivy med|hny

e|cphving in voc khpgc}v `s}inc}} mivy. @cmhs}c

}vhnfhpf h}}sd|vien} hpc s}cf in voc fhvh mekkcmvien+

med|hpi}en} hnf `cnmodhpj} hpc qhkif hmpe}}

cmenedic}. Voc fhvh nev enky oigokigov voc cvcnv ea

e`}vhmkc} ve feing `s}inc}}: vocy hk}e ock| ifcnviay voc

}espmc ea voe}c e`}vhmkc}+ }s||epving |ekimy dhjcp} in

fc}igning pcgskhvepy pcaepd.

Depc inaepdhvien i} hqhikh`kc in voc askk pc|epv. Feing

@s}inc}} 0<80 |pc}cnv} voc infimhvep}+ hnhkyrc} vocip

pckhvien}oi| wivo cmenedim esvmedc} hnfpcmeddcnf} pcgskhvepy pcaepd}. Voc fhvh+ hkeng wivo

inaepdhvien en epfcping Feing @s}inc}} 0<80+ hpc

hqhikh`kc en voc Feing @s}inc}} wc`}ivc hv

ovv|2%%www.feing`s}inc}}.epg.




VOC @S]INC]] CNQIPENDCNV

Aep |ekimy dhjcp} vpying ve id|peqc vocip cmenedy’}

pcgskhvepy cnqipendcnv aep `s}inc}}+ h geef |khmc ve

}vhpv i} ve ainf esv oew iv med|hpc} wivo voc pcgskhvepy

cnqipendcnv in evocp cmenedic}. Feing @s}inc}}

|peqifc} hn hggpcghvc phnjing en voc ch}c ea feing

`s}inc}} `h}cf en infimhvep }cv} vohv dch}spc hnf

`cnmodhpj pcgskhvien} h||kying ve fedc}vim }dhkk ve

dcfisd$}irc `s}inc}}c} vopesgo vocip kiac mymkc.

Cmenedic} hpc phnjcf aped 8 ve 8?= `y voc ch}c ea

feing `s}inc}} infc. Aep chmo cmenedy voc infc i}

mhkmskhvcf h} voc phnjing en voc }id|kc hqcphgc ea iv}|cpmcnvikc phnjing} en chmo ea voc 8< ve|im} inmksfcf in

voc infc in Feing @s}inc}} 0<802 }vhpving h `s}inc}}+

fchking wivo men}vpsmvien |cpdiv}+ gcvving ckcmvpimivy+

pcgi}vcping |pe|cpvy+ gcvving mpcfiv+ |pevcmving

inqc}vep}+ |hying vhc}+ vphfing hmpe}} èpfcp}+

cnaepming menvphmv} hnf pc}ekqing in}ekqcnmy. Voc

phnjing en chmo ve|im i} voc }id|kc hqcphgc ea voc

|cpmcnvikc phnjing} en iv} med|encnv infimhvep} /}cc

voc fhvh nevc} aep depc fcvhik}).8

Voc hggpcghvc phnjing en voc ch}c ea feing `s}inc}}

`cnmodhpj} chmo cmenedy’} |cpaepdhnmc en vocinfimhvep} hghin}v vohv ea hkk evocp cmenedic} in voc

Feing @s}inc}} }hd|kc /aigspc 8.8). Woikc voi} phnjing

vckk} dsmo hèsv voc `s}inc}} cnqipendcnv in hn

cmenedy+ iv fec} nev vckk voc woekc }vepy. Voc phnjing en

voc ch}c ea feing `s}inc}}+ hnf voc snfcpkying

infimhvep}+ fe nev dch}spc hkk h}|cmv} ea voc `s}inc}}

cnqipendcnv vohv dhvvcp ve aipd} hnf inqc}vep} ep vohv

haacmv voc med|cviviqcnc}} ea voc cmenedy. ]vikk+ h oigo

phnjing fec} dchn vohv voc geqcpndcnv oh} mpchvcf h

pcgskhvepy cnqipendcnv menfsmiqc ve e|cphving h

`s}inc}}.

CMENEDY EQCPQICW

Pcgien2 ]s`$]hohphn Hapimh

Inmedc mhvcgepy2 Kew inmedc

\e|skhvien2 6<+?10+9<<

GNI |cp mh|ivh /S]&)2 7?<.<<

F@0<80 phnj2 8<9

F@0<88 phnj2 8<1

Mohngc in phnj2 $=

Nevc2 ]cc voc fhvh nevc} aep }espmc} hnf

fcainivien}.

8 Cmc|v aep voc ch}c ea gcvving mpcfiv+ aep woimo voc |cpmcnvikc phnjing} en iv} med|encnv infimhvep} hpc wcigovcf+ voc fc|vo ea mpcfiv

inaepdhvien infc hv =7.3# hnf voc }vpcngvo ea kcghk pigov} infc hv 10.3#.





Aigspc 8.8 Wocpc cmenedic} }vhnf in voc gke`hk phnjing en voc ch}c ea feing `s}inc}}

]espmc2 Feing @s}inc}} fhvh`h}c.





Aep |ekimy dhjcp}+ jnewing wocpc vocip cmenedy

}vhnf} in voc hggpcghvc phnjing en voc ch}c ea feing

`s}inc}} i} s}cask. Hk}e s}cask i} ve jnew oew iv phnj}

med|hpcf wivo evocp cmenedic} hnf med|hpcf wivo

voc pcgienhk hqcphgc /aigspc 8.0). Voc cmenedy’}

phnjing} en voc ve|im} inmksfcf in voc ch}c ea feing

`s}inc}} infc |peqifc hnevocp |cp}|cmviqc /aigspc

8.=).

Aigspc 8.0 Oew Jcnyh hnf med|hphvep cmenedic} phnj en voc ch}c ea feing `s}inc}}




? Jcnyh Feing @s}inc}} 0<80


Aigspc 8.= Oew Jcnyh phnj} en Feing @s}inc}} ve|im}






Bs}v h} voc eqcphkk phnjing en voc ch}c ea feing

`s}inc}} vckk} enky |hpv ea voc }vepy+ }e fe mohngc} in

vohv phnjing. Ychpky deqcdcnv} in phnjing} mhn

|peqifc }edc infimhvien ea mohngc} in hn cmenedy’}

pcgskhvepy cnqipendcnv aep aipd}+ `sv vocy hpc hkwhy}

pckhviqc. Hn cmenedy’} phnjing digov mohngc `cmhs}c

ea fcqcke|dcnv} in evocp cmenedic}. Hn cmenedy vohv

id|kcdcnvcf `s}inc}} pcgskhvien pcaepd} dhy ahik ve

pi}c in voc phnjing} /ep dhy cqcn fpe|) ia iv i} |h}}cf

`y evocp} woe}c `s}inc}} pcgskhvien pcaepd} ohf h

depc }igniaimhnv id|hmv h} dch}spcf `y Feing

@s}inc}}.

Depceqcp+ ychp$ve$ychp mohngc} in voc eqcphkk phnjing}fe nev pcakcmv oew voc `s}inc}} pcgskhvepy

cnqipendcnv in hn cmenedy oh} mohngcf eqcp vidc‖

ep oew iv oh} mohngcf in fiaacpcnv hpch}. Ve hif in

h}}c}}ing }smo mohngc}+ Feing @s}inc}} 0<80

invpefsmc} voc fi}vhnmc ve apenvicp dch}spc.

Voi} dch}spc }oew} voc fi}vhnmc ea chmo cmenedy ve

voc –apenvicp+‑ h }ynvocvim dch}spc `h}cf en voc de}v

caaimicnv |phmvimc ep oigoc}v }mepc e`}cpqcf aep chmo

Feing @s}inc}} infimhvep hmpe}} hkk cmenedic} hnf

ychp} inmksfcf in voc Feing @s}inc}} }hd|kc }inmc

0<<3. Ninc hpch} ea `s}inc}} pcgskhvien hpc meqcpcf.

Med|hping voc dch}spc aep hn cmenedy hv 0 |einv} in

vidc hkkew} s}cp} ve h}}c}} oew dsmo voc cmenedy’}

pcgskhvepy cnqipendcnv h} dch}spcf `y Feing

@s}inc}} oh} mohngcf eqcp vidc‖oew ahp iv oh} deqcf

vewhpf /ep hwhy aped) voc de}v caaimicnv |phmvimc} hnf

}vpengc}v pcgskhvien} in hpch} meqcpcf `y Feing

@s}inc}} /aigspc 8.6). Voc pc}skv} dhy }oew vohv voc|hmc ea mohngc qhpic} wifcky hmpe}} voc hpch}

dch}spcf. Vocy hk}e dhy }oew vohv hn cmenedy i}

pckhviqcky mke}c ve voc apenvicp in }edc hpch} hnf

pckhviqcky ahp aped iv in evocp}.

Aigspc 8.6 Oew ahp oh} Jcnyh medc in voc hpch} dch}spcf `y Feing @s}inc}}5

Fi}vhnmc ve apenvicp+ 0<<3 hnf 0<88

Nevc2 Aep cmenedic} hffcf ve voc Feing @s}inc}} }hd|kc havcp 0<<3+ voc }vhpving |einv i} voc ychp in woimo vocy wcpc hffcf2 0<<

Denvcncgpe: 0<<7 aep @psnci Fhps}}hkhd+ Ki`cpih hnf Kscdèspg: 0<<? aep Voc @hohdh}+ @hophin hnf Xhvhp: hnf 0<<9 aep My|ps

Je}eqe. ]cc voc fhvh nevc} aep depc fcvhik} en voc fi}vhnmc ve apenvicp dch}spc.




8< Jcnyh Feing @s}inc}} 0<80


Voc h`}eksvc qhksc} ea voc infimhvep} vckk hnevocp |hpvea voc }vepy /vh`kc 8.8). Voc infimhvep}+ en vocip ewn ep

in med|hpi}en wivo voc infimhvep} ea h geef |phmvimc

cmenedy ep voe}c ea med|hphvep cmenedic} in voc

pcgien+ dhy pcqchk èvvkcncmj} pcakcmvcf in khpgc

nsd`cp} ea |pemcfspc}+ keng fckhy} ep oigo me}v}. Ep

vocy dhy pcqchk snc|cmvcf }vpcngvo} in hn hpch ea

`s}inc}} pcgskhvien‖}smo h} h pcgskhvepy |pemc}} vohvmhn `c med|kcvcf wivo h }dhkk nsd`cp ea |pemcfspc}

in h acw fhy} hnf hv h kew me}v. Med|hpi}en ea voc

cmenedy’} infimhvep} vefhy wivo voe}c in voc |pcqies}

ychp dhy }oew wocpc }s`}vhnvihk èvvkcncmj} |cp}i}v‖

hnf wocpc vocy hpc fidini}oing.

Vh`kc 8.8 ]sddhpy ea Feing @s}inc}} infimhvep} aep Jcnyh

Infimhvep

J c n y h F @ 0 < 8 0

J c n y h F @ 0 < 8 8

@ e v } w h n h F @ 0 < 8 0

D h s p i v i s } F @ 0 < 8 0

N h d i ` i h F @ 0 < 8 0

P w h n f h F @ 0 < 8 0

V h n r h n i h F @ 0 < 8 0

S g h n f h F @ 0 < 8 0

@ c } v | c p a e p d c p g k e ` h k k y

F @ 0 < 8 0

]vhpving h @s}inc}}

/phnj)8=0 80? 9< 83 803 ? 80= 86= Ncw Rchkhnf /8)

\pemcfspc} /nsd`cp) 88 88 8< 3 8< 0 80 81 Mhnhfh /8)

Vidc /fhy}) == == 18 1 11 = 09 =6 Ncw Rchkhnf /8)

Me}v /# ea inmedc |cp

mh|ivh)=7.? =?.= 8.? =.1 87.0 6.7 0?.? ?6.3 Fcndhpj /<.<)

\hif$in Din. Mh|ivhk /#

ea inmedc |cp mh|ivh)<.< <.< <.< <.< <.< <.< <.< <.< ?0 Cmenedic} /<.<)

Fchking wivo

Men}vpsmvien \cpdiv}

/phnj)

=7 =? 8=0 3= 30 ?6 871 8<9 Oeng Jeng ]HP+Moinh /8)

\pemcfspc} /nsd`cp) ? ? 00 81 80 80 89 83 Fcndhpj /3)

Vidc /fhy}) 803 803 863 8=1 8=9 816 =<= 803 ]ingh|epc /01)


mh|ivh)81<.9 816.6 0<=.< =<.1 8<=.< =80.< 887<.8 961.? Xhvhp /8.8)




Infimhvep

J c n y h F @ 0 < 8 0

J c n y h F @ 0 < 8 8

@ e v } w h n h F @ 0 < 8 0

D h s p i v i s } F @ 0 < 8 0

N h d i ` i h F @ 0 < 8 0

P w h n f h F @ 0 < 8 0

V h n r h n i h F @ 0 < 8 0

S g h n f h F @ 0 < 8 0


F @ 0 < 8 0

Gcvving Ckcmvpimivy /phnj) 883 888 98 66 8<3 3< 7? 809 Imckhnf /8)

\pemcfspc} /nsd`cp) 6 6 3 6 7 6 6 3 Gcpdhny /=)

Vidc /fhy}) 81= 81= 808 98 33 =< 8<9 98 Gcpdhny /87)


mh|ivh)8689.0 8669.1 6<?.9 =0?.3 303.? 6191.? 8<6<.3 38=<.8 Bh|hn /<.<)

Pcgi}vcping \pe|cpvy

/phnj)8== 8== 3< 17 863 18 83? 807 Ncw Rchkhnf /=)

\pemcfspc} /nsd`cp) ? ? 3 6 7 3 9 8= \epvsghk /8)

Vidc /fhy}) 16 16 81 00 =9 03 7= 6? \epvsghk /8)

Me}v /# ea |pe|cpvy

qhksc)6.= 6.0 3.< 8<.1 8=.7 1.= 6.6 0.9 ]keqhj Pc|s`kim /<.<)

Gcvving Mpcfiv /phnj) ? ? 6? 7? 06 ? 9? 6? Snivcf Jingfed /8)

]vpcngvo ea kcghk pigov}

infc /<$8<)8< 8< 7 1 ? ? ? 7 Ncw Rchkhnf /8<)

Fc|vo ea mpcfiv

inaepdhvien infc /<$1)6 6 6 = 3 1 < 6 Bh|hn /1)

\s`kim pcgi}vpy meqcphgc

/# ea hfskv})<.< <.< <.< 69.? <.< 8.6 <.< <.< \epvsghk /?1.0)

\piqhvc ̀ spchs meqcphgc

/# ea hfskv})6.3 =.= 39.1 <.< 18.3 <.< <.< =.< Ncw Rchkhnf /8<<.<)

\pevcmving Inqc}vep}

/phnj)97 9= 61 8= 79 09 97 8== Ncw Rchkhnf /8)

Cvcnv ea fi}mke}spc

infc /<$8<)= = 7 1 3 7 = 0 Aphnmc /8<)




Infimhvep

J c n y h F @ 0 < 8 0

J c n y h F @ 0 < 8 8

@ e v } w h n h F @ 0 < 8 0

D h s p i v i s } F @ 0 < 8 0

N h d i ` i h F @ 0 < 8 0

P w h n f h F @ 0 < 8 0

V h n r h n i h F @ 0 < 8 0

S g h n f h F @ 0 < 8 0


F @ 0 < 8 0

Cvcnv ea fipcmvep

kihìkivy infc /<$8<)0 0 ? ? 3 9 6 3 ]ingh|epc /9)

Ch}c ea }ohpcoekfcp }siv}

infc /<$8<) 8< 8< = 9 1 = ? 3 Ncw Rchkhnf /8<)

]vpcngvo ea inqc}vep

|pevcmvien infc /<$8<)3.< 3.< 1.< 7.7 3.= 1.= 3.< 6.< Ncw Rchkhnf /9.7)

\hying Vhc} /phnj) 811 81= 00 88 8<0 89 809 9= Mhnhfh /?)

\hydcnv} /nsd`cp |cp

ychp)68 68 89 7 =7 8? 6? =0 Nepwhy /6)

Vidc /oesp} |cp ychp) =9= =9= 830 818 =73 86? 870 08= Kscdèspg /39)

Vphfing Hmpe}} @epfcp}

/phnj)868 868 83< 08 860 833 90 83? ]ingh|epc /8)

Femsdcnv} ve c|epv

/nsd`cp)? ? 1 3 9 ? 1 7 Aphnmc /0)

Vidc ve c|epv /fhy}) 01 01 0? 8= 09 09 8? =7Oeng Jeng ]HP+

Moinh /3)

Me}v ve c|epv /S]& |cp

menvhincp)0<33 0<33 =8?3 7=7 8?<< =073 8033 0??< Dhkhy}ih /63<)

Femsdcnv} ve id|epv

/nsd`cp)7 7 ? 1 7 ? 1 9 Aphnmc /0)

Vidc ve id|epv /fhy}) 06 06 68 8= 06 =8 06 =6 ]ingh|epc /6)

Me}v ve id|epv /S]& |cp

menvhincp)089< 089< =60< 1?9 89<3 699< 86=< =<83 Dhkhy}ih /6=3)

Cnaepming Menvphmv}

/phnj)807 801 13 18 6< =9 =1 881 Kscdèspg /8)



8= Jcnyh Feing @s}inc}} 0<80

Infimhvep

J c n y h F @ 0 < 8 0

J c n y h F @ 0 < 8 8

@ e v } w h n h F @ 0 < 8 0

D h s p i v i s } F @ 0 < 8 0

N h d i ` i h F @ 0 < 8 0

P w h n f h F @ 0 < 8 0

V h n r h n i h F @ 0 < 8 0

S g h n f h F @ 0 < 8 0


F @ 0 < 8 0

Vidc /fhy}) 613 613 103 163 07< 0=< 610 69< ]ingh|epc /83<)

Me}v /# ea mkhid) 67.0 67.0 0?.8 87.6 =3.? 7?.7 86.= 66.9 @osvhn /<.8)

\pemcfspc} /nsd`cp) 6< 6< 0? =1 == 06 =? =? Ipckhnf /08)

Pc}ekqing In}ekqcnmy

/phnj)90 9< 0? 79 31 813 800 1= Bh|hn /8)

Vidc /ychp}) 6.3 6.3 8.7 8.7 8.3 =.< =.< 0.0 Ipckhnf /<.6)

Me}v /# ea c}vhvc) 00 00 83 83 83 3< 00 =< ]ingh|epc /8)

Pcmeqcpy phvc /mcnv} en

voc fekkhp)

=<.9 09.? 16.3 =3.8 68.9 =.0 00.< 6<.0 Bh|hn /90.7)

Nevc2 Voc dcvoefekegy aep voc |hying vhc} infimhvep} mohngcf in Feing @s}inc}} 0<80: }cc voc fhvh nevc} aep fcvhik}. Aep voc}

infimhvep}+ voc `c}v |cpaepdcp gke`hkky i} voc cmenedy vohv oh} id|kcdcnvcf voc de}v caaimicnv |phmvimc} in iv} vhx }y}vcd hnf

nev ncmc}}hpiky voc enc wivo voc oigoc}v phnjing. Aep depc inaepdhvien en ‛ne |phmvimc— dhpj}+ }cc voc fhvh nevc} aep fcvhik}.

Vwe ep depc cmenedic} }ohpc voc ve| phnjing en voi} infimhvep. H nsd`cp }oewn in |khmc ea hn cmenedy’} nhdc infimhvc} vo

nsd`cp ea cmenedic} vohv }ohpc voc ve| phnjing en voc infimhvep. Aep h ki}v ea voc}c cmenedic}+ }cc voc Feing @s}inc}} wc`}i

/ovv|2%%www.feing`s}inc}}.epg).





]VHPVING H @S]INC]]

Aepdhk pcgi}vphvien ea med|hnic} oh} dhny

iddcfihvc `cncaiv} aep voc med|hnic} hnf aep

`s}inc}} ewncp} hnf cd|keycc}. Kcghk cnvivic} mhn

esvkiqc vocip aesnfcp}. Pc}espmc} hpc |eekcf h}

}cqcphk }ohpcoekfcp} bein aepmc} ve }vhpv h med|hny.

Aepdhkky pcgi}vcpcf med|hnic} ohqc hmmc}} ve

}cpqimc} hnf in}vivsvien} aped mespv} ve `hnj} h}

wckk h} ve ncw dhpjcv}. Hnf vocip cd|keycc} mhn

`cncaiv aped |pevcmvien} |peqifcf `y voc khw. Hn

hffivienhk `cncaiv medc} wivo kidivcf kihìkivy

med|hnic}. Voc}c kidiv voc ainhnmihk kihìkivy ea

med|hny ewncp} ve vocip inqc}vdcnv}+ }e |cp}enhkh}}cv} ea voc ewncp} hpc nev |sv hv pi}j. Wocpc

geqcpndcnv} dhjc pcgi}vphvien ch}y+ depc

cnvpc|pcncsp} }vhpv `s}inc}}c} in voc aepdhk }cmvep+

mpchving depc geef be`} hnf gcncphving depc

pcqcnsc aep voc geqcpndcnv.

Wohv fe voc infimhvep} meqcp5

Feing @s}inc}} dch}spc} voc ch}c ea }vhpving h

`s}inc}} in hn cmenedy `y pcmepfing hkk

|pemcfspc} vohv hpc eaaimihkky pcxsipcf ep meddenky

fenc in |phmvimc `y hn cnvpc|pcncsp ve }vhpv s| hnf

aepdhkky e|cphvc hn infs}vpihk ep meddcpmihk

`s}inc}}‖h} wckk h} voc vidc hnf me}v pcxsipcf ve

med|kcvc voc}c |pemcfspc}. Iv hk}e pcmepf} voc

|hif$in dinidsd mh|ivhk vohv med|hnic} ds}v

fc|e}iv `caepc pcgi}vphvien /ep wivoin = denvo}).

Voc phnjing en voc ch}c ea }vhpving h `s}inc}} i}

voc }id|kc hqcphgc ea voc |cpmcnvikc phnjing} en

voc 6 med|encnv infimhvep}2 |pemcfspc}+ vidc+ me}v

hnf |hif$in dinidsd mh|ivhk pcxsipcdcnv.

Ve dhjc voc fhvh med|hph`kc hmpe}} cmenedic}+

Feing @s}inc}} s}c} }cqcphk h}}sd|vien} hèsv voc

`s}inc}} hnf voc |pemcfspc}. Iv h}}sdc} vohv hkkinaepdhvien i} pchfiky hqhikh`kc ve voc cnvpc|pcncsp

hnf vohv vocpc oh} `ccn ne |piep menvhmv wivo

eaaimihk}. Iv hk}e h}}sdc} vohv hkk geqcpndcnv hnf

nengeqcpndcnv cnvivic} inqekqcf in voc |pemc}}

asnmvien wivoesv mepps|vien. Hnf iv h}}sdc} vohv

voc `s}inc}}2

I} h kidivcf kihìkivy med|hny+ kemhvcf in voc

khpgc}v `s}inc}} mivy.

Menfsmv} gcncphk meddcpmihk ep infs}vpihk

hmviqivic}.

WOHV VOC ]VHPVING H @S]INC]]

INFIMHVEP] DCH]SPC

\pemcfspc} ve kcghkky }vhpv hnf e|cphvc h

med|hny /nsd`cp)

\pcpcgi}vphvien /aep chd|kc+ nhdc

qcpiaimhvien ep pc}cpqhvien+ nevhpirhvien)

Pcgi}vphvien in voc cmenedy’} khpgc}v

`s}inc}} mivy

\e}vpcgi}vphvien /aep chd|kc+ }emihk }cmspivy

pcgi}vphvien+ med|hny }chk)

Vidc pcxsipcf ve med|kcvc chmo |pemcfspc

/mhkcnfhp fhy})

Fec} nev inmksfc vidc }|cnv ghvocping

inaepdhvien

Chmo |pemcfspc }vhpv} en h }c|hphvc fhy

\pemcfspc med|kcvcf enmc ainhk femsdcnv i}

pcmciqcf

Ne |piep menvhmv wivo eaaimihk}

Me}v pcxsipcf ve med|kcvc chmo |pemcfspc

/# ea inmedc |cp mh|ivh)

Eaaimihk me}v} enky+ ne `pi`c}

Ne |peac}}ienhk acc} snkc}} }cpqimc} pcxsipcf

`y khw

\hif$in dinidsd mh|ivhk /# ea inmedc

|cp mh|ivh)

Fc|e}ivcf in h `hnj ep wivo h nevhpy `caepc

pcgi}vphvien /ep wivoin = denvo}) Oh} h }vhpv$s| mh|ivhk ea 8< vidc} inmedc |cp

mh|ivh.

Oh} h vspneqcp ea hv kch}v 8<< vidc} inmedc |cp

mh|ivh.

Fec} nev xshkiay aep hny }|cmihk `cncaiv}.

Fec} nev ewn pchk c}vhvc.

I} 8<<# fedc}vimhkky ewncf.




]VHPVING H @S]INC]]

Wocpc fec} voc cmenedy }vhnf vefhy5

Wohv fec} iv vhjc ve }vhpv h `s}inc}} in Jcnyh5

Hmmepfing ve fhvh mekkcmvcf `y Feing @s}inc}}+ }vhpving

h `s}inc}} vocpc pcxsipc} 88 |pemcfspc}+ vhjc} == fhy}+

me}v} =7.?# ea inmedc |cp mh|ivh hnf pcxsipc} |hif$in

dinidsd mh|ivhk ea <.<# ea inmedc |cp mh|ivh /aigspc

0.8).

Aigspc 0.8 Wohv iv vhjc} ve }vhpv h `s}inc}} in Jcnyh

\hif$in dinidsd mh|ivhk /# ea inmedc |cp mh|ivh)2 <.<

Nevc2 Aep fcvhik} en voc |pemcfspc} pcakcmvcf ocpc+ }cc voc }sddhpy hv voc cnf ea voi} moh|vcp.]espmc2 Feing @s}inc}} fhvh`h}c.




]VHPVING H @S]INC]]

Gke`hkky+ Jcnyh }vhnf} hv 8=0 in voc phnjing ea 8?=cmenedic} en voc ch}c ea }vhpving h `s}inc}} /aigspc

0.0). Voc phnjing} aep med|hphvep cmenedic} hnf voc

pcgienhk hqcphgc phnjing |peqifc evocp s}caskinaepdhvien aep h}}c}}ing oew ch}y iv i} aep hn

cnvpc|pcncsp in Jcnyh ve }vhpv h `s}inc}}.

Aigspc 0.0 Oew Jcnyh hnf med|hphvep cmenedic} phnj en voc ch}c ea }vhpving h `s}inc}}





]VHPVING H @S]INC]]

Wohv hpc voc mohngc} eqcp vidc5

Woikc voc de}v pcmcnv Feing @s}inc}} fhvh pcakcmv oew

ch}y /ep fiaaimskv) iv i} ve }vhpv h `s}inc}} in Jcnyh

vefhy+ fhvh eqcp vidc }oew woimo h}|cmv} ea voc

|pemc}} ohqc mohngcf‖hnf woimo ohqc nev /vh`kc 0.8).

Vohv mhn ock| ifcnviay wocpc voc |evcnvihk aep

id|peqcdcnv i} gpchvc}v.

Vh`kc 0.8 Voc ch}c ea }vhpving h `s}inc}} in Jcnyh eqcp vidc

@y Feing @s}inc}} pc|epv ychp

Infimhvep F@0<<6 F@0<<3 F@0<<1 F@0<<7 F@0<<? F@0<<9 F@0<8< F@0<88 F@0<80

Phnj .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 80? 8=0

\pemcfspc} /nsd`cp) 80 80 8= 8= 80 80 80 88 88

Vidc /fhy}) 1< 67 36 36 66 =< =6 == ==


mh|ivh) 38.7 3=.6 6?.0 61.= 61.8 =9.7 =1.3 =?.= =7.?

\hif$in Din. Mh|ivhk /#

ea inmedc |cp mh|ivh) <.< <.< <.< <.< <.< <.< <.< <.< <.<

Nevc2 n.h. 4 nev h||kimh`kc /voc cmenedy wh} nev inmksfcf in Feing @s}inc}} aep vohv ychp). F@0<80 phnjing} pcakcmv mohngc} ve

voc dcvoefekegy.




8? Jcnyh Feing @s}inc}} 0<80

]VHPVING H @S]INC]]

Cxshkky ock|ask dhy `c voc `cnmodhpj} |peqifcf `yvoc cmenedic} vohv vefhy ohqc voc `c}v |cpaepdhnmc

pcgienhkky ep gke`hkky en voc |pemcfspc}+ vidc+ me}v ep

|hif$in dinidsd mh|ivhk pcxsipcf ve }vhpv h `s}inc}}

/aigspc 0.=). Voc}c cmenedic} dhy |peqifc h defck aep

Jcnyh en why} ve id|peqc voc ch}c ea }vhpving h`s}inc}}. Hnf mohngc} in pcgienhk hqcphgc} mhn }oew

wocpc Jcnyh i} jcc|ing s|‖hnf wocpc iv i} ahkking

`coinf.

Aigspc 0.= Oh} }vhpving h `s}inc}} `cmedc ch}icp eqcp vidc5

\pemcfspc} /nsd`cp)

Vidc /fhy})




]VHPVING H @S]INC]]

Me}v /# ea inmedc |cp mh|ivh)

\hif$in dinidsd mh|ivhk /# ea inmedc |cp mh|ivh)

Nevc2 Voc cmenedy wivo voc `c}v |cpaepdhnmc pcgienhkky en chmo infimhvep+ hnf voc cmenedy wivo voc `c}v |cpaepdhnmc

gke`hkky+ hpc inmksfcf h} `cnmodhpj}. In }edc mh}c} 0 ep depc cmenedic} }ohpc voc ve| pcgienhk ep gke`hk phnjing en hn

infimhvep. In voc mh}c ea |hif$in dinidsd mh|ivhk+ ?0 cmenedic} gke`hkky hnf cmenedic} in ]s`$]hohphn Hapimh ohqc ne

|hif$in dinidsd mh|ivhk.





]VHPVING H @S]INC]]

Cmenedic} hpesnf voc wepkf ohqc vhjcn }vc|} dhjingiv ch}icp ve }vhpv h `s}inc}}‖}vpchdkining |pemcfspc}

`y }cvving s| h enc$}ve| }oe|+ dhjing |pemcfspc}

}id|kcp ep ah}vcp `y invpefsming vcmonekegy hnf

pcfsming ep ckidinhving dinidsd mh|ivhk pcxsipcdcnv}.

Dhny ohqc snfcpvhjcn `s}inc}} pcgi}vphvien pcaepd} in

}vhgc}‖hnf vocy eavcn hpc |hpv ea h khpgcp pcgskhvepy

pcaepd |pegphd. Hdeng voc `cncaiv} ohqc `ccn

gpchvcp aipd }hvi}ahmvien hnf }hqing} hnf depcpcgi}vcpcf `s}inc}}c}+ ainhnmihk pc}espmc} hnf be`

e||epvsnivic}.

Wohv `s}inc}} pcgi}vphvien pcaepd} oh} Feing @s}inc}}

pcmepfcf in Jcnyh /vh`kc 0.0)5

Vh`kc 0.0 Oew oh} Jcnyh dhfc }vhpving h `s}inc}} ch}icp‖ep nev5


F@ Ychp Pcaepd

F@0<80 Ne pcaepd.

F@0<88

Jcnyh ch}cf `s}inc}} }vhpv$s| `y pcfsming voc vidc iv vhjc}

ve gcv voc dcdephnfsd hnf hpvimkc} ea h}}emihvien }vhd|cf+

dcpging voc vh hnf qhksc hffcf vh pcgi}vphvien |pemcfspc}

hnf figiviring pcmepf} hv voc pcgi}vphp.

F@0<8< Ne pcaepd.

F@0<<9Voc vidc pcxsipcf ve e|cn h `s}inc}} wh} pcfsmcf+ vohnj} ve

id|peqcdcnv} in meddsnimhvien `cvwccn hgcnmic} hnf voc

s|gphfing ea voc pcgi}vpy.

Nevc2 Aep inaepdhvien en pcaepd} in chpkicp ychp} /`hmj ve F@0<<3)+ }cc voc Feing @s}inc}} pc|epv}

aep voc}c ychp}+ hqhikh`kc hv ovv|2%%www.feing`s}inc}}.epg.





]VHPVING H @S]INC]]

Wohv hpc voc fcvhik}5

Snfcpkying voc infimhvep} }oewn in voi} moh|vcp aep

Jcnyh i} h }cv ea }|cmiaim |pemcfspc}‖voc

`spchsmphvim hnf kcghk }vc|} vohv hn cnvpc|pcncsp

ds}v med|kcvc ve inmep|ephvc hnf pcgi}vcp h ncw

aipd. Voc}c hpc ifcnviaicf `y Feing @s}inc}}

vopesgo mekkhèphvien wivo pckcqhnv kemhk

|peac}}ienhk} hnf voc }vsfy ea khw}+ pcgskhvien} hnf

|s`kimky hqhikh`kc inaepdhvien en `s}inc}} cnvpy in

vohv cmenedy. Aekkewing i} h fcvhikcf }sddhpy ea

voe}c |pemcfspc}+ hkeng wivo voc h}}emihvcf vidc

hnf me}v. Voc}c |pemcfspc} hpc voe}c vohv h||ky ve

h med|hny dhvmoing voc }vhnfhpf h}}sd|vien}

/voc –}vhnfhpfircf med|hny‑) s}cf `y Feing

@s}inc}} in mekkcmving voc fhvh /}cc voc }cmvien in

voi} moh|vcp en wohv voc infimhvep} dch}spc).

]VHNFHPFIRCF MED\HNY

Mivy2 Nhipeì

Kcghk Aepd2 \piqhvc Mep|ephvien

]vhpv$s| mh|ivhk2 8< vidc} GNI |cp mh|ivh

\hif$in dinidsd mh|ivhk /# ea inmedc |cp

mh|ivh)2 <.<

]sddhpy ea |pemcfspc} aep }vhpving h `s}inc}} in Jcnyh‖hnf voc vidc hnf me}v

Ne. \pemcfspcVidc ve

med|kcvcMe}v ve med|kcvc

8

]vhvc pcgi}vphvien ea kcghk cnvivy+ }vhvi}vimhk+ hnf vh pcgi}vphvien

wivo voc Mcnvcp aep \s`kim Pcgi}vphvien

Voc med|hny nhdc pc}cpqhvien kh}v} =< fhy} `sv mhn `c pcncwcf aep h

}idikhp |cpief.

= fhy}JC] 8<< |cp nhdc

pc}cpqhvien

0

]vhd| voc dcdephnfsd hnf hpvimkc} hnf h }vhvcdcnv ea voc

nedinhk mh|ivhk

Caacmviqc Bhnshpy 8+ 0<<3+ voc Jcnyh Pcqcnsc Hsvoepivy /JPH) veej eqcp

}vhd| fsvy mekkcmvien aped voc Dini}vpy ea Khnf} hnf Oes}ing. H} hn

hfdini}vphviqc pcxsipcdcnv+ voc JPH new pcxsipc} voc |cp}enhk

ifcnviaimhvien nsd`cp} /\IN}) ea hkk |hpvic} en woe}c ̀ cohka fsvy$

}vhd|cf femsdcnv} hpc }s`divvcf. Femsdcnv} ds}v `c aip}v h}}c}}cf

`y voc ]vhd| Fsvy Eaaimc `caepc |hydcnv mhn `c |pemc}}cf `y voc

JPH$fc}ignhvcf `hnj}. Voc |pemc}} oh} kcngvocncf inivihkky ve hèsv 0wccj} ̀ cmhs}c voc ]vhd| Fsvy Eaaimc whivcf ve pcmciqc menaipdhvien ea

`hnj |hydcnv havcp mkchphnmc ea asnf}. Oewcqcp+ voc vidc oh} pcfsmcf

in 0<<? h} h pc}skv ea `cvvcp meddsnimhvien `cvwccn voc Dini}vpy ea

Khnf} hnf oes}ing hnf Jcnyh Pcqcnsc Hsvoepivy /JPH) ve 3$8< fhy}.

@hnj ohnfking mohpgc} ea JC] 8<< aep chmo vphn}hmvien hpc hk}e fsc.

3 fhy}

8# ea nedinhk mh|ivhk

* JC] 0+<0<+ }vhd|

fsvy en

Dcdephnfsd hnf

Hpvimkc} ea H}}emihvien

=

\hy }vhd| fsvy hv `hnj 8 fhy

JC] 8<< `hnj

meddi}}ien

6

Fcmkhphvien ea med|kihnmc /Aepd 0<?) i} }igncf `caepc h

Meddi}}iencp ea Ehvo} %nevhpy |s`kim

Hmmepfing ve voc Med|hnic} Hmv /Mh|. 6?1)+ Hn hfqemhvc cnghgcf in

8 fhy JC] 0<<






voc aepdhvien ea voc med|hny ep h fipcmvep ep med|hny }cmpcvhpynhdcf in voc Hpvimkc} ds}v }ign Aepd 0<?+ voc fcmkhphvien ea

med|kihnmc+ woimo hmmed|hnic} voc pcgi}vphvien femsdcnv} ve `c

}s`divvcf ve voc Pcgi}vphp ea Med|hnic}. /]idskcvhnes} wivo |pemcfspc

0)

3

Aikc fccf hnf fcvhik} wivo voc Pcgi}vphp ea Med|hnic} hv voc

Hvvepncy Gcncphk'} Mohd`cp} in Nhipeì

Voc aesnfcp ds}v aikc voc inmep|ephvien fccf hnf voc pcxsipcf

femsdcnv} hnf aepd} /ki}vcf `ckew) wivo voc Pcgi}vphp ea Med|hnic}+

woimo inmksfc}2

$ ]vhd|cf dcdephnfsd hnf hpvimkc} ea h}}emihvien.

$ ]vhvcdcnv ea mh|ivhk.

$ Aepd 0<8+ Nevimc ea ]ivshvien ea Pcgi}vcpcf Eaaimc.

$ Aepd 0<=+ \hpvimskhp} ea Fipcmvep} hnf ]cmpcvhpy.

$ Aepd 0<?+ Fcmkhphvien ea med|kihnmc wivo voc Med|hnic} Hmv.

$ Me|y ea voc med|hny nhdc h||peqhk

Acc }mocfskc aep pcgi}vphvien2

$ Aep voc aip}v JC] 8<<+<<<2 JC] 0+?<<.

$ Aep cqcpy JC] 0<+<<< havcp voc aip}v JC] 8<<+<<<2 JC] 80<+ }s`bcmv ve h

dhidsd ea JC] 1<+<<<.

$ Aiking acc aep vopcc aepd}2 JC] 1<<.

7$ 86 fhy} JC] 1+6=1

1

Pcgi}vcp wivo voc Vh Fc|hpvdcnv aep h \IN hnf QHV enkinc

Pcgi}vphvien aep h |cp}enhk hnf h med|hny ifcnviaimhvien nsd`cp /\IN)i} pcxsipcf ve pcgi}vcp aep voc QHV /\IN mcpviaimhvc} ea hv kch}v vwe

fipcmvep} ep 0 }ohpcoekfcp} ep h fipcmvep hnf voc }cmpcvhpy hpc pcxsipcf)+

voc kemhk }cpqimc vh+ hnf voc |hy$h}$yes$chpn /\HYC) vh. Voc aesnfcp

ds}v aikc voc mcpviaimhvc ea pcgi}vphvien hnf h me|y ea voc dcdephnfsd

hnf hpvimkc} ea h}}emihvien. IFsc ve ncw enkinc pcaepd}+ voc h||kimhvien

aep h \IN hnf QHV pcgi}vphvien mhn new `c fenc menmsppcnvky en$kinc.

Snkc}} voc JPH oh} hkpchfy pcmciqcf menaipdhvien ea inmep|ephvien ea

voc med|hny aped voc Med|hnic} Pcgi}vpy+ enc ds}v }vikk }s`div voc

Mcpviaimhvc ea Inmep|ephvien hnf pcmciqc keg$in fcvhik} aped voc JPH aep

voc |sp|e}c ea h||kying aep h \IN hnf QHV pcgi}vphvien.

8 $ 0 fhy} ne mohpgc

7

H||ky aep h `s}inc}} |cpdiv

Voc acc ve h||ky aep h `s}inc}} |cpdiv qhpic} `y vy|c ea `s}inc}}+nsd`cp ea cd|keycc}+ hnf }irc ea voc med|hny’} |pcdi}c}. Voc acc i}

|hyh`kc ve voc Nhipeì Mivy Mesnmik+ Kimcn}ing Fc|hpvdcnv. Voc Mivy

Mesnmik wikk i}}sc h `s}inc}} |cpdiv.

Acc }mocfskc aep `s}inc}} |cpdiv2

$ Dcfisd vphfcp+ }oe|+ ep pcvhik }cpqimc aped 3 ve 0< cd|keycc} hnf%ep

|pcdi}c} 3<”=<< }x. d. /ahip kemhvien)2 JC] 3+<<<.

$Dif$}irc `s}inc}} ea 3< cd|keycc} hnf |pcdi}c} =<< }x. d.2 hèsv JC]

0<+<<< ve JC] 3<+<<<+ fc|cnfing en voc nhvspc ea voc `s}inc}}.

Voc Kimcn}ing Khw} /Pc|chk} hnf Hdcnfdcnv}) Hmv + 0<<1 /cnhmvcf in

Fcmcd`cp ea 0<<1 hnf mhdc inve caacmv en Dhy+ aip}v+ 0<<7)+ hdcnf}

3 fhy} JC] 3+<<<






voc Kemhk Geqcpndcnv Hmv /Mh|. 013) `y pcfsming voc nsd`cp ea `s}inc}} |cpdiv} pcxsipcf aep h fi}vpi`svep ea geef} ep |peqifcp ea

}cpqimc} ve mhppy en iv} ̀ s}inc}} hmviqivic}. H||kimhnv} ohqing e`vhincf h

`s}inc}} |cpdiv ve e|cphvc aped enc kemhk hsvoepivy wikk nev `c pcxsipcf

ve e`vhin hnevocp ̀ s}inc}} |cpdiv in hnevocp kemhk hsvoepivy. In

hffivien+ ̀ s}inc}} |cpdiv h||kimhnv} wikk ohqc hn e||epvsnivy ve ckcmv

wocvocp ve h||ky aep h 8$ ep 0$ychp |cpdiv. Voc 0<<1 khw hk}e ckidinhvcf

voc pcxsipcdcnv ve e`vhin h vphfing kimcn}c in hffivien ve voc |cpdiv.

?

Pcgi}vcp wivo voc Nhvienhk ]emihk ]cmspivy Asnf /N]]A)

Voc Nhvienhk ]emihk ]cmspivy Asnf |peqifc} voc cd|keycc wivo h ksd|$

}sd pcvipcdcnv `cncaiv. Oi}vepimhkky+ voc phvc ea pcvspn |hif `y voc }vhvc

i} men}ifcph`ky kc}} vohn vohv hmoicqcf `y |piqhvc }mocdc}+ `sv

|hpvimi|hvien i} dhnfhvepy. Voc cd|keycp |hy} h }vhnfhpf menvpi`svien

ea hèsv 8# ea }hkhpy+ }s`bcmv ve h dhidsd ea JC] 6<< |cp denvo. Ohka

voc menvpi`svien i} fcfsmvi`kc aped voc cd|keycc’} }hkhpy. Voc |pcmi}c

hdesnv ea voc menvpi`svien /wocpc kc}} vohn voc dhidsd) i}

fcvcpdincf ̀ y pcacpcnmc ve }hkhpy ̀ hnf}.

8 fhy ne mohpgc

9

Pcgi}vcp wivo voc Nhvienhk Oe}|ivhk In}sphnmc Asnf /NOIA)

Voc cd|keycc menvpi`svc} h aicf }sd ve voc Nhvienhk Oe}|ivhk

In}sphnmc Asnf /NOIA)+ woimo ds}v `c fcfsmvcf `y voc cd|keycp aped

voc cd|keycc}’ }hkhpy. Voc dhidsd menvpi`svien i} JC] =0< |cp

denvo. Voc menvpi`svien} hpc s}cf ve eaa}cv voc me}v} ea dcfimhk

vpchvdcnv+ `sv vocy enky meqcp h aphmvien ea hmvshk me}v}. Ocnmc+ de}v

med|hnic} |peqifc cd|keycc} wivo dcfimhk in}sphnmc.

8 fhy ne mohpgc

8<

Pcgi}vcp aep \HYC8 fhy ne mohpgc

88

Dhjc h med|hny }chk havcp h mcpviaimhvc ea inmep|ephvien oh} `ccn

i}}scf

}chk} hpc dhfc `y |piqhvc cnvivic} woe pcxsipc }igov ea h me|y ea voc

mcpviaimhvc ea inmep|ephvien

0 fhy}`cvwccn JC] 0+3<<

hnf JC] =+3<<

Vhjc} |khmc }idskvhnces}ky wivo hnevocp |pemcfspc.





FCHKING WIVO MEN]VPSMVIEN \CPDIV]

Pcgskhvien ea men}vpsmvien i} mpivimhk ve |pevcmv voc

|s`kim. @sv iv nccf} ve `c caaimicnv+ ve hqeif

cmc}}iqc men}vphinv} en h }cmvep vohv |khy} hn

id|epvhnv |hpv in cqcpy cmenedy. Wocpc med|kying

wivo `sikfing pcgskhvien} i} cmc}}iqcky me}vky in

vidc hnf dency+ dhny `sikfcp} e|v esv. Vocy dhy

|hy `pi`c} ve |h}} in}|cmvien} ep }id|ky `sikf

ikkcghkky+ kchfing ve ohrhpfes} men}vpsmvien vohv

|sv} |s`kim }hacvy hv pi}j. Wocpc med|kihnmc i}

}id|kc+ }vphigovaepwhpf hnf inc|cn}iqc+ cqcpyenc

i} `cvvcp eaa.


Feing @s}inc}} pcmepf} voc |pemcfspc}+ vidc hnf

me}v aep h `s}inc}} ve e`vhin hkk voc ncmc}}hpy

h||peqhk} ve `sikf h }id|kc meddcpmihk whpcoes}c

in voc cmenedy’} khpgc}v `s}inc}} mivy+ menncmv iv ve

`h}im svikivic} hnf pcgi}vcp voc |pe|cpvy }e vohv iv

mhn `c s}cf h} mekkhvcphk ep vphn}acppcf ve hnevocp

cnvivy.

Voc phnjing en voc ch}c ea fchking wivo

men}vpsmvien |cpdiv} i} voc }id|kc hqcphgc ea voc

|cpmcnvikc phnjing} en iv} med|encnv infimhvep}2|pemcfspc}+ vidc hnf me}v.



`s}inc}} hnf voc whpcoes}c+ inmksfing voc svikivy

menncmvien}.

Voc ̀ s}inc}}2

I} h kidivcf kihìkivy med|hny e|cphving in

voc men}vpsmvien `s}inc}} hnf kemhvcf in

voc khpgc}v `s}inc}} mivy.

I} fedc}vimhkky ewncf hnf e|cphvcf.

Oh} 1< `sikfcp} hnf evocp cd|keycc}.

Voc whpcoes}c2

I} h ncw men}vpsmvien /vocpc wh} ne

|pcqies} men}vpsmvien en voc khnf).

Oh} med|kcvc hpmoivcmvsphk hnf vcmonimhk

|khn} |pc|hpcf ̀ y h kimcn}cf hpmoivcmv.

WOHV VOC FCHKING WIVO MEN]VPSMVIEN

\CPDIV] INFIMHVEP] DCH]SPC

\pemcfspc} ve kcghkky `sikf h whpcoes}c

/nsd`cp)

]s`divving hkk pckcqhnv femsdcnv} hnfe`vhining hkk ncmc}}hpy mkchphnmc}+ kimcn}c}+|cpdiv} hnf mcpviaimhvc}

Med|kcving hkk pcxsipcf neviaimhvien} hnf

pcmciqing hkk ncmc}}hpy in}|cmvien}E`vhining svikivy menncmvien} aep whvcp+}cwcphgc hnf h aicf vckc|oenc kinc

Pcgi}vcping voc whpcoes}c havcp iv}med|kcvien /ia pcxsipcf aep s}c h} mekkhvcphk epaep vphn}acp ea voc whpcoes}c)


/mhkcnfhp fhy})

Fec} nev inmksfc vidc }|cnv ghvocpinginaepdhvien


\pemcfspc med|kcvcf enmc ainhk femsdcnv i}pcmciqcf


Me}v pcxsipcf ve med|kcvc chmo |pemcfspc /#

ea inmedc |cp mh|ivh)


Wikk `c menncmvcf ve whvcp+ }cwcphgc

/}cwhgc }y}vcd+ }c|vim vhnj ep vocip

cxsiqhkcnv) hnf h aicf vckc|oenc kinc. Voc

menncmvien ve chmo svikivy ncvwepj wikk `c 8<dcvcp} /=0 accv+ 8< inmoc}) keng.

Wikk `c s}cf aep gcncphk }vephgc+ }smo h} ea

èej} ep }vhviencpy /nev aep geef} pcxsiping

}|cmihk menfivien}).

Wikk vhjc =< wccj} ve men}vpsmv /cmksfing hkk

fckhy} fsc ve hfdini}vphviqc hnf pcgskhvepy

pcxsipcdcnv}).






Wohv fec} iv vhjc ve med|ky wivo voc aepdhkivic} ve

`sikf h whpcoes}c in Jcnyh5 Hmmepfing ve fhvh

mekkcmvcf `y Feing @s}inc}}+ fchking wivo men}vpsmvien

|cpdiv} vocpc pcxsipc} ? |pemcfspc}+ vhjc} 803 fhy}

hnf me}v} 81<.9# ea inmedc |cp mh|ivh /aigspc =.8).

Aigspc =.8 Wohv iv vhjc} ve med|ky wivo aepdhkivic} ve `sikf h whpcoes}c in Jcnyh

Nevc2 Aep fcvhik} en voc |pemcfspc} pcakcmvcf ocpc+ }cc voc }sddhpy hv voc cnf ea voi} moh|vcp.






Gke`hkky+ Jcnyh }vhnf} hv =7 in voc phnjing ea 8?=cmenedic} en voc ch}c ea fchking wivo men}vpsmvien

|cpdiv} /aigspc =.0). Voc phnjing} aep med|hphvep

cmenedic} hnf voc pcgienhk hqcphgc phnjing |peqifcevocp s}cask inaepdhvien aep h}}c}}ing oew ch}y iv i} aep

hn cnvpc|pcncsp in Jcnyh ve kcghkky `sikf h whpcoes}c.

Aigspc =.0 Oew Jcnyh hnf med|hphvep cmenedic} phnj en voc ch}c ea fchking wivo men}vpsmvien |cpdiv}








ch}y /ep fiaaimskv) iv i} ve fchk wivo men}vpsmvien |cpdiv}

in Jcnyh vefhy+ fhvh eqcp vidc }oew woimo h}|cmv} ea

voc |pemc}} ohqc mohngcf‖hnf woimo ohqc nev /vh`kc

=.8). Vohv mhn ock| ifcnviay wocpc voc |evcnvihk aep


Vh`kc =.8 Voc ch}c ea fchking wivo men}vpsmvien |cpdiv} in Jcnyh eqcp vidc


Infimhvep F@0<<1 F@0<<7 F@0<<? F@0<<9 F@0<8< F@0<88 F@0<80

Phnj .. .. .. .. .. =? =7

\pemcfspc} /nsd`cp) 7 7 7 7 ? ? ?

Vidc /fhy}) 81= 81= 8=< 8<3 803 803 803


mh|ivh) 13.3 18.1 36.< 60.3 83?.6 816.6 81<.9


voc dcvoefekegy. Aep depc inaepdhvien en ‛ne |phmvimc— dhpj}+ }cc voc fhvh nevc} aep fcvhik}.







pcgienhkky ep gke`hkky en voc |pemcfspc}+ vidc ep me}v

pcxsipcf ve fchk wivo men}vpsmvien |cpdiv} /aigspc =.=).

Voc}c cmenedic} dhy |peqifc h defck aep Jcnyh en

why} ve id|peqc voc ch}c ea fchking wivo men}vpsmvien|cpdiv}. Hnf mohngc} in pcgienhk hqcphgc} mhn }oew

wocpc Jcnyh i} jcc|ing s|‖hnf wocpc iv i} ahkking

`coinf.

Aigspc =.= Oh} fchking wivo men}vpsmvien |cpdiv} `cmedc ch}icp eqcp vidc5

\pemcfspc} /nsd`cp)

Vidc /fhy})





Me}v /# ea inmedc |cp mh|ivh)



infimhvep. In mh}c} wocpc ne fhvh hpc fi}|khycf hèqc aep voc cmenedy+ voi} infimhvc} vohv voc cmenedy oh} pcmciqcf h

‛ne |phmvimc— dhpj: }cc voc fhvh nevc} aep fcvhik}. ]espmc2 Feing @s}inc}} fhvh`h}c.



=< Jcnyh Feing @s}inc}} 0<80


]dhpv pcgskhvien cn}spc} vohv }vhnfhpf} hpc dcv woikcdhjing med|kihnmc ch}y hnf hmmc}}i`kc ve hkk.

Meocpcnv hnf vphn}|hpcnv pskc}+ caaimicnv |pemc}}c} hnf

hfcxshvc hkkemhvien ea pc}espmc} hpc c}|cmihkky

id|epvhnv in }cmvep} wocpc }hacvy i} hv }vhjc.

Men}vpsmvien i} enc ea vocd. In hn caaepv ve cn}spc

`sikfing }hacvy woikc jcc|ing med|kihnmc me}v}pch}enh`kc+ geqcpndcnv} hpesnf voc wepkf ohqc

wepjcf en men}ekifhving |cpdivving pcxsipcdcnv}.

Wohv men}vpsmvien |cpdivving pcaepd} oh} Feing

@s}inc}} pcmepfcf in Jcnyh /vh`kc =.0)5

Vh`kc =.0 Oew oh} Jcnyh dhfc fchking wivo men}vpsmvien |cpdiv} ch}icp‖ep nev5


F@ Ychp Pcaepd

F@0<80Ne pcaepd.

F@0<88Ne pcaepd.

F@0<8< Voc me}v ea gcvving men}vpsmvien |cpdiv} wh} inmpch}cf.

F@0<<9Ne pcaepd.






=8 Jcnyh Feing @s}inc}} 0<80



Voc infimhvep} pc|epvcf ocpc aep Jcnyh hpc `h}cf

en h }cv ea }|cmiaim |pemcfspc}‖voc }vc|} vohv h

med|hny ds}v med|kcvc ve kcghkky `sikf h

whpcoes}c‖ifcnviaicf `y Feing @s}inc}} vopesgo

inaepdhvien mekkcmvcf aped c|cpv} in men}vpsmvien

kimcn}ing+ inmksfing hpmoivcmv}+ men}vpsmvien

khwycp}+ men}vpsmvien aipd}+ svikivy }cpqimc |peqifcp}

hnf |s`kim eaaimihk} woe fchk wivo `sikfing

pcgskhvien}. Voc}c |pemcfspc} hpc voe}c vohv h||ky

ve h med|hny hnf }vpsmvspc dhvmoing voc }vhnfhpf

h}}sd|vien} s}cf `y Feing @s}inc}} in mekkcmving

voc fhvh /}cc voc }cmvien in voi} moh|vcp en wohv

voc infimhvep} meqcp).

@SIKFING H WHPCOES]C

Mivy 2 Nhipeì

C}vidhvcf

Whpcoes}c Qhksc 2JC] =0+3<<+<<<

Voc |pemcfspc}+ hkeng wivo voc h}}emihvcf vidc hnf

me}v+ hpc }sddhpircf `ckew.

]sddhpy ea |pemcfspc} aep fchking wivo men}vpsmvien |cpdiv} in Jcnyh ‖hnf voc vidc hnf

me}v



8

]s`div hpmoivcmvsphk |khn aep h||peqhk hnf e`vhin |peqi}ienhk

`sikfing |cpdiv

@sikfMe weskf h||pehmo voc Mivy Fcqcke|dcnv Fc|hpvdcnv+ ea MivyMesnmik ea Nhipeì /MMN) ve gcv iv} hpmoivcmvsphk |khn} h||peqcf aip}v.

@caepc }s`divving voc h||kimhvien+ @sikfMe nccf} ve dhjc |hydcnv ea

pckcqhnv acc}. Enmc |hydcnv i} dhfc+ @sikfMe }s`div} voc pcmci|v ve

voc Mivy Fcqcke|dcnv Fc|hpvdcnv. Voc h||kimhvien ds}v menvhin voc

hpmoivcmvsphk fphwing} hnf |khn}+ khnf vivkc+ me|y ea dhin hpmoivcmv’}

kimcn}c. Voc h||kimhvien vocn gcv} aepwhpfcf ve qhpies} fc|hpvdcnv}2

\oy}imhk \khnning+ Pehf Fc|hpvdcnv+ \s`kim Ochkvo+ Aipc Fc|hpvdcnv+

Whvcp Hsvoepivy+ hnf Ckcmvpimivy Hsvoepivy. Chmo fc|hpvdcnv vhjc} hv

kch}v enc wccj ve mkchp voc pc}|cmviqc }cmvien ea voc |khn}+ hnf gphnv}

}c|hphvc |cpdiv} aep voc |ksdìng+ }cwcphgc+ hnf ckcmvpimhk hmviqivic}

vohv @sikfMe wikk `c inqekqcf in fsping voc men}vpsmvien ea voc

whpcoes}c. Vocpchavcp+ voc h||kimhvien i} aepwhpfcf aep h||peqhk ve

Vcmonimhk Meddivvcc vohv menqcnc} vwimc h wccj hnf i}}sc} voch||peqhk}. H} h pc}skv ea voc h||peqhk ea hpmoivcmvsphk fphwing} @sikfMe

wikk pcmciqc voc ̀ sikfing |cpdiv. @sikfing |cpdiv i} gphnvcf enky

|peqi}ienhkky+ snvik voc }vpsmvsphk }cgdcnv i} h||peqcf.

Havcp vohv voc `sikfing |cpdiv i} e`vhincf @sikfMe nccf} ve }s`div iv}

}vpsmvsphk |pebcmv }c|hphvcky.

]inmc 0<<1+ MMN oh} `ccn pcaepding snfcp Ph|if Pc}skv} Inivihviqc

/PPI)+ vpying ve pcfsmc voc nsd`cp ea fhy} hnf ckidinhvc voc

èvvkcncmj}. ]inmc 0<<? voc hpmoivcmvsphk |pebcmv h||peqhk} i} fenc `y

Vcmonimhk Meddivvcc vohv menqcnc} vwimc h wccj hnf i}}sc} voc

h||peqhk}. \pcqies}ky+ voc h||peqing ̀ efy wh} Mivy Mesnmik iv}cka.

Oewcqcp+ fsc ve iv} `s}y }mocfskc hnf `hmjkeg+ iv wh} fcmifcf ve

vphn}acp voc pc}|en}iìkivy aped voc Mivy Mesnmik ve voc Vcmonimhk

=< fhy} JC] 16+=<=






Meddivvcc. @cmhs}c ea qhpies} pcaepd} iv vhjc} en hqcphgc =< fhy} vee`vhin voi} |hpv ea h||peqhk h} e||e}cf ve 3< fhy} `caepc. Oewcqcp+

h||peqhk vidc qhpic} ̀ cmhs}c iv fc|cnf} en voc fikigcnmc ea voc

hpmoivcmv.

H} ea Neqcd`cp 0<<?+ emms|hnmy mcpviaimhvc acc ds}v `c |hif hv voi}

}vhgc.

Hmmepfing ve s|fhvcf acc }mocfskc ea Mivy Mesnmik ea Nhipeì+ h} ea =8

Emve`cp 0<<9 in voc Jcnyh Ghrcvvc+ voc aekkewing mohngc} hpc

invpefsmcf2

$ fc}ign in}|cmvien acc aip}v 9=< d0 i} JC] 80+?3< * aep cqcpy 9=d0

hèqc epiginhk 9=< d0 i} JC] 8+3<< 6 4 JC] 1+<<<. Vevhk JC] 8?+?3<

aep 8=<<.1 }xd$ men}vpsmvien }ign èhpf acc JC] 83+<<<.

$ h||kimhvien acc ”JC] 0+<<<.

$ inaph}vpsmvspc fcqcke|dcnv kcqy acc $ woimo i} <+3# ea c}vidhvcf

fcqcke|dcnv me}v ea `sikfing. Hmmepfing ve MMN dcvoefekegy msppcnv

`sikfing me}v aep whpcoes}c} in Mcnvphk Pcgien /Nhipeì) i} JC] 08+<<<

}x.d. /cmksfing QHV). Vevhk i} JC] 07=80+1<<<.<3#4JC] 8=+131.=

$ emms|hnmy acc aep whpcoes}c $9=< }xd $ JC]86+<<< hnf aep

hffivienhk 9= }xd iv} JC] 0<<. Vevhk JC] 86+791.9

Vevhk2 JC] 16+=<=.0

0

]s`div hnf e`vhin }vpsmvsphk |khn h||peqhk hnf ainhk `sikfing

|cpdiv

Enmc voc hpmoivcmvsphk |khn} hnf fphwing} hpc h||peqcf hnf meddcnv}

hnf mohngc} wcpc dhfc+ @sikfMe oh} ve inmep|ephvc vocd inve voc

}vpsmvsphk |khn} hnf pc$}s`div voc h||kimhvien ve MMN aep h||peqhk. Voi}

i} fenc h} medden |phmvimc aep }s`divving ̀ evo |khn} vegcvocp i}

id|e}}i`kc. Enc evocp pch}en woy voc}c vwe }vc|} oh||cn }c|hphvcky i}

`cmhs}c voc hpmoivcmvsphk fphwing} hnf |khn} hpc mocmjcf ̀ y ]vpsmvsphk

Fc|hpvdcnv hv }vhgc wocn }vpsmvsphk |khn} hpc h||peqcf. Men}vpsmvien

wepj} ̀ cgin enky havcp voi} h||peqhk.

]inmc ̀ cginning voi} ychp fsc ve PPI |pegphddc hnf invcpnhk |pemc}}

ea }id|kiaimhvien in voc MMN iv vhjc} new 8< fhy} ve e`vhin voc

}vpsmvsphk h||peqhk med|hpcf ve |pcqies} 03 fhy}.

Voc med|hny ds}v ohqc voc aekkewing ivcd} h||peqcf2 |pebcmv |khn}+

hpmoivcmvsphk fphwing}+ kemhvien }spqcy ea |pe|cpvy femsdcnv} hnf

evocp}.

Hmmepfing ve s|fhvcf acc }mocfskc+ h} ea Emve`cp =8+ 0<<?+ voc

}vpsmvsphk |khn h||peqhk acc i} mhkmskhvcf h} aekkew}2 9=< }x.d.$ JC]

86+<<<+ hnf aep chmo hffivienhk 9= }x.d.$ JC] 0<<. Vevhk2 JC] 7+673.3

8< fhy} JC] 7+671

=

E`vhin h||peqhk aped Nhvienhk Cnqipendcnvhk Hsvoepivy

Aekkewing voc cnhmvdcnv ea ncw Cnqipendcnvhk Dhnhgcdcnv hnf Me$

epfinhvien Hmv en 07 Ac`pshpy 0<<9+ med|hnic} new ohqc ve e`vhinh||peqhk ea |pebcmv aped Nhvienhk Cnqipendcnv Dhnhgcdcnv Hsvoepivy.

=< fhy} JC] 81+03<



== Jcnyh Feing @s}inc}} 0<80



\pebcmv} ea hkk pi}j mhvcgepic} hpc }s`bcmv ve h||peqhk hnf cnqipendcnvhkid|hmv h}}c}}dcnv /CIH)+ inmksfing voc @sikfMe whpcoes}c. Iv weskf

vhjc =< fhy}. Voc me}v i} }cv hv <.<3# ea whpcoes}c qhksc /JC]

=0+3<<+<<<). \piep ve 88 Ac`pshpy 0<<9+ voc acc phvc wh} <.8# ea

whpcoes}c qhksc.

Voc pcgskhvien pcghpfing cnqipendcnvhk id|hmv h}}c}}dcnv h||peqhk

aep Jcnyh oh} `ccn in |khmc }inmc 8999. Oewcqcp+ in pcmcnv ychp} NCDH

}vhpvcf cnaepming voc pskc} depc qigepes}ky. NCDH menfsmv} |cpiefim

in}|cmvien} fsping voc men}vpsmvien. Ia ncw |pebcmv} hv voc dedcnv ea

in}|cmvien fe nev ohqc hn cnqipendcnvhk id|hmv h}}c}}dcnv vocy dhy

epfcp voc |pebcmv ̀ c mke}cf hnf cpcmvcf e`bcmv} fcdeki}ocf. Vocpcaepc+

men}vpsmvien med|hnic} hpc new e`vhining voc cnqipendcnvhk h||peqhk

`caepc voc ̀ sikfing i} med|kcvcf. Hkvoesgo+ voc kcgi}khvien i} nev mkchpen wohv mhvcgepic} ea ̀ sikfing voi} pcgskhvien weskf h||ky.

6

Pcxsc}v hnf pcmciqc en$}ivc in}|cmvien ̀ y voc dsnimi|hk hsvoepivy

havcp men}vpsmvien

@sikfMe ds}v inaepd voc dsnimi|hkivy vohv voc `sikfing oh} `ccn

med|kcvcf in epfcp ve }vhpv voc in}|cmvien}.

3 fhy} JC] 8<<

3

E`vhin emms|hnmy mcpviaimhvc

Enmc voc men}vpsmvien i} med|kcvcf hnf in}|cmvcf+ @sikfMe }s`div} hn

h||kimhvien aep hn emms|hnmy mcpviaimhvc. Voc emms|hnmy mcpviaimhvc i}

giqcn wocn voc Mivy Mesnmik fccd} voc `sikfing i} in med|kihnmc wivovoc h||peqcf hpmoivcmvsphk fphwing}.

86 fhy} ne mohpgc

1

H||ky aep whvcp hnf }cwcphgc menncmvien8 fhy JC] 8+8<<

7

\hy whvcp hnf }cwcphgc in}vhkkhvien me}v} hnf e`vhin menncmvien

Voc h||kimhnv i} pcxsipcf ve }s`div hn "h||kimhvien aep whvcp hnf

}cwcphgc }s||ky aepd" e`vhincf aped voc Nhipeì Mivy Whvcp hnf

]cwcphgc Med|hny. Vocpchavcp+ voc h||kimhnv i} pcxsipcf ve |hy JC]

8+8<< aep h }spqcy hnf c}vidhvc} acc} hnf hvvhmo voc pcmci|v ea |hydcnv

ve voc h||kimhvien aepd. Voc h||kimhnv i} hk}e pcxsipcf ve hvvhmo voc

med|hny'} mcpviaimhvc ea pcgi}vphvien hnf iv} \IN nsd`cp. Voc Nhipeì

Whvcp Med|hny dhy h||peqc voc h||kimhvien havcp hkk voc}c femsdcnv}

ohqc ̀ ccn }s`divvcf. Havcp h||peqhk+ h||kimhnv i} pcxsipcf ve |hy JC]

1+<<<. Voc h||kimhnv i} pc}|en}i`kc aep |hydcnv ea hkk whvcp+ dcvcp pcnv+

}cwcp+ men}cpqhnmy+ hnf pcas}c mekkcmvien mohpgc}. Voc |pemc}} s}shkky

vhjc} h denvo.

=< fhy} JC] 1+<<<

?

H||ky hnf |hy aep vckc|oenc menncmvien

Vckjed Jcnyh hnf @ckk Wc}vcpn Vckcmeddsnimhvien Kvf hpc voc

khsvoepi}cf aicf vcke|oenc e|cphviep}. Voc khvvcp i} in mohpgc ea psphk

vckcmeddsnimhvien

e|cphvien}.

3 fhy} JC] 0+=<<






GCVVING CKCMVPIMIVY

Hmmc}} ve pckih`kc hnf haaepfh`kc ckcmvpimivy i} qivhk

aep `s}inc}}c}. Ve mesnvcp wchj ckcmvpimivy }s||ky+

dhny aipd} in fcqcke|ing cmenedic} ohqc ve pcky

en }cka$}s||ky+ eavcn hv h |peoiìviqcky oigo me}v.

Wocvocp ckcmvpimivy i} pckih`ky hqhikh`kc ep nev+ voc

aip}v }vc| aep h ms}vedcp i} hkwhy} ve ghin hmmc}} `y

e`vhining h menncmvien.


Feing @s}inc}} pcmepf} hkk |pemcfspc} pcxsipcf aep

h kemhk `s}inc}} ve e`vhin h |cpdhncnv ckcmvpimivymenncmvien hnf }s||ky aep h }vhnfhpfircf

whpcoes}c+ h} wckk h} voc vidc hnf me}v ve

med|kcvc vocd. Voc}c |pemcfspc} inmksfc

h||kimhvien} hnf menvphmv} wivo ckcmvpimivy svikivic}+

mkchphnmc} aped evocp hgcnmic} hnf voc cvcpnhk

hnf ainhk menncmvien wepj}. Voc phnjing en voc

ch}c ea gcvving ckcmvpimivy i} voc }id|kc hqcphgc ea

voc |cpmcnvikc phnjing} en iv} med|encnv

infimhvep}2 |pemcfspc}+ vidc hnf me}v. Ve dhjc voc

fhvh med|hph`kc hmpe}} cmenedic}+ }cqcphk

h}}sd|vien} hpc s}cf.

Voc whpcoes}c2

I} kemhvcf in voc cmenedy’} khpgc}v

`s}inc}} mivy+ in hn hpch wocpc evocp

whpcoes}c} hpc kemhvcf.

I} nev in h }|cmihk cmenedim renc wocpc

voc menncmvien weskf `c ckigi`kc aep

}s`}ifirhvien ep ah}vcp }cpqimc.

Oh} pehf hmmc}}. Voc menncmvien wepj}

inqekqc voc mpe}}ing ea h pehf ep pehf} `sv

hpc mhppicf esv en |s`kim khnf.

I} h ncw men}vpsmvien `cing menncmvcf ve

ckcmvpimivy aep voc aip}v vidc.

Oh} 0 }vepic}+ èvo hèqc gpesnf+ wivo h

vevhk }spahmc ea hèsv 8+=<<.1 }xshpc

dcvcp} /86+<<< }xshpc accv)+ hnf i} `sikv en

h |kev ea 909 }xshpc dcvcp} /8<+<<< }xshpc

accv).

Voc ckcmvpimivy menncmvien2

I} h =$|oh}c+ 6$wipc Y+ 86<$jikeqekv$hd|cpc

/jQH) /}s`}mpi`cf mh|hmivy) menncmvien.

WOHV VOC GCVVING CKCMVPIMIVY

INFIMHVEP] DCH]SPC

\pemcfspc} ve e`vhin hn ckcmvpimivy

menncmvien /nsd`cp)

]s`divving hkk pckcqhnv femsdcnv} hnf

e`vhining hkk ncmc}}hpy mkchphnmc} hnf |cpdiv}

Med|kcving hkk pcxsipcf neviaimhvien} hnf

pcmciqing hkk ncmc}}hpy in}|cmvien}

E`vhining cvcpnhk in}vhkkhvien wepj} hnf

|e}}i`ky |spmoh}ing dhvcpihk aep voc}c wepj}

Menmksfing hny ncmc}}hpy }s||ky menvphmv hnf

e`vhining ainhk }s||ky


/mhkcnfhp fhy})

I} hv kch}v 8 mhkcnfhp fhy



Pcakcmv} voc vidc }|cnv in |phmvimc+ wivo kivvkc

aekkew$s| hnf ne |piep menvhmv wivo eaaimihk}


/# ea inmedc |cp mh|ivh)


Cmksfc} qhksc hffcf vh

I} 83< dcvcp} keng.

I} ve civocp voc kew$qekvhgc ep voc dcfisd$

qekvhgc fi}vpi`svien ncvwepj hnf civocp eqcpochf

ep snfcpgpesnf+ woimocqcp i} depc medden in

voc cmenedy hnf in voc hpch wocpc voc

whpcoes}c i} kemhvcf. Voc kcngvo ea hny

menncmvien in voc ms}vedcp’} |piqhvc fedhin i}

ncgkigi`kc.

Inqekqc} in}vhkking enc ckcmvpimivy dcvcp. Voc

denvoky ckcmvpimivy men}sd|vien wikk `c <.<7

gighwhvv$oesp /GWo). Voc invcpnhk ckcmvpimhk

wiping oh} ̀ ccn med|kcvcf.




GCVVING CKCMVPIMIVY


Wohv fec} iv vhjc ve e`vhin h ncw ckcmvpimivy

menncmvien in Jcnyh5 Hmmepfing ve fhvh mekkcmvcf `y

Feing @s}inc}}+ gcvving ckcmvpimivy vocpc pcxsipc} 6

|pemcfspc}+ vhjc} 81= fhy} hnf me}v} 8689.0# ea

inmedc |cp mh|ivh /aigspc 6.8).

Aigspc 6.8 Wohv iv vhjc} ve e`vhin hn ckcmvpimivy menncmvien in Jcnyh






GCVVING CKCMVPIMIVY

Gke`hkky+ Jcnyh }vhnf} hv 883 in voc phnjing ea 8?=cmenedic} en voc ch}c ea gcvving ckcmvpimivy /aigspc


pcgienhk hqcphgc phnjing |peqifc hnevocp |cp}|cmviqcin h}}c}}ing oew ch}y iv i} aep hn cnvpc|pcncsp in Jcnyh

ve menncmv h whpcoes}c ve ckcmvpimivy.

Aigspc 6.0 Oew Jcnyh hnf med|hphvep cmenedic} phnj en voc ch}c ea gcvving ckcmvpimivy





GCVVING CKCMVPIMIVY

Cqcn depc ock|ask vohn phnjing} aep evocp cmenedic}dhy `c voc infimhvep} snfcpkying voe}c phnjing} /vh`kc

6.8). Ia e`vhining h ncw ckcmvpimivy menncmvien pcxsipc}

acwcp |pemcfspc}+ kc}} vidc ep kc}} me}v in evocp

cmenedic}+ voc |phmvimc} ea vocip svikivic} dhy |peqifc hdefck aep Jcnyh en why} ve id|peqc voc ch}c ea

gcvving ckcmvpimivy. Pcgienhk hnf gke`hk hqcphgc} en

voc}c infimhvep} dhy |peqifc s}cask ̀ cnmodhpj}.

Vh`kc 6.8 Voc ch}c ea gcvving ckcmvpimivy in Jcnyh hnf med|hphvep cmenedic}

Infimhvep J c n y h

@ e

v } w h n h

D h s p i v i s }

N

h d i ` i h

P

w h n f h

V h

n r h n i h

S

g h n f h

] s `

$ ] h o h p h n

H a p i m

h h q c p h g c

G k e ` h k h q c p h g c

Phnj 883 98 66 8<3 3< 7? 809 800 ..

\pemcfspc} /nsd`cp) 6 3 6 7 6 6 3 3 3

Vidc /fhy}) 81= 808 98 33 =< 8<9 98 8=7 888


mh|ivh) 8689.0 6<?.9 =0?.3 303.? 6191.? 8<6<.3 38=<.8 3+609.? 8+960.=




=? Jcnyh Feing @s}inc}} 0<80

GCVVING CKCMVPIMIVY


Voc infimhvep} pc|epvcf ocpc aep Jcnyh hpc `h}cf en h

}cv ea }|cmiaim |pemcfspc}‖voc }vc|} vohv hn

cnvpc|pcncsp ds}v med|kcvc ve gcv h whpcoes}c

menncmvcf ve ckcmvpimivy `y voc kemhk fi}vpi`svien

svikivy‖ifcnviaicf `y Feing @s}inc}}. Fhvh hpc mekkcmvcf

aped voc fi}vpi`svien svikivy+ vocn med|kcvcf hnf

qcpiaicf `y ckcmvpimivy pcgskhvepy hgcnmic} hnf

infc|cnfcnv |peac}}ienhk} }smo h} ckcmvpimhk cnginccp}+

ckcmvpimhk menvphmvep} hnf men}vpsmvien med|hnic}. Voc

ckcmvpimivy fi}vpi`svien svikivy }spqcycf i} voc enc}cpqing voc hpch /ep hpch}) in woimo whpcoes}c} hpc

kemhvcf. Ia vocpc i} h moeimc ea fi}vpi`svien svikivic}+ voc

enc }cpqing voc khpgc}v nsd`cp ea ms}vedcp} i}

}ckcmvcf.

E@VHINING HN CKCMVPIMIVY MENNCMVIEN

Mivy2 Nhipeì

Nhdc ea Svikivy2 Jcnyh \ewcp hnf Kigoving

Me. Kvf

Voc |pemcfspc} hpc voe}c vohv h||ky ve h whpcoes}c

hnf ckcmvpimivy menncmvien dhvmoing voc }vhnfhpf

h}}sd|vien} s}cf `y Feing @s}inc}} in mekkcmving vocfhvh /}cc voc }cmvien in voi} moh|vcp en wohv voc

infimhvep} meqcp). Voc |pemcfspc}+ hkeng wivo voc

h}}emihvcf vidc hnf me}v+ hpc }sddhpircf `ckew.

]sddhpy ea |pemcfspc} aep gcvving ckcmvpimivy in Jcnyh‖hnf voc vidc hnf me}v



8

]s`div h||kimhvien ve Jcnyh \ewcp hnf Kigoving Med|hny Kvf

/J\KM) hnf hwhiv }ivc in}|cmvien

Voc mkicnv }s`div} voc aekkewing femsdcnv}2

† Cnxsipy aep }s||ky ea ckcmvpimivy aepd ”Mekkcmvcf aped J\KM hnf fsky

aikkcf esv

† Me|y ea Mcpviaimhvc ea pcgi}vphvien

† Me|y ea \IN Mcpviaimhvc

† ]jcvmo Dh| ve voc \pcdi}c}

J\KM menfsmv} cvcpnhk }ivc in}|cmvien fsping voi} |cpief hnf giqc}

pcmeddcnfhvien} ia mkicnv oh} nev dcv }vhnfhpf pcxsipcdcnv} ep |pimc

c}vidhvc%xsevc ia hkk }vhnfhpf} hpc dcv hnf |pemcfspc} aep }cv$s| mhn

|pemccf. Fsping voi} in}|cmvien |cpief J\KM keej} hv }edc jcy h}|cmv}

vohv hk}e fcvcpdinc voc |pimc c}vidhvc vohv voc mkicnv wikk pcmciqc.

† Hdesnv ea |ewcp pcxsipcf aep voc `sikfing.

† Ci}ving inaph}vpsmvspc /\ekc} hnf vphn}aepdcp}) hnf vocip |peidivy ve

voc |pcdi}c}. Iv i} id|epvhnv ve nevc vohv ia voc |pcdi}c i} wivoin 1<<d ea

ci}ving inaph}vpsmvspc+ voi} men}ifcph`ky kewcp} voc me}v.

† Why kchqc} mkchphnmc ”\hvowhy} aep khying fewn inaph}vpsmvspc hnf hny

|cpdiv} ep neviaimhvien} nccfcf ve ahmikivhvc voi}.

63 mhkcnfhp fhy} ne mohpgc

0

Pcmciqc }ivc qi}iv aped J\KM hnf hwhiv c}vidhvc

J\KM menfsmv} cvcpnhk }ivc in}|cmvien hnf giqc} pcmeddcnfhvien} ia

mkicnv oh} nev dcv }vhnfhpf pcxsipcdcnv} ep |pimc c}vidhvc%xsevc ia hkk

}vhnfhpf} hpc dcv hnf |pemcfspc} aep }cv$s| mhn |pemccf. Fsping voi}

in}|cmvien |cpief J\KM keej} hv }edc jcy h}|cmv} vohv hk}e fcvcpdinc

86 mhkcnfhp fhy} ne mohpgc






voc |pimc c}vidhvc vohv voc mkicnv wikk pcmciqc.

=

Ms}vedcp |hy} c}vidhvc+ }s`div} }s||ky menvphmv hnf mekkcmv} dcvcp

hnf dcvcp nsd`cp aped J\KM

Menncmvien me}v} inmksfc mh|ivhk menvpi`svien mohpgc} aep ncvwepj

pcinaepmcdcnv aep s|ve 8<<< dcvcp}. Ms}vedcp aikk} in ]s||ky Menvphmv

aepd hnf }s`div} ve voc Dcvcp In}vhkkhvien }cmvien vopesgo voc ms}vedcp

}cpqimc fc|hpvdcnv. Ms}vedcp hk}e }s`div} invcpnhk wiping mkchphnmc

mcpviaimhvc aped ckcmvpimihn.

86 mhkcnfhp fhy} JC] ?1<+<<<.<

6

J\KM menfsmv} cvcpnhk menncmvien+ dcvcp in}vhkkhvien hnf

ckcmvpimivy }vhpv} akewing

Cvcpnhk menncmvien wepj} hpc fenc ̀ y Fi}vpi`svien Fc|hpvdcnv+ hnf

woikc pchmoing med|kcvien+ vocy inaepd voc Dcvcp In}vhkkhvien ]cmvien in

Ms}vedcp ]cpqimc Fc|hpvdcnv ve med|kcvc dcvcping. Voi} i} hn invcpnhk

|pemcfspc+ hnf voc ms}vedcp i} nev inqekqcf.

9< mhkcnfhp fhy} ne mohpgc






PCGI]VCPING \PE\CPVY

Cn}sping aepdhk |pe|cpvy pigov} i} asnfhdcnvhk.

Caacmviqc hfdini}vphvien ea khnf i} |hpv ea vohv. Ia

aepdhk |pe|cpvy vphn}acp i} vee me}vky ep

med|kimhvcf+ aepdhk vivkc} digov ge inaepdhk

hghin. Hnf wocpc |pe|cpvy i} inaepdhk ep |eepky

hfdini}vcpcf+ iv oh} kivvkc mohnmc ea `cing

hmmc|vcf h} mekkhvcphk aep kehn}‖kidiving hmmc}} ve

ainhnmc.


Feing @s}inc}} pcmepf} voc askk }cxscnmc ea

|pemcfspc} ncmc}}hpy aep h `s}inc}} ve |spmoh}c|pe|cpvy aped hnevocp `s}inc}} hnf vphn}acp voc

|pe|cpvy vivkc ve voc `sycp’} nhdc. Voc vphn}hmvien

i} men}ifcpcf med|kcvc wocn iv i} e||e}h`kc ve

voipf |hpvic} hnf wocn voc `sycp mhn s}c voc

|pe|cpvy+ s}c iv h} mekkhvcphk aep h `hnj kehn ep

pc}ckk iv. Voc phnjing en voc ch}c ea pcgi}vcping

|pe|cpvy i} voc }id|kc hqcphgc ea voc |cpmcnvikc

phnjing} en iv} med|encnv infimhvep}2 |pemcfspc}+

vidc hnf me}v.


}cqcphk h}}sd|vien} hèsv voc |hpvic} ve vocvphn}hmvien+ voc |pe|cpvy hnf voc |pemcfspc} hpc

s}cf.

Voc |hpvic} /`sycp hnf }ckkcp)2

Hpc kidivcf kihìkivy med|hnic}+ 8<<#

fedc}vimhkky hnf |piqhvcky ewncf.

Hpc kemhvcf in voc |cpisp`hn hpch ea voc

cmenedy’} khpgc}v `s}inc}} mivy.

Ohqc 3< cd|keycc} chmo+ hkk ea woed hpc

nhvienhk}.

\cpaepd gcncphk meddcpmihk hmviqivic}.

Voc |pe|cpvy /askky ewncf `y voc }ckkcp)2

Oh} h qhksc ea 3< vidc} inmedc |cp mh|ivh.

Voc }hkc |pimc cxshk} voc qhksc.

I} pcgi}vcpcf in voc khnf pcgi}vpy ep

mhfh}vpc+ ep èvo+ hnf i} apcc ea vivkc

fi}|svc}.

I} kemhvcf in h |cpisp`hn meddcpmihk renc+

hnf ne pcrening i} pcxsipcf.

WOHV VOC PCGI]VCPING \PE\CPVY

INFIMHVEP] DCH]SPC

\pemcfspc} ve kcghkky vphn}acp vivkc en

iddeqh`kc |pe|cpvy /nsd`cp)

\pcpcgi}vphvien /aep chd|kc+ mocmjing aep kicn}+nevhpiring }hkc} hgpccdcnv+ |hying |pe|cpvyvphn}acp vhc})

Pcgi}vphvien in voc cmenedy’} khpgc}v `s}inc}}mivy

\e}vpcgi}vphvien /aep chd|kc+ aiking vivkc wivovoc dsnimi|hkivy)


/mhkcnfhp fhy})



\pemcfspc med|kcvcf enmc ainhk femsdcnv i}pcmciqcf



/# ea |pe|cpvy qhksc)


Ne qhksc hffcf ep mh|ivhk ghin} vhc} inmksfcf

Oh} ne depvghgc} hvvhmocf hnf oh} `ccn

snfcp voc }hdc ewncp}oi| aep voc |h}v 8<

ychp}.

Men}i}v} ea 337.6 }xshpc dcvcp} /1+<<< }xshpcaccv) ea khnf hnf h 8<$ychp$ekf+ 0$}vepy

whpcoes}c ea 909 }xshpc dcvcp} /8<+<<<

}xshpc accv). Voc whpcoes}c i} in geef

menfivien hnf med|kic} wivo hkk }hacvy

}vhnfhpf}+ ̀ sikfing mefc} hnf kcghk

pcxsipcdcnv}. Voc |pe|cpvy wikk ̀ c vphn}acppcf

in iv} cnvipcvy.






Wohv fec} iv vhjc ve med|kcvc h |pe|cpvy vphn}acp in

Jcnyh5 Hmmepfing ve fhvh mekkcmvcf `y Feing @s}inc}}+

pcgi}vcping |pe|cpvy vocpc pcxsipc} ? |pemcfspc}+ vhjc}

16 fhy} hnf me}v} 6.=# ea voc |pe|cpvy qhksc /aigspc

3.8).

Aigspc 3.8 Wohv iv vhjc} ve pcgi}vcp |pe|cpvy in Jcnyh







Gke`hkky+ Jcnyh }vhnf} hv 8== in voc phnjing ea 8?=cmenedic} en voc ch}c ea pcgi}vcping |pe|cpvy /aigspc


pcgienhk hqcphgc phnjing |peqifc evocp s}caskinaepdhvien aep h}}c}}ing oew ch}y iv i} aep hn

cnvpc|pcncsp in Jcnyh ve vphn}acp |pe|cpvy.

Aigspc 3.0 Oew Jcnyh hnf med|hphvep cmenedic} phnj en voc ch}c ea pcgi}vcping |pe|cpvy








ch}y /ep fiaaimskv) iv i} ve pcgi}vcp |pe|cpvy in Jcnyh





Vh`kc 3.8 Voc ch}c ea pcgi}vcping |pe|cpvy in Jcnyh eqcp vidc


Infimhvep F@0<<3 F@0<<1 F@0<<7 F@0<<? F@0<<9 F@0<8< F@0<88 F@0<80

Phnj .. .. .. .. .. .. 8== 8==

\pemcfspc} /nsd`cp) 7 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Vidc /fhy}) =9 7= 7= 16 16 16 16 16

Me}v /# ea |pe|cpvy

qhksc) 6.< 6.8 6.8 6.0 6.8 6.0 6.0 6.=

Nevc2 n.h. 4 nev h||kimh`kc /voc cmenedy wh} nev inmksfcf in Feing @s}inc}} aep vohv ychp). F@0<80 phnjing} pcakcmv mohngc}

ve voc dcvoefekegy. Aep depc inaepdhvien en ‛ne |phmvimc— dhpj}+ }cc voc fhvh nevc} aep fcvhik}. ]espmc2 Feing @s}inc}} fhvh`h}c.






pcgienhkky ep gke`hkky en voc |pemcfspc}+ vidc ep me}v

pcxsipcf ve med|kcvc h |pe|cpvy vphn}acp /aigspc 3.=).

Voc}c cmenedic} dhy |peqifc h defck aep Jcnyh enwhy} ve id|peqc voc ch}c ea pcgi}vcping |pe|cpvy. Hnf

mohngc} in pcgienhk hqcphgc} mhn }oew wocpc Jcnyh i}

jcc|ing s|‖hnf wocpc iv i} ahkking `coinf.

Aigspc 3.= Oh} pcgi}vcping |pe|cpvy `cmedc ch}icp eqcp vidc5

\pemcfspc} /nsd`cp)

Vidc /fhy})





Me}v /# ea |pe|cpvy qhksc)



infimhvep. In mh}c} wocpc ne fhvh hpc fi}|khycf hèqc aep voc cmenedy+ voi} infimhvc} vohv voc cmenedy oh} pcmciqcf h

‛ne |phmvimc— dhpj: }cc voc fhvh nevc} aep fcvhik}. ]espmc2 Feing @s}inc}} fhvh`h}c.





Cmenedic} wepkfwifc ohqc `ccn dhjing iv ch}icp aepcnvpc|pcncsp} ve pcgi}vcp hnf vphn}acp |pe|cpvy‖}smo

h} `y med|svcpiring khnf pcgi}vpic}+ invpefsming vidc

kidiv} aep |pemcfspc} hnf }cvving kew aicf acc}. Dhny

ohqc msv voc vidc pcxsipcf }s`}vhnvihkky‖cnh`king`sycp} ve s}c ep depvghgc vocip |pe|cpvy chpkicp. Wohv

|pe|cpvy pcgi}vphvien pcaepd} oh} Feing @s}inc}}

pcmepfcf in Jcnyh /vh`kc 3.0)5

Vh`kc 3.0 Oew oh} Jcnyh dhfc pcgi}vcping |pe|cpvy ch}icp‖ep nev5


F@ Ychp Pcaepd

F@0<80 Ne pcaepd.

F@0<88 Ne pcaepd.

F@0<8< Ne pcaepd.

F@0<<9 Ne pcaepd.









Voc infimhvep} pc|epvcf ocpc hpc `h}cf en h }cv ea

}|cmiaim |pemcfspc}‖voc }vc|} vohv h `sycp hnf

}ckkcp ds}v med|kcvc ve vphn}acp voc |pe|cpvy ve voc

`sycp’} nhdc‖ifcnviaicf `y Feing @s}inc}}

vopesgo inaepdhvien mekkcmvcf aped kemhk |pe|cpvy

khwycp}+ nevhpic} hnf |pe|cpvy pcgi}vpic}. Voc}c

|pemcfspc} hpc voe}c vohv h||ky ve h vphn}hmvien

dhvmoing voc }vhnfhpf h}}sd|vien} s}cf `y Feing

@s}inc}} in mekkcmving voc fhvh /}cc voc }cmvien in

voi} moh|vcp en wohv voc infimhvep} meqcp).

]VHNFHPF \PE\CPVY VPHN]ACP

Mivy2 Nhipeì

\pe|cpvy Qhksc2 =+<09+?0=.<

Voc |pemcfspc}+ hkeng wivo voc h}}emihvcf vidc hnf

me}v+ hpc }sddhpircf `ckew.

]sddhpy ea |pemcfspc} aep pcgi}vcping |pe|cpvy in Jcnyh‖hnf voc vidc hnf me}v



8

" H||ky aep h }chpmo en voc Vivkc

In pc}|cmv ea }chpmoc} en |pe|cpvy pcgi}vcpcf snfcp voc Pcgi}vcpcf Khnf

Hmv+ h me|y ea voc vivkc femsdcnv i} pcxsipcf ve `c }s`divvcf hv voc vidc

ea h||kying aep voc }chpmo. Hk}e+ enc mhnnev mhppy esv h |cp}enhk }chpmo

`sv ds}v in}vchf h||ky aep hn eaaimihk }chpmo.

= fhy}

/}idskvhnces} wivo

|pemcfspc 0 ! =)

JC] 3<<

0

" H||ky hnf E`vhin Khnf Pcnv Mkchphnmc Mcpviaimhvc aped vocMeddi}}iencp ea Khnf}

]ckkcp'} khwycp e`vhin} voc Khnf Pcnv Mkchphnmc Mcpviaimhvc aped voc

Meddi}}iencp ea Khnf} hv ne me}v.

89 fhy}

/}idskvhnces} wivo

|pemcfspc 8 ! =)

ne me}v

=

" H||ky+ |hy hnf e`vhin Phvc} Mkchphnmc Mcpviaimhvc aped voc Nhipeì

Mivy Mesnmik

]ckkcp'} khwycp e`vhin} voc Phvc} Mkchphnmc Mcpviaimhvc aped voc Nhipeì

Mivy Mesnmik. Voi} mcpviaimhvc i} id|epvhnv |peea vohv vocpc hpc ne

esv}vhnfing acc} ve `c |hif ve voc Dsnimi|hkivy. Khwycp} hpc nev pcxsipcf

ve `c inqekqcf in voc pcgi}vphvien |pemc}}. Khwycp}’ acc} hpc mhkmskhvcf

`h}cf en h aicf }mhkc fc|cnfing en voc qhksc ea voc |pe|cpvy.

3 fhy}

/}idskvhnces} wivo

|pemcfspc 8 ! 0 )

JC] 73<<

6

Aikc voc vphn}acp in}vpsdcnv hv voc Khnf} Eaaimc hnf e`vhinh||einvdcnv aep qhkshvien

Voc fphav vphn}acp i} |pc|hpcf `y voc `sycp’} khwycp} hnf nccf} ve `c

h||peqcf `y voc }ckkcp’} mesnvcp|hpv. Voc vphn}acp in}vpsdcnv i} aikcf hv

voc Khnf eaaimc ve `c h}}c}}cf aep ]vhd| fsvy.

3 fhy} ne me}v

3

Pcmciqc }ivc in}|cmvien ̀ y Geqcpndcnv qhkscp hnf e`vhin qhkshvien

pc|epv

Enmc voc fphav vphn}acp oh} `ccn aikcf hv voc khnf eaaimc+ hn in}|cmvep

qi}iv} voc }ivc ve qcpiay voc fcqcke|dcnv hnf }vhvc ea voc |pe|cpvy. Fsc

ve khmj ea vphn}|epv+ in |phmvimc+ voc in}|cmvep eavcn oh} ve `c |imjcf s|

08 fhy} ne me}v






in |cp}en hnf fpiqcn ve voc }ivc.\pcqies}ky+ }smo in}|cmvien} wcpc menfsmvcf en h phnfed `h}i}+ `sv new

cqcpy vphn}hmvien pcxsipc} }smo hn in}|cmvien. Voc i}}sc} inqekqcf hpc

}idikhp ve voc in}|cmvien} `y voc khnf eaaimcp hnf+ vocpcaepc+ dhy oh||cn

wivoin 8 fhy ve s| ve eqcp enc denvo.

Enmc voc qhkscp oh} in}|cmvcf voc |pe|cpvy ve h}}c}} iv} qhksc+ h pc|epv i}

med|ikcf havcp woimo voc qhksc i} cnfep}cf en voc vphn}acp hnf vocn iv i}

}s`divvcf aep h}}c}}dcnv ea voc ]vhd| fsvy.

1

Cnfep}cdcnv ea qhksc aep }vhd| fsvy |sp|e}c} hnf h}}c}}dcnv ea

]vhd| fsvy

Voc ]vhd| Fsvy H}}c}}dcnv aepd i} med|kcvcf inmksfing voc |spmoh}c

|pimc /in xshfps|kcv). Voc }vhd| fsvy h}}c}}dcnv eaaimcp }vhviencf hv voc

Dini}vpy ea Khnf} `hnjing ohkk wikk vocn h}}c}} voc }vhd| fsvy |hyh`kc

hnf infimhvc voc hdesnv en voc Aepd}. ]vhd|ing ea voc femsdcnv

vhjc} en hqcphgc = fhy}.

6 fhy} ne me}v

7

\hydcnv ea ]vhd| Fsvy hv Meddcpmihk @hnj hnf pcmciqc

menaipdhvien ea |hydcnv aped Jcnyh Pcqcnsc Hsvoepivy

\hydcnv ea ]vhd| Fsvy i} dhfc hv h Meddcpmihk @hnj} fc}ignhvcf `y

voc Dini}vpy ea Khnf. Ia voc hdesnv cmccf j.}o}. 8 dikkien+ |hydcnv i}

dhfc `y PVG] `hnj vphn}acp. Iv vhjc} hèsv 6 fhy} aep voc Jcnyh

Pcqcnsc Hsvoepivy ve menaipd pcmci|v ea |hydcnv havcp woimo voc vphn}acp

hgpccdcnv mhn `c aphnjcf ep cdè}}cf cqifcnming |hydcnv ea }vhd|

fsvy.

6 fhy}

JC] 1<< /mohpgc aep

@hnjcp’} mocmj) *

6# ea |pe|cpvy qhksc

/}vhd| Fsvy)

?

Kefgc }vhd|cf vphn}acp femsdcnv aep pcgi}vphvien hnf pcmciqc fskypcgi}vcpcf femsdcnv}

Voc }vhd|cf vphn}acp femsdcnv} hpc kefgcf aep pcgi}vphvien hv voc Khnf}

Eaaimc.

Voc}c femsdcnv} hpc gcncphkky e`vhincf aped }ckkcp’} khwycp}+ voc}c

`cing epiginhk Mcpviaimhvc ea Vivkc+ Phvc} Mkchphnmc Mcpviaimhvc+ Khnf Pcnv

Mkchphnmc Mcpviaimhvc+ hnf voc Men}cnv Vphn}acp.

Inaepd }ckkcp’} khwycp} ea pcgi}vphvien hnf |hy `hkhnmc ea voc |spmoh}c

|pimc.

Voc mcpviaimhvc ea voc pcgi}vcpcf vphn}acp i} mekkcmvcf hv voc Khnf} Eaaimc.

80fhy} JC] 3<<






GCVVING MPCFIV

Vwe vy|c} ea aphdcwepj} mhn ahmikivhvc hmmc}} ve

mpcfiv hnf id|peqc iv} hkkemhvien2 mpcfiv inaepdhvien

}y}vcd} hnf voc kcghk pigov} ea èppewcp} hnf

kcnfcp} in mekkhvcphk hnf `hnjps|vmy khw}. Mpcfiv

inaepdhvien }y}vcd} cnh`kc kcnfcp} ve qicw h

|evcnvihk èppewcp’} ainhnmihk oi}vepy /|e}iviqc ep

ncghviqc)‖qhksh`kc inaepdhvien ve men}ifcp wocn

h}}c}}ing pi}j. Hnf vocy |cpdiv èppewcp} ve

c}vh`ki}o h geef mpcfiv oi}vepy vohv wikk hkkew ch}icp

hmmc}} ve mpcfiv. ]esnf mekkhvcphk khw} cnh`kc

`s}inc}}c} ve s}c vocip h}}cv}+ c}|cmihkky deqh`kc

|pe|cpvy+ h} }cmspivy ve gcncphvc mh|ivhk‖woikc

}vpeng mpcfivep}’ pigov} ohqc `ccn h}}emihvcf wivo

oigocp phvie} ea |piqhvc }cmvep mpcfiv ve GF\.


Feing @s}inc}} h}}c}}c} voc }ohping ea mpcfiv

inaepdhvien hnf voc kcghk pigov} ea èppewcp} hnf

kcnfcp} wivo pc}|cmv ve }cmspcf vphn}hmvien}

vopesgo 0 }cv} ea infimhvep}. Voc fc|vo ea mpcfiv

inaepdhvien infc dch}spc} pskc} hnf |phmvimc}

haacmving voc meqcphgc+ }me|c hnf hmmc}}iìkivy ea

mpcfiv inaepdhvien hqhikh`kc vopesgo h |s`kim mpcfiv

pcgi}vpy ep h |piqhvc mpcfiv `spchs. Voc }vpcngvo ea

kcghk pigov} infc dch}spc} voc fcgpcc ve woimo

mekkhvcphk hnf `hnjps|vmy khw} |pevcmv voc pigov} ea

èppewcp} hnf kcnfcp} hnf vos} ahmikivhvc kcnfing.

Feing @s}inc}} s}c} mh}c }mcnhpie} ve fcvcpdinc

voc }me|c ea voc }cmspcf vphn}hmvien} }y}vcd+

inqekqing h }cmspcf èppewcp hnf h }cmspcf kcnfcp

hnf chdining kcghk pc}vpimvien} en voc s}c ea

deqh`kc mekkhvcphk. Voc}c }mcnhpie} h}}sdc vohv voc

èppewcp2

I} h |piqhvc+ kidivcf kihìkivy med|hny.

Oh} iv} ochfxshpvcp} hnf enky `h}c ea

e|cphvien} in voc khpgc}v `s}inc}} mivy.

WOHV VOC GCVVING MPCFIV INFIMHVEP]

DCH]SPC

]vpcngvo ea kcghk pigov} infc /<”8<)

\pevcmvien ea pigov} ea èppewcp} hnf kcnfcp}vopesgo mekkhvcphk khw}

\pevcmvien ea }cmspcf mpcfivep}’ pigov} vopesgo`hnjps|vmy khw}

Fc|vo ea mpcfiv inaepdhvien infc /<”1)

]me|c hnf hmmc}}iìkivy ea mpcfiv inaepdhvienfi}vpi`svcf ̀ y |s`kim mpcfiv pcgi}vpic} hnf|piqhvc mpcfiv ̀ spchs}

\s`kim mpcfiv pcgi}vpy meqcphgc /# ea hfskv})

Nsd`cp ea infiqifshk} hnf aipd} ki}vcf in|s`kim mpcfiv pcgi}vpy h} |cpmcnvhgc ea hfskv|e|skhvien

\piqhvc mpcfiv `spchs meqcphgc /# ea hfskv})

Nsd`cp ea infiqifshk} hnf aipd} ki}vcf inkhpgc}v |piqhvc mpcfiv `spchs h} |cpmcnvhgc ea

hfskv |e|skhvien

Oh} 8<< cd|keycc}.

I} 8<<# fedc}vimhkky ewncf+ h} i} voc kcnfcp.

Voc phnjing en voc ch}c ea gcvving mpcfiv i} `h}cf en

voc |cpmcnvikc phnjing} en iv} med|encnv infimhvep}2

voc fc|vo ea mpcfiv inaepdhvien infc /wcigovcf hv

=7.3#) hnf voc }vpcngvo ea kcghk pigov} infc

/wcigovcf hv 10.3#).




GCVVING MPCFIV


Oew wckk fe voc mpcfiv inaepdhvien }y}vcd hnf

mekkhvcphk hnf `hnjps|vmy khw} in Jcnyh ahmikivhvc

hmmc}} ve mpcfiv5 Voc cmenedy oh} h }mepc ea 6 en voc

fc|vo ea mpcfiv inaepdhvien infc hnf h }mepc ea 8< en

voc }vpcngvo ea kcghk pigov} infc /}cc voc }sddhpy ea

}meping hv voc cnf ea voi} moh|vcp aep fcvhik}). Oigocp

}mepc} infimhvc depc mpcfiv inaepdhvien hnf }vpengcp

kcghk pigov} aep èppewcp} hnf kcnfcp}.

Gke`hkky+ Jcnyh }vhnf} hv ? in voc phnjing ea 8?=

cmenedic} en voc ch}c ea gcvving mpcfiv /aigspc 1.8).

Voc phnjing} aep med|hphvep cmenedic} hnf voc

pcgienhk hqcphgc phnjing |peqifc evocp s}cask

inaepdhvien aep h}}c}}ing oew wckk pcgskhvien} hnf

in}vivsvien} in Jcnyh }s||epv kcnfing hnf èppewing.

Aigspc 1.8 Oew Jcnyh hnf med|hphvep cmenedic} phnj en voc ch}c ea gcvving mpcfiv





GCVVING MPCFIV



wckk voc mpcfiv inaepdhvien }y}vcd hnf mekkhvcphk hnf

`hnjps|vmy khw} in Jcnyh }s||epv kcnfing hnf

èppewing vefhy+ fhvh eqcp vidc mhn ock| }oew wocpc

in}vivsvien} hnf pcgskhvien} ohqc `ccn }vpcngvocncf‖

hnf wocpc vocy ohqc nev /vh`kc 1.8). Vohv mhn ock|

ifcnviay wocpc voc |evcnvihk aep id|peqcdcnv i}

gpchvc}v.

Vh`kc 1.8 Voc ch}c ea gcvving mpcfiv in Jcnyh eqcp vidc


Infimhvep F@0<<3 F@0<<1 F@0<<7 F@0<<? F@0<<9 F@0<8< F@0<88 F@0<80

Phnj .. .. .. .. .. .. ? ?

]vpcngvo ea kcghk pigov}

infc /<$8<)8< 8< 8< 8< 8< 8< 8< 8<

Fc|vo ea mpcfiv

inaepdhvien infc /<$1)< 0 0 6 6 6 6 6

\s`kim pcgi}vpy meqcphgc

/# ea hfskv})<.< <.< <.< <.< <.< <.< <.< <.<

\piqhvc `spchsmeqcphgc /# ea hfskv})

<.8 <.8 <.8 8.3 0.8 0.= =.= 6.3

Nevc2 n.h. 4 nev h||kimh`kc /voc cmenedy wh} nev inmksfcf in Feing @s}inc}} aep vohv ychp). F@0<80 phnjing} pcakcmv mohngc}

ve voc dcvoefekegy.





GCVVING MPCFIV

Enc why ve |sv hn cmenedy’} gcvving mpcfiv infimhvep}inve menvcv i} ve }cc wocpc voc cmenedy }vhnf} in voc

fi}vpi`svien ea }mepc} hmpe}} evocp cmenedic}. Aigspc

1.0 oigokigov} voc }mepc en voc }vpcngvo ea kcghk pigov}

infc aep Jcnyh in 0<88 hnf }oew} voc nsd`cp ea evocp cmenedic} ohqing voc }hdc }mepc in 0<88.

Aigspc 1.= }oew} voc }hdc voing aep voc fc|vo ea mpcfiv

inaepdhvien infc.

Aigspc 1.0 Ohqc kcghk pigov} aep èppewcp} hnf kcnfcp}

`cmedc }vpengcp5

Aigspc 1.= Ohqc voc meqcphgc hnf hmmc}}iìkivy ea mpcfiv

inaepdhvien gpewn5Nsd`cp ea cmenedic} wivo chmo }mepc en }vpcngvo ea kcghk

pigov} infc /<”8<)+ 0<88


Nsd`cp ea cmenedic} wivo chmo }mepc en fc|vo ea mpcfiv

inaepdhvien infc /<”1)+ 0<88





GCVVING MPCFIV

Wocn cmenedic} }vpcngvocn voc kcghk pigov} ea kcnfcp}hnf èppewcp} snfcp mekkhvcphk hnf `hnjps|vmy khw}+

hnf inmpch}c voc }me|c+ meqcphgc hnf hmmc}}iìkivy ea

mpcfiv inaepdhvien+ vocy mhn inmpch}c cnvpc|pcncsp}’hmmc}} ve mpcfiv. Wohv mpcfiv pcaepd} oh} Feing

@s}inc}} pcmepfcf in Jcnyh /vh`kc 1.0)5

Vh`kc 1.0 Oew oh} Jcnyh dhfc gcvving mpcfiv ch}icp‖ep nev5


F@ Ychp Pcaepd

F@0<80 Ne pcaepd.

F@0<88 Ne pcaepd.

F@0<8<

Hmmc}} ve mpcfiv wh} id|peqcf `y id|kcdcnving h khw en

mpcfiv `spchs} vohv wikk |peqifc h aphdcwepj aep h pcgskhvcf+

pckih`kc }y}vcd ea }ohping mpcfiv inaepdhvien.

F@0<<9 Ne pcaepd.







GCVVING MPCFIV


Voc gcvving mpcfiv infimhvep} pc|epvcf ocpc aep Jcnyh

hpc `h}cf en fcvhikcf inaepdhvien mekkcmvcf in vohv

cmenedy. Voc fhvh en mpcfiv inaepdhvien }ohping hpc

mekkcmvcf vopesgo h }spqcy ea h |s`kim mpcfiv pcgi}vpy ep

|piqhvc mpcfiv `spchs /ia enc ci}v}). Ve men}vpsmv voc

fc|vo ea mpcfiv inaepdhvien infc+ h }mepc ea 8 i}

h}}igncf aep chmo ea 1 achvspc} ea voc |s`kim mpcfiv

pcgi}vpy ep |piqhvc mpcfiv `spchs /}cc }sddhpy ea

}meping ̀ ckew).

Voc fhvh en voc kcghk pigov} ea èppewcp} hnf kcnfcp}

hpc ghvocpcf vopesgo h }spqcy ea ainhnmihk khwycp} hnf

qcpiaicf vopesgo hnhky}i} ea khw} hnf pcgskhvien} h}

wckk h} |s`kim }espmc} ea inaepdhvien en mekkhvcphk hnf

`hnjps|vmy khw}. Aep voc }vpcngvo ea kcghk pigov} infc+

h }mepc ea 8 i} h}}igncf aep chmo ea ? h}|cmv} pckhvcf ve

kcghk pigov} in mekkhvcphk khw hnf 0 h}|cmv} in

`hnjps|vmy khw.

]sddhpy ea }meping aep voc gcvving mpcfiv infimhvep} in Jcnyh

Infimhvep Jcnyh]s`$]hohphn

HapimhECMF oigo inmedc

]vpcngvo ea kcghk pigov} infc /<$8<) 8< 1 7

Fc|vo ea mpcfiv inaepdhvien infc /<$1) 6 0 3

\s`kim pcgi}vpy meqcphgc /# ea hfskv}) <.< =.0 9.3

\piqhvc `spchs meqcphgc /# ea hfskv}) 6.3 3.< 1=.9

]vpcngvo ea kcghk pigov} infc /<”8<) Infc }mepc2 8<

Mhn hny `s}inc}} s}c deqh`kc h}}cv} h} mekkhvcphk woikc jcc|ing |e}}c}}ien ea voc h}}cv}:

hnf hny ainhnmihk in}vivsvien hmmc|v }smo h}}cv} h} mekkhvcphk 5Yc}

Fec} voc khw hkkew `s}inc}}c} ve gphnv h nen |e}}c}}epy }cmspivy pigov in h }ingkc mhvcgepy ea

deqh`kc h}}cv}+ wivoesv pcxsiping h }|cmiaim fc}mpi|vien ea mekkhvcphk5Yc}

Fec} voc khw hkkew `s}inc}}c} ve gphnv h nen |e}}c}}epy }cmspivy pigov in }s`}vhnvihkky hkk ea

iv} h}}cv}+ wivoesv pcxsiping h }|cmiaim fc}mpi|vien ea mekkhvcphk5Yc}

Dhy h }cmspivy pigov cvcnf ve asvspc ep havcp$hmxsipcf h}}cv}+ hnf dhy iv cvcnfhsvedhvimhkky ve voc |pefsmv}+ |pemccf} ep pc|khmcdcnv} ea voc epiginhk h}}cv} 5

Yc}

I} h gcncphk fc}mpi|vien ea fc`v} hnf e`kighvien} |cpdivvcf in mekkhvcphk hgpccdcnv}: mhn hkk

vy|c} ea fc`v} hnf e`kighvien} `c }cmspcf `cvwccn |hpvic}: hnf mhn voc mekkhvcphk hgpccdcnv

inmksfc h dhidsd hdesnv aep woimo voc h}}cv} hpc cnmsd`cpcf5

Yc}

I} h mekkhvcphk pcgi}vpy in e|cphvien+ vohv i} sniaicf gcegph|oimhkky hnf `y h}}cv vy|c+ wivo hn

ckcmvpenim fhvh`h}c infccf ̀ y fc`vep'} nhdc}5Yc}

Hpc }cmspcf mpcfivep} |hif aip}v /i.c. `caepc gcncphk vh mkhid} hnf cd|keycc mkhid}) wocn h

fc`vep fcahskv} esv}ifc hn in}ekqcnmy |pemcfspc5Yc}




]vpcngvo ea kcghk pigov} infc /<”8<) Infc }mepc2 8<

Hpc }cmspcf mpcfivep} |hif aip}v /i.c. `caepc gcncphk vh mkhid} hnf cd|keycc mkhid}) wocn h`s}inc}} i} kixsifhvcf5

Yc}

Hpc }cmspcf mpcfivep} civocp nev }s`bcmv ve hn hsvedhvim }vhy ep dephvepisd en cnaepmcdcnv

|pemcfspc} wocn h fc`vep cnvcp} h mespv$}s|cpqi}cf pcepghnirhvien |pemcfspc+ ep voc khw

|peqifc} }cmspcf mpcfivep} wivo gpesnf} aep pckica aped hn hsvedhvim }vhy ep

Yc}

Fec} voc khw hkkew |hpvic} ve hgpcc in h mekkhvcphk hgpccdcnv vohv voc kcnfcp dhy cnaepmc iv}

}cmspivy pigov esv ea mespv+ hv voc vidc h }cmspivy invcpc}v i} mpchvcf5Yc}

Fc|vo ea mpcfiv inaepdhvien infc /<”1)\piqhvc mpcfiv

`spchs

\s`kim mpcfiv

pcgi}vpy

Infc }mepc2 6

Hpc fhvh en èvo aipd} hnf infiqifshk} fi}vpi`svcf5 Yc} Ne 8

Hpc èvo |e}iviqc hnf ncghviqc fhvh fi}vpi`svcf5 Ne Ne <

Fec} voc pcgi}vpy fi}vpi`svc mpcfiv inaepdhvien aped

pcvhikcp}+ vphfc mpcfivep} ep svikivy med|hnic} h} wckk h}

ainhnmihk in}vivsvien}5

Yc} Ne 8

Hpc depc vohn 0 ychp} ea oi}vepimhk mpcfiv inaepdhvien

fi}vpi`svcf5Ne Ne <

I} fhvh en hkk kehn} `ckew 8# ea inmedc |cp mh|ivh

fi}vpi`svcf5Yc} Ne 8

I} iv gshphnvccf `y khw vohv èppewcp} mhn in}|cmv

vocip fhvh in voc khpgc}v mpcfiv pcgi}vpy5Yc} Ne 8

Nevc2 Hn cmenedy pcmciqc} h }mepc ea 8 ia vocpc i} h "yc}" ve civocp |piqhvc `spchs ep |s`kim pcgi}vpy.

Meqcphgc \piqhvc mpcfiv `spchs \s`kim mpcfiv pcgi}vpy

Nsd`cp ea aipd} 08<+<<< <

Nsd`cp ea infiqifshk} ?<<+<<< <





\PEVCMVING INQC]VEP]

Inqc}vep |pevcmvien} dhvvcp aep voc hìkivy ea

med|hnic} ve phi}c voc mh|ivhk vocy nccf ve gpew+

inneqhvc+ fiqcp}iay hnf med|cvc. Ia voc khw} fe nev

|peqifc }smo |pevcmvien}+ inqc}vep} dhy `c pcksmvhnv

ve inqc}v snkc}} vocy `cmedc voc menvpekking

}ohpcoekfcp}. ]vpeng pcgskhvien} mkchpky fcainc

pckhvcf$|hpvy vphn}hmvien}+ |pedevc mkchp hnf caaimicnv

fi}mke}spc pcxsipcdcnv}+ pcxsipc }ohpcoekfcp

|hpvimi|hvien in dhbep fcmi}ien} ea voc med|hny hnf

}cv mkchp }vhnfhpf} ea hmmesnvhìkivy aep med|hny

in}ifcp}.


Feing @s}inc}} dch}spc} voc }vpcngvo ea dinepivy

}ohpcoekfcp |pevcmvien} hghin}v fipcmvep}’ s}c ea

mep|ephvc h}}cv} aep |cp}enhk ghin‖ep }cka$fchking.

Voc infimhvep} fi}vingsi}o = fidcn}ien} ea inqc}vep

|pevcmvien}2 vphn}|hpcnmy ea pckhvcf$|hpvy

vphn}hmvien} /cvcnv ea fi}mke}spc infc)+ kihìkivy aep

}cka$fchking /cvcnv ea fipcmvep kihìkivy infc) hnf

}ohpcoekfcp}’ hìkivy ve }sc eaaimcp} hnf fipcmvep} aep

di}menfsmv /ch}c ea }ohpcoekfcp }siv} infc). Voc

phnjing en voc }vpcngvo ea inqc}vep |pevcmvien infc i}


voc}c = infimc}. Ve dhjc voc fhvh med|hph`kc hmpe}}

cmenedic}+ h mh}c }vsfy s}c} }cqcphk h}}sd|vien}

hèsv voc `s}inc}} hnf voc vphn}hmvien.

Voc ̀ s}inc}} /@sycp)2

I} h |s`kimky vphfcf mep|ephvien ki}vcf en voc

cmenedy’} de}v id|epvhnv }vemj cmohngc /ep

hv kch}v h khpgc |piqhvc med|hny wivo dskvi|kc

}ohpcoekfcp}).

Oh} h èhpf ea fipcmvep} hnf h moica ccmsviqc

eaaimcp /MCE) woe dhy kcghkky hmv en `cohka ea @sycp wocpc |cpdivvcf+ cqcn ia voi} i} nev

}|cmiaimhkky pcxsipcf ̀ y khw.

Voc vphn}hmvien inqekqc} voc aekkewing fcvhik}2

Dp. Bhdc}+ h fipcmvep hnf voc dhbepivy

}ohpcoekfcp ea voc med|hny+ |pe|e}c} vohv

WOHV VOC \PEVCMVING INQC]VEP]

INFIMHVEP] DCH]SPC

Cvcnv ea fi}mke}spc infc /<”8<)

Woe mhn h||peqc pckhvcf$|hpvy vphn}hmvien}

Fi}mke}spc pcxsipcdcnv} in mh}c ea pckhvcf$|hpvy vphn}hmvien}

Cvcnv ea fipcmvep kihìkivy infc /<”8<)

Hìkivy ea }ohpcoekfcp} ve oekf invcpc}vcf|hpvic} hnf dcd`cp} ea voc h||peqing èfykih`kc in mh}c ea pckhvcf$|hpvy vphn}hmvien}

Hqhikh`kc kcghk pcdcfic} /fhdhgc}+ pc|hydcnvea |peaiv}+ ainc}+ id|pi}endcnv hnf pc}mi}}ienea voc vphn}hmvien)

Hìkivy ea }ohpcoekfcp} ve }sc fipcmvky epfcpiqhviqcky

Ch}c ea }ohpcoekfcp }siv} infc /<”8<)

Hmmc}} ve invcpnhk mep|ephvc femsdcnv}/fipcmvky ep vopesgo h geqcpndcnv in}|cmvep)

Femsdcnv} hnf inaepdhvien hqhikh`kc fspingvpihk

]vpcngvo ea inqc}vep |pevcmvien infc /<”8<)

]id|kc hqcphgc ea voc cvcnv ea fi}mke}spc+cvcnv ea fipcmvep kihìkivy hnf ch}c ea }ohpcoekfcp }siv} infimc}

voc med|hny |spmoh}c s}cf vpsmj} aped hnevocp

med|hny oc ewn}.

Voc |pimc i} oigocp vohn voc geing |pimc aep s}cfvpsmj}+ `sv voc vphn}hmvien gec} aepwhpf.

Hkk pcxsipcf h||peqhk} hpc e`vhincf+ hnf hkk

pcxsipcf fi}mke}spc} dhfc+ voesgo voc vphn}hmvien

i} |pcbsfimihk ve @sycp.

]ohpcoekfcp} }sc voc invcpc}vcf |hpvic} hnf voc

dcd`cp} ea voc èhpf ea fipcmvep}.






Oew }vpeng hpc inqc}vep |pevcmvien} in Jcnyh5 Voc

cmenedy oh} h }mepc ea 3.< en voc }vpcngvo ea inqc}vep

|pevcmvien infc+ wivo h oigocp }mepc infimhving

}vpengcp |pevcmvien} /}cc voc }sddhpy ea }meping hv

voc cnf ea voi} moh|vcp aep fcvhik}).

Gke`hkky+ Jcnyh }vhnf} hv 97 in voc phnjing ea 8?=

cmenedic} en voc }vpcngvo ea inqc}vep |pevcmvien

infc /aigspc 7.8). Woikc voc infimhvep fec} nev

dch}spc hkk h}|cmv} pckhvcf ve voc |pevcmvien ea

dinepivy inqc}vep}+ h oigocp phnjing fec} infimhvc vohv

hn cmenedy’} pcgskhvien} eaacp }vpengcp inqc}vep

|pevcmvien} hghin}v }cka$fchking in voc hpch} dch}spcf.

Aigspc 7.8 Oew Jcnyh hnf med|hphvep cmenedic} phnj en voc }vpcngvo ea inqc}vep |pevcmvien infc








wckk pcgskhvien} in Jcnyh |pevcmv dinepivy inqc}vep}

vefhy+ fhvh eqcp vidc }oew wocvocp voc |pevcmvien}

ohqc `ccn }vpcngvocncf /vh`kc 7.8). Hnf voc gke`hk

phnjing en voc }vpcngvo ea inqc}vep |pevcmvien infc

eqcp vidc }oew} wocvocp voc cmenedy i} }ki||ing

`coinf evocp cmenedic} in inqc}vep |pevcmvien}‖ep

}sp|h}}ing vocd.

Vh`kc 7.8 Voc }vpcngvo ea inqc}vep |pevcmvien} in Jcnyh eqcp vidc



Phnj .. .. .. .. .. 9= 97

Cvcnv ea fi}mke}spc

infc /<$8<) = = = = = = =

Cvcnv ea fipcmvep

kihìkivy infc /<$8<) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ch}c ea }ohpcoekfcp

}siv} infc /<$8<) 8< 8< 8< 8< 8< 8< 8<

]vpcngvo ea inqc}vep|pevcmvien infc /<$8<)

3.< 3.< 3.< 3.< 3.< 3.< 3.<


voc dcvoefekegy.






@sv voc eqcphkk phnjing en voc }vpcngvo ea inqc}vep|pevcmvien infc vckk} enky |hpv ea voc }vepy. Cmenedic}

dhy eaacp }vpeng |pevcmvien} in }edc hpch} `sv nev

evocp}. ]e voc }mepc} pcmepfcf eqcp vidc aep Jcnyh en

voc cvcnv ea fi}mke}spc+ cvcnv ea fipcmvep kihìkivy hnf

ch}c ea }ohpcoekfcp }siv} infimc} dhy hk}e `c pcqchking/aigspc 7.0). Cxshkky invcpc}ving dhy `c voc mohngc}

eqcp vidc in voc pcgienhk hqcphgc }mepc} aep voe}c

infimc}.

Aigspc 7.0 Ohqc inqc}vep |pevcmvien} `cmedc }vpengcp5

]vpcngvo ea inqc}vep |pevcmvien infc /<$8<)

Cvcnv ea fi}mke}spc infc /<$8<)





Cvcnv ea fipcmvep kihìkivy infc /<$8<)

Ch}c ea }ohpcoekfcp }siv} infc /<$8<)

Nevc2 Voc oigocp voc }mepc+ voc }vpengcp voc inqc}vep |pevcmvien}. Voc cmenedy wivo voc `c}v |cpaepdhnmc pcgienhkky en

chmo infimhvep+ hnf voc cmenedy wivo voc `c}v |cpaepdhnmc gke`hkky+ hpc inmksfcf h} `cnmodhpj}. In }edc mh}c} 0 ep

depc cmenedic} }ohpc voc ve| pcgienhk ep gke`hk phnjing en hn infimhvep.






Cmenedic} wivo voc }vpengc}v |pevcmvien} ea dinepivyinqc}vep} aped }cka$fchking pcxsipc depc fi}mke}spc

hnf fcainc mkchp fsvic} aep fipcmvep}. Vocy hk}e ohqc

wckk$asnmviening mespv} hnf s|$ve$fhvc |pemcfsphk

pskc} vohv giqc dinepivy inqc}vep} voc dchn} ve |peqc

vocip mh}c hnf e`vhin h bsfgdcnv wivoin h pch}enh`kc

vidc. ]e pcaepd} ve }vpcngvocn inqc}vep |pevcmvien}dhy deqc hochf en fiaacpcnv apenv}‖}smo h} vopesgo

ncw ep hdcnfcf med|hny khw} ep miqik |pemcfspc

pskc}. Wohv inqc}vep |pevcmvien pcaepd} oh} Feing


Vh`kc 7.0 Oew oh} Jcnyh }vpcngvocncf inqc}vep |pevcmvien}‖ep nev5


F@ Ychp Pcaepd

F@0<80 Ne pcaepd.

F@0<88 Ne pcaepd.

F@0<8< Ne pcaepd.

F@0<<9 Ne pcaepd.

Nevc2 Aep inaepdhvien en pcaepd} in chpkicp ychp} /`hmj ve F@0<<1)+ }cc voc Feing @s}inc}} pc|epv} aep

voc}c ychp}+ hqhikh`kc hv ovv|2%%www.feing`s}inc}}.epg.







Voc |pevcmving inqc}vep} infimhvep} pc|epvcf ocpc aep

Jcnyh hpc `h}cf en fcvhikcf inaepdhvien mekkcmvcf

vopesgo h }spqcy ea mep|ephvc hnf }cmspivic} khwycp}

hnf hpc `h}cf en }cmspivic} pcgskhvien}+ med|hny khw}

hnf mespv pskc} ea cqifcnmc. Ve men}vpsmv voc cvcnv ea

fi}mke}spc+ cvcnv ea fipcmvep kihìkivy hnf ch}c ea

}ohpcoekfcp }siv} infimc}+ h }mepc i} h}}igncf aep chmo

ea h phngc ea menfivien} pckhving ve fi}mke}spc+ fipcmvep

kihìkivy hnf }ohpcoekfcp }siv} in h }vhnfhpf mh}c }vsfy

vphn}hmvien /}cc voc nevc} hv voc cnf ea voi} moh|vcp).

Voc }sddhpy `ckew }oew} voc fcvhik} snfcpkying voc

}mepc} aep Jcnyh.

]sddhpy ea }meping aep voc |pevcmving inqc}vep} infimhvep} in Jcnyh

Infimhvep Jcnyh ]s`$]hohphnHapimh

ECMF oigo inmedc

Cvcnv ea fi}mke}spc infc /<$8<) = 3 1

Cvcnv ea fipcmvep kihìkivy infc /<$8<) 0 6 3

Ch}c ea }ohpcoekfcp }siv} infc /<$8<) 8< 3 7

]vpcngvo ea inqc}vep |pevcmvien infc /<$8<) 3.< 6.3 1.<

]mepc

Cvcnv ea fi}mke}spc infc /<$8<) =

Wohv mep|ephvc èfy |peqifc} kcghkky }saaimicnv h||peqhk aep voc vphn}hmvien5 8

Wocvocp fi}mke}spc ea voc menakimv ea invcpc}v `y Dp. Bhdc} ve voc èhpf ea fipcmvep} i}

pcxsipcf50

Wocvocp iddcfihvc fi}mke}spc ea voc vphn}hmvien ve voc |s`kim hnf%ep }ohpcoekfcp} i}

pcxsipcf5<

Wocvocp fi}mke}spc ea voc vphn}hmvien in |s`ki}ocf |cpiefim aiking} /hnnshk pc|epv}) i}

pcxsipcf5<

Wocvocp hn cvcpnhk ̀ efy ds}v pcqicw voc vcpd} ea voc vphn}hmvien `caepc iv vhjc} |khmc5 <Cvcnv ea fipcmvep kihìkivy infc /<$8<) 0

Wocvocp }ohpcoekfcp} mhn }sc fipcmvky ep fcpiqhviqcky aep voc fhdhgc vohv voc @sycp$]ckkcp

vphn}hmvien mhs}c} ve voc med|hny58

Wocvocp }ohpcoekfcp} mhn oekf Dp. Bhdc} kih`kc aep voc fhdhgc vohv voc @sycp$]ckkcp

vphn}hmvien mhs}c} ve voc med|hny5<

Wocvocp }ohpcoekfcp} mhn oekf dcd`cp} ea voc h||peqing èfy kih`kc aep voc fhdhgc vohv

voc @sycp$]ckkcp vphn}hmvien mhs}c} ve voc med|hny58

Wocvocp h mespv mhn qeif voc vphn}hmvien s|en h }smmc}}ask mkhid `y h }ohpcoekfcp |khinviaa5 <




]mepc

Wocvocp Dp. Bhdc} |hy} fhdhgc} aep voc ohpd mhs}cf ve voc med|hny s|en h }smmc}}ask

mkhid `y voc }ohpcoekfcp |khinviaa5<

Wocvocp Dp. Bhdc} pc|hy} |peaiv} dhfc aped voc vphn}hmvien s|en h }smmc}}ask mkhid `y voc

}ohpcoekfcp |khinviaa5<

Wocvocp ainc} hnf id|pi}endcnv mhn `c h||kicf hghin}v Dp. Bhdc}5 <

Ch}c ea }ohpcoekfcp }siv} infc /<$8<) 8<

Wocvocp }ohpcoekfcp} ewning 8<# ep kc}} ea @sycp'} }ohpc} mhn in}|cmv vphn}hmvien

femsdcnv} `caepc aiking }siv58

Wocvocp }ohpcoekfcp} ewning 8<# ep kc}} ea @sycp'} }ohpc} mhn pcxsc}v hn in}|cmvep ve

inqc}vighvc voc vphn}hmvien5 8

Wocvocp voc |khinviaa mhn e`vhin hny femsdcnv} aped voc fcacnfhnv hnf wivnc}}c} fsping

vpihk56

Wocvocp voc |khinviaa mhn pcxsc}v mhvcgepic} ea femsdcnv} aped voc fcacnfhnv wivoesv

ifcnviaying }|cmiaim enc}58

Wocvocp voc |khinviaa mhn fipcmvky xsc}vien voc fcacnfhnv hnf wivnc}}c} fsping vpihk5 0

Wocvocp voc kcqck ea |peea pcxsipcf aep miqik }siv} i} kewcp vohn vohv ea mpidinhk mh}c}5 8

]vpcngvo ea inqc}vep |pevcmvien infc /<$8<) 3.<


Nevc}2

Cvcnv ea fi}mke}spc infc /<”8<)

]meping aep voc cvcnv ea fi}mke}spc infc i} `h}cf en 3 med|encnv}2

Woimo mep|ephvc èfy mhn |peqifc kcghkky }saaimicnv h||peqhk aep voc vphn}hmvien

< 4 MCE ep dhnhging fipcmvep hkenc: 8 4 }ohpcoekfcp} ep èhpf ea fipcmvep} qevc hnf Dp. Bhdc} mhn qevc: 0 4

èhpf ea fipcmvep} qevc} hnf Dp. Bhdc} mhnnev qevc: = 4 }ohpcoekfcp} qevc hnf Dp. Bhdc} mhnnev qevc.

Wocvocp fi}mke}spc ea voc menakimv ea invcpc}v `y Dp. Bhdc} ve voc èhpf ea fipcmvep} i} pcxsipcf

< 4 ne fi}mke}spc: 8 4 fi}mke}spc ea voc ci}vcnmc ea h menakimv wivoesv hny }|cmiaim}: 0 4 askk fi}mke}spc ea hkk

dhvcpihk ahmv}.

Wocvocp iddcfihvc fi}mke}spc ea voc vphn}hmvien ve voc |s`kim+ voc pcgskhvep ep voc }ohpcoekfcp} i} pcxsipcf

< 4 ne fi}mke}spc: 8 4 fi}mke}spc en voc vphn}hmvien enky: 0 4 fi}mke}spc en voc vphn}hmvien hnf Dp. Bhdc}’}

menakimv ea invcpc}v.

Wocvocp fi}mke}spc ea voc vphn}hmvien in voc hnnshk pc|epv i} pcxsipcf

< 4 ne fi}mke}spc: 8 4 fi}mke}spc en voc vphn}hmvien enky: 0 4 fi}mke}spc en voc vphn}hmvien hnf Dp. Bhdc}’}

menakimv ea invcpc}v.




Wocvocp iv i} pcxsipcf vohv hn cvcpnhk èfy /aep chd|kc+ hn cvcpnhk hsfivep) pcqicw voc vphn}hmvien `caepc iv vhjc}

|khmc

< 4 ne: 8 4 yc}.

Cvcnv ea fipcmvep kihìkivy infc /<”8<)

]meping aep voc cvcnv ea fipcmvep kihìkivy infc i} `h}cf en 7 med|encnv}2

Wocvocp }ohpcoekfcp} mhn }sc fipcmvky ep fcpiqhviqcky aep voc fhdhgc vohv voc @sycp$]ckkcp vphn}hmvien mhs}c} ve voc

med|hny

< 4 }siv} hpc snhqhikh`kc ep hqhikh`kc enky aep }ohpcoekfcp} oekfing depc vohn 8<# ea voc med|hny’} }ohpc mh|ivhk:

8 4 fipcmv ep fcpiqhviqc }siv} hqhikh`kc aep }ohpcoekfcp} oekfing 8<# ea }ohpc mh|ivhk ep kc}}.

Wocvocp }ohpcoekfcp} mhn oekf Dp. Bhdc} kih`kc aep voc fhdhgc vohv voc vphn}hmvien mhs}c} ve voc med|hny

< 4 Dp. Bhdc} i} nev kih`kc ep i} kih`kc enky ia oc hmvcf aphsfskcnvky ep in `hf ahivo: 8 4 Dp. Bhdc} i} kih`kc ia ocinakscnmcf voc h||peqhk ep wh} ncgkigcnv: 0 4 Dp. Bhdc} i} k ih`kc ia voc vphn}hmvien i} snahip ep |pcbsfimihk ve voc

evocp }ohpcoekfcp}.

Wocvocp }ohpcoekfcp} mhn oekf voc h||peqing èfy /voc MCE ep dcd`cp} ea voc èhpf ea fipcmvep}) kih`kc aep voc

fhdhgc vohv voc vphn}hmvien mhs}c} ve voc med|hny

< 4 dcd`cp} ea voc h||peqing èfy hpc civocp nev kih`kc ep kih`kc enky ia vocy hmvcf aphsfskcnvky ep in `hf ahivo:

8 4 kih`kc aep ncgkigcnmc in voc h||peqhk ea voc vphn}hmvien: 0 4 kih`kc ia voc vphn}hmvien i} snahip ep |pcbsfimihk ve

voc evocp }ohpcoekfcp}.

Wocvocp h mespv mhn qeif voc vphn}hmvien s|en h }smmc}}ask mkhid `y h }ohpcoekfcp |khinviaa

< 4 pc}mi}}ien i} snhqhikh`kc ep hqhikh`kc enky in mh}c ea ]ckkcp’} aphsf ep `hf ahivo: 8 4 pc}mi}}ien i} hqhikh`kc wocn

voc vphn}hmvien i} e||pc}}iqc ep |pcbsfimihk ve voc evocp }ohpcoekfcp}: 0 4 pc}mi}}ien i} hqhikh`kc wocn voc

vphn}hmvien i} snahip ep cnvhik} h menakimv ea invcpc}v.

Wocvocp Dp. Bhdc} |hy} fhdhgc} aep voc ohpd mhs}cf ve voc med|hny s|en h }smmc}}ask mkhid `y voc }ohpcoekfcp

|khinviaa

< 4 ne: 8 4 yc}.

Wocvocp Dp. Bhdc} pc|hy} |peaiv} dhfc aped voc vphn}hmvien s|en h }smmc}}ask mkhid `y voc }ohpcoekfcp |khinviaa

< 4 ne: 8 4 yc}.

Wocvocp èvo ainc} hnf id|pi}endcnv mhn `c h||kicf hghin}v Dp. Bhdc}

< 4 ne: 8 4 yc}.

Ch}c ea }ohpcoekfcp }siv} infc /<”8<)

]meping aep voc ch}c ea }ohpcoekfcp }siv} infc i} `h}cf en 1 med|encnv}2

Wohv phngc ea femsdcnv} i} hqhikh`kc ve voc |khinviaa aped voc fcacnfhnv hnf wivnc}}c} fsping vpihk

]mepc ea 8 aep chmo ea voc aekkewing2 inaepdhvien vohv voc fcacnfhnv oh} infimhvcf oc invcnf} ve pcky en aep oi}

fcacn}c: inaepdhvien vohv fipcmvky |peqc} }|cmiaim ahmv} in voc |khinviaa’} mkhid: hny inaepdhvien pckcqhnv ve voc

}s`bcmv dhvvcp ea voc mkhid: hnf hny inaepdhvien vohv dhy kchf ve voc fi}meqcpy ea pckcqhnv inaepdhvien.




Wocvocp voc |khinviaa mhn fipcmvky chdinc voc fcacnfhnv hnf wivnc}}c} fsping vpihk

< 4 ne: 8 4 yc}+ wivo |piep h||peqhk `y voc mespv ea voc xsc}vien} |e}cf: 0 4 yc}+ wivoesv |piep h||peqhk.

Wocvocp voc |khinviaa mhn e`vhin mhvcgepic} ea pckcqhnv femsdcnv} aped voc fcacnfhnv wivoesv ifcnviaying chmofemsdcnv }|cmiaimhkky

< 4 ne: 8 4 yc}.

Wocvocp }ohpcoekfcp} ewning 8<# ep kc}} ea voc med|hny’} }ohpc mh|ivhk mhn pcxsc}v vohv h geqcpndcnv in}|cmvep

inqc}vighvc voc vphn}hmvien wivoesv aiking }siv in mespv

< 4 ne: 8 4 yc}.

Wocvocp }ohpcoekfcp} ewning 8<# ep kc}} ea voc med|hny’} }ohpc mh|ivhk ohqc voc pigov ve in}|cmv voc vphn}hmvien

femsdcnv} `caepc aiking }siv

< 4 ne: 8 4 yc}.

Wocvocp voc }vhnfhpf ea |peea aep miqik }siv} i} kewcp vohn vohv aep h mpidinhk mh}c

< 4 ne: 8 4 yc}.

]vpcngvo ea inqc}vep |pevcmvien infc /<”8<)

]id|kc hqcphgc ea voc cvcnv ea fi}mke}spc+ cvcnv ea fipcmvep kihìkivy hnf ch}c ea }ohpcoekfcp }siv} infimc}.




\HYING VH_C]

Vhc} hpc c}}cnvihk. Vocy asnf voc |s`kim hdcnivic}+

inaph}vpsmvspc hnf }cpqimc} vohv hpc mpsmihk aep h

|pe|cpky asnmviening cmenedy. @sv voc kcqck ea vh

phvc} nccf} ve `c mhpcaskky moe}cn‖hnf nccfkc}}

med|kcivy in vh pskc} hqeifcf. Hmmepfing ve

Feing @s}inc}} fhvh+ in cmenedic} wocpc iv i} depc

fiaaimskv hnf me}vky ve |hy vhc}+ khpgcp }ohpc} ea

cmenedim hmviqivy cnf s| in voc inaepdhk }cmvep‖

wocpc `s}inc}}c} |hy ne vhc} hv hkk.


S}ing h mh}c }mcnhpie+ Feing @s}inc}} dch}spc}voc vhc} hnf dhnfhvepy menvpi`svien} vohv h

dcfisd$}irc med|hny ds}v |hy in h giqcn ychp h}

wckk h} voc hfdini}vphviqc `spfcn ea |hying vhc}

hnf menvpi`svien}. Voi} mh}c }mcnhpie s}c} h }cv ea

ainhnmihk }vhvcdcnv} hnf h}}sd|vien} hèsv

vphn}hmvien} dhfc eqcp voc ychp. Inaepdhvien i}

hk}e med|ikcf en voc apcxscnmy ea aiking hnf

|hydcnv} h} wckk h} vidc vhjcn ve med|ky wivo vh

khw}. Voc phnjing en voc ch}c ea |hying vhc} i}


iv} med|encnv infimhvep}2 nsd`cp ea hnnshk

|hydcnv}+ vidc hnf vevhk vh phvc+ wivo h vopc}oekf

`cing h||kicf ve voc vevhk vh phvc.0 Ve dhjc voc

fhvh med|hph`kc hmpe}} cmenedic}+ }cqcphk

h}}sd|vien} hèsv voc `s}inc}} hnf voc vhc} hnf

menvpi`svien} hpc s}cf.

Vh|hycpMe i} h dcfisd$}irc `s}inc}} vohv

}vhpvcf e|cphvien} en Bhnshpy 8+ 0<<9.

Voc `s}inc}} }vhpv} aped voc }hdc ainhnmihk

|e}ivien in chmo cmenedy. Hkk voc vhc}

hnf dhnfhvepy menvpi`svien} |hif fsping

voc }cmenf ychp ea e|cphvien hpc pcmepfcf. Vhc} hnf dhnfhvepy menvpi`svien} hpc

dch}spcf hv hkk kcqck} ea geqcpndcnv.

WOHV VOC \HYING VH_C] INFIMHVEP]

DCH]SPC

Vh |hydcnv} aep h dhnsahmvsping med|hny

in 0<8< /nsd`cp |cp ychp hfbs}vcf aep

ckcmvpenim ep beinv aiking hnf |hydcnv)

Vevhk nsd`cp ea vhc} hnf menvpi`svien} |hif+inmksfing men}sd|vien vhc} /qhksc hffcf vh+}hkc} vh ep geef} hnf }cpqimc vh)

Dcvoef hnf apcxscnmy ea ai king hnf |hydcnv

Vidc pcxsipcf ve med|ky wivo = dhbep vhc}

/oesp} |cp ychp)

Mekkcmving inaepdhvien hnf med|sving voc vh|hyh`kc

Med|kcving vh pcvspn aepd}+ aiking wivo|pe|cp hgcnmic}

Hpphnging |hydcnv ep wivooekfing

\pc|hping }c|hphvc vh hmmesnving ̀ eej}+ ia pcxsipcf

Vevhk vh phvc /# ea |peaiv `caepc hkk vhc})

\peaiv ep mep|ephvc inmedc vh

]emihk menvpi`svien} hnf khèp vhc} |hif `yvoc cd|keycp

\pe|cpvy hnf |pe|cpvy vphn}acp vhc}

Fiqifcnf+ mh|ivhk ghin} hnf ainhnmihkvphn}hmvien} vhc}

Wh}vc mekkcmvien+ qcoimkc+ pehf hnf evocp vhc}

Vhc} hnf dhnfhvepy menvpi`svien} inmksfcmep|ephvc inmedc vh+ vspneqcp vh hnf hkk

khèp vhc} hnf menvpi`svien} |hif `y voc

med|hny.

H phngc ea }vhnfhpf fcfsmvien} hnf

ccd|vien} hpc hk}e pcmepfcf.

0 Voc vopc}oekf i} fcaincf h} voc oigoc}v vevhk vh phvc hdeng voc ve| =<# ea cmenedic} in voc phnjing en voc vevhk vh phvc. Iv wikk `c

mhkmskhvcf hnf hfbs}vcf en h ychpky `h}i}. Voc vopc}oekf i} nev `h}cf en hny snfcpkying vocepy. In}vchf+ iv i} invcnfcf ve divighvc voc caacmv ea

qcpy kew vh phvc} en voc phnjing en voc ch}c ea |hying vhc}.




\HYING VH_C]


Wohv i} voc hfdini}vphviqc `spfcn ea med|kying wivo

vhc} in Jcnyh‖hnf oew dsmo fe aipd} |hy in vhc}5

En hqcphgc+ aipd} dhjc 68 vh |hydcnv} h ychp+ }|cnf

=9= oesp} h ychp aiking+ |pc|hping hnf |hying vhc} hnf

|hy vevhk vhc} hdesnving ve ==.8# ea |peaiv /}cc voc

}sddhpy hv voc cnf ea voi} moh|vcp aep fcvhik}).


cmenedic} en voc ch}c ea |hying vhc} /aigspc ?.8). Voc

phnjing} aep med|hphvep cmenedic} hnf voc pcgienhk

hqcphgc phnjing |peqifc evocp s}cask inaepdhvien aep

h}}c}}ing voc vh med|kihnmc `spfcn aep `s}inc}}c} in

Jcnyh.

Aigspc ?.8 Oew Jcnyh hnf med|hphvep cmenedic} phnj en voc ch}c ea |hying vhc}

Nevc2 F@0<80 phnjing} pcakcmv mohngc} ve voc dcvoefekegy. Aep hkk cmenedic} wivo h vevhk vh phvc `ckew voc vopc}oekf ea

=0.3# h||kicf in F@0<80+ voc vevhk vh phvc i} }cv hv =0.3# aep voc |sp|e}c ea mhkmskhving voc phnjing en voc ch}c ea |hying

vhc}.





\HYING VH_C]



ch}y /ep fiaaimskv) iv i} ve med|ky wivo vh pskc} in Jcnyh


|pemc}} ohqc mohngcf ‖ hnf woimo ohqc nev /vh`kc

?.8). Vohv mhn ock| ifcnviay wocpc voc |evcnvihk aep

ch}ing vh med|kihnmc i} gpchvc}v.

Vh`kc ?.8 Voc ch}c ea |hying vhc} in Jcnyh eqcp vidc



Phnj .. .. .. .. .. 81= 811

\hydcnv} /nsd`cp |cp

ychp)60 60 68 68 68 68 68

Vidc /oesp} |cp ychp) =70 6=0 6=0 687 687 =9= =9=

Vevhk vh phvc /# |peaiv) 3<.0 3<.0 69.7 69.7 69.7 69.7 69.1

Nevc2 n.h. 4 nev h||kimh`kc /voc cmenedy wh} nev inmksfcf in Feing @s}inc}} aep vohv ychp). F@0<80 phnjing} pcakcmv mohngc} ve vocdcvoefekegy. Aep hkk cmenedic} wivo h vevhk vh phvc `ckew voc vopc}oekf ea =0.3# h||kicf in F@0<80+ voc vevhk vh phvc i} }cv hv

=0.3# aep voc |sp|e}c ea mhkmskhving voc phnj en voc ch}c ea |hying vhc}.





\HYING VH_C]


pcgienhkky ep gke`hkky en voc nsd`cp ea |hydcnv} ep

voc vidc pcxsipcf ve |pc|hpc hnf aikc vhc} /aigspc ?.0).


why} ve ch}c voc hfdini}vphviqc `spfcn ea vhmed|kihnmc. Hnf mohngc} in pcgienhk hqcphgc} mhn

}oew wocpc Jcnyh i} jcc|ing s|‖hnf wocpc iv i}

ahkking ̀ coinf.

Aigspc ?.0 Oh} |hying vhc} `cmedc ch}icp eqcp vidc5

\hydcnv} /nsd`cp |cp ychp)

Vidc /oesp} |cp ychp)




\HYING VH_C]

Vevhk vh phvc /# ea |peaiv)


gke`hkky+ hpc inmksfcf h} `cnmodhpj}. Voc `c}v |cpaepdcp gke`hkky en hn infimhvep oh} id|kcdcnvcf voc de}v caaimicnv

|phmvimc} in iv} vhx }y}vcd `sv i} nev ncmc}}hpiky voc enc wivo voc oigoc}v phnjing en voc infimhvep. In }edc mh}c} 0 ep

depc cmenedic} }ohpc voc ve| pcgienhk phnjing en hn infimhvep. F@0<80 phnjing} pcakcmv mohngc} ve voc dcvoefekegy. Aephkk cmenedic} wivo h vevhk vh phvc `ckew voc vopc}oekf ea =0.3# h||kicf in F@0<80+ voc vevhk vh phvc i} }cv hv =0.3# aep voc

|sp|e}c ea mhkmskhving voc phnjing en voc ch}c ea |hying vhc}.





\HYING VH_C]

Cmenedic} hpesnf voc wepkf ohqc dhfc |hying vhc}ah}vcp hnf ch}icp aep `s}inc}}c}‖}smo h} `y

men}ekifhving aiking}+ pcfsming voc apcxscnmy ea

|hydcnv} ep eaacping ckcmvpenim aiking hnf |hydcnv.

Dhny ohqc kewcpcf vh phvc}. Mohngc} ohqc `pesgov

menmpcvc pc}skv}. ]edc cmenedic} }id|kiaying vh|hydcnv hnf pcfsming phvc} ohqc }ccn vh pcqcnsc

pi}c. Wohv vh pcaepd} oh} Feing @s}inc}} pcmepfcf in

Jcnyh /vh`kc ?.0)5

Vh`kc ?.0 Oew oh} Jcnyh dhfc |hying vhc} ch}icp‖ep nev5


F@ Ychp Pcaepd

F@0<80 Ne pcaepd.

F@0<88Jcnyh inmpch}cf voc hfdini}vphviqc ̀ spfcn ea |hying vhc}

`y pcxsiping xshpvcpky aiking ea |hypekk vhc}.

F@0<8< Ne pcaepd.

F@0<<9 Ne pcaepd.


aep voc}c ychp}+ hqhikh`kc hv ovv|2%%www.feing`s}inc}}.epg.]espmc2 Feing @s}inc}} fhvh`h}c.




\HYING VH_C]



}vhnfhpf }cv ea vhc} hnf menvpi`svien} vohv weskf `c

|hif `y voc mh}c }vsfy med|hny s}cf `y Feing

@s}inc}} in mekkcmving voc fhvh /}cc voc }cmvien in voi}

moh|vcp en wohv voc infimhvep} meqcp). Vh |phmviviencp}

hpc h}jcf ve pcqicw }vhnfhpf ainhnmihk }vhvcdcnv} h}

wckk h} h }vhnfhpf ki}v ea vphn}hmvien} vohv voc med|hny

med|kcvcf fsping voc ychp. Pc}|enfcnv} hpc h}jcf

oew dsmo in vhc} hnf dhnfhvepy menvpi`svien} voc

`s}inc}} ds}v |hy hnf wohv voc |pemc}} i} aep feing

}e. Voc vhc} hnf menvpi`svien} |hif hpc ki}vcf in voc

}sddhpy `ckew+ hkeng wivo voc h}}emihvcf nsd`cp ea

|hydcnv}+ vidc hnf vh phvc.

]sddhpy ea vh phvc} hnf hfdini}vphviqc `spfcn in Jcnyh



\hydcnv} /nsd`cp |cp ychp) 68 =7 8=

Vidc /oesp} |cp ychp) =9= =8? 8?1

\peaiv vh /#) ==.8 8?.8 83.6

Khèp vh hnf menvpi`svien} /#) 1.? 8=.3 06.<

Evocp vhc} /#) 9.7 03.3 =.0

Vevhk vh phvc /# |peaiv) 69.1 37.8 60.7

Vh ep dhnfhvepy

menvpi`svien

\hydcnv}

/nsd`cp)

Nevc} en

|hydcnv}

Vidc

/oesp})

]vhvsvepy

vh phvcVh `h}c

Vevhk vh

phvc /# ea

|peaiv)

Nevc} en

vevhk vh

phvc

Mep|ephvc Inmedc vh 3 1< =<.<#vhh`kc

|peaiv}==.8

]emihk ]cmspivy /N]]A) 80 37 3.<#gpe}}

}hkhpic}3.=

]ingkc `s}inc}} |cpdiv $dhnsahmvspcp

8 <aicf acc

/JC]

8<<+<<<)

6.0

]vhnfhpf} kcqy 0 < <.0# ncv }hkc} =.3

Vphining ep h||pcnvimc vh 0 <JC] 1<< |cp

cd|keycc

nsd`cp ea

cd|keycc}8.3

Hfqhnmc Devep Qcoimkc vh 8 <JC] 8+3<<

|cp ven

qcoimkc'}

wcigov8

inmksfcf in

evocp vhc}




Vh ep dhnfhvepy

menvpi`svien

\hydcnv}

/nsd`cp)

Nevc} en

|hydcnv}

Vidc

/oesp})

]vhvsvepy

vh phvcVh `h}c

Vevhk vh

phvc /# ea

|peaiv)

Nevc} en

vevhk vh

phvc

]ingkc `s}inc}} |cpdiv $

vphfcp8 <

aicf acc

/JC]

0<+<<<)

<.?

Asck vh $ cmi}c fsvy 8 <JC] 8<.=8

|cp kivcp

asck

men}sd|vie

n

<.6

Vh en invcpc}v < < 83.<#invcpc}v

inmedc<.6

inmksfcf in

evocp vhc}

Pehf dhinvcnhnmc kcqy < |hif beinvky < JC] 9 |cpkivcp

asck

men}sd|vie

n

<.6

Khnf Phvc} 8 < <.1# khnf qhksc <.=

Khnf Pcnv 8 <qhpies}

phvc}<

Vh en mocmj vphn}hmvien} 8 <JC] 0 |cp

mocmj

nsd`cp ea

mocmj}<

\cvpekcsd fcqcke|dcnv

fsvy< |hif beinvky <

JC] <.6 |cp

kivcp

asck

men}sd|vie

n

<

]vhd| fsvy en menvphmv} 8 <qhpies}

phvc}

vy|c ea

menvphmv< }dhkk hdesnv

Qhksc hffcf vh /QHV) 80 071 81.<# qhksc hffcf < nev inmksfcf

Vevhk} 68 =9= 69.1

Nevc2 F@0<80 phnjing} pcakcmv mohngc} ve voc dcvoefekegy. Aep hkk cmenedic} wivo h vevhk vh phvc `ckew voc vopc}oekf ea

=0.3# h||kicf in F@0<80+ voc vevhk vh phvc i} }cv hv =0.3# aep voc |sp|e}c ea mhkmskhving voc phnjing en voc ch}c ea |hying

vhc}.





VPHFING HMPE]] @EPFCP]

In vefhy’} gke`hkircf wepkf+ dhjing vphfc `cvwccn

cmenedic} ch}icp i} inmpch}ingky id|epvhnv aep

`s}inc}}. Cmc}}iqc femsdcnv pcxsipcdcnv}+

`spfcn}edc ms}ved} |pemcfspc}+ incaaimicnv |epv

e|cphvien} hnf inhfcxshvc inaph}vpsmvspc hkk kchf ve

cvph me}v} hnf fckhy} aep c|epvcp} hnf id|epvcp}+

}viaking vphfc |evcnvihk. Pc}chpmo }oew} vohv

c|epvcp} in fcqcke|ing mesnvpic} ghin depc aped

h 8<# fpe| in vocip vphfing me}v} vohn aped h

}idikhp pcfsmvien in voc vhpiaa} h||kicf ve vocip

|pefsmv} in gke`hk dhpjcv}.


Feing @s}inc}} dch}spc} voc vidc hnf me}v

/cmksfing vhpiaa}) h}}emihvcf wivo c|epving hnf

id|epving h }vhnfhpf }oi|dcnv ea geef} `y emchn

vphn}|epv+ hnf voc nsd`cp ea femsdcnv} ncmc}}hpy

ve med|kcvc voc vphn}hmvien. Voc infimhvep} meqcp

|pemcfsphk pcxsipcdcnv} }smo h} femsdcnvhvien

pcxsipcdcnv} hnf |pemcfspc} hv ms}ved} hnf evocp

pcgskhvepy hgcnmic} h} wckk h} hv voc |epv. Vocy hk}e

meqcp vphfc kegi}vim}+ inmksfing voc vidc hnf me}v ea

inkhnf vphn}|epv ve voc khpgc}v `s}inc}} mivy. Voc

phnjing en voc ch}c ea vphfing hmpe}} èpfcp} i}

voc }id|kc hqcphgc ea voc |cpmcnvikc phnjing} en iv}

med|encnv infimhvep}2 femsdcnv}+ vidc hnf me}v

ve c|epv hnf id|epv.



`s}inc}} hnf voc vphfcf geef}.

Voc ̀ s}inc}}2

I} ea dcfisd }irc hnf cd|key} 1< |ce|kc.

I} kemhvcf in voc |cpisp`hn hpch ea voccmenedy’} khpgc}v `s}inc}} mivy.

I} h |piqhvc+ kidivcf kihìkivy med|hny+

fedc}vimhkky ewncf+ aepdhkky pcgi}vcpcf

hnf e|cphving snfcp meddcpmihk khw} hnf

pcgskhvien} ea voc cmenedy.

Voc vphfcf geef}2

Hpc nev ohrhpfes} nep fe vocy inmksfc

dikivhpy ivcd}.

WOHV VOC VPHFING HMPE]] @EPFCP]

INFIMHVEP] DCH]SPC

Femsdcnv} pcxsipcf ve c|epv hnf id|epv

/nsd`cp)

@hnj femsdcnv}

Ms}ved} mkchphnmc femsdcnv}

\epv hnf vcpdinhk ohnfking femsdcnv}

Vphn}|epv femsdcnv}Vidc pcxsipcf ve c|epv hnf id|epv /fhy})

E`vhining hkk voc femsdcnv}

Inkhnf vphn}|epv hnf ohnfking

Ms}ved} mkchphnmc hnf in}|cmvien}

\epv hnf vcpdinhk ohnfking

Fec} nev inmksfc emchn vphn}|epv vidc

Me}v pcxsipcf ve c|epv hnf id|epv /S]& |cp

menvhincp)

Hkk femsdcnvhvien

Inkhnf vphn}|epv hnf ohnfking

Ms}ved} mkchphnmc hnf in}|cmvien}

\epv hnf vcpdinhk ohnfking


Fe nev pcxsipc pcapigcphvien ep hny evocp

}|cmihk cnqipendcnv.

Fe nev pcxsipc hny }|cmihk |oyve}hnivhpy ep

cnqipendcnvhk }hacvy }vhnfhpf} evocp vohn

hmmc|vcf invcpnhvienhk }vhnfhpf}.

Hpc enc ea voc cmenedy’} kchfing c|epv ep

id|epv |pefsmv}.

Hpc vphn}|epvcf in h fpy$mhpge+ 0<$aeev askk

menvhincp kehf.






Wohv fec} iv vhjc ve c|epv ep id|epv in Jcnyh5

Hmmepfing ve fhvh mekkcmvcf `y Feing @s}inc}}+

c|epving h }vhnfhpf menvhincp ea geef} pcxsipc} ?

femsdcnv}+ vhjc} 01 fhy} hnf me}v} &0<33. Id|epving

voc }hdc menvhincp ea geef} pcxsipc} 7 femsdcnv}+

vhjc} 06 fhy} hnf me}v} &089< /}cc voc }sddhpy ea

|pemcfspc} hnf femsdcnv} hv voc cnf ea voi} moh|vcp

aep fcvhik}).


cmenedic} en voc ch}c ea vphfing hmpe}} èpfcp}

/aigspc 9.8). Voc phnjing} aep med|hphvep cmenedic}

hnf voc pcgienhk hqcphgc phnjing |peqifc evocp s}cask

inaepdhvien aep h}}c}}ing oew ch}y iv i} aep h `s}inc}}

in Jcnyh ve c|epv hnf id|epv geef}.

Aigspc 9.8 Oew Jcnyh hnf med|hphvep cmenedic} phnj en voc ch}c ea vphfing hmpe}} èpfcp}








ch}y /ep fiaaimskv) iv i} ve c|epv ep id|epv in Jcnyh





Vh`kc 9.8 Voc ch}c ea vphfing hmpe}} èpfcp} in Jcnyh eqcp vidc



Phnj .. .. .. .. .. 868 868

Femsdcnv} ve c|epv

/nsd`cp) 7 ? ? ? ? ? ?

Vidc ve c|epv /fhy}) 63 09 09 09 07 01 01

Me}v ve c|epv /S]& |cp

menvhincp) 8+9?< 8+933 8+933 0+<33 0+<33 0+<33 0+<33

Femsdcnv} ve id|epv

/nsd`cp) 80 7 7 7 7 7 7

Vidc ve id|epv /fhy}) 10 =7 =7 01 03 06 06

Me}v ve id|epv /S]& |cp

menvhincp) 0+=03 8+993 8+993 0+89< 0+89< 0+89< 0+89<

Nevc2 n.h. 4 nev h||kimh`kc /voc cmenedy wh} nev inmksfcf in Feing @s}inc}} aep vohv ychp). F@0<80 phnjing} pcakcmv

mohngc} ve voc dcvoefekegy.


Cxshkky ock|ask dhy `c voc `cnmodhpj} |peqifcf `y

voc cmenedic} vohv vefhy ohqc voc `c}v |cpaepdhnmc

pcgienhkky ep gke`hkky en voc femsdcnv}+ vidc ep me}v

pcxsipcf ve c|epv ep id|epv /aigspc 9.0). Voc}c

cmenedic} dhy |peqifc h defck aep Jcnyh en why} ve

id|peqc voc ch}c ea vphfing hmpe}} èpfcp}. Hnf

mohngc} in pcgienhk hqcphgc} mhn }oew wocpc Jcnyh i}

jcc|ing s|‖hnf wocpc iv i} ahkking `coinf.





Aigspc 9.0 Oh} vphfing hmpe}} èpfcp} `cmedc ch}icp eqcp vidc5

Femsdcnv} ve c|epv /nsd`cp)

Vidc ve c|epv /fhy})





Me}v ve c|epv /S]& |cp menvhincp)

Femsdcnv} ve id|epv /nsd`cp)





Vidc ve id|epv /fhy})

Me}v ve id|epv /S]& |cp menvhincp)



infimhvep.




?< Jcnyh Feing @s}inc}} 0<80


In cmenedic} hpesnf voc wepkf+ vphfing hmpe}} èpfcp}h} dch}spcf `y Feing @s}inc}} oh} `cmedc ah}vcp hnf

ch}icp eqcp voc ychp}. Geqcpndcnv} ohqc invpefsmcf

veek} ve ahmikivhvc vphfc‖inmksfing }ingkc winfew}+

pi}j$`h}cf in}|cmvien} hnf ckcmvpenim fhvh invcpmohngc

}y}vcd}. Voc}c mohngc} ock| id|peqc voc vphfingcnqipendcnv hnf èe}v aipd}’ invcpnhvienhk

med|cviviqcnc}}. Wohv vphfc pcaepd} oh} Feing


Vh`kc 9.0 Oew oh} Jcnyh dhfc vphfing hmpe}} èpfcp} ch}icp‖ep nev5


F@ Ychp Pcaepd

F@0<80 Ne pcaepd.

F@0<88

Jcnyh }|ccfcf s| vphfc ̀ y id|kcdcnving hn ckcmvpenim

mhpge vphmjing }y}vcd hnf kinjing voi} }y}vcd ve voc Jcnyh

Pcqcnsc Hsvoepivy’} ckcmvpenim fhvh invcpmohngc }y}vcd aep

ms}ved} mkchphnmc.

F@0<8< Ne pcaepd.

F@0<<9

Dhbep vphfc pcaepd} wcpc id|kcdcnvcf+ pcfsming voc eqcphkk

vidc ve id|epv. Voc e|cning oesp} ea ms}ved} hnf |epv

hsvoepivic} wcpc cvcnfcf+ hnf voc nsd`cp ea in}|cmvien

|einv} ̀ cvwccn Nhipeì hnf Ded`h}h |epv pcfsmcf. Jcnyhhk}e invpefsmcf hn ckcmvpenim }y}vcd hkkewing vphfcp} ve

}s`div vocip femsdcnv} enkinc.






?8 Jcnyh Feing @s}inc}} 0<80




}cv ea }|cmiaim |pemcfsphk pcxsipcdcnv} aep vphfing h

}vhnfhpf }oi|dcnv ea geef} `y emchn vphn}|epv /}cc

voc }cmvien in voi} moh|vcp en wohv voc infimhvep}

meqcp). Inaepdhvien en voc |pemcfspc} h} wckk h} voc

pcxsipcf femsdcnv} hnf voc vidc hnf me}v ve

med|kcvc chmo |pemcfspc i} mekkcmvcf aped kemhk

apcigov aepwhpfcp}+ }oi||ing kinc}+ ms}ved} `pejcp}+

|epv eaaimihk} hnf `hnj}. Voc |pemcfsphk pcxsipcdcnv}+

hnf voc h}}emihvcf vidc hnf me}v+ aep c|epving hnf

id|epving h }vhnfhpf }oi|dcnv ea geef} hpc ki}vcf in

voc }sddhpy `ckew+ hkeng wivo voc pcxsipcf

femsdcnv}.

]sddhpy ea |pemcfspc} hnf femsdcnv} aep vphfing hmpe}} èpfcp} in Jcnyh



Femsdcnv} ve c|epv /nsd`cp) ? ? 6

Vidc ve c|epv /fhy}) 01 =8 8<

Me}v ve c|epv /S]& |cp menvhincp) 0<33 8+91< 8+<=0

Femsdcnv} ve id|epv /nsd`cp) 7 ? 3

Vidc ve id|epv /fhy}) 06 =7 88

Me}v ve id|epv /S]& |cp menvhincp) 089< 0+3<0 8+<?3

\pemcfspc} ve c|epv Vidc /fhy}) Me}v /S]&)

Femsdcnv} |pc|hphvien 80 =<3

Ms}ved} mkchphnmc hnf vcmonimhk menvpek 6 =73

\epv} hnf vcpdinhk ohnfking 1 =73

Inkhnf vphn}|epvhvien hnf ohnfking 6 8<<<

Vevhk} 01 0<33

\pemcfspc} ve id|epv Vidc /fhy}) Me}v /S]&)

Femsdcnv} |pc|hphvien 88 03<

Ms}ved} mkchphnmc hnf vcmonimhk menvpek = 6=<

\epv} hnf vcpdinhk ohnfking 1 =9<

Inkhnf vphn}|epvhvien hnf ohnfking 6 880<

Vevhk} 06 089<





Femsdcnv} ve c|epv

@ikk ea khfing

Mhpge fckiqcpy epfcp

Mcpviaimhvc ea epigin

Ms}ved} c|epv fcmkhphvien

Meddcpmihk Inqeimc

In}|cmvien pc|epv \hmjing Ki}v

Vcpdinhk Ohnfking pcmci|v}

Femsdcnv} ve id|epv @ikk ea khfing Mcpviaimhvc ea epigin Meddcpmihk inqeimc Ms}ved} id|epv fcmkhphvien In}|cmvien pc|epv

\hmjing ki}v Vcpdinhk ohnfking pcmci|v}



?= Jcnyh Feing @s}inc}} 0<80

CNAEPMING MENVPHMV]

Wckk$asnmviening mespv} ock| `s}inc}}c} c|hnf

vocip ncvwepj hnf dhpjcv}. Wivoesv caacmviqc

menvphmv cnaepmcdcnv+ |ce|kc digov wckk fe

`s}inc}} enky wivo ahdiky+ apicnf} hnf evocp} wivo

woed vocy ohqc c}vh`ki}ocf pckhvien}oi|}. Wocpc

menvphmv cnaepmcdcnv i} caaimicnv+ aipd} hpc depc

kijcky ve cnghgc wivo ncw èppewcp} ep ms}vedcp}+

hnf vocy ohqc gpchvcp hmmc}} ve mpcfiv.


Feing @s}inc}} dch}spc} voc caaimicnmy ea voc

sfimihk }y}vcd in pc}ekqing h meddcpmihk fi}|svc

`caepc kemhk mespv}. Aekkewing voc }vc|$`y$}vc|

cqeksvien ea h }vhnfhpfircf mh}c }vsfy+ iv mekkcmv}

fhvh pckhving ve voc vidc+ me}v hnf |pemcfsphk

med|kcivy ea pc}ekqing h meddcpmihk khw}siv. Voc

phnjing en voc ch}c ea cnaepming menvphmv} i} voc

}id|kc hqcphgc ea voc |cpmcnvikc phnjing} en iv}

med|encnv infimhvep}2 |pemcfspc}+ vidc hnf me}v.

Voc fi}|svc in voc mh}c }vsfy inqekqc} voc `pchmo

ea h }hkc} menvphmv `cvwccn 0 fedc}vim `s}inc}}c}.

Voc mh}c }vsfy h}}sdc} vohv voc mespv ochp} hn

c|cpv en voc xshkivy ea voc geef} in fi}|svc. Voi}fi}vingsi}oc} voc mh}c aped }id|kc fc`v

cnaepmcdcnv. Ve dhjc voc fhvh med|hph`kc hmpe}}

cmenedic}+ Feing @s}inc}} s}c} }cqcphk

h}}sd|vien} hèsv voc mh}c2

Voc }ckkcp hnf `sycp hpc kemhvcf in voc

cmenedy’} khpgc}v `s}inc}} mivy.

Voc ̀ sycp epfcp} ms}ved$dhfc geef}+

vocn ahik} ve |hy.

Voc }ckkcp }sc} voc `sycp `caepc h

med|cvcnv mespv.

Voc qhksc ea voc mkhid i} 0<<# ea inmedc

|cp mh|ivh.

Voc }ckkcp pcxsc}v} h |pcvpihk hvvhmodcnv ve

}cmspc voc mkhid.

WOHV VOC CNAEPMING MENVPHMV]

INFIMHVEP] DCH]SPC

\pemcfspc} ve cnaepmc h menvphmv vopesgo

voc mespv} /nsd`cp)

Hny invcphmvien `cvwccn voc |hpvic} in hmeddcpmihk fi}|svc+ ep `cvwccn vocd hnfvoc bsfgc ep mespv eaaimcp

]vc|} ve aikc hnf }cpqc voc mh}c

]vc|} aep vpihk hnf bsfgdcnv

]vc|} ve cnaepmc voc bsfgdcnv

Vidc pcxsipcf ve med|kcvc |pemcfspc}

/mhkcnfhp fhy})

Vidc ve aikc hnf }cpqc voc mh}c

Vidc aep vpihk hnf e`vhining bsfgdcnv

Vidc ve cnaepmc voc bsfgdcnv

Me}v pcxsipcf ve med|kcvc |pemcfspc} /# ea

mkhid)

Ne `pi`c}

Hqcphgc hvvepncy acc}

Mespv me}v}+ inmksfing c|cpv acc}

Cnaepmcdcnv me}v}

Voc fi}|svc en voc xshkivy ea voc geef}

pcxsipc} hn c|cpv e|inien.

Voc bsfgc fcmifc} in ahqep ea voc }ckkcp: vocpc

i} ne h||chk.

Voc }ckkcp cnaepmc} voc bsfgdcnv vopesgo h

|s`kim }hkc ea voc `sycp’} deqh`kc h}}cv}.




CNAEPMING MENVPHMV]


Oew caaimicnv i} voc |pemc}} ea pc}ekqing h meddcpmihk

fi}|svc vopesgo voc mespv} in Jcnyh5 Hmmepfing ve

fhvh mekkcmvcf `y Feing @s}inc}}+ cnaepming h menvphmv

pcxsipc} 6< |pemcfspc}+ vhjc} 613 fhy} hnf me}v}

67.0# ea voc qhksc ea voc mkhid /}cc voc }sddhpy hv

voc cnf ea voi} moh|vcp aep fcvhik}).


cmenedic} en voc ch}c ea cnaepming menvphmv} /aigspc

8<.8). Voc phnjing} aep med|hphvep cmenedic} hnf voc


`cnmodhpj} aep h}}c}}ing voc caaimicnmy ea menvphmv

cnaepmcdcnv in Jcnyh.

Aigspc 8<.8 Oew Jcnyh hnf med|hphvep cmenedic} phnj en voc ch}c ea cnaepming menvphmv}





CNAEPMING MENVPHMV]



ch}y /ep fiaaimskv) iv i} ve cnaepmc h menvphmv in Jcnyh

vefhy+ fhvh en voc snfcpkying infimhvep} eqcp vidc ock|

ifcnviay woimo hpch} ohqc mohngcf hnf wocpc voc

|evcnvihk aep id|peqcdcnv i} gpchvc}v /vh`kc 8<.8).

Vh`kc 8<.8 Voc ch}c ea cnaepming menvphmv} in Jcnyh eqcp vidc



Phnj .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 801 807

Vidc /fhy}) 613 613 613 613 613 613 613 613 613

Me}v /# ea mkhid) =6.0 =6.0 =6.0 =6.0 =6.0 =6.0 67.0 67.0 67.0

\pemcfspc} /nsd`cp) 6< 6< 6< 6< 6< 6< 6< 6< 6<


voc dcvoefekegy.





CNAEPMING MENVPHMV]


pcgienhkky ep gke`hkky en voc nsd`cp ea }vc|}+ vidc ep

me}v pcxsipcf ve cnaepmc h menvphmv vopesgo voc mespv}

/aigspc 8<.0). Voc}c cmenedic} dhy |peqifc h defck

aep Jcnyh en why} ve id|peqc voc caaimicnmy ea menvphmvcnaepmcdcnv. Hnf mohngc} in pcgienhk hqcphgc} mhn


ahkking ̀ coinf.

Aigspc 8<.0 Oh} cnaepming menvphmv} `cmedc ch}icp eqcp vidc5

\pemcfspc} /nsd`cp)

Vidc /fhy})




CNAEPMING MENVPHMV]

Me}v /# ea mkhid)



infimhvep.




?? Jcnyh Feing @s}inc}} 0<80

CNAEPMING MENVPHMV]

Cmenedic} in hkk pcgien} ohqc id|peqcf menvphmvcnaepmcdcnv in pcmcnv ychp}. H bsfimihpy mhn `c

id|peqcf in fiaacpcnv why}. Oigocp$inmedc cmenedic}

vcnf ve keej aep why} ve cnohnmc caaimicnmy `y

invpefsming ncw vcmonekegy. Kewcp$inmedc cmenedic}

eavcn wepj en pcfsming `hmjkeg} `y invpefsming|cpiefim pcqicw} ve mkchp inhmviqc mh}c} aped voc femjcv

hnf `y dhjing |pemcfspc} ah}vcp. Wohv pcaepd}

dhjing iv ch}icp /ep depc fiaaimskv) ve cnaepmc menvphmv}

oh} Feing @s}inc}} pcmepfcf in Jcnyh /vh`kc 8<.0)5

Vh`kc 8<.0 Oew oh} Jcnyh dhfc cnaepming menvphmv} ch}icp‖ep nev5


F@ Ychp Pcaepd

F@0<80Jcnyh invpefsmcf h mh}c dhnhgcdcnv }y}vcd vohv wikk ock|inmpch}c voc caaimicnmy hnf me}v$caacmviqcnc}} ea meddcpmihk

fi}|svc pc}eksvien.

F@0<88 Ne pcaepd.

F@0<8< Ne pcaepd.

F@0<<9 Ne pcaepd.


aep voc}c ychp}+ hqhikh`kc hv ovv|2%%www.feing`s}inc}}.epg.]espmc2 Feing @s}inc}} fhvh`h}c.




CNAEPMING MENVPHMV]



}cv ea }|cmiaim |pemcfsphk }vc|} pcxsipcf ve pc}ekqc h

}vhnfhpfircf meddcpmihk fi}|svc vopesgo voc mespv}

/}cc voc }cmvien in voi} moh|vcp en wohv voc infimhvep}

meqcp). Voc}c |pemcfspc}+ hnf voc vidc hnf me}v ea

med|kcving vocd+ hpc ifcnviaicf vopesgo }vsfy ea voc

mefc} ea miqik |pemcfspc hnf evocp mespv pcgskhvien}+ h}

wckk h} vopesgo }spqcy} med|kcvcf `y kemhk kivighvien

khwycp} /hnf+ in h xshpvcp ea voc cmenedic} meqcpcf `y

Feing @s}inc}}+ `y bsfgc} h} wckk). Voc |pemcfspc} aep

pc}ekqing h meddcpmihk khw}siv+ hnf voc h}}emihvcf

vidc hnf me}v+ hpc ki}vcf in voc }sddhpy `ckew.

]sddhpy ea |pemcfspc} aep cnaepming h menvphmv in Jcnyh‖hnf voc vidc hnf me}v

Infimhvep Jcnyh ]s`$]hohphnHapimh

ECMF oigo inmedc

Vidc /fhy}) 613 136.?< 38?.<=

Aiking hnf }cpqimc 6<

Vpihk hnf bsfgdcnv =13

Cnaepmcdcnv ea bsfgdcnv 1<

Me}v /# ea mkhid) 67.0 69.91 89.78

Hvvepncy me}v /# ea mkhid) 07.30

Mespv me}v /# ea mkhid) 80.9=

Cnaepmcdcnv Me}v /# ea mkhid) 1.78

\pemcfspc} /nsd`cp) 6< =9.<0 =8.60





PC]EKQING IN]EKQCNMY

H pe`s}v `hnjps|vmy }y}vcd asnmvien} h} h aikvcp+

cn}sping voc }spqiqhk ea cmenedimhkky caaimicnv

med|hnic} hnf pchkkemhving voc pc}espmc} ea

incaaimicnv enc}. Ah}v hnf moch| in}ekqcnmy

|pemccfing} pc}skv in voc }|ccfy pcvspn ea

`s}inc}}c} ve nepdhk e|cphvien hnf inmpch}c

pcvspn} ve mpcfivep}. @y id|peqing voc c|cmvhvien}

ea mpcfivep} hnf fc`vep} hèsv voc esvmedc ea

in}ekqcnmy |pemccfing}+ wckk$asnmviening

in}ekqcnmy }y}vcd} mhn ahmikivhvc hmmc}} ve ainhnmc+

}hqc depc qih`kc `s}inc}}c} hnf vocpc`y id|peqc

gpewvo hnf }s}vhinhìkivy in voc cmenedy eqcphkk.


Feing @s}inc}} }vsfic} voc vidc+ me}v hnf esvmedc

ea in}ekqcnmy |pemccfing} inqekqing fedc}vim

cnvivic}. Iv fec} nev dch}spc in}ekqcnmy

|pemccfing} ea infiqifshk} hnf ainhnmihk

in}vivsvien}. Voc fhvh hpc fcpiqcf aped }spqcy

pc}|en}c} `y kemhk in}ekqcnmy |phmviviencp} hnf

qcpiaicf vopesgo h }vsfy ea khw} hnf pcgskhvien} h}

wckk h} |s`kim inaepdhvien en `hnjps|vmy }y}vcd}.

Voc phnjing en voc ch}c ea pc}ekqing in}ekqcnmy i}`h}cf en voc pcmeqcpy phvc+ woimo i} pcmepfcf h}

mcnv} en voc fekkhp pcmes|cf `y mpcfivep} vopesgo

pcepghnirhvien+ kixsifhvien ep fc`v cnaepmcdcnv

/aepcmke}spc) |pemccfing}. Voc pcmeqcpy phvc i} h

asnmvien ea vidc+ me}v hnf evocp ahmvep}+ }smo h}

kcnfing phvc hnf voc kijckioeef ea voc med|hny

menvinsing ve e|cphvc.



`s}inc}} hnf voc mh}c. Iv h}}sdc} vohv voc

med|hny2 I} h fedc}vimhkky ewncf+ kidivcf kihìkivy

med|hny e|cphving h oevck.

E|cphvc} in voc cmenedy’} khpgc}v `s}inc}}

mivy.

WOHV VOC PC]EKQING IN]EKQCNMY

INFIMHVEP] DCH]SPC

Vidc pcxsipcf ve pcmeqcp fc`v /ychp})

Dch}spcf in mhkcnfhp ychp}

H||chk} hnf pcxsc}v} aep cvcn}ien hpcinmksfcf

Me}v pcxsipcf ve pcmeqcp fc`v /# ea fc`vep’}

c}vhvc)

Dch}spcf h} |cpmcnvhgc ea c}vhvc qhksc

Mespv acc}

Acc} ea in}ekqcnmy hfdini}vphvep}

Khwycp}’ acc}

H}}c}}ep}’ hnf hsmvienccp}’ acc}

Evocp pckhvcf acc}

Pcmeqcpy phvc aep mpcfivep} /mcnv} en voc

fekkhp)

Dch}spc} voc mcnv} en voc fekkhp pcmeqcpcf`y mpcfivep}

\pc}cnv qhksc ea fc`v pcmeqcpcf

Eaaimihk me}v} ea voc in}ekqcnmy |pemccfing}hpc fcfsmvcf

Fc|pcmihvien ea aspnivspc i} vhjcn invehmmesnv

Esvmedc aep voc `s}inc}} /}spqiqhk ep nev)haacmv} voc dhidsd qhksc vohv mhn `cpcmeqcpcf

Oh} 0<8 cd|keycc}+ 8 dhin }cmspcf mpcfivep

hnf 3< sn}cmspcf mpcfivep}.

Oh} h oigocp qhksc h} h geing menmcpn‖hnf

voc caaimicnv esvmedc i} civocp pcepghnirhvien

ep }hkc h} h geing menmcpn+ nev |icmcdchk

kixsifhvien.






]|ccf+ kew me}v} hnf menvinshvien ea qih`kc `s}inc}}c}

mohphmvcpirc voc ve|$|cpaepding cmenedic}. Oew

caaimicnv hpc in}ekqcnmy |pemccfing} in Jcnyh5

Hmmepfing ve fhvh mekkcmvcf `y Feing @s}inc}}+

pc}ekqing in}ekqcnmy vhjc} 6.3 ychp} en hqcphgc hnf

me}v} 00# ea voc fc`vep’} c}vhvc. Voc hqcphgc pcmeqcpy

phvc i} =<.9 mcnv} en voc fekkhp.


cmenedic} en voc ch}c ea pc}ekqing in}ekqcnmy /aigspc



`cnmodhpj} aep h}}c}}ing voc caaimicnmy ea in}ekqcnmy

|pemccfing} in Jcnyh.

Aigspc 88.8 Oew Jcnyh hnf med|hphvep cmenedic} phnj en voc ch}c ea pc}ekqing in}ekqcnmy







Woikc voc de}v pcmcnv Feing @s}inc}} fhvh pcakcmv voc

caaimicnmy ea in}ekqcnmy |pemccfing} in Jcnyh vefhy+

fhvh eqcp vidc }oew wocpc voc caaimicnmy oh}

mohngcf‖hnf wocpc iv oh} nev /vh`kc 88.8). Vohv mhn

ock| ifcnviay wocpc voc |evcnvihk aep id|peqcdcnv i}

gpchvc}v.

Vh`kc 88.8 Voc ch}c ea pc}ekqing in}ekqcnmy in Jcnyh eqcp vidc



Phnj .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9< 90

Vidc /ychp}) 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3

Me}v /# ea c}vhvc) 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

Pcmeqcpy phvc /mcnv} en

voc fekkhp)03.6 07.? =0.1 =8.? =8.< =8.1 =8.1 09.? =<.9


voc dcvoefekegy. –Ne |phmvimc‑ infimhvc} vohv in chmo ea voc |pcqies} 3 ychp} voc cmenedy ohf ne mh}c} inqekqing h bsfimihkpcepghnirhvien+ bsfimihk kixsifhvien ep fc`v cnaepmcdcnv |pemcfspc /aepcmke}spc). Voi} dchn} vohv mpcfivep} hpc snkijcky ve pcmeqcp

vocip dency vopesgo h aepdhk kcghk |pemc}} /in ep esv ea mespv). Voc pcmeqcpy phvc aep –ne |phmvimc‑ cmenedic} i} <.







pcgienhkky ep gke`hkky en voc vidc ep me}v ea in}ekqcnmy

|pemccfing} ep en voc pcmeqcpy phvc /aigspc 88.0).


why} ve id|peqc voc caaimicnmy ea in}ekqcnmy|pemccfing}. Hnf mohngc} in pcgienhk hqcphgc} mhn


ahkking ̀ coinf.

Aigspc 88.0 Oh} pc}ekqing in}ekqcnmy `cmedc ch}icp eqcp vidc5

Vidc /ychp})

Me}v /# ea c}vhvc)








FHVH NEVC]

Voc infimhvep} |pc}cnvcf hnf hnhkyrcf in Feing

@s}inc}} dch}spc `s}inc}} pcgskhvien hnf voc

|pevcmvien ea |pe|cpvy pigov}‖hnf vocip caacmv en

`s}inc}}c}+ c}|cmihkky }dhkk hnf dcfisd$}irc fedc}vim

aipd}. Aip}v+ voc infimhvep} femsdcnv voc med|kcivy ea

pcgskhvien+ }smo h} voc nsd`cp ea |pemcfspc} ve }vhpv h

`s}inc}} ep ve pcgi}vcp hnf vphn}acp meddcpmihk

|pe|cpvy. ]cmenf+ vocy ghsgc voc vidc hnf me}v ea

hmoicqing h pcgskhvepy gehk ep med|kying wivo

pcgskhvien+ }smo h} voc vidc hnf me}v ve cnaepmc h

menvphmv+ ge vopesgo `hnjps|vmy ep vphfc hmpe}}

èpfcp}. Voipf+ vocy dch}spc voc cvcnv ea kcghk|pevcmvien} ea |pe|cpvy+ aep chd|kc+ voc |pevcmvien}

ea inqc}vep} hghin}v keeving `y med|hny fipcmvep} ep

voc phngc ea h}}cv} vohv mhn `c s}cf h} mekkhvcphk

hmmepfing ve }cmspcf vphn}hmvien} khw}. Aespvo+ h }cv ea

infimhvep} femsdcnv} voc vh `spfcn en `s}inc}}c}.

Ainhkky+ h }cv ea fhvh meqcp} fiaacpcnv h}|cmv} ea

cd|keydcnv pcgskhvien.

Voc fhvh aep hkk }cv} ea infimhvep} in Feing @s}inc}}

0<80 hpc aep Bsnc 0<88.=

Dcvoefekegy

Voc Feing @s}inc}} fhvh hpc mekkcmvcf in h

}vhnfhpfircf why. Ve }vhpv+ voc Feing @s}inc}} vchd+

wivo hmhfcdim hfqi}cp}+ fc}ign} h xsc}viennhipc. Voc

xsc}viennhipc s}c} h }id|kc `s}inc}} mh}c ve cn}spc

med|hphìkivy hmpe}} cmenedic} hnf eqcp vidc‖wivo

h}}sd|vien} hèsv voc kcghk aepd ea voc `s}inc}}+ iv}

}irc+ iv} kemhvien hnf voc nhvspc ea iv} e|cphvien}.

Xsc}viennhipc} hpc hfdini}vcpcf vopesgo depc vohn

9+<0? kemhk c|cpv}+ inmksfing khwycp}+ `s}inc}}

men}skvhnv}+ hmmesnvhnv}+ apcigov aepwhpfcp}+geqcpndcnv eaaimihk} hnf evocp |peac}}ienhk} pesvincky

hfdini}vcping ep hfqi}ing en kcghk hnf pcgskhvepy

pcxsipcdcnv}. Voc}c c|cpv} ohqc }cqcphk pesnf} ea

invcphmvien wivo voc Feing @s}inc}} vchd+ inqekqing

menacpcnmc mhkk}+ wpivvcn meppc}|enfcnmc hnf qi}iv} `y

voc vchd. Aep Feing @s}inc}} 0<80 vchd dcd`cp}

qi}ivcf 6< cmenedic} ve qcpiay fhvh hnf pcmpsiv

pc}|enfcnv}. Voc fhvh aped xsc}viennhipc} hpc

}s`bcmvcf ve nsdcpes} pesnf} ea qcpiaimhvien+ kchfing

ve pcqi}ien} ep c|hn}ien} ea voc inaepdhvien mekkcmvcf.

=

Voc fhvh aep |hying vhc} pcacp ve Bhnshpy ” Fcmcd`cp 0<8<.

Voc Feing @s}inc}} dcvoefekegy eaacp} }cqcphk

hfqhnvhgc}. Iv i} vphn}|hpcnv+ s}ing ahmvshk inaepdhvien

hèsv wohv khw} hnf pcgskhvien} }hy hnf hkkewing

dskvi|kc invcphmvien} wivo kemhk pc}|enfcnv} ve mkhpiay

|evcnvihk di}invcp|pcvhvien} ea xsc}vien}. Ohqing

pc|pc}cnvhviqc }hd|kc} ea pc}|enfcnv} i} nev hn i}}sc:

CMENEDY MOHPHMVCPI]VIM]

Gpe}} nhvienhk inmedc /GNI) |cp mh|ivh

Feing @s}inc}} 0<80 pc|epv} 0<8< inmedc |cp mh|ivhh} |s`ki}ocf in voc Wepkf @hnj’} Wepkf Fcqcke|dcnv Infimhvep} 0<88. Inmedc i} mhkmskhvcf s}ing voc Hvkh}dcvoef /msppcnv S]&). Aep me}v infimhvep} c|pc}}cfh} h |cpmcnvhgc ea inmedc |cp mh|ivh+ 0<8< GNI in

S.]. fekkhp} i} s}cf h} voc fcnedinhvep. Fhvh wcpcnev hqhikh`kc aped voc Wepkf @hnj aep Hagohni}vhn:Hs}vphkih: Voc @hohdh}: @hophin: @psnci Fhps}}hkhd:Mhnhfh: My|ps}: Fbièsvi: voc I}khdim Pc|s`kim ea Iphn: Jswhiv: Ncw Rchkhnf: Edhn: \scpve Pime/vcppivepy ea voc Snivcf ]vhvc}): Xhvhp: ]hsfi Hphìh:]spinhdc: Vhiwhn+ Moinh: voc Snivcf Hph` Cdiphvc}:Wc}v @hnj hnf Ghrh: hnf voc Pc|s`kim ea Ycdcn. Invoc}c mh}c} GF\ ep GN\ |cp mh|ivh fhvh hnf gpewvophvc} aped voc Invcpnhvienhk Dencvhpy Asnf’} WepkfCmenedim Esvkeej fhvh`h}c hnf voc Cmenedi}vInvckkigcnmc Sniv wcpc s}cf.

Pcgien hnf inmedc gpes|

Feing @s}inc}} s}c} voc Wepkf @hnj pcgienhk hnfinmedc gpes| mkh}}iaimhvien}+ hqhikh`kc hvovv|2%%www.wepkf`hnj.epg%fhvh%mesnvpymkh}}. VocWepkf @hnj fec} nev h}}ign pcgienhk mkh}}iaimhvien}ve oigo$inmedc cmenedic}. Aep voc |sp|e}c ea vocFeing @s}inc}} pc|epv+ oigo$inmedc ECMFcmenedic} hpc h}}igncf voc –pcgienhk‑ mkh}}iaimhvienECMF oigo inmedc. Aigspc} hnf vh`kc} |pc}cnvingpcgienhk hqcphgc} inmksfc cmenedic} aped hkkinmedc gpes|} /kew+ kewcp diffkc+ s||cp diffkchnf oigo inmedc).

\e|skhvienFeing @s}inc}} 0<80 pc|epv} difychp 0<8<|e|skhvien }vhvi}vim} h} |s`ki}ocf in Wepkf Fcqcke|dcnv Infimhvep} 0<88.

http://www.worldbank.org/data/countryclass






Feing @s}inc}} i} nev h }vhvi}vimhk }spqcy+ hnf voc vcv}

ea voc pckcqhnv khw} hnf pcgskhvien} hpc mekkcmvcf hnf

hn}wcp} mocmjcf aep hmmsphmy. Voc dcvoefekegy i}inc|cn}iqc hnf ch}iky pc|kimh`kc+ }e fhvh mhn `c

mekkcmvcf in h khpgc }hd|kc ea cmenedic}. @cmhs}c

}vhnfhpf h}}sd|vien} hpc s}cf in voc fhvh mekkcmvien+

med|hpi}en} hnf `cnmodhpj} hpc qhkif hmpe}}

cmenedic}. Ainhkky+ voc fhvh nev enky oigokigov voc

cvcnv ea }|cmiaim pcgskhvepy e`}vhmkc} ve `s}inc}} `sv

hk}e ifcnviay vocip }espmc hnf |einv ve wohv digov `c

pcaepdcf.

Inaepdhvien en voc dcvoefekegy aep chmo Feing

@s}inc}} ve|im mhn `c aesnf en voc Feing @s}inc}}

wc`}ivc hv ovv|2%%www.feing`s}inc}}.epg%dcvoefekegy%.

Kidiv} ve wohv i} dch}spcf

Voc Feing @s}inc}} dcvoefekegy oh} 3 kidivhvien} vohv

}oeskf `c men}ifcpcf wocn invcp|pcving voc fhvh. Aip}v+

voc mekkcmvcf fhvh pcacp ve `s}inc}}c} in voc cmenedy’}

khpgc}v `s}inc}} mivy hnf dhy nev `c pc|pc}cnvhviqc ea

pcgskhvien in evocp |hpv} ea voc cmenedy. Ve hffpc}}

voi} kidivhvien+ }s`nhvienhk Feing @s}inc}} infimhvep}

wcpc mpchvcf /}cc voc }cmvien en }s`nhvienhk Feing

@s}inc}} infimhvep}). ]cmenf+ voc fhvh eavcn aems} en h

}|cmiaim `s}inc}} aepd‖gcncphkky h kidivcf kihìkivymed|hny /ep iv} kcghk cxsiqhkcnv) ea h }|cmiaicf }irc‖

hnf dhy nev `c pc|pc}cnvhviqc ea voc pcgskhvien en

evocp `s}inc}}c}+ aep chd|kc+ }ekc |pe|picvep}oi|}.

Voipf+ vphn}hmvien} fc}mpi`cf in h }vhnfhpfircf mh}c

}mcnhpie pcacp ve h }|cmiaim }cv ea i}}sc} hnf dhy nev

pc|pc}cnv voc askk }cv ea i}}sc} h `s}inc}} cnmesnvcp}.

Aespvo+ voc dch}spc} ea vidc inqekqc hn ckcdcnv ea

bsfgdcnv `y voc c|cpv pc}|enfcnv}. Wocn }espmc}

infimhvc fiaacpcnv c}vidhvc}+ voc vidc infimhvep}

pc|epvcf in Feing @s}inc}} pc|pc}cnv voc dcfihn

qhksc} ea }cqcphk pc}|en}c} giqcn snfcp voc

h}}sd|vien} ea voc }vhnfhpfircf mh}c.

Ainhkky+ voc dcvoefekegy h}}sdc} vohv h `s}inc}} oh}

askk inaepdhvien en wohv i} pcxsipcf hnf fec} nev

wh}vc vidc wocn med|kcving |pemcfspc}. In |phmvimc+

med|kcving h |pemcfspc dhy vhjc kengcp ia voc

`s}inc}} khmj} inaepdhvien ep i} snh`kc ve aekkew s|

|ped|vky. Hkvcpnhviqcky+ voc `s}inc}} dhy moee}c ve

fi}pcghpf }edc `spfcn}edc |pemcfspc}. Aep èvo

pch}en} voc vidc fckhy} pc|epvcf in Feing @s}inc}}

0<80 weskf fiaacp aped voc pcmekkcmvien ea

cnvpc|pcncsp} pc|epvcf in voc Wepkf @hnj Cnvcp|pi}c

]spqcy} ep evocp |cpmc|vien }spqcy}.

]s`nhvienhk Feing @s}inc}} infimhvep}

Voi} ychp Feing @s}inc}} |s`ki}ocf h }s`nhvienhk }vsfy

aep voc \oiki||inc} hnf h pcgienhk pc|epv aep ]esvoch}v

Cspe|c meqcping 7 cmenedic} /Hk`hnih+ @e}nih hnf

Ocprcgeqinh+ Je}eqe+ voc aepdcp Ysge}khq Pc|s`kim ea

Dhmcfenih+ Dekfeqh+ Denvcncgpe hnf ]cpìh) hnf 00

mivic}. Iv hk}e |s`ki}ocf h mivy |peaikc aep Bs`h+ in voc

Pc|s`kim ea ]esvo ]sfhn.

Voc }s`nhvienhk }vsfic} |einv ve fiaacpcnmc} in

`s}inc}} pcgskhvien hnf iv} id|kcdcnvhvien‖h} wckk h}in voc |hmc ea pcgskhvepy pcaepd‖hmpe}} mivic} in voc

}hdc cmenedy. Aep }cqcphk cmenedic} }s`nhvienhk

}vsfic} hpc new |cpiefimhkky s|fhvcf ve dch}spc

mohngc eqcp vidc ep ve c|hnf gcegph|oim meqcphgc

ve hffivienhk mivic}. Voi} ychp vohv i} voc mh}c aep voc

}s`nhvienhk }vsfic} in voc \oiki||inc}: voc pcgienhk

pc|epv in ]esvoch}v Cspe|c: voc engeing }vsfic} in

Ivhky+ Jcnyh hnf voc Snivcf Hph` Cdiphvc}: hnf voc

|pebcmv} id|kcdcnvcf beinvky wivo kemhk voinj vhnj} in

Infenc}ih+ Dcime hnf voc Ps}}ihn Acfcphvien.

@c}ifc} voc }s`nhvienhk Feing @s}inc}} infimhvep}+Feing @s}inc}} menfsmvcf h |ikev }vsfy voi} ychp en

voc }cmenf khpgc}v mivy in = khpgc cmenedic} ve h}}c}}

wivoin$mesnvpy qhpihvien}. Voc }vsfy mekkcmvcf fhvh aep

Pie fc Bhncipe in hffivien ve ]íe \hske in @phrik+ aep

@cibing in hffivien ve ]ohngohi in Moinh hnf aep ]v.

\cvcp}`spg in hffivien ve De}mew in Ps}}ih.

Mohngc} in wohv i} dch}spcf

Voc dcvoefekegy aep = ea voc Feing @s}inc}} ve|im}

wh} s|fhvcf voi} ychp‖gcvving mpcfiv+ fchking wivo

men}vpsmvien |cpdiv} hnf |hying vhc}.

Aip}v+ aep gcvving mpcfiv+ voc }meping ea enc ea voc 8<

med|encnv} ea voc }vpcngvo ea kcghk pigov} infc wh}

hdcnfcf ve pcmegnirc hffivienhk |pevcmvien} ea

}cmspcf mpcfivep} hnf èppewcp}. \pcqies}ky voc

oigoc}v }mepc ea 8 wh} h}}igncf ia }cmspcf mpcfivep}

wcpc nev }s`bcmv ve hn hsvedhvim }vhy ep dephvepisd

en cnaepmcdcnv |pemcfspc} wocn h fc`vep cnvcpcf h

mespv$}s|cpqi}cf pcepghnirhvien |pemcfspc. New voc

oigoc}v }mepc ea 8 i} hk}e h}}igncf ia voc khw |peqifc}

}cmspcf mpcfivep} wivo gpesnf} aep pckica aped hn




hsvedhvim }vhy ep dephvepisd /aep chd|kc+ ia voc

deqh`kc |pe|cpvy i} in fhngcp) ep }cv} h vidc kidiv aep

voc hsvedhvim }vhy.]cmenf+ `cmhs}c voc ch}c ea feing `s}inc}} infc new

inmksfc} voc gcvving ckcmvpimivy infimhvep}+ |pemcfspc}+

vidc hnf me}v pckhvcf ve e`vhining hn ckcmvpimivy

menncmvien wcpc pcdeqcf aped voc fchking wivo

men}vpsmvien |cpdiv} infimhvep}.

Voipf+ h vopc}oekf oh} `ccn invpefsmcf aep voc vevhk vh

phvc aep voc |sp|e}c ea mhkmskhving voc phnjing en voc

ch}c ea |hying vhc}. Hkk cmenedic} wivo h vevhk vh

phvc `ckew voc vopc}oekf /woimo wikk `c mhkmskhvcf hnf

hfbs}vcf en h ychpky `h}i}) wikk new pcmciqc voc }hdc

phnjing en voc vevhk vh phvc infimhvep. Voc vopc}oekf i}nev `h}cf en hny snfcpkying vocepy. In}vchf+ iv i}

dchnv ve cd|oh}irc voc |sp|e}c ea voc infimhvep2 ve

oigokigov cmenedic} wocpc voc vh `spfcn en `s}inc}}

i} oigo pckhviqc ve voc vh `spfcn in evocp cmenedic}.

Giqing voc }hdc phnjing ve hkk cmenedic} woe}c vevhk

vh phvc i} `ckew voc vopc}oekf hqeif} hwhpfing

cmenedic} in voc }meping aep ohqing hn sns}shkky kew

vevhk vh phvc+ eavcn aep pch}en} snpckhvcf ve

geqcpndcnv |ekimic} vewhpf cnvcp|pi}c}. Aep chd|kc+

cmenedic} vohv hpc qcpy }dhkk ep vohv hpc pimo in

nhvsphk pc}espmc} fe nev nccf ve kcqy `pehf$`h}cf

vhc}.

Fhvh mohkkcngc} hnf pcqi}ien}

De}v khw} hnf pcgskhvien} snfcpkying voc Feing

@s}inc}} fhvh hpc hqhikh`kc en voc Feing @s}inc}}

wc`}ivc hv ovv|2%%www.feing`s}inc}}.epg. Hkk voc

}hd|kc xsc}viennhipc} hnf voc fcvhik} snfcpkying voc

infimhvep} hpc hk}e |s`ki}ocf en voc wc`}ivc. Xsc}vien}

en voc dcvoefekegy hnf mohkkcngc} ve fhvh mhn `c

}s`divvcf vopesgo voc wc`}ivc’} –H}j h Xsc}vien‑

asnmvien hv ovv|2%%www.feing`s}inc}}.epg.

Ch}c ea feing `s}inc}} hnf fi}vhnmc veapenvicp

Voi} ychp’} pc|epv |pc}cnv} pc}skv} aep 0 hggpcghvc

dch}spc}2 voc hggpcghvc phnjing en voc ch}c ea feing

`s}inc}} hnf h ncw dch}spc+ voc –fi}vhnmc ve apenvicp.‑

Woikc voc ch}c ea feing `s}inc}} phnjing med|hpc}

cmenedic} wivo enc hnevocp hv h |einv in vidc+ voc

fi}vhnmc ve apenvicp dch}spc }oew} oew dsmo voc

pcgskhvepy cnqipendcnv aep kemhk cnvpc|pcncsp} in chmo

cmenedy oh} mohngcf eqcp vidc.

Ch}c ea feing `s}inc}}

Voc ch}c ea feing `s}inc}} infc phnj} cmenedic}

aped 8 ve 8?=. Aep chmo cmenedy voc phnjing i}

mhkmskhvcf h} voc }id|kc hqcphgc ea voc |cpmcnvikc

phnjing} en chmo ea voc 8< ve|im} inmksfcf in voc infc

in Feing @s}inc}} 0<802 }vhpving h `s}inc}}+ fchking

wivo men}vpsmvien |cpdiv}+ pcgi}vcping |pe|cpvy+ gcvving

mpcfiv+ |pevcmving inqc}vep}+ |hying vhc}+ vphfing

hmpe}} èpfcp}+ cnaepming menvphmv}+ pc}ekqing

in}ekqcnmy hnf+ ncw voi} ychp+ gcvving ckcmvpimivy. Voc

cd|keying wepjcp} infimhvep} hpc nev inmksfcf in voi}

ychp’} hggpcghvc ch}c ea feing `s}inc}} phnjing. Inhffivien ve voi} ychp’} phnjing+ Feing @s}inc}} |pc}cnv}

h med|hph`kc phnjing aep voc |pcqies} ychp+ hfbs}vcf

aep hny mohngc} in dcvoefekegy h} wckk h} hffivien} ea

cmenedic} ep ve|im}.6

Men}vpsmvien ea voc ch}c ea feing `s}inc}} infc

Ocpc i} enc chd|kc ea oew voc ch}c ea feing `s}inc}}

infc i} men}vpsmvcf. In voc Pc|s`kim ea Jepch iv vhjc} 3

|pemcfspc}+ 7 fhy} hnf 86.1# ea hnnshk inmedc |cp

mh|ivh in acc} ve e|cn h `s}inc}}. Vocpc i} ne dinidsd

mh|ivhk pcxsipcf. En voc}c 6 infimhvep} Jepch phnj} in

voc 8?vo+ 86vo+ 3=pf hnf < |cpmcnvikc}. ]e en hqcphgcJepch phnj} in voc 08}v |cpmcnvikc en voc ch}c ea

}vhpving h `s}inc}}. Iv phnj} in voc 80 vo |cpmcnvikc en

gcvving mpcfiv+ 03vo |cpmcnvikc en |hying vhc}+ ?vo

|cpmcnvikc en cnaepming menvphmv}+ 7vo |cpmcnvikc en

pc}ekqing in}ekqcnmy hnf }e en. Oigocp phnjing}

infimhvc }id|kcp pcgskhvien hnf }vpengcp |pevcmvien ea

|pe|cpvy pigov}. Voc }id|kc hqcphgc ea Jepch’}

|cpmcnvikc phnjing} en hkk ve|im} i} 08}v. Wocn hkk

cmenedic} hpc epfcpcf `y vocip hqcphgc |cpmcnvikc

phnjing}+ Jepch }vhnf} hv ? in voc hggpcghvc phnjing

en voc ch}c ea feing `s}inc}}.

Depc med|kc hggpcghvien dcvoef}‖}smo h}

|pinmi|hk med|encnv} hnf sne`}cpqcf med|encnv}‖

6 In mh}c ea pcqi}ien} ve voc dcvoefekegy ep meppcmvien} ve voc

snfcpkying fhvh+ voc fhvh hpc `hmj$mhkmskhvcf ve |peqifc h

med|hph`kc vidc }cpic} }inmc voc ychp voc pckcqhnv cmenedy ep ve|im

wh} aip}v inmksfcf in voc fhvh }cv. Voc vidc }cpic} i} hqhikh`kc en voc

Feing @s}inc}} wc`}ivc /ovv|2%%www.feing`s}inc}}.epg). Voc Feing

@s}inc}} pc|epv |s`ki}oc} ychpky phnjing} aep voc ychp ea |s`kimhvien

h} wckk h} voc |pcqies} ychp ve }ocf kigov en ychp$ve$ychp

fcqcke|dcnv}. ]i ve|im} hnf depc vohn 3< cmenedic} ohqc `ccn

hffcf }inmc voc inmc|vien ea voc |pebcmv. Chpkicp phnjing} en voc ch}c

ea feing `s}inc}} hpc vocpcaepc nev med|hph`kc.




yickf h phnjing nchpky ifcnvimhk ve voc }id|kc hqcphgc

s}cf `y Feing @s}inc}}.3 Vos}+ Feing @s}inc}} s}c}

voc }id|kc}v dcvoef2 wcigoving hkk ve|im} cxshkky hnf+wivoin chmo ve|im+ giqing cxshk wcigov ve chmo ea voc

ve|im med|encnv}.1

Ia hn cmenedy oh} ne khw} ep pcgskhvien} meqcping h

}|cmiaim hpch‖aep chd|kc+ in}ekqcnmy‖iv pcmciqc} h

–ne |phmvimc‑ dhpj. ]idikhpky+ hn cmenedy pcmciqc} h

–ne |phmvimc‑ ep –nev |e}}i`kc‑ dhpj ia pcgskhvien ci}v}

`sv i} ncqcp s}cf in |phmvimc ep ia h med|cving

pcgskhvien |peoiìv} }smo |phmvimc. Civocp why+ h –ne

|phmvimc‑ dhpj |sv} voc cmenedy hv voc èvved ea voc

phnjing en voc pckcqhnv infimhvep.

Voc ch}c ea feing `s}inc}} infc i} kidivcf in }me|c. Ivfec} nev hmmesnv aep hn cmenedy’} |peidivy ve khpgc

dhpjcv}+ voc xshkivy ea iv} inaph}vpsmvspc }cpqimc} /evocp

vohn }cpqimc} pckhvcf ve vphfing hmpe}} èpfcp} hnf

gcvving ckcmvpimivy)+ voc }vpcngvo ea iv} ainhnmihk }y}vcd+

voc }cmspivy ea |pe|cpvy aped vocav hnf keeving+ iv}

dhmpecmenedim menfivien} ep voc }vpcngvo ea

snfcpkying in}vivsvien}.

Qhpihìkivy ea cmenedic}’ phnjing} hmpe}} ve|im}

Chmo infimhvep }cv dch}spc} h fiaacpcnv h}|cmv ea voc

`s}inc}} pcgskhvepy cnqipendcnv. Voc phnjing} ea hn

cmenedy mhn qhpy+ }edcvidc} }igniaimhnvky+ hmpe}}infimhvep }cv}. Voc hqcphgc meppckhvien mecaaimicnv

`cvwccn voc 8< infimhvep }cv} inmksfcf in voc

hggpcghvc phnjing i} <.=1+ hnf voc mecaaimicnv}

`cvwccn hny 0 }cv} ea infimhvep} phngc aped <.87

/`cvwccn |pevcmving inqc}vep} hnf gcvving ckcmvpimivy)

ve <.37 /`cvwccn }vhpving h `s}inc}} hnf |pevcmving

inqc}vep}). Voc}c meppckhvien} }sggc}v vohv cmenedic}

phpcky }mepc sniqcp}hkky wckk ep sniqcp}hkky `hfky en voc

infimhvep}.

3 ]cc ]idcen Fbhnjeq+ Fhp}oini Dhnphb+ Mhphkcc DmKic}o hnf Pivh

Phdhkoe+ –Feing @s}inc}} Infimhvep}2 Woy Hggpcghvc+ hnf Oew ve

Fe Iv‑ /Wepkf @hnj+ Wh}oingven+ FM+ 0<<3). \pinmi|hk med|encnv}

hnf sne`}cpqcf med|encnv} dcvoef} yickf h phnjing nchpky

ifcnvimhk ve vohv aped voc }id|kc hqcphgc dcvoef `cmhs}c èvo

voc}c dcvoef} h}}ign pesgoky cxshk wcigov} ve voc ve|im}+ }inmc voc

|hipwi}c meppckhvien} hdeng infimhvep} fe nev fiaacp dsmo. Hn

hkvcpnhviqc ve voc }id|kc hqcphgc dcvoef i} ve giqc fiaacpcnv wcigov}

ve voc ve|im}+ fc|cnfing en woimo hpc men}ifcpcf ea depc ep kc}}

id|epvhnmc in voc menvcv ea h }|cmiaim cmenedy.1 H vcmonimhk nevc en voc fiaacpcnv hggpcghvien hnf wcigoving

dcvoef} i} hqhikh`kc en voc Feing @s}inc}} wc`}ivc

/ovv|2%%www.feing`s}inc}}.epg).

Men}ifcp voc chd|kc ea Mhnhfh. Iv }vhnf} hv 80 in voc

hggpcghvc phnjing en voc ch}c ea feing `s}inc}}. Iv}

phnjing i} = en èvo }vhpving h `s}inc}} hnf pc}ekqingin}ekqcnmy+ hnf 3 en |pevcmving inqc}vep}. @sv iv}

phnjing i} enky 39 en cnaepming menvphmv}+ 60 en

vphfing hmpe}} èpfcp} hnf 831 en gcvving ckcmvpimivy.

Qhpihvien in |cpaepdhnmc hmpe}} voc infimhvep }cv} i}

nev hv hkk sns}shk. Iv pcakcmv} fiaacpcnmc} in voc fcgpcc

ea |piepivy vohv geqcpndcnv hsvoepivic} giqc ve

|hpvimskhp hpch} ea `s}inc}} pcgskhvien pcaepd hnf voc

hìkivy ea fiaacpcnv geqcpndcnv hgcnmic} ve fckiqcp

vhngi`kc pc}skv} in vocip hpch ea pc}|en}iìkivy.

Cmenedic} vohv id|peqcf voc de}v hmpe}} = ep depc

Feing @s}inc}} ve|im} in 0<8<%88

Feing @s}inc}} 0<80 s}c} h }id|kc dcvoef ve mhkmskhvc

woimo cmenedic} id|peqcf voc de}v in voc ch}c ea

feing `s}inc}}. Aip}v+ iv }ckcmv} voc cmenedic} vohv in

0<8<%88 id|kcdcnvcf pcgskhvepy pcaepd} dhjing iv

ch}icp ve fe `s}inc}} in = ep depc ea voc 8< ve|im}

inmksfcf in voi} ychp’} ch}c ea feing `s}inc}} phnjing.7

Voipvy cmenedic} dccv voi} mpivcpien2 Hpdcnih+ @spjinh

Ah}e+ @spsnfi+ Mh|c Qcpfc+ voc Mcnvphk Hapimhn

Pc|s`kim+ Moikc+ Mekedìh+ voc Fcdemphvim Pc|s`kim ea

Menge+ Mövc f'Iqeipc+ Voc Ghdìh+ Gcepgih+ Jepch+

Khvqih+ Ki`cpih+ AYP Dhmcfenih+ Dcime+ Dekfeqh+Denvcncgpe+ Depemme+ Nimhphgsh+ Edhn+ \cps+ Ps}}ih+

]íe Vedé hnf \pänmi|c+ ]cncghk+ ]icpph Kcenc+

]keqcnih+ voc ]ekeden I}khnf}+ ]esvo Hapimh hnf

Sjphinc. ]cmenf+ Feing @s}inc}} phnj} voc}c

cmenedic} en voc inmpch}c in vocip phnjing en voc ch}c

ea feing `s}inc}} aped voc |pcqies} ychp s}ing

med|hph`kc phnjing}.

]ckcmving voc cmenedic} vohv id|kcdcnvcf pcgskhvepy

pcaepd} in hv kch}v = ve|im} hnf id|peqcf voc de}v in

voc hggpcghvc phnjing i} invcnfcf ve oigokigov

cmenedic} wivo engeing+ `pehf$`h}cf pcaepd

|pegphd}.

Fi}vhnmc ve apenvicp dch}spc

Voi} ychp’} pc|epv invpefsmc} h ncw dch}spc ve

ikks}vphvc oew voc pcgskhvepy cnqipendcnv aep kemhk

`s}inc}}c} in chmo cmenedy oh} mohngcf eqcp vidc.

Voc fi}vhnmc ve apenvicp dch}spc ikks}vphvc} voc

fi}vhnmc ea hn cmenedy ve voc –apenvicp‑ hnf }oew}

7 Feing @s}inc}} pcaepd} dhjing iv depc fiaaimskv ve fe `s}inc}} hpc

}s`vphmvcf aped voc vevhk nsd`cp ea voe}c dhjing iv ch}icp ve fe

`s}inc}}.



8<< Jcnyh Feing @s}inc}} 0<80

voc cvcnv ve woimo voc cmenedy oh} mke}cf voi} gh|

eqcp vidc. Voc apenvicp i} h }mepc fcpiqcf aped voc de}v

caaimicnv |phmvimc ep oigoc}v }mepc hmoicqcf en chmo ea voc med|encnv infimhvep} in 9 Feing @s}inc}} infimhvep

}cv} /cmksfing voc cd|keying wepjcp} hnf gcvving

ckcmvpimivy infimhvep}) `y hny cmenedy }inmc 0<<3. In

}vhpving h `s}inc}}+ aep chd|kc+ Ncw Rchkhnf oh}

hmoicqcf voc oigoc}v |cpaepdhnmc en voc vidc /8 fhy)+

Mhnhfh hnf Ncw Rchkhnf en voc nsd`cp ea

|pemcfspc} pcxsipcf /8)+ Fcndhpj hnf ]keqcnih en voc

me}v /<# ea inmedc |cp mh|ivh) hnf Hs}vphkih en voc

|hif$in dinidsd mh|ivhk pcxsipcdcnv /<# ea inmedc

|cp mh|ivh).

Mhkmskhving voc fi}vhnmc ve apenvicp aep chmo cmenedy

inqekqc} 0 dhin }vc|}. Aip}v+ infiqifshk infimhvep }mepc}

hpc nepdhkircf ve h medden sniv. Ve fe }e+ chmo ea

voc =0 med|encnv infimhvep} y i} pc}mhkcf ve / y ∐

din)%/dh ∐ din)+ wivo voc dinidsd qhksc /din)

pc|pc}cnving voc apenvicp‖voc oigoc}v |cpaepdhnmc en

vohv infimhvep hmpe}} hkk cmenedic} }inmc 0<<3. ]cmenf+

aep chmo cmenedy voc }mepc} e`vhincf aep infiqifshk

infimhvep} hpc hggpcghvcf vopesgo }id|kc hqcphging

inve enc fi}vhnmc ve apenvicp }mepc. Hn cmenedy’}

fi}vhnmc ve voc apenvicp i} infimhvcf en h }mhkc aped <

ve 8<<+ wocpc < pc|pc}cnv} voc apenvicp hnf 8<< voc

kewc}v |cpaepdhnmc.

Voc fiaacpcnmc `cvwccn hn cmenedy’} fi}vhnmc ve

apenvicp }mepc in 0<<3 hnf iv} }mepc in 0<88 ikks}vphvc}

voc cvcnv ve woimo voc cmenedy oh} mke}cf voc gh| vevoc apenvicp eqcp vidc.

Voc dhidsd /dh) hnf dinidsd /din) e`}cpqcf

qhksc} hpc med|svcf aep voc 876 cmenedic} inmksfcf

in voc Feing @s}inc}} }hd|kc }inmc 0<<3 hnf aep hkk

ychp} /aped 0<<3 ve 0<88). Voc ychp 0<<3 wh} moe}cn

h} voc `h}ckinc aep voc cmenedy }hd|kc `cmhs}c iv wh}

voc aip}v ychp in woimo fhvh wcpc hqhikh`kc aep voc

dhbepivy ea cmenedic} /h vevhk ea 876) hnf aep hkk 9

infimhvep }cv} inmksfcf in voc dch}spc. Ve divighvc voc

caacmv} ea cvpcdc esvkicp} in voc fi}vpi`svien} ea voc

pc}mhkcf fhvh /qcpy acw cmenedic} nccf 196 fhy} ve

med|kcvc voc |pemcfspc} ve }vhpv h `s}inc}}+ `sv dhny

nccf 9 fhy})+ voc dhidsd /dh) i} fcaincf h} voc 93vo

|cpmcnvikc ea voc |eekcf fhvh aep hkk cmenedic} hnf hkk

ychp} aep chmo infimhvep.

Vhjc Mekedìh+ woimo oh} h }mepc ea <.08 en voc

fi}vhnmc ve apenvicp dch}spc aep 0<88. Voi} }mepc

infimhvc} vohv voc cmenedy i} 08 |cpmcnvhgc |einv}

hwhy aped voc apenvicp men}vpsmvcf aped voc `c}v

|cpaepdhnmc} hmpe}} hkk cmenedic} hnf hkk ychp}.

Mekedìh wh} aspvocp aped voc apenvicp in 0<<3+ wivo h

}mepc ea <.6=. Voc fiaacpcnmc `cvwccn voc }mepc} }oew}

hn id|peqcdcnv eqcp vidc.



8<8 Jcnyh Feing @s}inc}} 0<80

PC]ESPMC] EN VOC FEING @S]INC]] WC@]IVC

Msppcnv achvspc}

Ncw} en voc Feing @s}inc}} |pebcmv

ovv|2%%www.feing`s}inc}}.epg

Phnjing}

Oew cmenedic} phnj‖aped 8 ve 8?=

ovv|2%%www.feing`s}inc}}.epg%phnjing}%

Pc|epv}

Hmmc}} ve Feing @s}inc}} pc|epv} h} wckk h}

}s`nhvienhk hnf pcgienhk pc|epv}+ pcaepd mh}c

}vsfic} hnf ms}vedircf cmenedy hnf pcgienhk

|peaikc}

ovv|2%%www.feing`s}inc}}.epg%pc|epv}%

Dcvoefekegy

Voc dcvoefekegic} hnf pc}chpmo |h|cp}

snfcpkying Feing @s}inc}}

ovv|2%%www.feing`s}inc}}.epg%dcvoefekegy%

Pc}chpmo

H`}vphmv} ea |h|cp} en Feing @s}inc}} ve|im}

hnf pckhvcf |ekimy i}}sc}

ovv|2%%www.feing`s}inc}}.epg%pc}chpmo%

Feing @s}inc}} pcaepd}

]oepv }sddhpic} ea F@0<80 `s}inc}} pcgskhvien

pcaepd}+ ki}v} ea pcaepd} }inmc F@0<<? hnf h

phnjing }idskhvien veek

ovv|2%%www.feing`s}inc}}.epg%pcaepd}%

Oi}vepimhk fhvh

Ms}vedircf fhvh }cv} }inmc F@0<<6

ovv|2%%www.feing`s}inc}}.epg%ms}ved$xscpy%

Khw ki`phpy

Enkinc mekkcmvien ea `s}inc}} khw} hnf

pcgskhvien} pckhving ve `s}inc}} hnf gcnfcp

i}}sc}

ovv|2%%www.feing`s}inc}}.epg%khw$ki`phpy%

ovv|2%%w`k.wepkf`hnj.epg%

Menvpi`svep}

Depc vohn 9+<<< }|cmihki}v} in 8?= cmenedic}woe |hpvimi|hvc in Feing @s}inc}}

ovv|2%%www.feing`s}inc}}.epg%menvpi`svep}%feing$

`s}inc}}%

http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings/

http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/

http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodology/

http://www.doingbusiness.org/reforms/

http://www.doingbusiness.org/custom-query/

http://wbl.worldbank.org/

http://wbl.worldbank.org/

http://www.doingbusiness.org/custom-query/

http://www.doingbusiness.org/reforms/

http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodology/

http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/

http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings/



8<0 Jcnyh Feing @s}inc}} 0<80

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Doing Business in Kenya_economic Profile 2012_TIMOTHY MAHEA