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7/31/2019 Documentation Projects, Part 1
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DDR 3713MEASURED DRAWINGS
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Documentation Projects, Part 2MEASURED DRAWINGS
Measured drawings are made by measuringeach part of a building and conveying this
information in graphic form.
Analytically, measured drawings are, in a sense,the reverse of an architect's working drawings.
Measured drawings depict a building in itsexisting stateand show not only its "as-built"
condition (which often differs markedly from thearchitect's or builder's original drawings), butalso the effects of age and various alterationsover time.
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These drawings also measure and recordthe
numerous quirks that all old buildings exhibit,
such as uneven floors and out of plumb walls.
Measured drawings have many advantages over
photographs.
Views of a building that cannot be portrayed by
photographs, such as floor plans or sections, orfeatures that are normally hidden from view,
such as construction details, can accurately
documented in measured drawings
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In addition, the dimensionsof various building
features can be easily determined from
measured drawings, making them an invaluable
resource for restoration projects, especially if the
building is ever badly damaged by fire or
another disaster.
They are also particularly helpful in obtaining
more accurate and consistent bids for repair and
restoration work.
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Measured drawings are done in orthographic
projection; that is, all lines and features are
drawn in scale as they actually exist.
The principle types of architectural drawings are
plans, sections and elevations.
A plan is a view looking down through a
horizontal slice of a building.
A section is a vertical slice through the building.
Documentation Projects, Part 2MEASURED DRAWINGS
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An elevation is a view of a vertical surface of a
building.
Detail drawings are large-scale drawings of
particular structural or decorative elements
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Plans, sections and elevations are all essential
to include in a documentation project.
Plans should be drawn first, starting with a
foundation plan, first floor, gallery or loft (when
applicable) and finally a roof plan.
Sections are the most difficult drawings to
execute but are typically the most valuable tohave.
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They not only reveal the overall measurements,
but also show the interior dimensions,
proportions, finishes and often the wall, roof and
floor construction.
At least two sections to be drawn of a building-one across the longer dimension and one across
the shorter.
Complex buildings sometimes require more than
two sections in order to record the various
architectural features.
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Elevations and detail drawings should follow the
plans and sections.
Elevations should include each of the building's
exterior facades, including those not normally
seen by the public.
Detail drawings may focus on structural
elements, such as the roof construction, or focuson architectural and decorative elements.
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For documentation purposes, however, complex
decorative features can often be more easily
and better recorded through photography.
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Documentation Projects, Part 2MEASURED DRAWINGS
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MEASURED DRAWINGS Measured drawings are line drawings that follow
standard drafting conventions to portray, in two
dimensions, a three dimensional structure. They are similar to as-built architectural drawings, except
that they are generally produced years after a structureis built, not immediately after construction.
Measured drawings portray conditions at the time ofdocumentation, including the accretions, alterations, anddeletions that have occurred in the original.
Hidden elements, exploded views, sequences ofconstruction, and functional processes are easily
portrayed in a drawing
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Equipment needed to complete a basic set of measured
drawings includes:
a 25' measuring tape; a 100' tape for overallmeasurements; a plumb bob to check vertical walls,
steeples, etc.; a level to establish horizontal reference
(or datum) lines; an oversized clipboard; 11" x 14"
graph paper (preferably with 12 squares per inch); astraight edge, such as a draftsman's triangle; soft 2H
or H pencils; and, most importantly, an eraser. (As the
celebrated 19th century architect H.H. Richardson
said, "An eraser is the draftsman's best friend.") Other
helpful tools include ladders, flashlights and
binoculars
EQUIPMENTS
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Another essential piece of equipment for mostmeasuring projects is a profile gauge.
A profile gauge is the most accurate tool commonlyavailable to measure a complex molding in place, and itis usually necessary if a set of drawings will includeanything beyond a bare outline of ornamental detail.
Profile gauges are typically composed of a magnetichandle threaded with short, stiff wire rods.
When a profile gauge is placed against a molding, thewire rods reproduce the profile of the molding.
This shape is then traced from the profile gauge onto asheet of paper and later incorporated (at a reducedscale) into the final drawings.
EQUIPMENTS
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More sophisticated measuring equipment is available,such as electronic measuring devices and optical plumb
bobs. Civil surveying equipment can also be extremely useful
in establishing accurate reference points. X- raytechniques c also be helpful, when necessary, toexamine hidden structural conditions, such as the interior
of wall cavities. However, this is very expensive and should only be
utilized when the condition of the building warrants thecost.
EQUIPMENTS
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Approaching a large part of the building on the first day
of measuring armed only with measuring tape, pencil
and blank piece of graph paper can be intimidating, evenfor an experienced professional.
It is important not to get muddled with excessive detail at
the beginning of the project, and to focus on "the big
picture." Using the grid paper, establish a rough scale for the field
drawings.
Establish reference points to measure from and think of
the building in terms of vertical and horizontal planes.
MEASURING TIPS
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For example, a water table, if level, may be a good
reference line for vertical measurements.
Approach the building in a systematic way.
Start measuring from the left corner of the front facade
(while facing the building) and work counter-clockwise
around the building.
Using this technique, all the measurements for the fieldnotes and final drawings will be read from left to right.
MEASURING TIPS
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When measuring, take cumulative or "running"
measurements.
Hold the measuring tape at one corner or "datum point"and read all desired points along that line without moving
the tape, rather than continually moving the tape and
taking each measurement from the last reading.
MEASURING TIPS
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This prevents the accumulation of small errors and
makes any measuring errors quickly apparent.
As a way of verifying the accuracy of the exteriormeasurements, make checks from the interior once the
wall thickness is determined.
After the building's main dimensions are established, go
back for detailed measurements of typical features, suchas windows, columns and pinnacles.
MEASURING TIPS
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The drawing process typically begins with measuring
each building by hand to produce field records.
Supplemented by field photography, these notes areused to construct the preliminary penciling and produce
drawings.
Recording tools also include photogrammetric, a means
of extracting measurements from photographs.
ABOUT THE PROCESS
http://www.cr.nps.gov/habshaer/note/fieldrec.htmhttp://www.cr.nps.gov/habshaer/note/fieldrec.htm7/31/2019 Documentation Projects, Part 1
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Although detailed hand-measuring and delineation is still
the backbone of the drawings program, students are
encouraged to employs computer-aided drafting (CAD)to document such structures.
Large buildings with complex repetitive details are ideally
suited for this process.
ABOUT THE PROCESS
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Don't assume that rooms or buildings are square, walls
are plumb, or floors are level.
Take diagonal measurements and check walls and floorsto determine distortion early in the documentation
project.
Establish datum lines and planes as reference points.
Cumulative measurements are more accurate thanconsecutive measurements because they use a common
zero point and thus do not require the tape to be
relocated after each measurement.
OTHER TIPS
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Hold the tape taut when making measurements.
Temperatures, tension and wind can affect the accuracy
of tape measurements by causing the tape to stretch,shrink or sag.
Know where the zero point is on the tape. It is not always
at the end.
Horizontal distances must be measured with the tapeheld level.
Use a plumb line to measure points displaced vertically.
OTHER TIPS
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Access to roofs, vaulted ceilings, steeples and crawlspace is often a major difficulty.
However, it is vitally important that these areas aremeasured.
Vital information, such as the thickness of the wall, thestructure of the ceiling, and the pitch of the roof and itsstructural framing, can often only be determined by
taking measurements in attics or crawl spaces.
OTHER TIPS
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The process of measuring a building can be simplified ifa construction project is in progress.
Scaffolding and cherry pickers allow access to otherwisehard to reach parts of the building.
If the walls need to be opened up in order to replacemechanical systems or investigate structural problems,use the opportunity to examine and measure the internal
construction of the wall
OTHER TIPS
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The drawings should first be traced in pencil on vellum
and reviewed by someone experienced with
documentation projects. Final drawings should be traced in ink on Mylar.
OTHER TIPS
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Each set of drawings generally includes
plans, elevations, sections, details and a
cover sheet with a site plan and written
information
TYPES OF DRAWING
http://www.cr.nps.gov/habshaer/note/drawings.htmhttp://www.cr.nps.gov/habshaer/note/drawings.htmhttp://www.cr.nps.gov/habshaer/note/drawings.htmhttp://www.cr.nps.gov/habshaer/note/drawings.htmhttp://www.cr.nps.gov/habshaer/note/drawings.htmhttp://www.cr.nps.gov/habshaer/note/drawings.htmhttp://www.cr.nps.gov/habshaer/note/drawings.htmhttp://www.cr.nps.gov/habshaer/note/drawings.htm7/31/2019 Documentation Projects, Part 1
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Plans are an essential element of measured
drawings. Plan drawings are horizontal cutsthrough a structure that portray thearrangement and progression of spaces.Plans are cut at a consistent height; the
convention is to cut through openings suchas doors, windows, and fireplaces. Plansshould be projected views; that is, where"horizontal" surfaces are inclined or curve, as
in the deck of a ship, they should beprojected into a horizontal plane. Buildingplans are recorded from foundation to roof(although most sets of floor plans include
only basement to top floor).
TYPES OF DRAWING - plan
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Elevations show facades, room elevations,
and other vertical elements of a structure
projected into a vertical plane. Elevations
show structures upright and facing straight
ahead (but without perspective). Theelevation drawing is typically the most
familiar and recognizable to laymen. The
illusion of depth is provided by varying line
weights, not by diminishing size as in aperspective drawing.
Typically buildings have four facades and, if
possible, all four should be drawn.
TYPES OF DRAWING - elevation
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Sections are vertical cuts through a structure
that show the arrangement of spaces andobjects. What you see in a section drawingof a building is a series of room elevations inaccurate relation to one another butseparated by walls, floors, and ceilings. Theyare cut in a plane but may jog horizontallyfrom floor to floor to reveal differentinformation.
TYPES OF DRAWING - section
TYPES OF DRAWING ti
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The locations of section cuts are indicated
on each floor plan. Section drawings areuseful because they provide verticalinformation: floor-to-floor heights, ceilingheights, roof height, and the verticalprogression of spaces. They are alsovaluable for structural details, interiordecorative finishes, the relation of functions,and the relationship between interior andexterior spaces
TYPES OF DRAWING - section
TYPES OF DRAWING d ili
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Large-scale details explain how objects fit or
together or relate to one another. A door or
window detail may include a plan; interior
and exterior elevations; and jamb, lintel, and
sill sections. Exploded-view drawings showhow an object's component parts fit
together. Often an exploded view is the only
way to explain the intricacies of a heavy-
timber framing joint or a pin connection in abridge truss. Large-scale drawings are
appropriate for depicting complex objects,
such as machines, that cannot be
delineated adequately at a small scale
TYPES OF DRAWING - detailing
TYPES OF DRAWING h
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Landscapes include a whole range of
resources including site vegetation (typically
recorded with a historic structure), classical
gardens and parks, industrial and
engineering landscapes, culturallandscapes, and parkways.
TYPES OF DRAWING - others