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Located internally oſten within body organs or viscera. Proprioceptors: is a spe- cialized type of viscero- ceptors. Located in the skeletal muscles, joint capsules and tendons . Provide info on body movement, orientaon in space and muscle stretch. There are tonic and phasic receptors provide posional infor- maon on body or body parts while at rest or during movement. Mechanoreceptors: acvated when “deformed” to generate receptor potenal. Example: Pressure ap- plied to the skin. (1) (478) Chemoreceptors: ac- vated by amount or changing concentraon of certain chemicals. Example: taste and smell (1) (478) Thermoreceptors: ac- vated by changes in tem- perature (1) (478) Nociceptors: acvated by intense smuli that may damage ssue sen- saon produced in pain Examples: Light and sound (1) (478) Photoreceptors: found only in the eye. Respond to light smuli, if the intensity is great enough to generate a receptor potenal. Examples: Eye (1) (478) Exteroceptors: on or near body surface, oſten called cutaneous recep- tors. Examples: pressure, touch, pain and temp (1) (478) Visceroceptors: Provide the body with infor- maon about internal environment ,pressure, stretch, chemical chang- es, hunger and thirst. Sensory Receptors: Stimulus Detected Anatomy and Physiology Times Does that make Sense? Table of Contents Page 1 Sensory Receptors First Story Stimulus Detected Secondary News Structure Page 2 Special Sense Smell Taste Hearing Balance NOVEMBER 5, 2012 VOLUME 1, ISSUE 1 Structure Muscle Spindle- It is contained within a capsule lying parallel to muscle fibers. (1) Intramural fibers are that inside the cap- sule where in-between them is a central region, wrapped within sensory dendrites of the muscle spindle afferent. (1) Then there is an ion channel in the sensory dendrites for whenever the muscle length- ens (is being stretched). Those ions cause a potenal reacon in the acon potenals of muscle spindle afferents. (1) Meissner Corpuscles- Upper poron of corpuscle is in direct contact with the epidermal basal cells where axon terminals and laminar cells are interdigitat- ed with the basal cells. Each axon; the terminated and those in contact with epidermis con- tain mitochondria, micro vesicles and myelinated dense bodies. (1) Pacinian Corpuscles: Within the corpuscles there is a structure called the first node of Ranvier. Myelin Sheath as well commenc- es in this area, conducng elec- trical impulses relavely quickly. Nodes of Ranvier are present through out the enre area extending from the sensory receptor, allowing the nodes to rapidly transmit changes in elec- trical potenal. Free Nerve Endings: Are Within the Epidermis, commecning with the hair papilla in the same depth of the pacinian corpuscle going further up aaching to the erector muscle. Above the nerve ending is the skin papilla lying on the dermis layer of the skin. root hair plexuses: the root hair plexuses conssts of the lowest papilla, where the root of the hair lies above, then on the inner root sheath connecve ssue sheath runs over it and muscle arrecteur pili is at the top. underneath the epidermis is the sebaceous gland and at the visible sight is the hair shaſt. (1) merkel disks: the structure of the merkel disks would consist of that as to the fingerps, the epidermis the highest level of the skin to the fact that the funcon is touch. (1) Golgi tendon Organs: Within the central nervous system, the Golgi tendon is made up of motor neurons, to where the organ monitors muscular and tendon tension from surrounding ssues. (1)

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Located internally often within body organs or viscera. Proprioceptors: is a spe-cialized type of viscero-ceptors. Located in the skeletal muscles, joint capsules and tendons . Provide info on body movement, orientation in space and muscle stretch. There are tonic and phasic receptors provide positional infor-mation on body or body parts while at rest or during movement.

Mechanoreceptors: activated when “deformed” to generate receptor potential. Example: Pressure ap-plied to the skin. (1) (478) Chemoreceptors: acti-vated by amount or changing concentration of certain chemicals. Example: taste and smell (1) (478) Thermoreceptors: acti-vated by changes in tem-perature (1) (478) Nociceptors: activated by intense stimuli that may damage tissue sen-sation produced in pain Examples: Light and sound (1) (478)

Photoreceptors: found only in the eye. Respond to light stimuli, if the intensity is great enough to generate a receptor potential. Examples: Eye (1) (478) Exteroceptors: on or near body surface, often called cutaneous recep-tors. Examples: pressure, touch, pain and temp (1) (478) Visceroceptors: Provide the body with infor-mation about internal environment ,pressure, stretch, chemical chang-es, hunger and thirst.

Sensory Receptors: Stimulus Detected

Anatomy and Physiology Times

Does that make Sense?

Table of Contents

Page 1

Sensory Receptors

First Story

Stimulus Detected

Secondary News

Structure

Page 2

Special Sense

Smell

Taste

Hearing

Balance

NOVEMBER 5, 2012 VOLUME 1, ISSUE 1

Structure Muscle Spindle- It is contained

within a capsule lying parallel

to muscle fibers. (1) Intramural

fibers are that inside the cap-

sule where in-between them is

a central region, wrapped

within sensory dendrites of the

muscle spindle afferent. (1)

Then there is an ion channel in

the sensory dendrites for

whenever the muscle length-

ens (is being stretched). Those

ions cause a potential reaction

in the action potentials of

muscle spindle afferents. (1)

Meissner Corpuscles- Upper

portion of corpuscle is in direct

contact with the epidermal

basal cells where axon terminals

and laminar cells are interdigitat-

ed with the basal cells. Each

axon; the terminated and those

in contact with epidermis con-

tain mitochondria, micro vesicles

and myelinated dense bodies. (1)

Pacinian Corpuscles: Within the

corpuscles there is a structure

called the first node of Ranvier.

Myelin Sheath as well commenc-

es in this area, conducting elec-

trical impulses relatively quickly.

Nodes of Ranvier are present

through out the entire area

extending from the sensory

receptor, allowing the nodes to

rapidly transmit changes in elec-

trical potential. Free Nerve Endings: Are Within the Epidermis,

commecning with the hair papilla in the same depth of the pacinian

corpuscle going further up attaching to the erector muscle. Above the

nerve ending is the skin papilla lying on the dermis layer of the skin.

root hair plexuses: the root hair plexuses constists of the lowest papilla,

where the root of the hair lies above, then on the inner root sheath

connective tissue sheath runs over it and muscle arrecteur pili is at the

top. underneath the epidermis is the sebaceous gland and at the visible

sight is the hair shaft. (1)

merkel disks: the structure of the merkel disks would consist of that as

to the fingertips, the epidermis the highest level of the skin to the fact

that the function is touch. (1)

Golgi tendon Organs: Within the central nervous system, the Golgi

tendon is made up of motor neurons, to where the organ monitors

muscular and tendon tension from surrounding tissues. (1)

SMELL:

Olfactory Receptors

Olfactory sense organs consist of

epithelial support cells and

specialized olfactory receptor

neurons

Olfactory Cilia- located on the

olfactory receptor neu-

rons that touch the olfac-

tory epithelium lining the

upper surface of the nasal

cavity.

Olfactory Cells- chemorecep-

tors; gas molecules or

chemicals dissolved in the

mucus covering the nasal

epithelium stimulate the olfactory cell.

Olfactory Epithelium- located in most superior portion of the

nasal cavity

Olfactory Receptors- extremely sensitive and easily fatigued

Olfactory Pathways

When the level of SMELL odor- producing chemicals reaches a

threshold level, the following occurs

Receptor potential, and then action potential, is generated and

passed to the olfactory nerves in the olfactory bulb

The impulse then passes through the olfactory tract and into

the thalamic and olfactory centers of the brain for inter-

pretation, integration, and memory storage

Structure Continued...

What are Special Senses?

EXTRA! EXTRA! READ ALL ABOUT THE SPECIAL SENCES

of Ranvier.

Myelin Sheath well com-

mences in this area, con-

ducting electrical impulses

relatively quickly.

Nodes of Ranvier are present

through out the entire area

extending from the sensory

receptor, allowing the nodes

to rapidly transmit changes in

electrical potential.

Free Nerve Endings: Are

Withing the Epidermis,

commecning with the hair

papilla in the same depth of

the pacinian corpuscle

going further up attaching to

the erector muscle. Above

the nerve ending is the skin

papilla lying on the dermis

layer of the skin.

root hair plexuses: the root

hair plexuses constists of the

lowest papilla, where the

root of the hair lies above,

then on the inner root sheath

connective tissue sheath runs

over it and muscle arrecteur

pili is at the top. underneath

the epidermis is the seba-

ceous gland and at the visible

sight is the hair shaft

merkel disks: the structure of

the merkel disks would con-

sist of that as to the finger-

tips, the epidermis the high-

est level of the skin to the

fact that the function is touch

Page 2 DOES THAT MAKE SENSE?

Special Senses are characterized by receptors grouped closely together or grouped in spe-

cialized organs; sense of smell, taste, hearing, equilibrium, and vision.

Taste Buds- sense organs that

respond to gustatory, or taste,

stimuli; associated with papillae

Chemoreceptors that are

stimulated by chem-

icals dissolved in the

saliva (1)

Gustatory cells special-

ized cells in taste

buds; gustatory

hairs extend from

each other into the

taste pores (1)

Sense of taste depends on the

creation of a receptor po-

tential in gustatory cells

because of taste-producing

(1) chemicals in the saliva

Taste buds are similar in struc-

ture; functionally, each taste

bud responds most effec-

tively to one of four primary

taste sensations: sour, sweet,

bitter, and salty(1)

Adaptation and sensitivity thresh-

olds are different for each of

the primary taste sensations

(1)

Neural

Pathway-

taste

sensation

begins

with a

receptor

potential

in the

gustatory cells of a taste bud;

generation and propagation of an

action potential then transmits

the sensory input to the brain.(1)

related to head posi-

tion and deceleration

Otoliths are located with-

in the matrix of the

macula

Dynamic Equilibrium- needed

to maintain to balance when

the head or body is rotated or

suddenly moved; able to de-

tect changes in direction and

rate at which movement oc-

curs (1)

Sense of balance-

Static equilibrium is the abil-

ity to sense the position

of the head relative to

gravity or to sense accel-

eration or deceleration

Movements of the macu-

la, located in both

the utricle and sac-

cule almost right

angles to each other,

provide information

Taste:

Balance:

External ear is divided into two divi-

sions. Auricle or pinna which is the

visible portion. The external auditory

meatus is the tube leading from the

auricle into the temporal bone and

ending at the tympanic membrane. (1)

Middle Ear has tiny epithelium which

is lined cavity hollowed out of the

temporal lobe. It also contain 3 audito-

ry ossicles the malleolus (hammer),

incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup). (1)

The inner ear has a variety of struc-

tures that consist of the a bony laby-

rinth, a membrane labyrinth, the vesti-

bule and semicircular canals which are

involved with balance, the cochlea, the

end lymph and the perilymph (1)

Hearing: Neural Pathway of hearing– a move-

ment of hair cells against the tectorial

membrane stimulates the dendrites

that terminate around the base of the

hair cells and initiates impulse conduc-

tion by the cocniear nerve to the brain-

stem. The impulses pass through “relay

stations” in the nuclei in the medulla,

pons, midbrain and thalamus before

reaching the auditory are of the tem-

poral lobe.(1)

Mechanisms of Hearing

Page 3 VOLUME 1, ISSUE 1

Nerve impulses from the

anterior two thirds of the

tongue travel dover the

facial nerve; those from

the posterior one-third of

the tongue travel over

the glossopharyngeal

nerve; vagus nerve plays

a minor role in taste.

Nerve impulses are

carried to the medulla

oblongata, relayed into

the thalamus and then

into the gustatory area of

the cerebral cortex in the

parietal lobe of the brain.

(1)