DoD Environmental Field Sampling Handbook...Navy Environmental Compliance Sampling and Field Testing Procedures Manual (August 2009), and is expanded to incorporate DoD-wide field

DoD Environmental Field Sampling Handbook

Revision 1.0

April 2013

http://www.navy.mil/view_ggsingle.asp?id=208

PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

DoD Environmental Field Sampling Handbook Revision 1

Preface i

Preface

This handbook provides basic guidance for working-level environmental field sampling personnel to ensure the integrity of monitoring activities tied to regulatory reporting requirements. The handbook was developed as a tool for Department of Defense (DoD) personnel. In cases where a contractor provides environmental sampling and field testing services, the contractor is responsible for ensuring self-compliance with all environmental and occupational safety and health laws and regulations. In certain instances, special requirements may dictate a more rigorous detail, depending on federal, state, and local regulations. Local field sampling procedures should be compatible with the contents of this handbook. However, there is no intent for guidance herein to replace standard operating procedures, which may exist at the local level.

Issues regarding the contents of this handbook should be brought to the attention of the DoD Environ-mental Data Quality Workgroup, Field Sampling and Testing Subgroup. The DoD Environmental Data Quality Workgroup (EDQW) developed this handbook to provide guid-ance for environmental field sampling personnel and laboratories performing services for the DoD. It is based on the Navy Environmental Compliance Sampling and Field Testing Procedures Manual (August 2009), and is expanded to incorporate DoD-wide field sampling and testing guidance. Nothing in this document relieves any field or laboratory personnel from complying with more stringent contract speci-fications, host-nation final governing standards, or federal, state, and local regulations. This handbook can and should be supplemented by project-specific requirements. The DoD EDQW strongly encou-rages project teams to involve laboratories, project chemists, and field personnel during project-planning activities. The involvement of the laboratories, field personnel, and project chemists is critical to the development of project-specific measurement performance criteria (MPC) and to the selection of methods capable of satisfying the MPC.


Table of Contents ii

PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK


Table of Contents iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface ....................................................................................................................................................................... i

Chapter 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1-1

1.1. Purpose ................................................................................................................................................. 1-1 1.2. Scope .................................................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.3. Background .......................................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.4. Requirements for Laboratory Testing .................................................................................................. 1-1

1.4.1. Compliance Testing ......................................................................................................................... 1-2 1.4.2. Restoration Testing .......................................................................................................................... 1-2

1.5. Handbook Overview ............................................................................................................................ 1-2

Chapter 2. Sampling and Field Testing Program Overview ................................................................................ 2-1

2.1. Purpose ................................................................................................................................................. 2-1 2.2. Need for Proper Planning ..................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.3. Systematic Planning and the Conceptual Site Model (CSM) ............................................................. 2-1 2.4. Aerial Photo and Map Analysis ........................................................................................................... 2-2 2.5. Fate and Transport ................................................................................................................................ 2-3 2.6. Geophysical Exploration ...................................................................................................................... 2-3 2.7. Data Quality Objectives (DQO) Process ............................................................................................. 2-3

2.7.1. Sampling Strategy ............................................................................................................................ 2-4 2.7.2. Selecting a Sampling Design ........................................................................................................... 2-5 2.7.3. Background Samples ....................................................................................................................... 2-7 2.7.4. Collecting Effective Data ................................................................................................................ 2-9

2.8. Selecting the Project Team .................................................................................................................. 2-9 2.9. Developing a SAP .............................................................................................................................. 2-10 2.10. Health and Safety Plan ....................................................................................................................... 2-11

2.10.1. Service-Specific Safety and Occupational (SOH) Health Program ........................................... 2-11

Chapter 3. Common Sampling Procedures .......................................................................................................... 3-1

3.1. Purpose ................................................................................................................................................. 3-1 3.2. Preparations for Field Sampling .......................................................................................................... 3-1

3.2.1. Preparing for a Sampling Event ...................................................................................................... 3-2 3.2.2. Preliminary On-Site Evaluation ...................................................................................................... 3-3 3.2.3. Preliminary Site Safety Evaluation ................................................................................................. 3-3 3.2.4. Explosive Safety Evaluation ............................................................................................................ 3-4 3.2.5. Preliminary Sampling Evaluation ................................................................................................... 3-4

3.3. The Sampling Event ............................................................................................................................. 3-4 3.4. Sampling Procedures ............................................................................................................................ 3-4

3.4.1. Sampling Strategies ......................................................................................................................... 3-5 3.4.2. Sampling Procedure Checklist ........................................................................................................ 3-5

3.5. Sample Documentation and COC Procedures..................................................................................... 3-6 3.5.1. Pre-Assigned Sample Numbers ....................................................................................................... 3-6 3.5.2. Sample Container Labeling ............................................................................................................. 3-7 3.5.3. FLB/FN ............................................................................................................................................ 3-7 3.5.4. Field Notes/Field Sampling Forms ................................................................................................. 3-9 3.5.5. Chain of Custody (COC) ............................................................................................................... 3-10 3.5.6. Request for Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 3-16

3.6. Sample Packaging, Handling, and Transportation ............................................................................ 3-16 3.6.1. Sample Packaging Requirements .................................................................................................. 3-17 3.6.2. Marking and Labeling.................................................................................................................... 3-23


Table of Contents iv

3.6.3. Shipping Papers ............................................................................................................................. 3-23 3.7. QA/QC Protocol ................................................................................................................................. 3-23

3.7.1. Decontamination of Sampling Equipment .................................................................................... 3-24 3.7.2. Sample Container Cleanliness Requirements ............................................................................... 3-24 3.7.3. Sample Container Type and Size Requirements ........................................................................... 3-24 3.7.4. Sample Preservation and Storage Requirements .......................................................................... 3-25 3.7.5. Sample Holding Time Limits ........................................................................................................ 3-25 3.7.6. Laboratory and Field Analytical Procedures ................................................................................ 3-25 3.7.7. QC Samples ................................................................................................................................... 3-25 3.7.8. Field Audits .................................................................................................................................... 3-27

3.8. Generic Sampling Equipment List ..................................................................................................... 3-28

Chapter 4. Soil Sampling ...................................................................................................................................... 4-1

4.1. Purpose ................................................................................................................................................. 4-1 4.2. Scope .................................................................................................................................................... 4-1 4.3. Project Planning ................................................................................................................................... 4-1

4.3.1. Sampling Strategy ............................................................................................................................ 4-1 4.3.2. Site-Specific SAP ............................................................................................................................ 4-3 4.3.3. QA .................................................................................................................................................... 4-4

4.4. Hazards and Safety Precautions ........................................................................................................... 4-5 4.4.1. General Safety .................................................................................................................................. 4-5 4.4.2. Subsurface Hazards ......................................................................................................................... 4-6 4.4.3. Explosive Hazards ........................................................................................................................... 4-7

4.5. Principles of Sample Collection........................................................................................................... 4-7 4.5.1. Preparation of Site Map ................................................................................................................... 4-9 4.5.2. Preliminary Tests and Observations .............................................................................................. 4-10

4.6. Methods of Accessing Soils ............................................................................................................... 4-14 4.6.1. Surface Samples ............................................................................................................................. 4-14 4.6.2. Subsurface Samples ....................................................................................................................... 4-14 4.6.3. Subsurface Geological/Geotechnical Characterization ................................................................ 4-18 4.6.4. Use of Soil Sampling Equipment .................................................................................................. 4-19

4.7. Soil Sampling Procedures .................................................................................................................. 4-23 4.7.1. Preparation ..................................................................................................................................... 4-23 4.7.2. Sample Collection .......................................................................................................................... 4-24 4.7.3. Composite Sampling ...................................................................................................................... 4-26 4.7.4. Sample Handling and Preparation ................................................................................................. 4-27

4.8. Restoration of Sample Locations ....................................................................................................... 4-29 4.8.1. Backfill Sample Holes ................................................................................................................... 4-29 4.8.2. Grouting Boreholes ........................................................................................................................ 4-29 4.8.3. Replace Sod ................................................................................................................................... 4-29 4.8.4. Replace Pavement .......................................................................................................................... 4-29

4.9. Decontamination ................................................................................................................................ 4-29 4.9.1. Decontamination Solutions and Supplies...................................................................................... 4-30 4.9.2. Procedure ....................................................................................................................................... 4-30 4.9.3. Preparation of Equipment Rinsate Blanks .................................................................................... 4-33

4.10. Waste Material Storage and Disposal ............................................................................................... 4-33 4.10.1. Soil Cuttings ................................................................................................................................. 4-33 4.10.2. Used Disposable PPE .................................................................................................................. 4-33

4.11. Sampling Equipment List .................................................................................................................. 4-33 4.12. References .......................................................................................................................................... 4-34

Chapter 5. Aquatic Sediment Sampling ............................................................................................................... 5-1

5.1. Purpose ................................................................................................................................................. 5-1


Table of Contents v

5.2. Scope .................................................................................................................................................... 5-1 5.3. Project Planning for Sediment-Related Sampling ............................................................................... 5-1

5.3.1. Identify Project Goals ...................................................................................................................... 5-1 5.3.2. Determine Data Needs ..................................................................................................................... 5-2 5.3.3. Develop Data Collection Options.................................................................................................... 5-3

5.4. Developing a Sampling Strategy ......................................................................................................... 5-6 5.5. Methods for Bulk Sediment Sampling ................................................................................................ 5-7

5.5.1. Sediment Grab Sampling Methods ................................................................................................. 5-7 5.5.2. Sediment Core Sampling Methods .................................................................................................. 5-8

5.6. Bulk Sediment Handling and Analysis .............................................................................................. 5-10 5.7. Methods for Collection of Pore Water ............................................................................................... 5-11 5.8. Benthic Macroinvertebrate Investigations ......................................................................................... 5-16

5.8.1. Benthic Habitat Mapping............................................................................................................... 5-23 5.8.2. Toxicity Testing in Microcosms or Mesocosms ........................................................................... 5-23

5.9. References .......................................................................................................................................... 5-26

Chapter 6. Surface Water Sampling ..................................................................................................................... 6-1



6.4. Hazards and Safety Precautions ........................................................................................................... 6-2 6.5. Field Preparation .................................................................................................................................. 6-3

6.5.1. Representative Sampling Considerations ........................................................................................ 6-3 6.5.2. Point Source Investigations ............................................................................................................. 6-4 6.5.3. Nonpoint Source Investigations ...................................................................................................... 6-4 6.5.4. Leachate ........................................................................................................................................... 6-5 6.5.5. Wetland Sampling ........................................................................................................................... 6-6

6.6. Sampling Procedures ............................................................................................................................ 6-6 6.6.1. Operation of Sample Collection Devices ........................................................................................ 6-7 6.6.2. Sample Collection Procedures ....................................................................................................... 6-12

6.7. Sampling Equipment List................................................................................................................... 6-13

Chapter 7. Storm Water Sampling ....................................................................................................................... 7-1

7.1. Purpose ................................................................................................................................................. 7-1 7.2. Storm Water Program Overview ......................................................................................................... 7-1

7.2.1. Regulatory Summary ....................................................................................................................... 7-1 7.2.2. Permitting Requirements ................................................................................................................. 7-3

7.3. Storm Water Compliance ..................................................................................................................... 7-4 7.3.1. Development of a SWPPP ............................................................................................................... 7-5 7.3.2. Compliance Monitoring at Industrial Sites ..................................................................................... 7-6

7.4. Visual Monitoring of Storm Water from Industrial Facilities ............................................................ 7-8 7.5. Collection of Storm Water Samples .................................................................................................... 7-8

7.5.1. Sampling Locations ......................................................................................................................... 7-9 7.5.2. Staffing Considerations ................................................................................................................. 7-10 7.5.3. Sample Type: Grab and Composite Storm Water Samples......................................................... 7-12 7.5.4. Storm Water Sampling from Retention Ponds.............................................................................. 7-13

7.6. Obtaining Flow Data .......................................................................................................................... 7-15 7.6.1. Measuring Flow Rates ................................................................................................................... 7-15

7.7. Compliance Monitoring at Construction Sites .................................................................................. 7-17 7.7.1. “Known or Should Be Known Pollutants” at Construction Sites ................................................ 7-17


Table of Contents vi

7.7.2. Deciding When Sampling Is Required at Construction Sites ....................................................... 7-17 7.7.3. When Sampling and Analysis May Not Be Required at Construction Sites ............................... 7-18 7.7.4. When Sampling and Analysis May Be Required at the Construction Site .................................. 7-18 7.7.5. Deciding Where to Sample at a Construction Site ........................................................................ 7-19 7.7.6. Collection of Construction Storm Water Samples ........................................................................ 7-22 7.7.7. Coupling Visual Observations with Sampling Results ................................................................. 7-22 7.7.8. Retention of Data ........................................................................................................................... 7-23

7.8. Storm Water Sampling Equipment .................................................................................................... 7-23 7.9. Hazards and Safety Pre-Warnings ..................................................................................................... 7-23 7.10. QA/QC ............................................................................................................................................... 7-23 7.11. Sampling Equipment List .................................................................................................................. 7-24

Chapter 8. Groundwater Sampling ....................................................................................................................... 8-1



8.4. Hazards and Safety Precautions ........................................................................................................... 8-4 8.4.1. General Safety .................................................................................................................................. 8-4 8.4.2. Subsurface Hazards ......................................................................................................................... 8-4

8.5. Field Preparation .................................................................................................................................. 8-5 8.5.1. Access and Identification ................................................................................................................. 8-5 8.5.2. Sampling Equipment Selection ....................................................................................................... 8-5 8.5.3. Equipment Cleaning and Decontamination .................................................................................... 8-6

8.6. Sampling Monitoring Wells ................................................................................................................. 8-7 8.6.1. Field Measurements ......................................................................................................................... 8-7 8.6.2. Well Development and Purging ...................................................................................................... 8-8 8.6.3. Pumps ............................................................................................................................................. 8-12 8.6.4. Groundwater Sampling Procedures Using Monitoring Wells ...................................................... 8-15 8.6.5. Overview of Passive Groundwater Sampling in Monitor Wells .................................................. 8-16

8.7. In Situ Groundwater Sampling Using Probes ................................................................................... 8-20 8.7.1. In situ Well Installation.................................................................................................................. 8-21 8.7.2. Point-in-Time Sampling ................................................................................................................ 8-21 8.7.3. DPT Monitoring Well Installation ................................................................................................ 8-22

8.8. Sample Handling and Collection ....................................................................................................... 8-23 8.8.1. Sampling for Metals ...................................................................................................................... 8-23 8.8.2. Sampling for VOCs ....................................................................................................................... 8-24 8.8.3. Sampling for Extractable Organics ............................................................................................... 8-24 8.8.4. Sampling for Cyanide .................................................................................................................... 8-24 8.8.5. Sampling for Conventional Parameters and Nutrients ................................................................. 8-25 8.8.6. Sampling for Radioactive Elements .............................................................................................. 8-25 8.8.7. Sampling for Light, Non-aqueous Phase Liquids ......................................................................... 8-26 8.8.8. Sampling for Dense, Non-aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs) ..................................................... 8-27

8.9. Sampling Industrial Wells .................................................................................................................. 8-27 8.10. Aquifer Testing .................................................................................................................................. 8-27 8.11. Well Decommissioning or Abandonment ......................................................................................... 8-28 8.12. Sampling Equipment List .................................................................................................................. 8-28

Chapter 9. Drinking Water Sampling ................................................................................................................... 9-1

9.1. Purpose ................................................................................................................................................. 9-1 9.2. Background .......................................................................................................................................... 9-1


Table of Contents vii

9.3. Scope .................................................................................................................................................... 9-2 9.4. Project Planning ................................................................................................................................... 9-3

9.4.1. Sampling Strategy ............................................................................................................................ 9-3 9.4.2. Site-Specific SAP ............................................................................................................................ 9-3 9.4.3. Certification ..................................................................................................................................... 9-3 9.4.4. Analytical Methods .......................................................................................................................... 9-4 9.4.5. Quality Assurance ............................................................................................................................ 9-4

9.5. Hazards and Safety Precautions ........................................................................................................... 9-4 9.6. General Sampling Procedures .............................................................................................................. 9-5

9.6.1. General Tap Sampling ..................................................................................................................... 9-5 9.6.2. Service Line Sampling ..................................................................................................................... 9-6 9.6.3. First-Draw Sampling ....................................................................................................................... 9-7 9.6.4. Source Water Sampling (Surface Water) ...................................................................................... 9-7 9.6.5. Source Water Sampling From a Well ............................................................................................. 9-8

9.7. Parameter-Specific Sampling Procedures ........................................................................................... 9-9 9.7.1. Field Data ......................................................................................................................................... 9-9 9.7.2. Microbiological .............................................................................................................................. 9-10 9.7.3. Metals ............................................................................................................................................. 9-14 9.7.4. Nitrates/Nitrites. ............................................................................................................................. 9-16 9.7.5. Pesticides and Synthetic Organic Chemicals ................................................................................ 9-17 9.7.6. DBPs .............................................................................................................................................. 9-18 9.7.7. Radionuclides ................................................................................................................................. 9-19

9.8. Sampling Equipment List................................................................................................................... 9-21

Chapter 10. Waste Sampling .............................................................................................................................. 10-1

10.1. Purpose ............................................................................................................................................... 10-1 10.2. Scope .................................................................................................................................................. 10-1

10.2.1. USTs ............................................................................................................................................. 10-1 10.2.2. PCBs ............................................................................................................................................. 10-2 10.2.3. Containers and Drums ................................................................................................................. 10-2 10.2.4. Oil Spills ...................................................................................................................................... 10-3 10.2.5. Solid and Hazardous Waste Characterization ............................................................................. 10-3 10.2.6. Sewage Sludge ............................................................................................................................. 10-5 10.2.7. IDW .............................................................................................................................................. 10-5

10.3. Hazard and Safety Precautions .......................................................................................................... 10-5 10.3.1. Container Hazards ....................................................................................................................... 10-5 10.3.2. USTs and Other Confined Spaces ............................................................................................... 10-5 10.3.3. Explosive Hazards ....................................................................................................................... 10-6

10.4. Preparation ......................................................................................................................................... 10-6 10.4.1. Preparation for UST Sampling .................................................................................................... 10-6 10.4.2. Preparation for PCB Sampling .................................................................................................... 10-6 10.4.3. Preparation for Drum Sampling .................................................................................................. 10-6 10.4.4. Preparation for Cylinder Sampling ............................................................................................. 10-8 10.4.5. Preparation for Storage Tank, Vacuum Truck, Process Vessel, and Similar Large Container

Sampling ................................................................................................................................................... 10-8 10.5. Sample Collection Procedures ........................................................................................................... 10-9

10.5.1. Large Tanks ................................................................................................................................. 10-9 10.5.2. Secondary Containment Sampling .............................................................................................. 10-9 10.5.3. Surficial Sampling ....................................................................................................................... 10-9 10.5.4. Transformers .............................................................................................................................. 10-12 10.5.5. Containerized Liquids ................................................................................................................ 10-12 10.5.6. Waste Pile Sampling .................................................................................................................. 10-16 10.5.7. Containerized Solids .................................................................................................................. 10-18


Table of Contents viii

10.5.8. Sampling for Lead in Paint ........................................................................................................ 10-19 10.5.9. Ashore Oil Spill Sampling ......................................................................................................... 10-20

10.6. QA/QC ............................................................................................................................................. 10-21 10.7. Sampling Equipment List ................................................................................................................ 10-21

Chapter 11. Air Sampling ................................................................................................................................... 11-1

11.1. Purpose ............................................................................................................................................... 11-1 11.2. Scope .................................................................................................................................................. 11-1 11.3. Background ........................................................................................................................................ 11-1

11.3.1. Air Matrices ................................................................................................................................. 11-1 11.3.2. Objectives of Air Sampling and Monitoring............................................................................... 11-1

11.4. General Classification of Air Pollutants ............................................................................................ 11-2 11.5. Factors Affecting Ambient Air Sampling and Monitoring .............................................................. 11-4

11.5.1. Meteorological ............................................................................................................................. 11-4 11.5.2. Topographical Factors ................................................................................................................. 11-5 11.5.3. Extraneous Contaminant Sources ................................................................................................ 11-5 11.5.4. Response Time of Sensors ........................................................................................................... 11-5 11.5.5. Placement of Samplers and Monitors ......................................................................................... 11-5

11.6. General Terms .................................................................................................................................... 11-6 11.6.1. Whole Air versus Component Samplers ..................................................................................... 11-6 11.6.2. Real Time versus Integrated or Composite Samplers ................................................................. 11-6 11.6.3. Active Versus Passive Samplers ................................................................................................. 11-6

11.7. Strategies for Assessment of Air Pollution Emissions ..................................................................... 11-6 11.7.1. Direct Assessment ....................................................................................................................... 11-6 11.7.2. Indirect Assessment ..................................................................................................................... 11-6 11.7.3. Air Monitoring and Dispersion Modeling .................................................................................. 11-7 11.7.4. Predictive Modeling ..................................................................................................................... 11-7

11.8. Field Measurement Instruments ........................................................................................................ 11-7 11.8.1. Detection of Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs) ..................................................................... 11-8 11.8.2. Explosimeter .............................................................................................................................. 11-10 11.8.3. Detection of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) ....................................................................................... 11-11 11.8.4. Detection of Carbon Monoxide (CO) ....................................................................................... 11-11 11.8.5. Particulates ................................................................................................................................. 11-11 11.8.6. Mercury Vapor ........................................................................................................................... 11-11

11.9. Collecting Samples for Laboratory Analysis .................................................................................. 11-11 11.9.1. Whole Air Samples .................................................................................................................... 11-11 11.9.2. Air Component Samples ............................................................................................................ 11-13

11.10. Particulates ..................................................................................................................................... 11-17 11.10.1. Filtration ................................................................................................................................... 11-17 11.10.2. Centrifugal Collection and Impaction ..................................................................................... 11-17

11.11. Stationary Source Emission Samples ............................................................................................ 11-18 11.11.1. Special Problems with Stack Vent and Duct Sampling .......................................................... 11-18 11.11.2. Specified Procedures ............................................................................................................... 11-19

11.12. Measurement of Air Volume Sampled ......................................................................................... 11-19 11.12.1. Low Flow Rate Samples .......................................................................................................... 11-20 11.12.2. High Flow Rate Samples ......................................................................................................... 11-20

11.13. Hazard and Safety Precautions ...................................................................................................... 11-20 11.13.1. Environmental Hazards ........................................................................................................... 11-20 11.13.2. Stack, Vent, and Duct Sampling Safety .................................................................................. 11-20 11.13.3. Instrument Hazards .................................................................................................................. 11-20

11.14. Preparation for Sampling ............................................................................................................... 11-21 11.14.1. Role of the Sampler ................................................................................................................. 11-21 11.14.2. Guidelines for Air Sampling ................................................................................................... 11-21


Table of Contents ix

Chapter 12. Process Sampling ............................................................................................................................ 12-1

12.1. Purpose ............................................................................................................................................... 12-1 12.2. Scope .................................................................................................................................................. 12-1 12.3. Ex situ Groundwater Treatment ........................................................................................................ 12-1

12.3.1. Liquid-Phase Granular Activated Carbon ................................................................................... 12-1 12.3.2. Air Stripping ................................................................................................................................ 12-1

12.4. In situ Groundwater Treatment ......................................................................................................... 12-2 12.4.1. Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA) ...................................................................................... 12-2 12.4.2. Enhanced Anaerobic Bioremediation (EAB).............................................................................. 12-3 12.4.3. Aerobic Biodegradation via Oxygen-Releasing Chemicals ....................................................... 12-4 12.4.4. Air Sparging ................................................................................................................................. 12-5 12.4.5. In situ Thermal Remediation ....................................................................................................... 12-5

12.5. Ex situ Soil Treatment ....................................................................................................................... 12-5 12.5.1. Off-Site Disposal ......................................................................................................................... 12-5 12.5.2. Landfarming ................................................................................................................................. 12-6 12.5.3. Solidification/Stabilization .......................................................................................................... 12-6 12.5.4. Low-Temperature Thermal Desorption ...................................................................................... 12-6

12.6. In situ Soil Treatment ........................................................................................................................ 12-7 12.6.1. Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) ....................................................................................................... 12-7 12.6.2. Bioventing .................................................................................................................................... 12-7 12.6.3. In situ Thermal Remediation. ...................................................................................................... 12-7

12.7. Chemical and Physical Parameters for Remediation Processes ....................................................... 12-7 12.8. References .......................................................................................................................................... 12-8

Chapter 13. Field Testing ................................................................................................................................... 13-1

13.1. Purpose ............................................................................................................................................... 13-1 13.2. Scope .................................................................................................................................................. 13-1 13.3. Background ........................................................................................................................................ 13-1 13.4. Training .............................................................................................................................................. 13-1 13.5. Field Screening .................................................................................................................................. 13-1 13.6. Field Operations ................................................................................................................................. 13-2 13.7. Sample SOPs ...................................................................................................................................... 13-2

Chapter 14. Guidelines for Requesting Laboratory Testing .............................................................................. 14-1

14.1. Purpose ............................................................................................................................................... 14-1 14.2. Scope .................................................................................................................................................. 14-1 14.3. Responsibilities .................................................................................................................................. 14-1 14.4. Hazards and Safety Precautions ........................................................................................................ 14-2 14.5. Planning.............................................................................................................................................. 14-2 14.6. Parameters and Analytical Methods .................................................................................................. 14-3 14.7. Laboratory Selection .......................................................................................................................... 14-4 14.8. QA/QC ............................................................................................................................................... 14-5 14.9. Reporting ............................................................................................................................................ 14-5 14.10. Project Schedule Considerations ..................................................................................................... 14-7

Appendix A. Sampler/Sampling Recommendations and Strategies ............................................................... A-1

Appendix B. Requirements for Sample Containers, Preservation, and Holding Times ................................ B-1

Appendix C. Requirements for Collection of Quality Control Samples........................................................ C-1

Acronyms .................................................................................................................................................................. i

Glossary of Terms ..................................................................................................................................................... i


Table of Contents x


Chapter 1 • Introduction Page 1-1

Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1. Purpose The purpose of the DoD Environmental Sampling Handbook is to provide general sampling guid-ance and promote consistency in how environ-mental samples are collected and analyzed. The handbook discusses strategies and techniques that can be employed to sample and analyze various media, including but not limited to water, soils, gas, and tissues. Applications and limitations of each sampling strategy and technique are briefly described. This handbook is not intended to be all inclusive, but it does provide guidance and discussion of basic sampling techniques. Many of the techniques discussed in this handbook have been derived from approved and accepted regula-tory programs. When appropriate, references to standardized methods are provided.

1.2. Scope This handbook describes techniques that can be used for environmental sampling and analysis at Department of Defense (DoD) compliance, resto-ration, or other sites. Handbook users are cau-tioned on possible differences between material presented here and requirements contained in control documents such as permits, licenses, state, local, and other countries’ program regulations. These control documents have legal precedence and may prescribe sampling practices unique to a specific program or site. When sampling to document compliance with a control document (regulation, permit, etc.), the control document takes precedence over this handbook, and this handbook should be used as a guidance document only.

1.3. Background Accurate, defensible, environmental sampling and field-testing results are imperative for regula-tory compliance monitoring. There is great op-portunity for error considering the variable condi-tions within the environment and the great variety of sampling equipment available. There is little tolerance for error since the validity of associated laboratory test results depends on

sample integrity. Sampling personnel are key to the success of environmental sampling and test-ing programs upon which decisions are based.

At times, sampling personnel interface directly with federal, state, and local oversight personnel while sampling. They play sensitive roles in representing their commands and activities in this manner. At all times, success requires that sam-pling personnel be familiar with governing direc-tives and their roles in relation to them, that they be properly trained and qualified, and specifical-ly, that they have a strong appreciation for:

The environmental sampling organization

The importance of sampling plans

Sampling and laboratory personnel interface

Sampling equipment usage and maintenance requirements

Sampling and field testing procedures

Record and log keeping requirements

Chain-of-custody (COC) requirements

Personnel and equipment safety precautions

Labeling, preservation, packaging, and shipping requirements

Training and qualification requirements.

This handbook responds to the above concerns by providing clear, concise, and consistent guidance to sampling personnel. It provides the framework to identify generic requirements pertaining to sampling, to the extent possible, given the diverse missions and sites of the DoD, and is designed to augment and improve internal management of DoD environmental sampling programs. It is not intended to create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law by any party against the DoD, its officers, employees, or any person.

1.4. Requirements for Laboratory Testing An important element of the DoD’s mission is to prevent environmental pollution, protect human



health and the environment, and comply with regulations established by federal, state, local, and tribal governments. To document the results of the DoD’s efforts in protecting human health and the environment, and to substantiate com-pliance with environmental regulations, the DoD procures environmental laboratory testing servic-es. These services consist of two significant components:

Assessing regulatory compliance of materials, systems, and processes

Evaluating effectiveness of environmental restoration efforts.

1.4.1. Compliance Testing The DoD has a continual need for laboratory testing services to evaluate compliance with regulatory limits defined for environmental pollu-tants. The DoD requires compliance testing to conform with the following environmental laws:

RCRA Resource Conservation and Recov-ery Act

CWA Clean Water Act TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and

Rodenticide Act

CAA Clean Air Act Note: The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) and Executive Order 12856 may place some additional demands on the laboratories.

These laws prescribe analyses of potable and non-potable water systems, hazardous and toxic materials, and air emissions. To comply with these regulations, the DoD operates its facilities pursuant to regulatory requirements that address process discharges. Permits may be required for base support systems (dry docks, sewer, water, industri-al waste treatment) and production processes (painting, degreasing, abrasive blasting, flushing). The DoD accom-plishes environmental analysis through both in-house and commercial laboratories. 1.4.2. Restoration Testing Restoration testing is conducted pursuant to requirements in the following laws:

CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Lia-bility Act

SARA Superfund Amendments and Reau-thorization Act of 1986

RCRA Resource Conservation and Recov-ery Act

Restoration testing is performed almost exclu-sively by commercial laboratories. Restoration work is accomplished by using prime contractors that sub-contract analytical work to commercial laboratories. The laboratories are nominated by the prime contractor and approved by the DoD. Laboratories performing testing in support of the DoD environmental restoration programs must be accredited in accordance with the DoD Environ-mental Laboratory Accreditation Program (ELAP). DoD ELAP ensures laboratories per-forming analyses for the environmental restora-tion program meet a minimum quality standard. A project-specific audit of the laboratory's ability to meet project-specific requirements may also be performed. Additionally, unannounced data package audits may be completed to ensure quali-ty data is being submitted after the laboratory has been approved.

1.5. Handbook Overview Chapter 1 – Summarizes the handbook and gives direction for its use.

Chapter 2 – Provides an overview of the sam-pling program in general. This chapter is in-tended to provide sampling personnel with guid-ance concerning a sampling program, responsibil-ities of all personnel in the sampling program, as well as the documentation required by the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for each sampling event.

To sampling personnel, Chapters 3 through 12 represent the “core” of the handbook by provid-ing the procedures and requirements of field sampling. A single sampling run will involve the following sections; see Figure 1-1:

Chapter 3 – Common Sampling Procedures



Chapter 4 –12 – Soil, Sediment, Surface Water, Storm Water, Groundwater, Drinking Water, Waste, and Process Sampling Chapter 13 – Field Testing Chapter 14 – Guidelines for Requesting Laboratory Testing Appendix A – Sampler/Sampling Recommendations and Strategies Appendix B – Requirements for Sample Containers, Preservation, and Holding Times Appendix C – Requirements for Collection of Quality Control Samples

Of major importance with any material, is the ability to quickly locate certain information such as chapters, key words, subjects, figures, tables, etc. This handbook accomplishes this task with the following guides: Table of Contents provides page numbers for all major sections and subsections. List of Figures and List of Tables provide page numbers for all figures and tables. Glossary of Terms and Acronyms define technical words and abbreviations. Reference Sections provide sources of information used throughout the handook, including additional sources of information.



Figure 1-1. Chapter / Appendix Relationships

Appendix C Requirements for Collections of Quality Control Samples

Chapter 7 Storm Water Appendix B

Requirements for Sample Containers, Preservation, and Holding Times

Chapter 8 Groundwater Sam-

pling Appendix B


Chapter 5 Aquatic Sediment

Sampling Appendix B


Chapter 6 Surface Water

Sampling Appendix B


Chapter 12 Process Sampling

Appendix B Requirements for

Sample Containers, Preservation, and Holding Times

Chapter 10 Waste

Sampling Appendix B


Chapter 9 Drinking Water

Sampling Appendix B


Chapter 3

Common Sampling Procedures

Appendix A Sampler/Sampling

Recommendations and Strategies

Chapter 4 Soil Sampling Appendix B


Chapter 14 Guidelines

for Requesting

Laboratory Testing

Appendix B Requirements for Sample Containers, Preservation,

and Holding Times

Chapter 11 Air Sampling



THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK


Chapter 2 • Sampling and Field Testing Program Overview Page 2-1

Chapter 2. Sampling and Field Testing Program Overview

2.1. Purpose This chapter presents the fundamental compo-nents of planning a sampling and analysis pro-gram and discusses methods for selecting a sam-pling design and strategy for collecting environ-mental data. In addition, guidance is provided on developing a Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP). A well-developed SAP plays a critical role in ensuring the collection of data that have sufficient quality from which to make defensible decisions.

Planning is a necessary component of any envi-ronmental data collection program. The SAP should clearly state the purpose of the project, identify the type, quality, and quantity of data needed to accomplish project goals, and openly acknowledge any underlying assumptions or sources of uncertainty that could significantly impact the quality of the data.

2.2. Need for Proper Planning Environmental sampling projects require careful planning and consideration by the project team to ensure that resources are effectively used to collect acceptable data for accomplishing project goals. The level of detail and amount of time spent on planning should reflect the importance and intended use of the data and the resources available to the project (sometimes referred to as the “graded approach”). In any environmental program, the three following questions need to be answered before a project is started:

What are the objectives of the project? How will the data generated ultimately be

used? What type, quality, and quantity of data are

needed to accomplish the objectives of the project?

The answers to these questions provide the foun-dation for determining the proper sampling me-thodology for the project.

2.3. Systematic Planning and the Conceptual Site Model (CSM)

The Systematic Planning Process is a methodical approach recommended by the U.S. EPA to:

Identify the technical goals of a project and site conditions

State the expected outcome of data collection Outline the cost and schedule of the project State the acceptance criteria for the final

result. The essence of systematic planning is accurately stating the objectives related to an environmental issue and then strategizing how best to address those objectives. Successful systematic planning identifies the key decision makers and allows all participants in the environmental project to be aware of the reasoning behind their decisions. Communication between organizations and indi-viduals involved in an environmental project is encouraged early in the planning process. This will ensure that all participants understand the needs and expectations of the data collection effort and the questions the project is trying to answer. Early communication also provides an efficient use of program resources by requiring a thorough discussion among the entire project team of the type, quality, and quantity of data required to address project goals prior to the start of the data collection process.

A key tool used in the systematic planning process is a CSM. A CSM can be defined as a written and/or pictorial representation of an envi-ronmental system and the biological, physical and chemical processes that determine the fate and transport of contaminants through environmental media to environmental receptors and their most likely exposure models. A CSM promotes project transparency among the project team by summarizing all the available information about a site and identifying what additional information must be known to achieve project objectives. The format of a project’s CSM may vary.



A good CSM addresses the following elements as applicable to the objectives of the project:

Nature and extent of contamination Geology Hydrogeology Fate and transport Biological and geochemical conditions Potential transport pathways of contamination

and exposure scenarios Potential monitoring points Potential receptors Potential exposure scenarios and pathways Potential areas of unacceptable risk Potential target treatment zones Site history and intended future site use Other factors relevant to the understanding of

contamination and related risk to human health and the environment.

During the systematic planning process, project goals are linked to the individual activities neces-sary to reach these goals by identifying data gaps in the CSM. The CSM then serves as the founda-tion for evaluating all proposed and implemented project activities.

The CSM is the basis for defining the Remedial Action Objectives (RAOs). It also should be used to expose data gaps and aid in development of the SAP.

The CSM is used onsite to focus fieldwork efforts on obtaining the information needed to remove important unknowns from the model and devel-oping an exit strategy. As site work progresses and data gaps are filled, the CSM is updated to reflect the new information. This process allows the CSM to evolve as the project progresses. The CSM ultimately serves as a planning tool as well as a modeling and data interpretation tool. It also provides a line of communication between field personnel and the rest of the project team, which keeps all parties focused on the data collection process and achieving project objectives.

Additional information on CSMs can be found in the USACE EM 200-1-12, Conceptual Site Mod-els (http://publications.usace.army.mil/publications/eng-manuals/EM_200-1-12/EM_200-1-12.pdf), and the American Society for Testing and Materials E1689-95 (2008): Standard Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models for Contaminated Sites (ASTM, 2008).

2.4. Aerial Photo and Map Analysis As part of the project planning process, current and historical aerial photos, satellite imagery, and present-day maps can provide valuable insight into past and present suspected source areas. Historical photos may be used to identify past disposal pits, ground disturbance indicative of landfills, or stained soil locations that may indi-cate past spills. Current aerial photos or satellite imagery may be used to identify potential seeps for sampling by locating vegetation concentra-tions in an otherwise dry area. Similarly, the presence of stressed vegetation may indicate potential groundwater contamination. In coas-tline areas, comparing past and present aerial photos can identify areas of significant shoreline erosion or aggradation. Source areas that were located hundreds of feet inland in the 1940’s may now be coastline features. Current aerial photos and satellite imagery can also be used to infer soil type and relative permeability of soils present at the ground surface. Coarse drainage patterns or broad, shallow valleys may indicate higher per-meability soils. Conversely, streams with steep slopes indicate low permeability soils. Current aerial photos and satellite imagery can provide information on the degree of development and industrialization in the vicinity of source areas, and can be used to determine potential receptors and identify potential sample locations.

Guidance for aerial photo analysis may be found in Aerial Photographs in Geologic Interpretation and Mapping, U.S. Geological Survey Profes-sional Paper 373.

U.S. EPA’s EnviroMapper for Envirofacts web-site (http://www.epa.gov/emefdata/em4ef.home)

http://publications.usace.army.mil/publications/eng-manuals/EM_200-1-12/EM_200-1-12.pdfhttp://publications.usace.army.mil/publications/eng-manuals/EM_200-1-12/EM_200-1-12.pdfhttp://www.epa.gov/emefdata/em4ef.home



maps potential waste generators in the project vicinity and provides information on the types of waste being generated.

Free imagery can be found at a number of sources. The Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) offers two online imagery maps (World Imagery and Bing Maps Aerial) for inclu-sion into ArcGIS mapping projects at http://www.esri.com/data/free-data/index.html Military installations usually have imagery avail-able also. Army Installation imagery can often be accessed through the geographic information system (GIS) or the Department of Public Works shops. This imagery can be georeferenced and provide the basis for site sample maps.

2.5. Fate and Transport Understanding contaminant fate and transport is an important element of the CSM. In many cases, the sampling effort or remedial action to address contamination in soil is based on the potential to impact groundwater quality or surface water quality due to the leaching potential. The trans-port of contaminants via leaching and migration through groundwater can be a very complex process. In order to develop a quantitative pre-dictive tool (e.g., a model), geological, geochemi-cal, and hydrogeological data must be available, including an understanding of seasonal and his-torical fluctuations in hydrogeological conditions. Similarly, an understanding of the fate and trans-port behavior of site contaminants and related degradation products, particularly in groundwa-ter, is critical to understanding the potential for contaminant migration and attenuation. This information is useful in understanding the nature and extent of any remediation or treatment processes that may be required to supplement natural attenuation. These data are used for a risk assessment and developing risk-based remedial action objectives for restoration projects and useful in determining impact for compliance efforts.

2.6. Geophysical Exploration The use of surface geophysics can be valuable in planning a sampling program particularly for choosing sampling locations at suspected source areas. Geophysical techniques include magnetic and electromagnetic surveys, ground-penetrating radar, and seismic surveys. These methods can help identify buried objects that may represent sources or sampling hazards, can help define limits of past excavations or landfills, and can clarify subsurface hydrogeology that can affect contaminant transport.

Guidance for the application of geophysics for contaminated sites is available in United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Engineer Manual 1110-1-1802, Geophysical Exploration for Engineering and Environmental Investigations (http://synectics.net/public/file/searchresults.aspx?dsn=pub&category=USACE&subcategory=Engineer%20Manuals&title=USACE%20Engineer%20Manuals&idMenu=37839&ddlDSN=SYSTM) and U.S. EPA documents such as Geophysical Techniques for Sensing Buried Wastes and Waste Migration EPA-600/7-84/064 and Subsurface Characterization and Monitoring Techniques, A Desk Reference Guide, Volume 1, Chapter 1, Remote Sensing and Geophysical Methods EPA/625/R-93/003a, and ASTM Standard D6429 Standard Guide for Selecting Surface Geophysical Methods.

2.7. Data Quality Objectives (DQO) Process The DQO process is a systematic planning tool recommended by the U.S. EPA to develop sam-pling designs for data collection activities that support decision making. The DQO process is a method used to structure the project planning processes in order to manage uncertainty. The DQO process is best applied when critical envi-ronmental decisions need to be made (e.g., final decision-making or compliance with a standard). The DQO process integrates the work of a multi-disciplinary team for planning action-oriented environmental data collection activities. It encou-rages thoughtful consideration of the following:

http://www.esri.com/data/free-data/index.htmlhttp://synectics.net/public/file/searchresults.aspx?dsn=pub&category=USACE&subcategory=Engineer%20Manuals&title=USACE%20Engineer%20Manuals&idMenu=37839&ddlDSN=SYSTMhttp://synectics.net/public/file/searchresults.aspx?dsn=pub&category=USACE&subcategory=Engineer%20Manuals&title=USACE%20Engineer%20Manuals&idMenu=37839&ddlDSN=SYSTMhttp://synectics.net/public/file/searchresults.aspx?dsn=pub&category=USACE&subcategory=Engineer%20Manuals&title=USACE%20Engineer%20Manuals&idMenu=37839&ddlDSN=SYSTMhttp://synectics.net/public/file/searchresults.aspx?dsn=pub&category=USACE&subcategory=Engineer%20Manuals&title=USACE%20Engineer%20Manuals&idMenu=37839&ddlDSN=SYSTM



what decisions need to be made; what data type, quality, and quantity are needed to support the decisions; what portion of the environment (and/or what time frame) shall be represented by data; how data will be used to support the deci-sion; and what level of decision certainty (and therefore data quality) is desired. The DQO process is iterative and the final outcome is a design for collecting data (e.g., the number of samples to collect, their locations, and the proce-dure for sampling). Additionally, acceptable limits on the probabilities of making decision errors can be determined if a statistically based sampling design is used. The full DQO process is described in the U.S. EPA’s Guidance for the Data Quality Objectives Process (QA/G-4, EPA/240/B-06/001, http://www.epa.gov/quality/qs-docs/g4-final.pdf). The DQO process is a seven-step planning ap-proach based on the scientific method. It in-volves the entire planning cycle for an environ-mental project and encompasses all the activities necessary for project completion. The seven steps of the DQO process are:

Step 1: State the Problem. Define the problem clearly, identify the primary decision maker and planning team members, and determine the avail-able budget, personnel, and deadlines.

Step 2: Identify the Goal of the Study. Develop an appropriate decision statement, identify the principal study question, define alternative ac-tions that could result from resolving the principal study question, link the principal study question to possible actions, and organize multiple deci-sions.

Step 3: Identify Information Inputs. Identify the type and sources of information needed to resolve the decision statement, identify informa-tion needed to establish the action level, and confirm that suitable methods exist.

Step 4: Define the Boundaries of the Study. Specify the characteristics that define the popula-tion of interest, define the spatial and temporal boundaries, define the scale of decision making,

and identify any practical constraints on data collection.

Step 5: Develop the Analytic Approach. Con-struct the theoretical “If...then...else...” decision rule by combining the possible results from the study, the Action Level, the scale of decision making (Step 4), and the alternative actions (Step 2).

Step 6: Specify Performance or Acceptance Criteria. Determine the decision maker’s tolera-ble limits on potential decision errors by identify-ing the decision errors and base-level assump-tions. Specify a range of possible parameter values where the consequences of decision errors are relatively minor, and assign probability values for the occurrence of potential decision errors.

Step 7: Develop the Detailed Plan for Obtain-ing Data. Identify a resource-effective sampling design for data collection that will then satisfy the DQOs documented in the previous steps. Meet-ing or exceeding the DQOs is the goal of the selected sampling design. The DQO process is flexible and allows the planning team to incorpo-rate new information into the sampling plan as it becomes available. The final outcomes of the DQO process are qualitative and quantitative statements that:

Clarify the study objective Define the type, quality, and quantity of

required data Determine the most appropriate conditions

under which to collect the samples Specify how the data will be used to address

the project objectives. For more additional information on the DQO process, see EPA QA/G-4.

2.7.1. Sampling Strategy Selecting the correct sampling strategy for the SAP requires consideration of project resources and an understanding of the data quality required for the project. When evaluating which sampling strategy is most appropriate for a given environ-mental program, project teams should assess the

http://www.epa.gov/quality/qs-docs/g4-final.pdf



amount of time available to complete the project, the availability of technical experts for on-site review, the type of data and quality level required for decision making, and the amount of informa-tion already known about the site. Knowing these key pieces of information will assist project teams in determining the most appropriate sampling strategy for the project.

Sampling strategies may be categorized as “stat-ic” or “dynamic.” Static sampling strategy represents a phased approach to environmental data collection. During static sampling, data are collected and analyzed and then typically docu-mented in an interim report. After the report is reviewed, the direction of the next phase in the project is decided. The phased process generally continues until the project objectives are resolved. In contrast, dynamic sampling strategy stream-lines field sampling activities by providing the data needed to make decisions on site without multiple iterations of project work plans and interim reports. The term dynamic is used be-cause field activities are designed to incorporate changes as new information is obtained, thus accommodating the iterative nature of fieldwork at many environmental sampling sites. The “Triad Approach” incorporates dynamic work strategies, real-time measurements, and systemat-ic planning. More information on the Triad Approach can be found at http://www.triadcentral.org/.

A primary advantage of a dynamic sampling strategy is that it allows an adaptive sampling approach by encouraging decision makers and regulators to take an active role in understanding site problems and resolving sampling issues quickly. A thorough planning process that clearly outlines how decisions will be made in the field is crucial to effectively executing a dynamic sam-pling program. Dynamic sampling plans are living documents that provide a roadmap for decisions that a field team can follow, and outline how subsequent site activities will progress as new information is acquired.

Although the benefits of using a dynamic sam-pling strategy are substantial, they are not appli-cable for all situations. Dynamic sampling activi-ties often need more extensive planning up front than traditional staged or static field activities. Successful dynamic sampling plans should pre-pare not only for what is known about a site, but also for possible conditions that could affect the completion of the fieldwork. Quick turnaround analysis is typically needed to facilitate dynamic field activities. If on-site or rapid off-site analysis is not economically or technically feasible, a static sampling strategy may be more appropriate.

Dynamic field activities also need more field oversight, because the regulator should be in-volved in evaluating key technical decisions as they occur. In addition, dynamic sampling rou-tinely requires the presence of one or more expe-rienced technical staff in the field. Experienced staff plays a key role in the decision-making process, and their recommendations can greatly influence the direction field activities take. If an experienced technical team leader is not available to oversee the fieldwork, dynamic sampling will often be an ineffective method for data collection. In this case, a static sampling strategy, which allows time for review and careful consideration by technical experts not available for on-site activities, may be more appropriate.

For additional information on the dynamic sam-pling process refer to EPA/540/R-03/002 (http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/dfa/download/guidance/40r03002.pdf).

2.7.2. Selecting a Sampling Design One of the primary objectives of systematic planning and the DQO process is to determine the data quality and quantity needed to address project objectives. Once the data requirements are identified, the next step in the process is to develop a sampling design or methodology that specifies the number, type, and location (spatial or temporal) of the samples to be selected for measurement.

There are two main categories of sampling de-signs: statistical and non-statistical. Statistical

http://www.triadcentral.org/http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/dfa/download/guidance/40r03002.pdfhttp://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/dfa/download/guidance/40r03002.pdf



sampling designs apply sampling theory and involve random selection of sampling locations. When a statistical sampling design is used, statis-tical inferences may be made about the sampled population from the data obtained from the sam-pling locations. Non-statistical sampling designs involve the selection of sampling units based on expert knowledge or professional judgment. Data derived from non-statistical sample designs can-not be assigned a quantitative level of confidence and are limited by the degree of professional knowledge available to the project team.

2.7.2.1. Statistical Sampling Designs The most commonly used statistical sampling designs in environmental data collection are:

Simple random sampling. Sample locations are selected randomly. Locations are assumed to be independent and have an equal probability of being selected. Simple random sampling is most useful when the population of interest is known or assumed to be homogeneous. A main advantage of the simple random sampling design is that it provides statistically unbiased estimates of the mean, proportions, and variability.

Stratified random sampling. The target population is separated into non-overlapping strata, or subpopulations that are known or thought to be more homogeneous (relative to the environmental medium or the contaminant), so that there tends to be less variation among the areas sampled in the same stratum than among sampling areas in dif

Documents

DoD Environmental Field Sampling Handbook...Navy Environmental Compliance Sampling and Field Testing Procedures Manual (August 2009), and is expanded to incorporate DoD-wide field