DOE Microgrid Demonstration Projects

3rd Defense Renewable Energy & Military Microgrids

Steve Bossart, Senior Energy Analyst U.S. Department of Energy

National Energy Technology Laboratory

April 10, 2013

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Topics

Microgrid Concepts

Challenges

DOE Microgrid Program

Selected DOE Microgrid Project Results

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Microgrid Concepts

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Includes DER & Load

Defined electric boundaries

Single controllable entity

Connect and disconnect from grid

Grid-connected or island-mode

Microgrids & Smart Grids

Central Generation

Transmission Load

Distributed Generation E-Storage

Distribution

E-StorageDistributed Generation Load

Microgrid

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A Possible Future Distribution Architecture

Municipal Microgrid

Military Microgrid

Campus Microgrid Commercial Park

Microgrid

IndustrialMicrogrid

Utility Microgrid

Distribution Control

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Why Microgrids?• Support integration of smart grid & renewables• Ease application of combined heat & power• Local generation reduces electricity losses• Disperses investments between central and local assets• Assist in reducing peak load• Serve critical loads • Provide local power quality & reliability• Promotes community involvement & energy independence• Provide local power during outages• Supports main grid

– Provide ancillary services to main grid– Manage variability of loads and renewables locally

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Some Challenges and Risks

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Challenges to a Smart Grid1. Businesses, state regulators, and consumer advocates are

unconvinced of the value of smart grid technologies due to lack of performance data on costs and benefits

2. Insufficient or inadequate technologies, components, and systems to leverage IT potential of smart grid

3. No established standards for interoperability of systems and components

4. Insufficient cyber security for a smart grid architecture5. Lack of a skilled workforce to build, install, operate, and

maintain systems and equipment6. Consumer understanding of the electrical infrastructure and

opportunities enabled by smart grid technologies

7. Change management – vision, alignment, education, metrics8. Future proofing – communications9. Shift in regulatory paradigm – least cost, “used and useful”

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DOE OE Microgrid Demonstration Program

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Microgrid RD&D Projects

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DOE-OE Primary Microgrid Field ProjectsRenewable and Distributed Systems Integration Projects

Mon Power - West Virginia Super CircuitChevron Energy Solutions - CERTS Microgrid DemoCity of Fort Collins - 3.5 MW Mixed Distributed ResourcesIllinois Institute of Technology - IIT Perfect Power DemoSan Diego Gas & Electric - Borrego Springs Microgrid

Smart Grid Demonstration Projects (ARRA)

Battelle – Pacific Northwest Smart Grid DemonstrationLA Dept. of Water & Power Smart Grid Regional DemoSouthern California Edison Irvine Smart Grid Demo

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SDG&E

Battelle

SCE

Ft Collins

Chevron Mon Power

IIT

LADWP

RDSI

SGDP

DOE OE Primary Microgrid Project Locations

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Smart Grid Demonstration Program (SGDP)

Demonstrate emerging technologies (including energy storage) and alternative architectures

Validate business models Address regulatory

and scalability issues Large projects: $20M-

$89M Small projects: $720K-$20M (Federal share)

4-year projects (average)

Selected ProjectsTotal Funding $1,647,637,256Total Federal Funding $620,027,274Total Number of Projects 32

Large Projects, 12 (37%)Small

Projects, 20 (63%)

Number of Projects

IOU, 41%

Municipal Utilities,

13%

Electric Co-ops, 3.0%

Technology/ Manufac-

turing Company,

34.0%

Non-Profit, 9%

SGDP Recipient Types

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Common Objectives Among DOE’s Microgrid Projects

• Reduce peak load• Benefits of integrated DER (i.e., DG, DR, e-storage)• Ability to integrate variable renewables• Operate in “islanding” and “grid parallel” modes• Import and export capabilities• Two-way communications (frequency, verification, data latency)• Data management • Price-driven demand response• Dynamic feeder reconfiguration• Outage management (i.e., number, duration, and extent)• Volt/VAR/frequency control• Balance distributed and central control• Cyber security • Interconnection and interoperability• Defer generation, transmission, and distribution investments

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Common Technologies Among DOE’s Microgrid Projects

Generation and Energy Storage Renewable energy (PV, wind) Distributed generation (microturbines, fuel cells, diesel) Combined heat and power Energy storage (thermal storage, batteries)

T&D Communications (wireless, PLC, internet) Advanced metering infrastructure & smart meters T&D equipment health monitors (transformers)

Consumers Plug-in electric vehicles and charging stations (PHEV/PEV) Smart appliances & programmable thermostats Home Area Networks & In-Home Displays Energy management systems

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Selected DOE OE Microgrid Projects

Fort Collins, COAlameda County, CA – St. Rita JailChicago, IL - IIT Campus

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Fort Collins SGDP

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Fort Collins RDSI

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Fort Collins RDSI

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CERTS Microgrid Demonstration at St. Rita Jail

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CERTS Microgrid Demonstration at St. Rita Jail Results

14% peak reduction

- Fuel cell (1 MW)- Photovoltaic (1.2 MW)- Battery (2MW; 12MWH)

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Cloudy Spring Day

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Goals of the IIT Microgrid Project

• 50% peak demand reduction• 20% permanent demand reduction

• Demonstrate the value of Perfect Power– Cost avoidance and savings in outage costs

– Deferral of planned substations

• New products and commercialization• Replicable to larger cities • Promotion of energy efficiency and cleaner cities

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Loops at Perfect Microgrid

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Components of IIT Microgrid• An 8 MW combined cycle gas unit • 1.4 MW of PV cells on building rooftops to supply

portions of campus load. • 500-kWh ZBB storage increases the reliability and

efficiency of the microgrid. • An 8 kW Viryd wind turbine is installed on the north

side of the campus in Stuart soccer field.

• Electric vehicle charging stations facilitating small energy storage and providing green energy for electric vehicles.

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Peak Load Reduction Capability at Microgrid

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Optimal Control of IIT Microgrid

00.511.522.533.544.5

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Pow

er (k

W)

Time (Hours)

Main grid supplyBattery supplyTotal DemandMain grid price

Ele

ctri

city

Pri

ce (¢

/kW

h)

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Reliability Evaluation – Stochastic Solution

• The installation of HRDS and storage will lead to the best expected reliability and economic indices.

Case No HRDS HRDS HRDS + Storage

Exp. SAIDI 1.22 0.18 0.04Exp. SAIFI 3.29 0.59 0.37Exp. CAIDI 1.73 0.36 0.04Exp. CAIFI 2.69 0.68 0.29

Exp. Operation Cost 224,073 146,899 120,038Exp. Energy not

Supplied 1,216.21 251.07 175.10LOLE 13.153 2.360 1.467

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Contact InformationMerrill Smith & Dan TonProgram ManagersMicrogrid R&DU.S. Department of EnergyOffice of Energy Delivery and Energy Reliability

Merrill.smith@hq.doe.gov(202) 586-3646

Dan.ton@hq.doe.gov(202) 586-4618

Steve BossartSenior Energy AnalystU.S. Department of EnergyNational Energy Technology Lab

Steven.bossart@netl.doe.gov(304) 285-4643

Key Microgrid Resources:DOE OE www.oe.energy.govSmart Grid www.smartgrid.gov