DOCUMENT RESUME LI 002 383 INSTITUTION DUB · PDF fileboth KWIC and KWOC indexes have found it annoying to scan down the 1 of keywords and find authors' names, department identifiers

ED 045 164

AUTHORTITLE

INSTITUTIONDUB DATENOTEAVAILABLE FRCM

EDRS PRICEDESCRIPTO!BS

IDENTIFIERS

DOCUMENT RESUME

LI 002 383

Flury, William R.: Henderson, D.User's Guide to the Key-Word-Out-of-Context [KWOC]Index: [How to Harness the KWOC].Mitre Corp., McLean, Va.Sep 7084n.The Mitre Corporation, Westgate Research Park,Mclean, Virginia 22101

FIRS Price MF-0.c0 PC Not Available from EDRS.Charts, *Electrpnic Data Processing, *Indexes(Locaters), Libraries, *Programing, *SpecialLibraries, *Technical Peport.s*Key Word Out Of Context, YwOC

APS-TACT'This gaper provides the description, documentation

and users' and programmers' guide for the keyword out of context.(KWOC) library indexing system, with coding references, program flowcharts, program listings, rrocedure flow charts and instructions formaintenance and operation. (Author)

1.

-4. "PERMISSION TO REPRGCLICE THIS COPY-RIGHTED MATERIAL BY MICnOFICHE ONLY

\CO HAS BEEN GRANTED BY

r With nt Pia yLei TO ERIC AND ORGANIZATIONS OPEIBATING

a:4sUNDER AGREEMENTS WITH THE US OFFICEOF EDUCATION FURTHER REPRODUCTIONOUTSIDE THE ERIC SYSTEM REOUIRES PER-MISSION 0 F THE COPYRIGHT OWNER

M70-46

USER'S GUIDE TO THE

KEYWORD-OUT-OF-CONTEXT (KWOC) INDEX

(HOW TO HARNESS THE KWOC)

MITRE WASHINGTON LIBRARY

by

W. R. Flury and D. Henderson

s tee. Ite003 tt IWO

SEPTEMBER 1970

THE

\1111R14,CLIFIroRA TION1

Wash OS Oce at .o

ABSTRACT

This paper provides the description, documentation and user'sand programmers' guide for the keyword out of context (KWOC) libraryindexing system, with coding references, program flow charts, programlistings, procedure flow charts and instructions for maintenance andoperation.

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS vi

LIST OF TABLES vi

SECTION I INTRODUCTION 1

What is a KWOC Index 1

Is This A Standard KWOC Index 3

Multi-Card Citation 5

Input Tagging 6

Input Enrichment 8

Additional Background Information 9

SECTION II PROCESSING IN THE LIBRARY 11

How Incoming Reports are Processed 11

Accessions Process 11

KWOC Input Processing 11

How KWOC Reports Are Produced 18

SECTION III HOW TO USE KWOC 23

Locating a Report - SingleTerm Search 23

Locating a Report - MultipleTerm Search 24

Retrieving Information 30

SECTION IV A PROGRAMMER'S OVERVIEW OF KWOC 33

Basic Programs 33

Special Features 34

System Limitations 38

SECTION V KWOC ECOLOGY 41

APPENDIX I INDEXING 45

APPENDIX II REFERENCE DATA FOR CODING KWOC INPUT 52

APPENDIX III RUN PROCEDURES 58

APPENDIX IV PROGRAM FLOW CHARTS 68

APPENDIX V PROGRAM LISTINGS 74

BIBLIOGRAPHY 93

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Number Page

1 KWOC Listing 2

2 Generating A KWOC Index 4

3 Work Flow, Technical Reports Accessionand Indexing 12

4 Report Request Form 13

5.a Library Shelf List Card Side 1 14

5.b Library Shelf List Card Side 2 14

6 Report Circulation Card 15

7 Coding and Keypunching KWOC Data 17

8 Flow Chart for Monthly AccessionsProcessing 19

Flow Chart for Weekly AccessionsProcessing 20

10 AD Number Search 25

11 Multiple Term Subject Search 28

12 Author Search 31

LIST OF TABLES

Table Number Page

I ITEM DESIRED FOR CITATION 7

vi

SECTION I

INTRODUCTION

The MITRE Corporation Policy and Procedures manual (L.1) states,

"It is MITRE policy to provide a facility and an organization to

acquire, control, store and retrieve information in the form of books,

pamphlets, periodicals and reports, needed by MITRE in the prosecution

of its mission." In implementing this policy the Washington Library

recently instituted a Key-Word-Out-of-Context (KWOC) index for the

technical reports collection. This paper provides some background

information about the KKOC system; guides to the Library Staff,

Technical Staff and Administrators on how to use the system; and pro-

grammer notes including flow charts and program listings for program

maintenance.

What is a KWOC Index?

A 13400 index is a special form of index in which: (1) an entry

is created for every substantive word in the report title, and (2)

entries show the substantive word (keyword) and the portion of the

context out of which the word was obtained. A sample of a 1340C index

is shown in Figure 1.

A 13100 index is a special form of a Key-Word-In-Context (KWIC)

index. Both KWOC and KWIC are based on the selection of keywords

directly from the title alone or from a more complete bibliographic

citation.

A more complete discussion of the theoretical background and

the underlying structure of both *IOC and KWIC indexing is presented

in Appendix I.

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FIG

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KW

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Each index entry in The Washington Library KWOC index is

generated from a technical report citation. The manner in which it

is generated is shown in Figure 2. After such entries are generated

for a collection of reports they are sorted and the KWOC output

listing is generated. In this listing one line is printed for each

index entry. The line contains the keyword on the left, and in the

wider field on the right, the context out of which the keyword was

obtained.

Is This A Standard KWOC Index?

No. The Washington Library has adapted the basic KWOC technique

to the special circumstances that pertain there. Three adaptations

have been made. Each is aimed at further improving the usefulness

of the index in The Washington Operations environment. The adaptations

are:

(1) multi-card citation input,

(2) input tagging, ap-

(3) input enrichment,

These adaptations, along with some of the rationale behind them, are

discussed below.

TECHNICALREPORT

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FIGURE 2GENERATING A KWOC INDEX

4

Multi -Card Citation

A standard KWOC index uses a single card input per report. This

normally allows the opportunity to input the report accession number

and about 60 characters of the title. Over half of the technical

reports received by The Washington Library have titles significantly

longer than 60 characters. In order to assure the possibility of

obtaining the full title on input, a multi-card citation input process

was developed. Details of the process of preparing the input are

presented in Section II under KWOC Input Processing.

In addition to assuring input of the full report title, the

multi-card citation input readily permits the addition of any other

desired information for indexing purposes. During development of the

KWOC index various elements in Washington Operations desired to in-

clude 8 other reference entries:

Author

- Corporate Source

- Corporate Report Number

- Date

- Other Identifying Number

- Department Number

- Contract Number

- Task Number

With the number of input cards substantially unlimited it is possible

to include all of these and others if this is desired in the future.

5

Input Tagging

Tagging is a feature of the Washington KWOC index which was

developed at MITRE to overcome a basic KWOC format problem. Users c

both KWIC and KWOC indexes have found it annoying to scan down the 1

of keywords and find authors' names, department identifiers and ori-

ginators' document identiftcations intermixed in tho listing sequenc

with keywords from titles. This problem is further complicated, in

the case of The Washington Library, by a requirement to include in tl

index the many other items of bibliographic information, along with

titles. Many of these are alphanumeric and would, normally, sort in

sequence with title keywords in the output listing.

The solution developed for this problem begins with assigning

special character tags to be prefixed, on input, to each of the non-

title items desired in the index. See Table I. These tags are carrf

by the system through the keyword sorting process. Since the tags

are in the high-order (left-most) position for the index sort, they

force like items together. After sorting, the print program deletes

the tags from the left margin field but leaves the sorted records in

the sequence in which they were put before the tap were deleted.

The resulting output is, thus, divided into 10 major segments

corresponding to the 10 types of tags and the 10 items of interest.

Title words appear in the subject index section; sJthors' names all

appear together and in alphabetic sequence; dates appear together

and in sequence from earliest to most recent and are not intermixed

with project numbers, and so on.

6

TABLE I

ITEM DESIRED FOR CITATION

ITEM EXAMPLE TAGGED FORM

Title Growth of Urban... Growth of Urban

Author(s) Jones, J. P. -JONES, J. P.

Corporate Source RAND *RAND

Corporate Report Number P-1234 :P-1234

Date 680929 /680929

AD, PB or NASA Number AD 123 456 =AD123456

Department Number D-31 .D-31

Contract Number F19(628)-68-C-0365 +F19(628)-68-C-036!

Project or Task Number 31.5.0 231.5.0

Accession Number

Internal documents WP1234 WP1234(3 different series) MTR 456 TR456

M67 M67External 11W 2468 MW2468

NOTES: The black dot is used in the above illustration as a visiblesubstitute for a numerical quantity, hexadecimal 00, for which noprintable 360 character has been assigned. This quantity is auto-matically prefixed to the accession number by the KWOC program.When the accession numbers are printed, the unprintable characterdoes not print and a blank appears in its place.

7

One bonus of this approach is the ability to reconstitute the

multiple input card images in their original sequence, at the be-

ginning of the listing. The basic conditions to permit this are set

when the accession numbers, treated as keywords, are pulled together

by their tags and sequenced. Since every citation normally requires

two to three cards of input, a convention was established to enter

the accession number first on each card and to suffix card sequence

letters to the accession number on each card as required. The result,

after keyword sorting, is the complete citation as originally entered.

The basic citation section of the listing is bound separately

from the others and used side-by-side during searches of the other

portions of the index. This separate list is especially useful when

the context from which the keyword was obtained (the content of the

card on which it appeared) happens not to include the other items with

which the user is trying to coordinate the term he is accessing. See

Section III for more details on the use of the basic citation listing.

Input Enrichment

Another standard objection to conventional KWOC indexing centers

around the problem of non-informative titles, titles which do not

contain good, descriptive keywords. As a hedge against lost informa-

tion, it was decided for this application to enrich the basic KWOC

citation with human indexing. Enrichment, in this application, is

defined as the adding of extra index terms which do not appear in the

title or with the other standard bibliographic data in the document.

In the input processing stage of the system, all of the basic

citation information is obtained from the document by a library aide.

8

The professional indexer scans this for accuracy and also makes a

determination as to whether or not the title is properly descriptive.

If enrichment is deemed desirable, the indexer adds extra terms to

the input record and suffixes them with an asterisk. The indexer

is also encouraged, when time permits, to highlight particularly

descriptive terms in the title. These are also indicated with the

suffixed asterisk.

Additional Backuound Information

The KWOC index is currently being used with a collection of

over 10,000 technical reports growing at a rate of flproximately

6,800 per year. Report subject matter is varied representing the

combined interests of 370 technical staff members working on diverse

military and civilian systems engineering problems. The rest are

internally generated. OE the former, about two-thirds are obtained

from the Defense Documentation Center (DDC) or the National Technical

Information Service (formerly the Clearinghouse-CFSTI). The others

are obtained directly from the originating organizations.

The system is based on use of three programs run on the IBM

360/50 in a multi-programming mode under OS 360, Version 18 with

HASP (Houston Automatic Spooling Processor, an I/O expediting feature).

The programs are: KWOC1, which generates the basic index record; the

Sort-Merge utility program of OS 360, and KWOC2 which prints the out-

put. These three programs are used to prepare and check the newly in-

dexed material weekly. After checking, newly indexed records are

9

accumulated and, periodically, inserted into the caster file with

the Sort-Merge utility under Job Control Language (JCL). The mascer

file is currently printed in its entirety at the same time.

Weekly cumulative index, sort and print runs for up to 800

documents require less than 5 minutes of computer time. Master

file merge and print runs, printing the complete index, have not

yet excezded 12 minutes of charged computer time.

10

SECTION II

PROCESSING IN THE LIBRARY

How Incoming Reports are Processed

The flow of technical reports through the Library accessions and

indexing processes is shown in Figure 3.

Accessions Process

Almost all technical reports in the library are obtained at the

request of members of the MITRE Technical Staff. When requesting a

report the staff member completes form MCF 1825, 9/70 Figure 4. From

this form the library takes the bibliographic information, and, if

the report is not already in the collection, submits an order to the

appropriate supplier. Request forms are filed in a pending request

file (ringbinder) until fulfilled by receipt of the report.

KWOC Input Processing

When the requested report is received the request form is removed

from the binder by the library aide. The aide then handwrites such

information as can be readily obtained from the request form onto a 5x8

Bibliographic Record Card ;sometimes called Shelf List Card). See

Figure 5.

The partially completed Bibliographic Record Card is next given

to the indexer. The indexer checks the aide's work and completes any

portions of the bibliographic entry which the aide was unable to

Handwritten entries on the form are currently spc,zified as a worksaving measure. Since all of the information on the form later --appears in the computer printed KWOC output, and since the Biblio-graphic Record Card is used primarily as a filed record the hand-writing of this record constitutes no significant legit lity problem.

11

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12

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13

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15

complete. The indexer, at this point, may determiwa that the contents

of the document are not adequately described by the terms in the title.

In such cases the indexer assigns additional terms and records them

on the Bibliographic Record Card in the appropriate place. Descrip-

tive terms assigned by the Indexer follow the standards suggested in

Standard for Descriptive Cataloging of Government Scientific and

Technical Reports Revision 1, AD #641092, October 1966. Index terms

assigned by the indexer are taken from The Thesaurus of Engineering

and Scientific Terms, First Edition, Engineer's Joint Council, New

York, December 1967, or later editions as available. The indexer may

also consult other guides such as the latest edition of the NASA

Thesaurus.

Upon completion of this stage of processing the technical report

is charged out to the requester. Two circulation cards (Figure 6)

are filed, one by library accession number and one by borrower name.

The request sheet is filed in a binder of completed requests, by

requester name. The Bibliographic Record Card is returned to the

aide who uses it as a source document for transcription of the

information onto a keypunch coding sheet. The rules for coding

for keypunching are fully described in Appendix II, Reference Data

for Coding KWOC Input. See Figure 7 for sample of the completed

keypunch coding sheet. After coding, the Bibliographic Record Card

is filed by accession number as a permanent Shelf List record. The

coding sheets are sent, in daily batches, to the MITRE Washington

Computer Center (MWCC) for keypunching.

16

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How KWOC Reports Are Produced

In producing the arious KWOC outputs two computer procedures

are used. One of these is usually run once a month and is called

"Monthly Run." This run consists of two jobs run together. They are

called CUMULIST, Job 1 and PRINT, Job 2. See Figure 8 for a flow

chart. The first job accepts as input the cards for all of the new

accessions during the previous month. It prepares index records for

these cards and sorts them. It then produces an output listing of

these records in standard KWOC format. This output is printed on

white paper for reproduction as a Working Paper and for distribution

to the Technical Staff as a current awareness service.

In the second part of the monthly run the sorted index records

from the first part of the run are merged with the index records

in the master file on magnetic tape. This job then produces a listing

of the total KWOC index including all records ever entered. This is

printed on three part paper (or three times at the Library's option)

on striped paper. These outputs are used as the current working copies

in the Library processing area, in the Library reading room and in the

Bedford Library.

The other major run is performed once a week and is called "Weekly

Run." See Figure 9 for a flow chart. This run accepts as input the

cards representing all accessions since the last monthly run. In the

first week after the monthly run it operates with one week's accessions;

in the second week, two weeks' accessions; and so on. This run also

18

OIIR NO

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DISTRIBUTE

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STAFF

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MONTHLY CUMULATIVE LISTING OP ACCESSIONS

TOR DISTRIBUTION TO ALL STAFF

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consists of two job steps. The first, KWOC1, indexes all of the in-

put records, sorts them and creates an output data set for printing.

The second step, KWOC2, prints the records in standard KUOC format.

The output is printed on striped paper. It is used by the library

aide and the indexer to check the input to KWOC for errors. It ilso

serves as the current cumulative accession list supplement until the

next monthly run.

Another run called CHECKOUT is used to aid in checking any set

of input cards which has never been run before. It is very similar

to the weekly run. See flow chart in Appendix III. It is normally

used to check the fourth week's input to the monthly run prior to its

entry as input to the monthly run.

The detailed procedures for obtaining the Monthly and Weekly

Runs are described in Appendix III.

21

,--777r;

SECTION III

HOW TO USE KWOC

The main purpose of KWOC is to permit staff members to locate and

obtain technical reports in the library easily and efficiently. The

ROC index can also provide certain valuable information directly with-

out obtaining any reports. In order to locate a report, the KWOC user

must: (1) search the KWOC listing for the appropriate entries; (2)

extract the report accession numbers; and then (3) obtain the desired

report from the library staff. If the user is just interested in ob-

taining information about reports he needs only to search the index

and obtain the information directly from the listirg.

Locating a Report - Single Term Search

When trying to locate and obtain (retrieve) a report from the

library the staff member may use either a single term search strategy

or a multiple term search strategy. In a single term search the KWOC

user must have in mind one of the following:

any significant word in the title

the name of any of the authors

the name of the organization that produced the report

an index term under which the report is likely to have been

indexed (by the Library indexer)

the originating organization's report number

,71. 23

the task number under which the report was produced (MITRE

documents)

The Department number of the originating department (MITRE

documents)

the DDC identification number (AD Number)

With any one of these the user can scan the listing at the

appropriate point and locate all the reports indexed under teat one

keyword or term.

For example, to find a specific item, DDC Report AD681472, a

searcher looks in that section of KWOC that lists AD number (Figure

10). Here he will find that AD681472 has been accessioned under

MW3210. To order a copy of the document, the searcher merely asks

the Library staff for MW3210. If he wishes to know the full title

of the document, the searcher may then turn to the bibliographic

citation section.

Locating a Report - Multiple Term Search

When performing a single term search on the AD number or the

originating organization's report number the user will find (if he

finds anything under that number) only one report for each index entry.

When searching on other terms the user may find more than one report

for each term. For example, the KWOC index will list many reports

under the keywords "COMPUTER" and "SYSTEM." If the user is looking

for just one report or Just a few reports from among those he can

ease the search by thinking of one or more other terms under which

24

AU67b514

41067e5R9

AU076770

Au074176

Ao679269

ACc7y271

A0674272

AC679644

AV67,,613

Au6T9915

AC66u011

60660246

AC684)254

AL660412

A068.1614

AD631106

A1

A0641434

AU661457

AC0)2423

A0662120

AO

6b/1

69406W237

A0662311

A04,42,39

An66290

AP082402

AZ683255

4066'1362

AlJ663362

AC04374

AD663670

AC063686

A0633714

AJC63746

Ati0b4)60

0478918 *L4G-44NSCOM-cISLP-46SS-EL0CT'n41C-SYCTr4S :FYN-TR-48-476 =6)670514

m429,18 4,1n4f-AIP-DEVcL-CC147cP-G0Icc155-4FA-NY :RACC-TR-68-341 .An670580

4435418 HUKAN-FACTJPS' /410000 *F14FIGN-TrC4-[ATV-WPTGHT-PArTr0S0N-AFB .P0678779

06$173C :4FCSO-68-0049 .A0679176

4431563 40679269

4429133 0LE0-J-00MEN-1155nC 4[+679271

0424128 mCEO-J-COHCN-ASSOC .40679272

41.3535 01..C..4ANSr7M-cIELn-4A-FLEC-SYSTrMS-0IV :FSD-TP-60-371 =48679544

447511/1 MAGNETIC-tiAnYS0 JAK4-7ELLER-ErgrCT /4811100 m4D679613

4h29144 /681200 *fti!N"S-U4IV-U0SON4-ennRDTNATFP-SCIeNCF-LPB :R-398 .4n679915

4424358 44NOROIKSA /6°100C whIGHT-paYTFRS0N-AFB -C4 :650-70-40-45 .R0680011

4w3047C INFORMAT/C1N-PPOCr5SIIG* S.1C.-S4 :TM-3620-002-00 =6'160024P

P434840 0NATTnNAL-Cn-MFLPCS'-4A :R1-60-39 440680254

443204C *MICHIGAN-STA,Tf-U141V-F#ST-LANSING-01v-CF-FNGRG-RES sA0680412

0430160 AC680815

443048A C04PUT7P-SYS7c4S. GRAP ICS-PFSFARCH* /690100 ,00A 4n :0-4014 =8060110R

41439858 *SYLYPNIA-FIECTRO4ICS-SYSTEMS-wALTHAM-MA-APPLIcD-RcSFARCH-L00 W1681149

0101W3210B 41067A-CYNA0ICS-T4C-I1S-ANGELES-C4 :ESn-TR-68-455 .80681472

443906P 44INTPN4.4Ct", /4°1100 *LOGISTICS-MGT -INST-DC - A'6!31701

4w72A0m 4/.0681834 .460-21°40

4438038 04EATHER-eUPPAU-SALT -1"-CITY-UT :wR-35 .40601857

447410A /680600 0SP1-4tNln-P40K-SA :STP-49 LAD682023

4438371: *6CFING-SCIr%TtFIC-PECrA4CM-IPPS-SEATTLF-WA :n1-02-0795 =106821.20

4439878 +FCREI6N-TECM-MV-wRIG4T-PATTFPSON-APB .011642169

4439888 :FTD-MT -24-301-67 .40602237

043840C :UNI-TRONS-778 01682311

4435413 RACA-1.460-.47.1RIPS-PPIM07TnN-INJ :4FOSR-69-0272TR .0163231'1%

4.439008 *STA4F1RD-uNIV-C4-UITV-LAw-SC40OL - 40682900

4434908 °STANFrPC-.011V-CA-JNIV-LAW-SCHnni .A0682902

447423r MILITARY-11PPRPT/ONS, .041,1,0 :R4-5788 m40683255

00351?8 /681200

wASS-CnmPuTFP-ASSIC-INC-w4kcrIFLO =40683362

4437918 *ARMY-ELECTRONICS-C144/00-FT-VONMOUTM-NJ :cCn41-5236 =0116r.:367

443901m APTCATI4NY-APSPNAL-01vc0-NJ-OATA-PROCESSING-0Ff-TCF :TM -1P71 -A0603474

4435118 +SOC-S4 :TP-3624-003-000 .40683670

443729A /6SC100 of*A-04 006411486

443992A 0MITPE-CoPP-8F4F0R1-4A :ESD-TR-68-445 sAnc,03714

M47444A /640200 wPANn :P-4023 .40683746

44376C4 mcoNm :9-4000 .01,6843E6

FIG

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the report might be indexed and using them in a multiple term search.

In most cases the user will find the reports he is looking for just

by looking up the other terms and scanning the index entries associated

with those terms. A user looping for reports on design of on-line

systems, would do best to search first under the least common of the

three terms, on-ltne, and scan the entries for the more common

words design and system. The user who does this will find entries

such as:

ON-LINE IS 4307 AN ON-LINE DEBUGGER FOR 05/360 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGPAMS -JOSEPH.W.H.ON-LINE MW4355 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR AN ON-LINE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMON-LINE MW7502 DOCUMENT VECTOR MODIFICATION IN ON-LINE INFORMATION-RETRIEVAL* SYSTEMSON-LINE MW8059 EVALUATION OF USER REACTIONS TO A PROTOTYPE ON-LINEON-LINE TM5025 PROPOSED DESIGN FOR AN ON-LINE INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM -KINNEY.O.R.ON-LINE WP9005 PRELIMINARY DESIGN NOTES FOR TRANSPORTATION ON-LINE PLANNING TOP) SYSTEMON-LINE WP9221 TECHNICAL DESIGN APPROACH TO SASH ON-LINE PLANNING SYPPORT -MAYER.R.P.ON-LINE WP9229 2250 SERVICES PROVIDED BY STAGE-2 OF THE MITE ON -LINE SYPPORT SYSTEM

It does not always occur, however, that the several terms the

user wants to associate in a multiple term search will appear in the

same index entry. Sometimes they do, in such entries as MW4355,

TM5025, and WP9005. Some titles are very long, however, and carry

over to another input card. Entries MW8095, WP9005, and WP9229 carry

over. Since each card is treated independently, related keywords may

appear In separate entries. The key to coordinating such keywords

lies in making effective use of the report accession number to

tie them together.

26

Suppose a user wants to obtain all reports held on 1222.11

investment policy. Translated into search terms this means that he

wants all reports indexed under the keyword public which are also

indexed under investment and are clso indexed under policy.

The basic technique used to perform such a search is to enter

the index with the least likely keyword and list all of the accession

numbers for entries under that term. Then, the user goes to the

next least likely term and looks for entries with accession numbers

the same as on the initial list, crossing out all that are not

found among the entries. Then, on the next term for the same

operation, and on and on until the search is completed. The re-

maining list of accession numbers represents the set of reports which

satisfies the search. In the example shown in Figure 11 the user

has gone first to the keyword investment and has listed all of the

accession numbers for reports indexed under that keyword. Then,

after noting these, he has gone to the index entries for the

keyword public, and has crossed off all accession numbers from the

investment list not found under the entries for public. The two

remaining entries, MW3893 and MW7893.could then be checked against

the entries for the keyword policy, but, since there are only

two it is easier just to go to the complete citation section of the

listing and read the complete entries for both documents.

This basic, list preparation approach can be used for any

multiple term search. Other logical combinations of terms can be

used in searching. The search illustrated in the figures required

27

INVESTIGATIONS

man

n=INVESTMENT

INVESTMENT

INVESTMENT

INVESTMENT

INVESTMENT

INVESTMENT

INVESTMENT

INVISCID

PUB-6

PUBLIC

PUBLIC

PUBLIC

PUBLIC

PUBLIC

PUBLIC

PUBLIC

PUBLIC

PUBLIC

PUBLIC

PUBLIC

PUBLIC

PUBLICATIONS

WP9472A

MW3893

m$14314

Mi4348

MW4365

MW7212

MW7893

M69-I5

WP9422

MW4124

INVESTIGATIONS -BARDSLEY.P.P. .D-31 /690425 131.6.0

RANKING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR CAPITAL INVESTMENT DECISIONS IN

CRITERIA FOR INVESTMENT SELECTION -SEELEEREUND.A.J. DECISION-MAKING*

INVESTMENT IN NETWORK EXPANSION UNDER UNCERTA

OPTIMAL INVESTMENT POLICY: AN EXAMPLE OF A

AS INVESTMENT MODEL FOR REPARABLE ASS

SECT-3A ECONOMIC-DEVELO

COMPUTER USAGE IN THE INVE

A PROCEDURE FOR DETERS:EN

A ?MOMENTUM* ANALYSIS

DLER.J.L.

BLEM IN ECONOMIC

-ROSE.M.

4 REGIONAL

IONS ON

GATED IN

ONIC-FLOW*

WP9249(C)

PROPOSED REVISI

M43625 THE SYSTEMS APPRO

MW3739

REVIEW OF PUBLIC POL

mW3741

PPS & THE PUBLIC POLI

MW3893A PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SE

-CURRENT-SITUATIONS-TEAM

-QUADE,E.S.

SYSTEMS-ANALYSIS*

BY YEHEZKEL DRAW, CHANDLER

* SYSTEM: SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE PAPERS

-SMITH.K.v. INVESTMENTS* ECONOMICS*

M614230

DIRECTED RESEARCH CENTERS AND PUBLIC PROBLEMS -ALESCH.D.J.

MW4312

BACKGROUND OF PUBLIC SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT -NOVICK-D. BUDGETING*

M6J7134

PUBLIC FACILITIES AND SERVICES INVENTORY QUESTIONAIRS* PUBLIC-FACILITIE*

MW7461 .AIR-FORCE FILM =RECTORY: DIRECTORY OF AF FLEAS: CLEARED FOR PUBLIC AND

MW7806

STRATEGY

ORGANIZATION IN PUBLIC LAND POLICY -HALL.G.R. *RAND :P-3403

MW7893

SECT-3A ECONOMIC -DEVELOPMENT*SECTION-3.

PUBLIC INVESTMENT & REGIONAL

M70-2

A PROPOSED PROJECT-PLAN FOR A PUBLIC VEHICLE RENTAL-SYSTEM -MARINO.J.J.

WP1192

DRAFT FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF A PUBLIC AUTOMOBILE RENTAL SYSTEM

MW3978 PUBLICATIONS OF THE LOGISTICS DEPARTMENT -CRUSKY.J. - SCHNEIDER.R.ED.

FIG

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that all terms be present. It used what is called AND logic (this

term AND that term AND some other term must all be present). OR

searches (this term OR that term, etc.) may also be constructed by

the user. For these, the accession number list obtained under any

term is added to the list under the other terms. Multiple term

searches may be performed using any number of terms, combining them

in any manner desired. Careful use of this method and careful

"jotting" of the list can save a lot of time in looking for reports

in common subject areas.

The Library indexer has developed a technique for speeding up

multiple term searches by providing some pre-coordination of index

terms. This is done by linking index terms with hyphens. The title,

"THE UNIFORM DATA ELEMENT DESCRIPTION," for example, is indexed by

standard KWOC techniques under UNIFORM, DATA, ELEMENT, and DESCRIPTION.

The indexer, in the improved procedure, enriches the input by entering

the additional term DATA-ELEMENT *. This type of linking is also used

to hold together the bets of character strings which make up the full

name of the corporate source: (for example: *SOCIETY-OF-AUTOHOTIVE-

ENGINEERS). Multiple term searches of the index can be made more quickly

when the searcher can enter the index looking for the complete term,

DATA-ELEMENT*,in one place rather than having to coordinate all of

the entries for DATA with all of the entries for ELEMENT.

29

Retrieving Information

The KWOC Index can also be used to retrieve information. For

example, staff members can obtain a list of all the documents they

have published by looking in the author section of the KWOC listing.

See Figure 12. A KWOC user interested in seeing what type of reports

we have been getting from RAND recently can look under the RAND entry

in the Corporate Source section of the listing. The user, usually

with the help of the Library staff, can also prepare bibliographies

on any single term or any combination of terms. All of the informa-

tion required can be obtained from the index without retrieving the

actual reports.

The possibilities for information retrieval from KWOC are

limited only by the imagination of the user and the time available

to search for and compile the information.

30

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SECTION IV

A PROGRAMMER'S OVERVIEW OF KWOC

Brief program descriptions and some comments on special features

are given in this section. Full supporting documentation (flow

charts, program and procedure listings) is given in Appendix IV,

Programmer's Handbook for KWOC.

Basic Programs

The system is based on use of three programs run on the IBM

360/50 in a multi-programming mode under OS 360, Version 18 with

HASP (Houston Automatic Spooling Processor, an I/O expediting

feature). Detailed flow charts of all programs are contained in

Appendix IV. Listings are presented in Appendix V.

The first program,KWOCI, written in assembly language: reads

input cards; identifies character strings of two characters or more;

compares these strings against stop list terms: and if the string is

not on the list (and is, therefore, a KWOC keyword), creates an

index for the string. These records are in the same format as the

print line. Each record, in fact, is one full line of the output.

The KWOC indexing pror,ram requires approximately 300 instructions.

It presently conta

in his book.* Th

bytes.

'400-word stop list suggested by Williams

,ogram, when link-edited, requires 46k

*W. F. Williams, s of Automated Information Retrieval,The Business Pro cst, Ill.,1965, pp. 126-129.

33

The output of KWOC1 is sorted by the Sort-Merge utilities called

by Job Control Language (JCL) statements. Records are sorted on the

first 40 characters. This includes the keyword field and the first

17 characters of the context field.

The basic print proceduve uses the Tape-To-Print utility

called by JCL. A slightly more sophisticated assembly language print

program has been written. This program, KWOC2, reads the sorted

output of KWOC1; deletes records containing certain tags, if suppression

of those records is desired; deletes tags from the keyword fields;

and prints using normal pagination controls. This program, when

link-edited, requires 48k bytes.

These three programs are used to prepare and check the newly

indexed material weekly. After checking, newly indexed records

are accumulated and, once a month, inserted into the master file

with the Sort-Merge utility under JCL. The master file is printed

periodically with KWOC2.

Special Features

1. Character string separators - any number of blanks, up to

four, or a comma are interpreted as a break in the input

character string. Each string of characters between such

separators is considered a potential keyword to be checked

against the stop list. More than four blanks separating

character strings are interpreted as the end of the text on

the card.

34

2. Stop List - this presently consists of a table of 400 common

words not useful for indexing. It is possible to extend this

list (or shorten it) by altering the table in the program.

No term included in the list will be used as an index term by

the KWOC program. In addition to terms on the Stop List all

single character strings are omitted from indexing.

3. KWOC1 Output record format - this currently appears as

follows:

Character Position

1 -20 I 21-22 24 104 105 -125

Keyword Space Context Space

Field

The output of the print program is as follows:

Character Position

1-20 21-23 24 104 105-111

Keyword Space Context Space

Field

There is nc requirement for the extra space at the end of the

records ana no significance to the different lengths.

4. Program-assigned prefix for accession numbers - So that the

library accession numbers will all fall together and come first

in the sort sequence, the program prefixes them with a special

"character". This "character", hexadecimal 00, is lower in the

35

EBCDIC collating sequence then blank (hexadecimal 40) or the first

printable character, the sign, hexadecimal 4A.

5. Prefix Change for Corporate Source entries - An initial colon

is replaced with en equal sign under program control so the

report numbers and Clearinghouse/DDC numbers will be sorted to-

gether.

6. Sort Procedure (Job Control Language Statements) - The out-

put records from KWOC1 are sorted by the sort-merge utilities

in a single alphabetic disk sort on the first 40 characters. Six

work areas are used. The output from the sort step consists of

a set of ordered records that can be output on magnetic tape for

retention or stored temporarily on disk and used as input to the

print programs. Because of the special alpha "tags" for the va-

rious data elements, each set of related records is sorted to-

gether even though only one sort is used.

7. Basic Print Procedure (Job Control Language Statements) -

The basic print procedure uses the "tape to print" utility. It

reads records from the sorted output and prints them, single spaced,

on the line printer. It is useful for checking over the coded

input for the updating cycle. It performs no character manipula-

tion. It skips to a new page only on a print overflow condition.

8. KWOC2, a More Sophisticated Print Program - This program

contains several special printing features which are used to

improve the readability of the output. These features are:

36

a. Page change - page changes occur on print overflow and

on changes in initial character, when the initial character

is one of the special character prefixes. No carriage

control characters are used in the process.

b. Prefix deletion - blank is substituted for all initial

special characters in the output records. This is done

only for special characters below A in the collating

sequence. The substitution is performed just prior to

printing.

c. Section deletion - Complete segments of the output may

be omitted from the printing by user request. The KWOC2

input parameter card provides a space to list prefix charae-

ters. No output record containing the prefix characters

specified in that field on the parameter card will be

printed. For example, putting a hyphen and a slash (the

characters used as prefix for author and date) in the

parameter card field will cause the author and the date

listing segments to be omitted.

d. Dating of Output - the date shown on the KWOC2 input

parameter card is reproduced at the beginning of each

listing segment. It is emitted along with the first line

after each page change caused by an initial special character

change.

37

9. Holding of old input decks - at present all input cards are re-

tained in an archive file. The lack of a selective retrieval program

makes this necessary. In order to produce a listing of any subset

of the master file (i.e., The Division 3 documents) it would be

necessary to use the input cards and create a new, special master

file containing only Division 3 document index records. Printing this

would provide the desired output.

10. Retiring of Old KWOCs - from time to time the size of the output

listing will cause excessively long running times. At this point

it will be necessary to retire certain records from the master file.

At present it is planned to retire old KWOC records a year at a time.

The number of years' worth while being retained in the active file

is not yet set but will be at least one and perhaps as high as three.

For older records one will have to search year by year through earlier

KWOCs.

System Limitations

1. No provision has been made in the system for master file

maintenance. Records entered into the master file cannot, with

present KWOC programs, be changec. This requires a high level

of quality control on input. It is the primary reason for having

the Library staff scan the cumulative weekly listings carefully

to spot the need for corrections in input cards.

2. The system provides no capability for automatic retrieval

from the master file. All retrieval is performed manually

using the listings of the master file and the cumulative updates.

38

3. The number of cards which may be input at any one time is

limited to approximately 2,000. The sort programs are currently

set to use 50 contiguous disk tracks for each of six sort work

areas. Assuming the average number of index records generated

from each card is about 6, then 2,000 cards of input will pro-

duce about 12,000 records of 125 characters each, a total of

1,500,000 characters. The six areas of 50 tracks will hold

111371000 characters at the blocking factor of 50 records per

block used by KWOC. The difference between the capability of

the work areas and the amount specified as the limit for input

is "insurance."

If necessary, the ^umber of tracks can be increased to 75

or more with only a sma 1 JCL change.

39

SECTION V

KWOC ECOLOGY

There are several features of the KWOC index as implemented

in the Washington Library which are vital to its continued effective

operation. These are:

(1) It is guardedly responsive, providing the best quality

report indexing service available to meet the requirements within

the resource limitations imposed.

(2) It is very inexpensive to operate.

(1) It contains timely information.

(4) It is fully documented.

A number of hidden physio-socio-psychological threats to the current

health aad vigor of the system exist, however. In order to assure

the continued usefulness of the KWOC index care must be exercised

by all involved not to let these hidden threats surface to infect

KWOC with a crippling illness. A few of the major threats to be

avoided are described briefly below.

The "left-in-the-sponge" syndrome often infects KWOC makers.

One can always discover some little change that could be made to

correct an error that got by last month or to improve the logic

flow of the program. These changes require modifying the program

and, once that has been started, one can always think of a few more

"nice to have" capabilities (see "go-go-itis" below) and so on ad

infinitum. Programming and debugging are the most expensive parts

of the KWOC development. Re-programming opens up many uncertainties,

to- 41

causes extra shake-down runs and destroys the validity of the docu-

mentation. It takes courage to wait it out, but the minor problews,

like the surgeons spolige, either melt away or pass some other way

into oblivion.

The "go-go-itis" virus is also contagious in the creative

environment at MITRE. Programmers' pulse rates rise dramatically

when they dream of all that delightful library data just sitting

around in the KWOC files and what they could do with it. Hallucina-

tions of on-line querying from desk top CRTs and instant responses

pop into mind. No certain cure has been found for this yet; however,

massive doses of "see what you can do with just the plain old listing"

while bitter to the taste, have proven effective in many cases.

The "aching backlog" is perhaps the most insidious illness

which can befall the KWOC index. It is allegedly the cause of the

paralysis of the prior system, Its onset is caused by a variety of

agents including: "higher" priorities; set-aside-itis and; too-

many-ontoday's-batch-to-do-osis. Failure to process into the

KWOC index each day the information about the reports that arrive

each day can cause a growing numbness of the system. Existence of

any backlog means that the most recently acquired reports are not

included in the listings. It is often these most recent which are

the most useful to the staff. It is easy to maintain throughput

in the system by injecting transfusions of extra help when it is

required.

42

The last item which must be mentioned is "documentation

aphasia." With the publication of this document all users of the

KWOC index have one central place to look for information about

its use. Despite the warnings, imprecations and bald threats from

the system developers (who we will soon discover were not as omni-

scient as we had thought) some changes to the KWOC system will even-

tually be made. Some of these will be made to adjust to new require-

ments or new resource situations, others will just be because "we

prefer to do it that way - and it doesn't make any difference does

it?." Whatever the reason for the change, it must be documented. If

changes are not documented sudden heart failure may result some day

when the whole system shuts down because the person who was keeping

track of all the changes stays home ill or is otherwise unavailable.

A well placed innoculation with a recording needle is the remedy for

the problem. All who change anything about the system or any of its

procedures must have the remedy applied promptly. Thus infused with

the desire to record their change, they will send their information

to:

Miss Paula Strain

MITRE Washington Library

43

ERIC

User

Please

Note;Appendix IIs

not

reproduced

here.

Appendix I

includedin

the

original

document

consistedof

a

sectionon

Indexing

fromthe

copyrighted

publication

Textbookon

Mechanized

Information

Retrievalby

Allen

Kent,

N.Y.,

Interscience

Publishers,

1962,

pp.

84-90.

ERIC/CLIS

APPENDIX II

REFERENCE DATA FOR CODING KWOC INPUT

Accession Number

- The first notation made on each input card, starting in card

column 1, will be the report accession number.

- A card sequence letter will be suffixed to the accession num-

ber on all cards after the first card. These will start with A and,

on succeeding cards letters B, C, D, etc. will be used as required.

No letter beyond Q in the alphabet will be used for card sequencing.

- In accessioning MITRE-generated documents or others which have

volumes, series, revisions, etc. in the accession number, use the fol-

lowing abbreviations (without punctuation):

V. .. Volume

S ... Series

R ... Revision

SP ... Supplement

X ... Correction

An example: WP1234V1S2R1SP3X2

WP1234V1S2R1SP3X2A

B

52

- The Technical t rs Section of the Library and Document

Control Department will sign different numbers to the different

volumes or supplements report from another agency than MITRE

(i.e., one accession , o each volume or part). MITRE-generated

documents will continue to use their own report number as an accessions

number in the Library. In cases where the number runs beyond 19

characters or there is other difficulty, the Technical Reports Staff

will consult Miss Strain so that a consistent policy for the Library

can be developed.

- The Technical Reports Section will use the control numbers

assigned by Document Control Department for classified documents

rather than reaccessioning them with a new number. The acronym for

the issuing agency, which Document Control uses as the first part of

the control number will, in the Library entry, be filed after the

control number, rather than before, for a more meaningful sort by the

computer.

- Classified reports will show the classification symbol in

parentheses, as part of the accession number character string after

the card sequence letter,

Examples:

W1234 /RAC(C)

WP1279(S)

53

Title

- The report title will be coded immediately after the accession

number character string, starting on the first card.

- Code just as in document, with minimal modifications.

- If a word in the title is also assigned as an index term, the

word in the title is coded with an asterisk following it.

Example:

A STUDY OF URBANIZATION* IN THE UNITED-STATES, PART-II

URBANIZATION* is an index term as well as a title keyword.

UNITED-STATES is hyphenated to prevent generation of sep-

arate listings for both words.

PART 2 is coded as PART- 2 to prevent separate listings

of "PART" and " 2."

- Terms in the title within quotation marks or inside parentheses

will be coded with the left-most quotation mark or parenthesis omitted

in order to avoid listing under ( in the snt sequence.

Example:

GROWTH OF URBANIZATION (URBGRO) IN "DISNEYLAND EAST"

would be coded:

GROWTH OF URBANIZATION URBGRO) IN DISNEYLAND EAST"

- Normally, terms in titles will not be abbreviated. Where

abbreviation is desired, only abbreviations from the Library Clerk's

list of acceptable abbreviations will be used. This list is kept in

her KWOC notebook.

54

Author

- Each author's name is coded, with a dash preceding the first

letter of the last name. Initials only follow the last name. No

given names are spelled out. They are connected to the last name by

periods so that the character-string is treated as a single group.

Junior or III are added to the name entry after the last name and before

the initials, 9nly for authors of MITRE Papers. No titles are coded.

Example:

-BENDERSON.D.D. -MAISH.A.M. -MORAN.C.V.-PETTIBONE.JR.R.O.

If the document lists a single author with ET AL tither

than a number of names, ETAL is used.

Example:

-FLURY.W.R.ETAL

A group author like SASH SUPPORT GROUP is coded as a

single group with hyphens as connectors.

Example:

-SASH- SUPPORT -GROUP

Index Terms

- Index terms are coded with an asterisk directly following the

last letter.

COMPUTERS* PROGRAMMING*

COMPUTER-PROGRAMMING*

PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGES*

55

Date

- Coded as last two digits of year, month number, and day, pre-

ceded by a slash /

(YYMMDD)

30 December 1969 is /691230

(with no blanks between characters)

MITRE Department

- Indicate Department by .D or .0 followed by hyphen followed by

Department number in two digits.

.D-02

.D-24

.C-70

MITRE Project Number

- Project/Task number preceded by percent sign

231.5.0

- DCA Program Line Item (PLI) numbers are appended co the Task

number by a slash /

231.5.0/20601.1234A

AD Number, alsoNASA and CFSTI Numbers

- Preceded by sign. No embedded blanks or commas

eAD896543 N70-14321 P8170246

Corporate Report Number

- Preceded by colon: No embedded blanks or commas

:JWA-100-54

56

Corporate Source

- Preceded by * linked by - if required

*RAND

*ARMY-AUTOMOTIVE-COMMAND

- Abbreviations are being used for certain corporate sources

whose reports make up a large number of entries in the collection.

The complete list of corporate source conventions is maintained by

the Library Aide in her KWOC notebook.

57

APPENDIX III

RUN PROCEDURES

Monthly Run Procedure (May be run less frequently)

- On Thursday afternoon take the most recent week's input cards

just returned from keypunch and submit them to the Computer Center as

a job with the CHECKOUT procedure. (This is the same as the weekly

run procedure but is run with only one week's input.) See Figure III-1

for deck setup.

- Friday morning: get the CHECKOUT output listing. Make the

corrections to the cards, and then put them in the deck with all the

other cards from the past three weeks. This has to be done by 5:00

p.m. Friday because computer time is allotted for the run on Sunday

night. Do not add any new cards after finding the ones that need cor-

rection. Any late keypunching must await the next week's run.

- Submit the data cards with the appropriate control cards for

the multistep job CUMULIST, JOB 1 of 2. (See Figure III-2J You have

to specify on the Job Request Card that output must be suitable for

reproduction.

The entries in columns 21-26 will cause suppression of any of

the portions of the listing related to contract number, Department, Cor-

porate Source, Date, Project, Corporate Report No. and AD No. Only the

basic bibliographic entry, the author listing, and the subject index

will be printed.

58

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The "suppress" control card for the print program in this run

is keypunched as follows:

Columns 1-20, date desired on printout; e.g., 31 March 1971

Column 21

Column 22

Column 23

Column 24

Column 25

Column 26

Column 27

Be sure to specify on the Job Request that the printing is to

be reproduced. If more than one copy is desired, specify "Repeat Print."

This output is the monthly Accessions List.

- For JOB 2, PRINT, which is run immediately behind JOB 1, the

control card contains the usual information and the extra notations "To

be printed on striped paper" and "Repeat Print 3 copies." The output of

this run is the KWOC listing which is put out for users in the Library.

See figure 111-3 for input deck setup. The control card for JOB 2 is

keypunched as follows:

Columns 1-20 contain the date desired on printout

Column 21

All other columns are left blank. The + in column 21 will cause

the contract number portion of the listing to be suppressed. (Column 21

is the only column currently used.)

62

Weekly Run Procedure

- Monday through Thursday: code input data for all the accessions

in one week; get the data keypunched, a few sheets at a time, so it is

done by Thursday afternoon. Also, correct previous week's data cards

on Monday.

63

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"CUMULIST"

- Monday: have the cards sorted alphabetically on columns 7-1

so that the corrections can be made easily.

- Friday afternoon: submitthe computer job, with request card

and control cards for the procedure called WEEKLY; computer time is

reserved for Sunday night/Monday morning (See Figure 111-4 for the

job deck setup). The "suppress" control card is keypunched as follows:

Columns 1-20, Date (enter in numeric form or with months

spelled ouc).

Column 21, 92 sign to suppress printing of contract number listing.

Columns 22-28, other characters that designate parts of the

listing you want to suppress (Examples: colon to suppress corporate

report number, period to suppress department number),

Monday morning: pick up the weekly cumulative acquisition print-

out listings. Check them for coding errors. Make a list of corrections.

Put the new listings out for library use by noon Monday.

Make keypunch corrections to cards and examine them to make sure the

punches are not "off gauge." Duplicating on the keypunch sometimes

introduces punching position of alignment errors into cards that were

previously all right. Insert corrections into the deck and hold them

for the next weekly run. The corrected cards will appear in the fol-

lowing week's run.

- Second and third week, add new punched cards to the back of

deck after they have been sorted together, alphabetically, on columns

7 through 1. The sorting is for convenience in finding the cards that

65

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67

CUMULIST

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FIGURE IV- 2 (CONT'D)PROGRAM FLOW CHART FOR KWOC I

71

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72

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73

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6/17/70

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PAGE

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4/17/70

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Becker, Joseph and Robert M. Hayes, Information Storage and Retrieval:Tools, Elements. Theories, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1963.

Bourne, C. P., Methods of Information Handling, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,New York, 1963.

Cuadra, Carlos A., ed., American Documentation Institute Annual Reviewof Information Science and Technology, Vol. 1, John Wiley& Sons, Inc., New York, 1966.

Finerman, A. and L. Revens, eds., Permuted Subject Index to ComputingReviews 1964-1965, Association for Computing Machinery,New York, 1964.

Fischer, M., "The KWIC Index Concept: A Retrospective View," AmericanDocumentation, 17(4), 1366.

Holm, B. E., How to Manage Your Information, Rheinhold Book Corporation,New York, 1968.

Kent, A., Textbook on Mechanized Information Retrieval, IntersciencePublishers, New York, 1962.

Kraft, D. M., "A Comparison of Keyword-In-Context (KWIC) Indexing ofTitles with a Subject Heading Classification System," Ameri-can Documentation, 15(1), 1964.

Linder, L. H., "Comparative Costs of Document Indexing and Book Cata-loging," Special Libraries 56, Lecember, 1965.

ienner, R. J., "The Practice of Charging Users for Information Services:A State of the Art Report," Journal of the American Societyfor Information Science 21(1), 1970.

Sharp, John R., Some Fundamentals of Information Retrieval, Longon House& Maxwell, New York, 1965.

Strain, P. M., KWIC and Easy? A Librarian's View of a Computer Based.Technical Reports Announcement 5,-stem, IBM Corporation,Space Guidance Center, Owego, New York, Report No. 64-825-1164.

Williams, W. F., Principles of Automated Information Retreival, TheBusiness Press, Elmhurst, Illinois, 1965.

.`"93

Documents

DOCUMENT RESUME LI 002 383 INSTITUTION DUB · PDF fileboth KWIC and KWOC indexes have found it annoying to scan down the 1 of keywords and find authors' names, department identifiers