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DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 407 320 SO 027 186
AUTHOR Tollifson, Jerry, Ed.; Efland, ArthurTITLE Planning a Balanced Comprehensive Art Curriculum for the
Elementary Schools of Ohio. Second Edition.INSTITUTION Ohio State Dept. of Education, Columbus. Div. of Curriculum,
Instruction, and Professional Development.PUB DATE 92NOTE 315p.; For related curriculum guidelines document for
middle/secondary schools, see ED 406 284.AVAILABLE FROM Division of Curriculum, Instruction, and Professional
Development, Room 1005, Ohio Departments Building, 65 SouthFront Street, Columbus, OH 43266.
PUB TYPE Books (010) Guides - Non-Classroom (055)EDRS PRICE MF01/PC13 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS Academic Standards; *Art Education; Elementary Education;
*Elementary School Curriculum; Fine Arts; Humanities; StateCurriculum Guides; *State Standards; *Visual Arts
IDENTIFIERS *Ohio
ABSTRACTThis book is designed to help school districts plan
comprehensive art curricula that are addressed to the concerns of society aswell as to the needs of individual students. Specifically, it will helpelementary classroom teachers, art teachers, supervisors, and administratorsprepare their own local art curriculum guides and courses of study. The bookis divided into the following sections: (1) "Purposes of the Guidelines"; (2)"The Need for a Ne% .GuideleT-7.1=a2:1* Art. Instruction"; (3) "Art ProgramGoals"; (4) "Art Program Objectives in Relation to Goals"; (5) "SelectingContent and Designing Art Lessons "; (6) "Preparing BCAC Units ofInstruction"; (7) "Long-Range Planning"; and (8) "Evaluating ArtInstruction." An appendix provides a list of resources for a balancedcomprehensive art curriculum in the elementary schools. (EH)
********************************************************************************
Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the original document.
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ION
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esea
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Impr
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UC
AT
ION
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RE
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UR
CE
SIN
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RM
AT
ION
CE
NT
ER
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RIC
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his
docu
men
t has
bee
n re
prod
uced
as
rece
ived
from
the
pers
on o
r or
gani
zatio
nor
igin
atin
g it.
Min
or c
hang
es h
ave
been
mad
e to
impr
ove
repr
oduc
tion
qual
ity.
Poi
nts
of v
iew
or
opin
ions
stat
ed in
this
docu
men
t do
not n
eces
saril
y re
pres
ent
offic
ial O
ER
I pos
ition
or
polic
y.L
ow
rco
nAif
t
.c cf) c
tote
of O
hio
Dep
artm
er,o
f
Sec
ond
Edi
tion
2B
ES
T C
OP
Y A
VA
ILA
BLE_
The
pho
togr
aphs
of s
tude
nt a
ctiv
ities
on
the
cove
r of
this
pub
licat
ion
are
orga
nize
d to
illus
trat
e th
e si
x go
als
that
mak
e up
aB
alan
ced
Com
preh
ensi
ve A
rt C
urric
lum
for
the
scho
ols
of O
hio.
45
Sta
te o
f Ohi
o D
epar
tmen
t of E
duca
tion
1992
Sec
ond
Edi
tion
PLA
NN
ING
A B
ALA
NC
ED
CO
MP
RE
HE
NS
IVE
AR
TC
UR
RIC
ULU
M
FO
R T
HE
ELE
ME
NT
AR
Y S
CH
OO
LS O
F O
HIO
Ted
San
ders
Sup
erin
tend
ent o
f Pub
lic In
stru
ctio
n
John
M. G
off
Ass
ista
nt S
uper
inte
nden
t of P
ublic
Inst
ruct
ion
Nan
cy A
nn E
berh
art,
Dire
ctor
Div
isio
n of
Cur
ricul
um, I
nstr
uctio
n, a
nd P
rofe
ssio
nal D
evel
opm
ent
Roo
m 1
005
Ohi
o D
epar
tmen
ts B
uild
ing
65 S
outh
Fro
nt S
tree
t
ii
Con
tent
s
For
ewor
d
Cre
dits
Intr
oduc
tion
Cha
pter
One
Cha
pter
Tw
o
Cha
pter
Thr
ee
Cha
pter
Fou
r
Cha
pter
Fiv
e
Cha
pter
Six
Cha
pter
Sev
en
Not
es
App
endi
x
III v
Pur
pose
s of
the
Gui
delin
es1
The
Nee
d fo
r a
New
Gui
de fo
r E
lem
enta
ry A
rt In
stru
ctio
n
Art
Pro
gram
Goa
ls
Art
Pro
gram
Obj
ectiv
es in
Rel
atio
n to
Goa
ls
Sel
ectin
g C
onte
nt a
nd D
esig
ning
Art
Les
sons
Pre
parin
g B
CA
C U
nits
of I
nstr
uctio
n
Long
-Ran
ge P
lann
ing
Eva
luat
ing
Art
Inst
ruct
ion
Res
ourc
es fo
r a
Bal
ance
d C
ompr
ehen
sive
Art
Cur
ricul
umin
Ele
men
tary
Sch
ools
FO
RE
WO
RD
iii
With
the
publ
icat
ion
of th
is s
econ
d ed
ition
of t
he S
tate
Dep
artm
ent o
f Edu
catio
n's
art e
duca
tion
cur-
ricul
um g
uide
lines
for
the
elem
enta
ry s
choo
ls, o
ur c
onvi
ctio
n gr
ows
that
the
stud
y of
the
visu
alar
ts is
a ba
sic
com
pone
nt o
f the
edu
catio
n of
all
Ohi
o el
emen
tary
sch
ool s
tude
nts.
Thr
ough
the
stud
y of
art
,st
uden
ts d
evel
op n
ot o
nly
thei
r ab
ility
to c
reat
e, b
ut a
lso
thei
r ab
ility
to u
nder
stan
d, e
xper
ienc
e, a
ndva
lue
wor
ks o
f art
.
Wor
ks o
f art
, whe
ther
they
be
pain
tings
, scu
lptu
re, a
rchi
tect
ure,
or
popu
lar
art f
orm
s an
d im
ages
,ar
eex
pres
sion
s of
a s
ocie
ty's
cul
ture
. You
ng p
eopl
e ne
ed to
rec
eive
sys
tem
atic
inst
ruct
ion
in s
choo
l in
the
proc
esse
s fo
r de
rivin
g m
eani
ng fr
om th
e ar
t obj
ects
of t
heir
own
and
othe
r cu
lture
s. In
this
way
,ar
t edu
catio
n pl
ays
a vi
tal r
ole
in m
ultic
ultu
ral a
nd g
loba
l edu
catio
nan
area
of c
once
rn to
the
field
of
gene
ral e
duca
tion.
Thi
s pu
blic
atio
n is
org
aniz
ed to
hel
p te
ache
rs a
nd o
ther
s in
sch
ool d
istr
icts
pla
n co
mpr
ehen
sive
art
curr
icul
a th
at a
re a
ddre
ssed
to th
e co
ncer
ns o
f soc
iety
as
wel
l as
to th
e ne
eds
of in
divi
dual
stu
dent
s.T
he O
hio
Dep
artm
ent o
f Edu
catio
n is
ple
ased
to p
ublis
h th
is s
econ
d ed
ition
. We
are
grat
eful
to th
eau
thor
and
to th
e ot
hers
who
hel
ped
deve
lop
it fo
r th
eir
visi
on in
pro
duci
nga
docu
men
t tha
t ser
ves
the
need
s of
edu
cato
rs a
nd y
oung
peo
ple
in O
hio.
Ted
San
ders
Sup
erin
tend
ent o
f Pub
lic In
stru
ctio
n
10
iv
Tw
enty
-tw
o ye
ars
have
pas
sed
sinc
e th
e pu
blic
atio
n of
the
first
edi
tion
of th
is a
rt c
urric
ulum
gui
de,
whi
ch w
as o
rigin
ally
ent
itled
Gui
delin
es fo
r P
lann
ing
Art
Inst
ruct
ion
in th
e E
lem
enta
ry S
choo
ls o
fO
hio.
'
Nev
erth
eles
s, th
e ap
proa
ch a
dvoc
ated
her
e to
pla
nnin
g ar
t cur
ricul
um in
the
elem
enta
ry s
choo
ls is
,m
ost c
erta
inly
, stil
l as
viab
le a
s ev
er. I
n 19
70, t
his
appr
oach
to c
urric
ulum
dev
elop
men
t was
con
sid-
ered
rev
olut
iona
ry b
y m
ost a
rt e
duca
tors
. The
orig
inal
edi
tion
was
the
first
sta
te a
rt e
duca
tion
curr
icu-
lum
gui
de in
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
to d
emon
stra
te h
ow th
e st
udy
of a
rt h
isto
ry, a
rt c
ritic
ism
, and
art
inso
ciet
y co
uld
be in
tegr
ated
with
the
mor
e tr
aditi
onal
are
a of
art
pro
duct
ion
in th
e te
achi
ng o
f art
.
Fol
low
ing
publ
icat
ion
of th
e fir
st e
ditio
n, th
e O
hio
Dep
artm
ent o
f Edu
catio
n al
so p
ublis
hed
Pla
nnin
gA
rt E
duca
tion
in th
e M
iddl
e/S
econ
dary
Sch
ools
of O
hio.
2
Man
y sc
hool
dis
tric
ts in
Ohi
o, o
ther
sta
tes,
and
oth
er c
ount
ries
have
use
d th
e el
emen
tary
and
mid
-dl
e/se
cond
ary
guid
es to
pla
n th
eir
own
cour
ses
of s
tudy
and
cur
ricul
um g
uide
s. T
he o
rigin
al d
ocu-
men
ts h
ave
also
ser
ved
as m
odel
s to
oth
er s
tate
dep
artm
ents
of e
duca
tion
in th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
thei
r st
ate
art c
urric
ulum
gui
des.
Tw
enty
sta
tes
now
hav
e th
eir
own
vers
ions
of t
his
inno
vativ
eap
proa
ch to
art
edu
catio
n cu
rric
ulum
dev
elop
men
t. W
ithou
t dou
bt, t
he o
rigin
al e
lem
enta
ry a
rt g
uide
-lin
es s
houl
d be
con
side
red
a fo
reru
nner
to a
n in
tern
atio
nal c
urric
ulum
ref
orm
mov
emen
t tha
t has
beco
me
the
maj
or fo
rce
in th
e fie
ld o
f con
tem
pora
ry a
rt e
duca
tion.
We
trus
t new
gen
erat
ions
of a
rt c
urric
ulum
pla
nner
s w
ill.fi
nd th
is e
ditio
n eq
ually
hel
pful
and
cha
lleng
-in
g in
des
igni
ng a
rt c
urric
ula
for
thei
r sc
hool
dis
tric
ts. I
n ad
ditio
n to
this
pur
pose
, we
sugg
est t
hat t
hepu
blic
atio
n be
use
d in
org
aniz
ing
art e
duca
tion
advo
cacy
effo
rts
in s
choo
ls a
nd c
omm
uniti
es. A
rtte
ache
rs a
nd s
uper
viso
rs h
ave
foun
d th
e ea
rlier
edi
tion
usef
ul in
dev
elop
ing
long
-ran
ge p
lans
to p
ro-
mot
e im
prov
emen
ts in
thei
r ar
t pro
gram
s w
ith b
oard
s of
edu
catio
n, a
dmin
istr
ator
s, a
nd th
e ge
nera
lpu
blic
.
Jerr
y T
ollif
son
Sta
te A
rt E
duca
tion
Con
sulta
nt
CR
ED
ITS
ST
AT
E B
OA
RD
OF
ED
UC
AT
ION
Che
ster
A. R
oush
, Pre
side
nt, K
ette
ring
Sue
Ann
Nor
ton,
Vic
e P
resi
dent
, Wes
terv
ille
Jean
E. B
ende
r, A
kron
J. J
ames
Bis
hop,
Tol
edo
Jose
ph A
. Cos
tanz
o, C
leve
land
John
P. D
ough
erty
, Can
ton
Mar
y G
oodr
ich,
Zan
esvi
lleK
eith
D. H
amilt
on, P
aine
svill
eS
hirle
y H
awk,
Cle
vela
ndJa
ck C
. Hun
ter,
You
ngst
own
Virg
inia
E. J
acob
s, L
ima
Mar
y R
. Lin
dner
, Cin
cinn
ati
Will
iam
E. M
oore
, Woo
dsfie
ldE
dwin
C. P
rice,
Jr.
, Cin
cinn
ati
Con
stan
ce R
ice,
Sou
th C
harle
ston
Ant
hony
J. R
usso
, May
field
Vill
age
Way
ne E
. Sha
ffer,
Bry
an
Pat
ricia
Sm
ith, W
orth
ingt
onS
ally
R. S
outh
ard,
Oxf
ord
Jo A
. Tha
tche
r, P
orts
mou
thM
arth
a W
. Wis
e, A
von
14
OH
IO D
EP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F E
DU
CA
TIO
N
Ted
San
ders
Sup
erin
tend
ent o
f Pub
lic In
stru
ctio
n
John
M. G
off
Ass
ista
nt S
uper
inte
nden
t of P
ublic
Inst
ruct
ion
Nan
cy A
nn E
berh
art
Dire
ctor
, Div
isio
n of
Cur
ricul
um, I
nstr
uctio
n, a
ndP
rofe
ssio
nal D
evel
opm
ent
Edi
tor-
In-C
hief
Jerr
y T
ollif
son
Con
sulta
nt, A
rt E
duca
tion
V
ED
ITO
RIA
L B
OA
RD
Aut
hor
Art
hur
Efla
ndP
rofe
ssor
of A
rt E
duca
tion
The
Ohi
o S
tate
Uni
vers
ity
Ass
ocia
tes
Gar
y B
arlo
w, W
right
Sta
te U
nive
rsity
;R
onal
d D
ay, C
leve
land
City
Sch
ools
, ret
ired;
Cha
rles
Ros
e, E
lyria
City
Sch
ools
, ret
ired;
Hel
en S
andf
ort,
Col
umbu
s C
ity S
choo
ls, r
etire
d;D
onal
d S
owel
l, C
inci
nnat
i City
Sch
ools
, ret
ired;
Fos
ter
Wyg
ant,
Uni
vers
ity o
f Cin
cinn
ati,
retir
ed;
The
odor
e Z
erni
ch, f
orm
erly
with
The
Ohi
o S
tate
Uni
vers
ity
Pho
togr
aphy
Cre
dit
Che
ster
Dav
is, C
olum
bus
15
vi
16
Ded
icat
ion
Thi
s pu
blic
atio
n is
ded
icat
ed to
the
mem
ory
ofth
e la
te D
r. M
anue
l Bar
kan
of T
he O
hio
Sta
teU
nive
rsity
. His
pro
fess
iona
l sch
olar
ship
and
dedi
catio
n to
art
edu
catio
n ha
ve c
ontin
ued
toin
spire
and
influ
ence
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f thi
sse
cond
edi
tion.
Ack
now
lege
men
ts
Pho
togr
aphs
of s
choo
l situ
atio
ns w
hich
illu
stra
tear
t act
ivite
s in
this
pub
licat
ion
wer
e ta
ken
in th
eC
olum
bus
City
Sch
ools
. Pho
togr
aphs
of c
hil-
dren
's a
rt w
ork
are
from
sch
ools
in C
inci
nnat
i,C
leve
land
, Col
umbu
s, a
nd E
lyria
City
Sch
ool
Dis
tric
ts. S
tudi
o m
odel
s w
ere
Bre
t Stu
mpf
and
Bria
n S
tum
pf.
17
INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
Pur
pose
s of
the
Gui
delin
es
Thi
s is
a p
lann
ing
guid
e. L
ike
the
1970
edi
tion,
itis
des
igne
d to
hel
p el
emen
tary
cla
ssro
om te
ach-
ers,
art
teac
hers
, sup
ervi
sors
, and
adm
inis
tra-
tors
pre
pare
thei
r ow
n lo
cal a
rt c
urric
ulum
guid
es a
nd c
ours
es o
f stu
dy. I
t str
esse
s pl
an-
ning
as
a ne
cess
ary
proc
ess
carr
ied
out a
t the
loca
l sch
ool d
istr
ict l
evel
whe
re g
oals
, obj
ec-
tives
, con
tent
, act
iviti
es, a
nd u
nits
are
sel
ecte
dan
d or
gani
zed
in te
rms
of lo
cal n
eeds
.
In p
repa
ring
this
pub
licat
ion,
the
Ohi
o D
epar
t-m
ent o
f Edu
catio
n su
gges
ts v
ario
us p
ossi
bilit
ies
for
deve
lopi
ng a
rt p
rogr
ams
rich
in s
ubst
antiv
eco
nten
t. It
is h
oped
that
indi
vidu
als
and
curr
icu-
lum
pla
nnin
g te
ams
will
mak
e us
e of
this
pub
li-ca
tion
to c
arry
out
Min
imum
Sta
ndar
ds fo
rE
lem
enta
ry a
nd S
econ
dary
Sch
ools
(19
83)3
The
se s
tand
ards
req
uire
eac
h lo
cal s
choo
l dis
-tr
ict t
o pr
epar
e its
ow
n up
date
d co
urse
of s
tudy
in a
rt. W
hile
it is
mos
t cer
tain
ly p
erm
issi
ble
tote
ach
from
the
less
ons
and
units
pre
sent
ed in
this
pub
licat
ion,
loca
l pla
nner
s sh
ould
als
o se
eth
em a
s ex
empl
ary
mod
els,
whi
ch th
ey a
rein
vite
d to
ext
end
and
mod
ify in
term
s of
loca
lpo
ssib
ilitie
s an
d ne
eds.
18
Thi
s pu
blic
atio
n is
als
o in
tend
ed to
be
used
inte
ache
r ed
ucat
ion
inst
itutio
ns, w
ith a
rt e
duca
tion
and
elem
enta
ry e
duca
tion
stud
ents
who
are
prep
arin
g to
teac
h in
the
elem
enta
ry s
choo
ls. F
orbo
th o
f the
se g
roup
s, it
pre
sent
s a
mod
el fo
rpl
anni
ng a
rt p
rogr
ams
by d
escr
ibin
g go
als,
obje
ctiv
es, a
nd c
onte
nt, a
nd b
y su
gges
ting
abr
oad
rang
e of
chi
ldre
n's
activ
ities
for
stud
y in
the
visu
al a
rts.
Whi
le a
ctiv
ities
invo
lvin
g th
e m
ak-
ing
of a
rt a
re a
ccor
ded
the
cent
ral p
lace
in e
le-
men
tary
sch
ool a
rt in
stru
ctio
n, a
ctiv
ities
suc
h as
desc
ribin
g, a
naly
zing
, int
erpr
etin
g, a
nd ju
dgin
gw
orks
of a
rt a
re a
lso
feat
ured
and
rel
ated
to a
rtpr
oduc
tion
activ
ities
. Alth
ough
the
guid
e do
es n
otem
phas
ize
teac
hing
met
hodo
logi
es o
r de
scrib
ecl
assr
oom
pra
ctic
es in
det
ail,
it do
es e
ncou
rage
teac
hers
to p
lan
fres
h st
rate
gies
for
mot
ivat
ing
and
stim
ulat
ing
child
ren.
It a
lso
offe
rs b
road
cri-
teria
for
eval
uatin
g su
cces
s in
teac
hing
art
.
Orig
inal
insp
iratio
n an
d di
rect
ion
for
the
prep
ara-
tion
of th
e 19
70 e
ditio
n w
ere
draw
n fr
om th
ree
sour
ces.
The
y w
ere
Gui
delin
es fo
r A
rt In
stru
c-tio
n T
hrou
gh T
elev
isio
n fo
r th
e E
lem
enta
ryS
choo
ls b
y M
anue
l Bar
kan
and
Laur
a H
. Cha
p-m
an p
ublis
hed
in 1
967;
Gui
delin
es fo
r C
urric
u-lu
m D
evel
opm
ent f
or A
esth
etic
Edu
catio
n by
1
Man
uel B
arka
n, L
aura
H. C
hapm
an, a
nd E
van
J. K
ern,
pub
lishe
d in
197
0; a
nd "
Cur
ricul
umP
lann
ing
in A
rt E
duca
tion,
" O
AE
A N
ewsl
ette
r by
Laur
a H
. Cha
pman
, pub
lishe
d in
197
0.
The
se p
ublic
atio
ns, n
ow c
lass
ics,
con
tinue
tose
rve
as fo
unda
tiona
l sou
rces
for
this
, the
199
2ed
ition
. In
addi
tion,
four
oth
er, m
ore
rece
nt p
ub-
licat
ions
giv
e di
rect
ion
for
refin
emen
ts in
the
cur-
ricul
um th
eory
and
sug
gest
ions
for
clas
sroo
mac
tiviti
es. T
hey
are
App
roac
hes
to A
rt in
Edu
ca-
tion
by L
aura
H. C
hapm
an, p
ublis
hed
in 1
978;
The
Jou
rnal
of A
esth
etic
Edu
catio
n, "
Spe
cial
Issu
e: D
isci
plin
e-B
ased
Art
Edu
catio
n,"'
pub-
lishe
d in
198
7; P
lann
ing
Art
Edu
catio
n in
the
Mid
dle/
Sec
onda
ry S
choo
ls o
f Ohi
o by
Art
hur
Efla
nd, p
ublis
hed
in 1
977;
and
Fin
e A
rts
and
Phy
sica
l Edu
catio
n° b
y th
e O
hio
Dep
artm
ent o
fE
duca
tion,
pub
lishe
d in
198
3.
Way
s to
Use
The
se G
uide
lines
A c
urric
ulum
is a
writ
ten
stat
emen
t out
linin
ged
ucat
iona
l goa
ls a
nd th
e m
eans
of a
chie
ving
them
. It i
s no
t int
ende
d to
giv
e a
deta
iled
pict
ure
of c
lass
room
act
iviti
es; r
athe
r it
is d
esig
ned
topr
esen
t a p
hilo
soph
y O
f art
edu
catio
n, g
oals
for
19
2 inst
ruct
ion,
and
con
tent
to b
e in
clud
ed in
the
prog
ram
. In
prin
cipl
e, a
cur
ricul
um is
a d
ocu-
men
t tha
t can
be
exam
ined
by
anyo
ne w
how
ants
to k
now
wha
t is
bein
g ta
ught
and
why
.
WH
AT
to te
ach
and
WH
Y a
re tw
o qu
estio
nsfa
ced
by c
urric
ulum
pla
nner
s in
all
subj
ect f
ield
s.T
he W
HY
que
stio
n is
trea
ted
first
in C
hapt
er T
wo,
whe
re g
oals
for
art i
nstr
uctio
n ar
e id
entif
ied
asth
ey a
re r
elat
ed to
goa
ls in
gen
eral
edu
catio
n. In
plan
ning
loca
l art
cur
ricul
a, o
ne b
egin
s by
inte
r-pr
etin
g th
e pl
ace
of a
rt e
duca
tion
in a
par
ticul
arsc
hool
set
ting
to te
ache
rs, s
tude
nts,
thei
r pa
rent
s,bo
ard
of e
duca
tion
mem
bers
, and
adm
inis
trat
ors.
The
goa
ls s
tate
d ar
e ve
ry g
ener
al s
tate
men
ts a
ndsh
ould
be
inte
rpre
ted
in li
ght o
f loc
al n
eeds
, int
er-
ests
, and
phi
loso
phie
s. In
Cha
pter
Thr
ee, t
heW
HY
que
stio
n is
ext
ende
d in
term
s of
mor
e sp
e-ci
fic o
bjec
tives
for
art i
nstr
uctio
n. O
bjec
tives
are
show
n in
rel
atio
nshi
p to
the
goal
s.
The
WH
AT
que
stio
n is
trea
ted
in C
hapt
er F
our.
It de
als
with
con
tent
. Con
tent
for
art i
nstr
uctio
nis
des
crib
ed in
term
s of
sev
en m
ajor
feat
ures
or
cate
gorie
s fo
r cl
assi
fyin
g co
nten
t. T
he c
hapt
eral
so il
lust
rate
s w
ays
the
cont
ent f
eatu
res
can
prov
ide
poin
ts o
f foc
us in
pla
nnin
g le
sson
s fo
rdi
ffere
nt g
rade
leve
ls. T
hese
cha
pter
s w
ill b
e of
part
icul
ar in
tere
st to
thos
e w
ho a
re d
evel
opin
gsc
hool
dis
tric
t cou
rses
of s
tudy
. Cha
pter
s F
ive
and
Six
pro
vide
ass
ista
nce
for
deve
lopi
ng p
lans
for
broa
d un
its o
f ins
truc
tion.
Cha
pter
Sev
ensu
gges
ts w
ays
to e
valu
ate
prog
ram
effe
ctiv
e-ne
ss. W
hile
som
e as
pect
s of
thes
e la
tter
thre
ech
apte
rs w
ill b
e us
eful
in c
ours
e of
stu
dy p
lan-
ning
, the
y w
ill b
e es
peci
ally
val
uabl
e in
des
ign-
ing
mor
e de
taile
d cu
rric
ulum
gui
des.
20
Cha
nges
in T
his
Edi
tion
As
fine
a do
cum
ent a
s th
e 19
70 e
ditio
n w
as, i
tha
s be
en im
prov
ed in
this
edi
tion.
Sev
eral
chan
ges
have
res
ulte
d in
an
effo
rt to
be
cons
is-
tent
with
the
Dep
artm
ent's
mor
e re
cent
ly p
ub-
lishe
d m
iddl
e/se
cond
ary
art g
uide
. For
exa
mpl
e,no
tions
of "
brea
dth"
and
"de
pth,
" fo
rmer
ly p
re-
sent
ed a
s le
sson
pla
nnin
g al
tern
ativ
es, h
ave
been
elim
inat
ed. T
he te
rm "
inte
rpre
t ide
as"
isch
ange
d to
"tr
ansf
orm
idea
s,"
as a
pro
gram
obje
ctiv
e. A
lso,
in a
gree
men
t with
the
mid
dle/
sec-
onda
ry g
uide
, "th
eme"
and
"fu
nctio
n,"
as fe
atur
esof
con
tent
, hav
e be
en a
dded
to th
e ne
w e
ditio
n.
Oth
er te
rmin
olog
y ch
ange
s ha
ve b
een
mad
e in
orde
r to
be
cons
iste
nt w
ith th
e D
epar
tmen
t'sre
cent
doc
umen
t, F
ine
Art
s an
d P
hysi
cal E
duca
-tio
n.12
Ter
min
olog
y us
ed in
it to
def
ine
the
char
-ac
teris
tics
of c
ours
es o
f stu
dy, s
uch
as p
rogr
amgo
als,
pro
gram
obj
ectiv
es, a
nd s
ubje
ct o
bjec
-tiv
es, a
re u
sed
thro
ugho
ut th
is e
ditio
n. A
ddi-
tiona
l lan
guag
e m
odifi
catio
ns h
ave
resu
lted
from
an e
ffort
to r
efin
e, s
impl
ify, a
nd c
larif
y th
e pr
e-se
ntat
ion
of c
urric
ulum
pla
nnin
g co
ncep
ts.
Aes
thet
ics
has
been
add
ed a
s an
are
a of
chi
l-dr
en's
stu
dy. I
t has
bee
n in
clud
ed in
the
goal
s fo
r"p
erso
nal d
evel
opm
ent r
espo
nse"
and
"ar
tistic
herit
age
resp
onse
." T
his
has
been
don
e in
con
-si
dere
d re
spon
se to
rec
ent d
evel
opm
ents
in D
is-
cipl
ine-
Bas
ed A
rt E
duca
tion
(DB
AE
), a
nat
iona
lar
t cur
ricul
um r
efor
m m
ovem
ent w
ith w
hich
we
are
in e
ssen
tial a
gree
men
t. A
fina
l cha
nge
to b
eno
ted
is in
the
title
of t
his
docu
men
tPla
nnin
g a
Bal
ance
d C
ompr
ehen
sive
Art
Cur
ricul
um fo
r th
eE
lem
enta
ry S
choo
ls o
f Ohi
o. T
his
title
ref
lect
sm
ore
prec
isel
y th
e ki
nd o
f art
cur
ricul
um a
dvo-
cate
d fo
r al
l you
ng p
eopl
e in
21
The
firs
t edi
tion
of th
is a
rt g
uide
, ent
itled
Gui
de-
lines
for
Pla
nnin
g A
rtilp
stru
ctio
n in
the
Ele
men
-ta
ry S
choo
ls o
f Ohi
o, w
as p
ublis
hed
by th
eO
hio
Dep
artm
ent o
f Edu
catio
n in
197
0. T
his,
the
seco
nd e
ditio
n, is
pub
lishe
d be
caus
e of
a c
on-
tinui
ng r
ecog
nitio
n th
at s
choo
l dis
tric
ts n
eed
dire
ctio
n an
d ex
empl
ary
mod
els
for
plan
ning
thei
r el
emen
tary
sch
ool a
rt c
urric
ula.
Thi
s pu
bli-
catio
n, li
ke th
e ea
rlier
edi
tion,
ref
lect
s si
gnifi
cant
deve
lopm
ents
that
hav
e be
en a
ffect
ing
the
dire
ctio
n of
art
edu
catio
n in
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
durin
g th
e la
st q
uart
er c
entu
ry. S
ix m
ajor
chan
ges
in th
e fie
ld h
ave
stim
ulat
ed th
e w
ritin
gof
this
pub
licat
ion.
The
y ar
e as
follo
ws:
1. T
he s
ubje
ct m
atte
r of
the
field
of a
rtits
elf h
as b
ecom
e an
incr
easi
ngly
impo
rtan
t sou
rce
for
the
goal
s of
art
educ
atio
n.
Prio
r to
196
0, th
e pu
rpos
es o
f art
edu
ca-
tion
wer
e an
chor
ed la
rgel
y in
con
cept
s of
child
dev
elop
men
t at t
he e
xpen
se o
f the
subj
ect m
atte
r of
art
. Art
edu
catio
n w
asth
en "
child
-cen
tere
d" r
athe
r th
an "
subj
ect-
cent
ered
." A
sta
tem
ent o
f bel
iefs
issu
ed b
yth
e N
atio
nal A
rt E
duca
tion
Ass
ocia
tion
(NA
EA
) in
194
9 ve
ry c
lear
ly s
tate
d th
at a
rt
22
3
CH
AP
TE
R O
NE
TH
E N
EE
D F
OR
A N
EW
GU
IDE
FO
R E
LEM
EN
TA
RY
AR
T IN
ST
RU
CT
ION
educ
atio
n w
as r
egar
ded
at th
at ti
me
mor
eas
a "
deve
lopm
enta
l act
ivity
than
as
abo
dy o
f sub
ject
mat
ter.
"
Nin
etee
n ye
ars
late
r, in
its
1968
pos
ition
stat
emen
t, th
e N
AE
A r
efle
cted
a s
igni
fican
tch
ange
in it
s of
ficia
l poi
nt o
f vie
w. "
Art
inth
e sc
hool
is b
oth
a bo
dy o
f kno
wle
dge
and
a se
ries
of a
ctiv
ities
whi
ch th
e te
ache
ror
gani
zes
to p
rovi
de e
xper
ienc
es r
elat
ed to
spec
ific
goal
s."
In 1
964,
Bar
kan
took
not
eof
the
shift
in v
iew
poin
ts w
hen
he w
rote
the
follo
win
g:
The
prim
ary
purp
ose
for
the
stud
y of
art
by
elem
enta
ry s
choo
l chi
ldre
n re
sts
on th
ehu
man
e an
d ae
sthe
tic v
alue
s to
be
deriv
ed...
Dev
elop
men
tal c
hara
cter
istic
s in
them
selv
es a
re n
ot th
e en
d go
als
of a
rted
ucat
ion,
nor
are
they
the
end
goal
s in
any
othe
r fie
ld. R
athe
r, d
evel
opm
enta
lne
eds,
cap
aciti
es, a
nd a
chie
vem
ents
are
amon
g th
e in
stru
men
ts u
sed
by th
ete
ache
r...
Mor
e re
cent
ly, S
mith
has
writ
ten
that
...
Afte
r al
l, to
enc
oura
ge y
oung
stu
dent
s to
expr
ess
them
selv
es fo
r th
e pu
rpos
es o
f
fost
erin
g th
eir
gene
ral c
reat
ive
and
men
tal
disp
ositi
ons
is n
ot n
eces
saril
y to
teac
h ar
tor
any
thin
g si
gnifi
cant
abo
ut it
. But
to th
ink
abou
t art
as
a sc
hool
sub
ject
with
dis
tinc-
tive
goal
s, c
onte
nt, a
nd m
etho
ds im
plie
sbe
liefs
abo
ut th
e na
ture
of a
rt, t
he v
ario
usfu
nctio
ns it
per
form
s, th
e w
ays
it sh
ould
be
expe
rienc
ed a
nd ju
dged
, and
so
fort
h.
Writ
ers,
like
Tab
a, in
the
field
of c
urric
ulum
deve
lopm
ent n
ote
that
mos
t sub
ject
fiel
ds a
tso
me
time
tend
ed to
des
ign
curr
icul
a ei
ther
as "
child
-cen
tere
d,"
-cen
tere
d,"
or"s
ubje
ct-c
ente
red.
"P
lann
ers
choo
se o
nece
nter
at t
he e
xpen
se o
f oth
ers,
ofte
n lo
sing
som
ethi
ng in
the
proc
ess.
Mor
e re
cent
cur
-ric
ulum
-pla
nnin
g ef
fort
s te
nd to
use
all
thre
ece
nter
s as
a b
asis
for
plan
ning
. In
reco
gniz
-in
g vi
rtue
in p
lann
ing
an a
rt c
urric
ulum
that
give
s at
tent
ion
to b
oth
self-
deve
lopm
ent
and
subj
ect m
atte
r co
ncer
ns, T
ollif
son
mai
ntai
ns th
at s
tude
nts'
"se
arch
for
mea
n-in
g in
wor
ks o
f art
can
be
turn
ed to
a s
earc
hfo
r pe
rson
al m
eani
ng."
19
Suc
h cu
rric
ulum
tend
enci
es r
ight
ly p
rese
ntth
e su
bjec
t in
an in
telle
ctua
lly h
ones
t way
whi
le a
t the
sam
e tim
e he
lpin
g st
uden
ts
23
4
perc
eive
mea
ning
and
rel
evan
ce in
the
cont
ent f
or th
emse
lves
and
for
soci
ety.
Thu
s, th
e go
al s
tate
men
ts in
this
pub
lica-
tion
refle
ct c
onsi
dera
tion
of a
ll th
ree
cur-
ricul
um c
ente
rs a
s es
sent
ial i
n ar
ted
ucat
ion.
2. T
he c
once
ptio
n of
art
act
iviti
es h
asbe
en b
road
ened
to in
clud
e ar
t crit
icis
m,
art h
isto
ry, a
nd a
esth
etic
s as
wel
l as
stud
io p
rodu
ctio
n.
Not
long
ago
, art
act
iviti
es fo
r ch
ildre
nw
ere
thou
ght o
f as
limite
d to
the
mak
ing
ofar
t. M
ore
and
mor
e te
ache
rs n
ow r
ealiz
eth
at ta
lkin
g an
d w
ritin
g kn
owin
gly
and
per-
cept
ivel
y ab
out w
orks
of a
rt a
re e
qual
lycr
eativ
e ta
sks
they
can
set
for
child
ren.
The
orig
inal
impe
tus
for
this
cha
nge
has
com
e la
rgel
y fr
om s
tudi
es b
y E
isne
r,S
mith
,21
and
Fel
dman
.22
Eac
h ha
s ar
gued
pers
uasi
vely
for
teac
hers
to o
rgan
ize
activ
-iti
es in
art
crit
icis
m a
nd a
rt h
isto
ry w
hich
will
hel
p ch
ildre
n de
velo
p th
eir
verb
al a
bili-
ties
for
sens
itive
ly d
escr
ibin
g, in
terp
retin
g,an
d ev
alua
ting
wor
ks o
f art
.
Mor
e re
cent
ly, t
he s
tudy
of a
esth
etic
s ha
sbe
en a
dded
as
a fo
urth
com
pone
nt in
acu
rric
ulum
kno
wn
as D
isci
plin
e-B
ased
Art
Edu
catio
n (D
BA
E).
Gai
ning
in in
tern
atio
nal
reco
gniti
on a
s th
e cu
rric
ulum
of t
he fu
ture
,D
BA
E is
act
ivel
y pr
omot
ed b
y th
e G
etty
Cen
ter
for
Edu
catio
n in
the
Art
s.
The
cen
ter
belie
ves
that
if a
rt e
duca
tion
isto
be
acce
pted
as
esse
ntia
l to
ever
y ch
ild's
educ
atio
n, p
rogr
ams
will
nee
d to
be
deve
l-op
ed th
at te
ach
cont
ent f
rom
four
dis
ci-
plin
es th
at c
onst
itute
art
: art
his
tory
, art
prod
uctio
n, a
rt c
ritic
ism
, and
aes
thet
ics.
Suc
h di
scip
line-
base
d ar
t edu
catio
n pr
o-,
24
gram
s sh
ould
offe
r in
stru
ctio
n in
the
four
disc
iplin
es b
ecau
se e
ach
one
impa
rts
know
ledg
e an
d de
velo
ps s
kills
that
hel
pch
ildre
n un
ders
tand
art
bet
ter,
dra
w in
fer-
ence
s ab
out a
rt's
his
toric
al a
nd c
ultu
ral
cont
exts
, and
ana
lyze
and
inte
rpre
t the
mea
ning
of a
rt w
orks
.
The
NA
EA
has
ref
lect
ed th
is b
road
ened
conc
eptio
n of
art
cur
ricul
um in
its
rece
ntst
atem
ent o
f "N
AE
A G
oals
for
a Q
ualit
y A
rtE
duca
tion.
"24
As
one
of it
s th
ree
maj
orgo
als
for
achi
evem
ent i
n th
e 19
90s,
the
NA
EA
Boa
rd a
dopt
ed th
e fo
llow
ing:
All
elem
enta
ry a
nd s
econ
dary
sch
ools
shal
l req
uire
stu
dent
s to
com
plet
e a
sequ
entia
l pro
gram
of a
rt in
stru
ctio
n th
at is
bala
nced
to in
clud
e th
e st
udy
of a
esth
etic
s,ar
t crit
icis
m, a
rt h
isto
ry, a
nd a
rt p
rodu
ctio
n.T
hus,
this
cur
ricul
um g
uide
des
crib
es s
tu-
dent
act
iviti
es in
eac
h of
thes
e ar
eas.
3. M
any
curr
ent s
ocia
l con
cern
s ca
ll fo
rne
w c
onte
nt.
The
soc
ial p
robl
ems
of th
e 19
70s
pers
ist i
nth
e 19
90sp
over
ty, c
rime,
rac
ism
, alie
n-at
ion
of th
e yo
ung,
pol
lutio
n of
the
envi
ron-
men
t, an
d su
bsta
nce
and
alco
hol a
buse
. In
resp
onse
, art
edu
cato
rs in
incr
easi
ng n
um-
bers
hav
e be
gun
to u
rge
that
the
cont
ent o
far
t ins
truc
tion
focu
s on
pro
blem
s in
volv
ing
envi
ronm
enta
l des
igrh
the
mas
s m
edia
,an
d th
e po
pula
r ar
ts.
The
se a
re a
reas
of
livin
g th
at in
volv
e ke
en p
erce
ptio
n an
dju
dgm
ent o
n th
e pa
rt o
f you
th. T
he u
nder
-st
andi
ng th
at v
isua
l for
ms
have
the
pow
erto
sha
pe th
e en
viro
nmen
t and
influ
ence
the
beha
vior
of p
eopl
e ha
s se
rved
to a
lert
man
y ar
t edu
cato
rs to
the
need
for
cont
ent
that
is s
ocia
lly r
elev
ant.
Thu
s, th
is p
ublic
a-
tion
incl
udes
con
tent
focu
sed
on a
rt in
soci
ety.
4. N
ew d
evel
opm
ents
in th
e vi
sual
art
s ar
epr
ovid
ing
new
con
tent
for
teac
hing
art
.
Dur
ing
the
last
four
dec
ades
, we
have
wit-
ness
ed a
pro
fusi
on o
f new
sty
les
from
Abs
trac
t-E
xpre
ssio
nism
to P
op-A
rt, F
unk
Art
, Min
imal
Art
, Con
cept
ual A
rt, N
eo-
Exp
ress
ioni
sm, P
ost-
Mod
erni
sm, a
ndm
any
othe
rs. A
rt c
ritic
s an
d di
scer
ning
lay-
men
hav
e be
gun
to fi
nd th
at it
is n
o lo
nger
poss
ible
to c
lass
ify a
nd in
terp
ret t
he p
rod-
ucts
of m
any
cont
empo
rary
art
ists
in te
rms
of th
e st
anda
rds
and
crite
ria u
sed
in th
epa
st. O
nce
it w
as p
ossi
ble
to d
istin
guis
hsc
ulpt
ure
from
pai
ntin
g, b
ut n
ow, f
or e
xam
-pl
e, o
ne c
an fi
nd s
culp
tors
who
pai
nt th
eir
form
s an
d pa
inte
rs w
ho u
se th
ree-
dim
en-
sion
al o
bjec
ts in
thei
r w
orks
. The
trad
ition
albo
unda
ries
sepa
ratin
g on
e m
ediu
m fr
oman
othe
r ar
e no
long
er a
pplic
able
.
Als
o, tr
aditi
onal
art
sta
ndar
ds h
ave
been
stre
tche
d to
the
brea
king
poi
nt b
y ar
tists
who
pat
tern
thei
r w
ork
afte
r su
ch a
rt fo
rms
as c
omic
str
ips
and
billb
oard
s. In
add
ition
,ar
tists
, suc
h as
Jud
d, h
ave
crea
ted
wor
ks o
far
t by
givi
ng in
stru
ctio
ns o
ver
the
tele
phon
e.B
y do
ing
so, t
hey
have
cha
lleng
ed th
e lo
ng-
stan
ding
bel
ief t
hat e
ach
artis
t sho
uld
crea
tew
orks
by
her/
his
own
hand
. Arc
hite
cts
now
wor
king
in th
e st
yle
know
n as
"po
st m
od-
erni
sm"
have
bro
ken
with
the
"tra
ditio
n of
the
new
." T
hey
reac
h ba
ck to
pas
t his
toric
alpe
riods
for
arch
itect
ural
feat
ures
to "
appr
o-pr
iate
" in
thei
r ow
n st
ruct
ures
.
The
mag
nitu
de o
f the
se c
hang
es r
aise
sm
any
ques
tions
for
art c
ritic
s an
d th
e pu
b-lic
, as
they
atte
mpt
to in
terp
ret t
he m
ean-
25
ing
of n
ew fo
rms
and
judg
e th
eir
valu
es. A
sa
cons
eque
nce
of th
ese
deve
lopm
ents
,th
ere
is a
nee
d to
intr
oduc
e ne
w c
onte
ntth
roug
h w
hich
toda
y's
stud
ents
mig
htco
me
to u
nder
stan
d th
e ar
t of t
heir
own
time.
Thu
s, th
is p
ublic
atio
n at
tem
pts
to fo
s-te
r un
ders
tand
ing
of c
onte
mpo
rary
art
form
s an
d st
yles
.
5. T
he q
uest
for
"exc
elle
nce"
in e
duca
tion
has
calle
d fo
r ne
w d
irect
ions
in a
rt e
du-
catio
n.
In r
ecen
t yea
rs, m
any
of th
is c
ount
ry's
polit
ical
and
bus
ines
s le
ader
s ha
ve g
row
nfe
arfu
l tha
t the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
may
be
falli
ngbe
hind
in it
s ab
ility
to c
ompe
te e
cono
mi-
cally
with
oth
er a
dvan
ced
indu
stria
lna
tions
. Thi
s ha
s le
ad to
num
erou
s st
ate-
men
ts o
f con
cern
for
the
abili
ty o
f our
edu
-ca
tiona
l sys
tem
to p
repa
re c
itize
ns to
take
part
effe
ctiv
ely
in in
tern
atio
nal e
cono
mic
com
petit
ion.
The
se c
once
rns
have
bee
nvo
iced
by
mea
ns o
f a p
leth
ora
of p
anel
and
com
mis
sion
rep
orts
and
indi
vidu
al s
tudi
esal
l crit
ical
of t
he n
atio
n's
scho
ols.
As
agr
oup,
thes
e re
port
s, w
ith v
arie
d re
com
-m
enda
tions
, hav
e co
me
to b
e re
ferr
ed to
as "
the
exce
llenc
e re
port
s."
Thu
s, th
e qu
est f
or e
xcel
lenc
e in
edu
catio
nha
s be
com
e a
natio
nal p
riorit
y ca
lling
for
fund
amen
tal e
duca
tiona
l ref
orm
. The
exce
llenc
e re
port
s ar
e si
gnifi
cant
for
art
educ
atio
n be
caus
e th
ey a
ll re
com
men
dcu
rric
ula
that
incl
udes
the
arts
. In
seve
ral,
art i
s un
ders
tood
as
a ba
sic
subj
ect o
f the
curr
icul
um. O
ne r
epor
t tha
t pla
ces
the
stud
y of
the
arts
at t
he c
ente
r of
the
cur-
ricul
um is
that
by
Ern
est B
oyer
, a fo
rmer
com
mis
sion
er o
f edu
catio
n. H
e st
ates
that
...
26
5
6
The
art
s ar
e an
ess
entia
l par
t of t
he h
uman
expe
rienc
e. T
hey
are
not a
frill
. We
reco
m-
men
d th
at a
ll st
uden
ts s
tudy
the
arts
to d
is-
cove
r ho
w h
uman
bei
ngs
use
nonv
erba
lsy
mbo
ls a
nd c
omm
unic
ate
not o
nly
with
wor
ds b
ut th
roug
h m
usic
, dan
ce, a
nd th
evi
sual
art
s.
At t
he r
eque
st o
f the
NA
EA
, Sm
ith28
has
ende
avor
ed to
go
beyo
nd th
e ge
nera
liza-
tions
of t
he e
xcel
lenc
e re
port
s to
cla
rify
and
deep
en o
ur u
nder
stan
ding
of t
he n
atur
e of
exce
llenc
e as
it p
erta
ins
spec
ifica
lly to
exce
llenc
e in
an
art c
urric
ulum
. For
Sm
ith,
The
gen
eral
goa
l of a
rt e
duca
tion
may
be
stat
ed a
s th
e de
velo
pmen
t of a
dis
posi
tion
to a
ppre
ciat
e th
e ex
celle
nce
of a
rt, w
here
the
exce
llenc
e of
art
impl
ies
two
thin
gs: t
heca
paci
ty o
f wor
ks o
f art
at t
heir
best
toin
tens
ify a
nd e
nlar
ge th
e sc
ope
of h
uman
awar
enes
s an
d ex
perie
nce
and
the
pecu
-lia
r qu
aliti
es o
f art
wor
ks w
henc
e su
ch a
capa
city
der
ives
.
The
exc
elle
nce
art c
urric
ulum
that
Sm
ithad
voca
tes
is o
ne th
at h
elps
stu
dent
s ap
pre-
ciat
e, v
alue
, and
und
erst
and
the
qual
ities
and
expr
essi
ve m
eani
ngs
to b
e fo
und
inex
celle
nt w
orks
of a
rt. T
hey
are
the
exem
-pl
ars,
"th
e pi
nnac
les
of a
rtis
tic a
chie
ve-
men
t" r
epre
sent
ing
the
best
from
all
hist
oric
al p
erio
ds, c
ultu
res,
and
civ
iliza
tions
.B
y st
uden
ts c
omin
g in
to c
onta
ct w
ith th
ese
exem
plar
s th
ey a
re p
rovi
ded
acce
ss to
thei
rar
tistic
her
itage
. Stu
dent
s ar
e th
us e
mpo
w-
ered
by
the
"aes
thet
ic, c
ogni
tive,
and
mor
alva
lues
" em
bodi
ed in
sup
erio
r w
orks
of a
rtto
bec
ome
exce
llent
hum
an b
eing
s.
28
6.C
ogni
tive
proc
esse
s ar
e in
crea
sing
lyre
cogn
ized
as
fund
amen
tal i
n ar
tex
perie
nce.
A d
imen
sion
of e
xcel
lenc
e, e
lude
d to
by
Sm
ith in
the
NA
EA
pub
licat
ion
and
focu
sed
on d
irect
ly b
y ot
hers
, is
that
of c
ogni
tive
deve
lopm
ent t
hrou
gh a
rt e
xper
ienc
e.P
erki
ns a
nd G
ardn
er, t
hrou
gh r
esea
rch
in "
Pro
ject
Zer
o" a
t Har
vard
Uni
vers
ity,
have
ale
rted
the
field
that
art
sho
uld
beco
nsid
ered
a fo
rm o
f thi
nkin
g; a
type
of
visu
al p
robl
em s
olvi
ng. T
hey
also
con
side
rar
t as
a fo
rm o
f lan
guag
e; a
uni
que
form
of
know
ing
the
wor
ld th
at is
diff
eren
t fro
m, b
uton
a p
ar w
ith, s
cien
ce a
nd m
athe
mat
ics.
Har
ste3
1 an
d hi
s co
lleag
ues
at th
e U
nive
rsity
of In
dian
a ha
ve d
evel
oped
a th
eore
tical
stru
ctur
e fo
r pr
imar
y el
emen
tary
gra
des
that
plac
es th
e vi
sual
art
s in
a c
entr
al p
ositi
on in
inst
ruct
ion.
It is
one
of f
ive
fund
amen
tal
"mod
es o
f com
mun
icat
ion"
alo
ng w
ith r
ead-
ing,
writ
ing,
mus
ic, a
nd d
ram
a/m
ovem
ent.
Thu
s, th
is, t
he 1
992
editi
on o
f the
Ohi
oD
epar
tmen
t of E
duca
tion'
s ar
t edu
catio
ngu
idel
ine
for
elem
enta
ry s
choo
ls, i
s an
art
curr
icul
um o
f exc
elle
nce.
Mee
ting
the
crite
riaof
exc
elle
nce
calle
d fo
r in
the
NA
EA
doc
u-m
ent,
it di
rect
s an
d en
cour
ages
sch
ools
toid
entif
y an
d us
e ar
t wor
ks to
enc
hanc
e st
u-de
nt d
evel
omen
t. A
lso,
the
goal
s, o
bjec
tives
,an
d ac
tiviti
es a
re g
roun
ded
in th
e be
lief t
hat
child
ren'
s co
gniti
ve p
ower
s of
per
cept
ion,
reas
onin
g, a
nd fe
elin
g ar
e en
ergi
zed
and
inte
grat
ed d
urin
g th
eir
expe
rienc
e w
ith a
rt.
In s
umm
ary,
then
, the
re is
a n
eed
for
art c
urric
-ul
a w
hich
mor
e tr
uly
refle
ct to
day'
s gr
eate
raw
aren
ess
and
conc
ern
for
art a
s a
subs
tant
ive
field
of s
tudy
. Sec
ond,
gui
delin
es a
re n
eede
d by
scho
ols
to h
elp
them
pla
n w
ays
to in
clud
e ar
tcr
itici
sm, a
rt h
isto
ry, a
nd a
esth
etic
s as
con
tent
alon
g w
ith a
rt p
rodu
ctio
n. T
hird
, per
sist
ent s
ocia
lco
ncer
ns, e
spec
ially
thos
e w
hich
hav
e to
do
with
the
qual
ity o
f the
env
ironm
ent,
have
bro
ught
toth
e fo
re a
gre
ater
dem
and
for
cont
ent t
o he
lpyo
ung
peop
le u
nder
stan
d ar
t in
soci
ety.
Fou
rth,
ther
e is
nee
d fo
r ne
w a
rt c
urric
ulum
con
tent
whi
ch r
efle
cts
new
art
sty
les,
form
s, a
nd m
edia
char
acte
ristic
of o
ur ti
mes
. Fift
h, th
e ca
lls fo
rex
celle
nce
in e
duca
tion
mus
t be
hear
d an
d m
etby
art
edu
catio
n. F
inal
ly, g
uide
lines
are
nee
ded
to h
elp
scho
ols
capi
taliz
e on
the
cogn
itive
val
ues
of th
e ar
t exp
erie
nce
for
child
ren.
The
cur
ricul
umde
scrib
ed o
n th
e fo
llow
ing
page
s ac
cept
s th
isch
alle
nge.
It is
an
exce
llenc
e ar
t cur
ricul
um.
The
nam
e w
e ha
ve c
hose
n to
giv
e th
is k
ind
ofar
t cur
ricul
um fo
r th
e sc
hool
s of
Ohi
o is
Bal
-an
ced
Com
preh
ensi
ve A
rt C
urric
ulum
(BC
AC
). B
CA
C is
com
preh
ensi
ve b
ecau
se it
incl
udes
four
maj
or a
reas
for
stud
ent l
earn
ing
art p
rodu
ctio
n, a
rt c
ritic
ism
and
aes
thet
ics,
art
hist
ory,
and
art
in s
ocie
ty. B
CA
C is
bal
ance
dbe
caus
e, in
a k
inde
rgar
ten
thro
ugh
twel
fth-g
rade
curr
icul
um, b
alan
ced
atte
ntio
n is
giv
en to
all
four
area
s in
term
s of
sta
ffing
, fac
ilitie
s, in
stru
ctio
nal
time,
res
ourc
es, a
nd s
uppo
rt fr
om s
choo
l adm
in-
istr
ator
s an
d bo
ards
of e
duca
tion.
BC
AC
is th
e ex
celle
nce
art c
urric
ulum
of t
hefu
ture
. The
ele
men
tary
sch
ools
of O
hio
are
invi
ted
to u
se th
is g
uide
line
to a
ssur
e th
at y
oung
peop
le li
ving
in th
e st
ate
will
hav
e de
velo
ped
both
thei
r ab
ility
to e
xpre
ss th
emse
lves
cre
-at
ivel
y th
roug
h th
e vi
sual
art
s an
d th
eir
abili
ty to
resp
ond
inte
llige
ntly
and
sen
sitiv
ely
to th
e w
orks
of a
rt th
ey e
ncou
nter
thro
ugho
ut th
eir
lives
.
29
One
of t
he fi
rst t
asks
of s
choo
l dis
tric
t art
cur
-ric
ulum
or
cour
se o
f stu
dy p
lann
ers
is th
at o
fid
entif
ying
the
goal
s of
the
art p
rogr
am th
atap
ply
to s
tude
nt le
arni
ng a
t all
grad
e le
vels
.T
hese
are
ref
erre
d to
as
art p
rogr
am g
oals
.G
oals
ans
wer
the
ques
tion,
"W
hy te
ach
art?
"T
his
is a
mos
t im
port
ant,
but o
ften
times
, per
-pl
exin
g ta
sk s
ince
art
pro
gram
goa
ls n
eed
to b
est
ated
in a
way
that
allo
ws
them
to d
o th
ree
jobs
sim
ulta
neou
sly.
Firs
t, th
ey s
houl
d sh
ow th
at th
eyar
e co
nsis
tent
with
the
aim
s of
gen
eral
edu
ca-
tion.
Sec
ond,
they
sho
uld
refle
ct th
e th
eore
tical
and
philo
soph
ical
str
uctu
re o
f the
fiel
d of
art
educ
atio
n its
elf.
And
fina
lly, t
hey
shou
ld p
rovi
dedi
rect
ion
into
the
prac
tical
rea
litie
s of
teac
hing
.
The
cen
tral
aim
s of
gen
eral
edu
catio
n on
whi
chth
e go
als
of B
CA
C m
ay b
e ba
sed
are
as fo
llow
s:
I.T
o fo
ster
the
pers
onal
dev
elop
men
t of
each
indi
vidu
al
II.T
o tr
ansm
it th
e cu
ltura
l her
itage
III.
To
impr
ove
soci
ety.
32
30
The
se, t
he c
ore
belie
fs a
bout
the
purp
oses
of e
du-
catio
n, a
re fu
ndam
enta
l to
all s
ubje
ct a
reas
taug
htin
the
scho
ols,
incl
udin
g ar
t edu
catio
n. A
rt e
duca
-tio
n ex
ists
in th
e sc
hool
s to
con
trib
ute
to th
eat
tain
men
t of t
hese
thre
e ai
ms
of g
ener
al e
duca
-tio
n. W
hen
art t
each
ers
help
stu
dent
s de
velo
pth
eir
capa
citie
s fo
r cr
eativ
e, s
ensi
tive,
and
inte
lli-
gent
par
ticip
atio
n in
the
visu
al a
rts,
they
are
achi
evin
g th
e ai
m o
f per
sona
l dev
elop
men
t. T
heai
m o
f tra
nsm
ittin
g th
e cu
ltura
l her
itage
is a
ttain
edw
hen
stud
ents
stu
dy th
e ar
tistic
her
itage
that
prov
ides
them
with
a v
isua
l rec
ord
of h
uman
s'ef
fort
s to
mak
e se
nse
out o
f the
ir ex
iste
nce.
Whe
nar
t tea
cher
s en
gage
you
ng p
eopl
e in
the
stud
y of
art i
n so
ciet
y, th
ey s
erve
to im
prov
e so
ciet
y.
Whe
n ar
t cur
ricul
um p
lann
ers
link
the
goal
s of
art e
duca
tion
to th
e ai
ms
of g
ener
al e
duca
tion
inth
is w
ay, t
hey
crea
te a
pow
erfu
l rat
iona
le fo
r ar
tin
the
scho
ols.
Art
is th
ereb
y sh
own
to h
ave
rel-
evan
ce fo
r al
l peo
plef
or o
ur s
tude
nts,
for
artis
ts a
nd o
ther
pro
fess
iona
l sch
olar
s of
art
,an
d fo
r th
ose
who
mig
ht b
e ca
lled
the
con-
sum
ers
and
user
s of
art
in s
ocie
ty.
7
CH
AP
TE
R T
WO
AR
T P
RO
GR
AM
GO
ALS
Art
pro
gram
goa
ls s
houl
d al
so r
efle
ct th
e th
eo-
ries
and
philo
soph
ies
that
exp
lain
the
natu
re o
far
t. W
hile
sch
olar
s di
sagr
ee w
ith s
o-ca
lled
"pro
per"
def
initi
ons
of a
rt, t
hey
are
in g
ener
alag
reem
ent t
hat a
rt is
exp
erie
nced
thro
ugh
two
mea
ns o
r m
odes
exp
ress
ion
thro
ugh
art a
ndre
spon
se to
art
.E
xpre
ssio
n re
fers
to th
e pr
o-ce
ss o
f con
veyi
ng id
eas
and
feel
ings
thro
ugh
wor
ks o
f art
. Thi
s pr
oces
s in
volv
es th
e di
scov
ery
of id
eas,
the
tran
sfor
mat
ion
or d
evel
opm
ent o
fth
ose
idea
s by
art
istic
mea
ns, a
nd th
eir
rend
ition
in a
n ar
tistic
med
ium
. Res
pons
e re
fers
to th
epr
oces
s of
vie
win
g an
d ve
rbal
ly r
eact
ing
to a
com
plet
ed w
ork
of a
rt. I
t inv
olve
s th
e de
scrip
tion
of a
esth
etic
qua
litie
s, th
e an
alys
is o
f vis
ual r
ela-
tions
hips
, the
inte
rpre
tatio
n of
mea
ning
s, a
ndth
e ju
dgm
ent o
f the
sig
nific
ance
of w
orks
of a
rt.
Whe
n ar
t pro
gram
goa
ls a
re r
elat
ed to
the
two
mod
es fo
r ex
perie
ncin
g ar
t (ex
pres
sion
and
resp
onse
), te
ache
rs c
an s
ee h
ow g
oals
giv
e di
rec-
tion
to th
eir
teac
hing
. Whe
n go
als
are
deriv
edfr
om th
e th
ree
aim
s of
gen
eral
edu
catio
n (f
oste
r-in
g pe
rson
al d
evel
opm
ent,
tran
smitt
ing
the
cultu
ral
herit
age,
and
impr
ovin
g so
ciet
y), t
each
ers
can
see
othe
r co
nnec
tions
to th
e pr
actic
e of
teac
hing
art
.
31.
8 To fo
ster
per
sona
l dev
elop
men
t, te
ache
rs c
anes
tabl
ish
that
two
of th
eir
prog
ram
goa
ls a
re to
enab
le s
tude
nts
to
1. e
xpre
ss p
erso
nal i
deas
and
feel
ings
by
visu
al m
eans
2. p
erce
ive
and
resp
ond
to w
orks
of a
rt
To
tran
smit
the
cultu
ral h
erita
ge, t
each
ers
can
esta
blis
h th
at tw
o pr
ogra
m g
oals
are
to e
nabl
est
uden
ts to
1. u
nder
stan
d ho
w a
rtis
ts e
xpre
ss id
eas
and
feel
ings
in w
orks
of a
rt
2. u
nder
stan
d ho
w a
rt h
isto
rians
, aes
thet
i-ci
ans,
and
art
crit
ics
resp
ond
to w
orks
of a
rt
To
impr
ove
soci
ety,
teac
hers
can
stip
ulat
e th
atan
othe
r pa
ir of
pro
gram
goa
ls fo
r ar
t edu
catio
nis
to e
nabl
e st
uden
ts to
1. b
ecom
e aw
are
of th
e w
ays
soci
etie
s ex
pres
sva
lues
and
bel
iefs
thro
ugh
visu
al fo
rms
2. b
ecom
e aw
are
of th
e w
ays
soci
etie
sre
spon
d to
vis
ual i
mag
es
Sch
ool d
istr
ict a
rt e
duca
tion
plan
ners
are
invi
ted
to e
xam
ine
thes
e pr
ogra
m g
oal s
tate
men
ts a
ndus
e th
em a
s gi
ven
in th
eir
own
cour
ses
of s
tudy
and
curr
icul
um g
uide
lines
or
mod
ify a
nd r
efin
eth
em in
term
s of
dis
tric
t nee
ds. O
n th
e fo
llow
ing
page
s, th
e th
ree
maj
or a
ims
of e
duca
tion
and
thei
r re
late
d pr
ogra
m g
oals
for
art e
duca
tion
are
rest
ated
alo
ng w
ith m
ore
deta
iled
expl
anat
ions
and
ratio
nale
s fo
r w
hy w
e te
ach
art.
32
I
33
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um
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mu.
+72
Sv
9
I.E
duca
tion