159
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 407 320 SO 027 186 AUTHOR Tollifson, Jerry, Ed.; Efland, Arthur TITLE Planning a Balanced Comprehensive Art Curriculum for the Elementary Schools of Ohio. Second Edition. INSTITUTION Ohio State Dept. of Education, Columbus. Div. of Curriculum, Instruction, and Professional Development. PUB DATE 92 NOTE 315p.; For related curriculum guidelines document for middle/secondary schools, see ED 406 284. AVAILABLE FROM Division of Curriculum, Instruction, and Professional Development, Room 1005, Ohio Departments Building, 65 South Front Street, Columbus, OH 43266. PUB TYPE Books (010) Guides - Non-Classroom (055) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC13 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Academic Standards; *Art Education; Elementary Education; *Elementary School Curriculum; Fine Arts; Humanities; State Curriculum Guides; *State Standards; *Visual Arts IDENTIFIERS *Ohio ABSTRACT This book is designed to help school districts plan comprehensive art curricula that are addressed to the concerns of society as well as to the needs of individual students. Specifically, it will help elementary classroom teachers, art teachers, supervisors, and administrators prepare their own local art curriculum guides and courses of study. The book is divided into the following sections: (1) "Purposes of the Guidelines"; (2) "The Need for a Ne% .GuideleT-7.1=a2:1* Art. Instruction"; (3) "Art Program Goals"; (4) "Art Program Objectives in Relation to Goals"; (5) "Selecting Content and Designing Art Lessons "; (6) "Preparing BCAC Units of Instruction"; (7) "Long-Range Planning"; and (8) "Evaluating Art Instruction." An appendix provides a list of resources for a balanced comprehensive art curriculum in the elementary schools. (EH) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ********************************************************************************

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  • DOCUMENT RESUME

    ED 407 320 SO 027 186

    AUTHOR Tollifson, Jerry, Ed.; Efland, ArthurTITLE Planning a Balanced Comprehensive Art Curriculum for the

    Elementary Schools of Ohio. Second Edition.INSTITUTION Ohio State Dept. of Education, Columbus. Div. of Curriculum,

    Instruction, and Professional Development.PUB DATE 92NOTE 315p.; For related curriculum guidelines document for

    middle/secondary schools, see ED 406 284.AVAILABLE FROM Division of Curriculum, Instruction, and Professional

    Development, Room 1005, Ohio Departments Building, 65 SouthFront Street, Columbus, OH 43266.

    PUB TYPE Books (010) Guides - Non-Classroom (055)EDRS PRICE MF01/PC13 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS Academic Standards; *Art Education; Elementary Education;

    *Elementary School Curriculum; Fine Arts; Humanities; StateCurriculum Guides; *State Standards; *Visual Arts

    IDENTIFIERS *Ohio

    ABSTRACTThis book is designed to help school districts plan

    comprehensive art curricula that are addressed to the concerns of society aswell as to the needs of individual students. Specifically, it will helpelementary classroom teachers, art teachers, supervisors, and administratorsprepare their own local art curriculum guides and courses of study. The bookis divided into the following sections: (1) "Purposes of the Guidelines"; (2)"The Need for a Ne% .GuideleT-7.1=a2:1* Art. Instruction"; (3) "Art ProgramGoals"; (4) "Art Program Objectives in Relation to Goals"; (5) "SelectingContent and Designing Art Lessons "; (6) "Preparing BCAC Units ofInstruction"; (7) "Long-Range Planning"; and (8) "Evaluating ArtInstruction." An appendix provides a list of resources for a balancedcomprehensive art curriculum in the elementary schools. (EH)

    ********************************************************************************

    Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the original document.

    ********************************************************************************

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    ry b

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    ost a

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    duca

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    . The

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    inal

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    tion

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    the

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    te a

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    duca

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    curr

    icu-

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    Sta

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    emon

    stra

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    isto

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    ism

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    ciet

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    tegr

    ated

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    aditi

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    art

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    achi

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    Fol

    low

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    icat

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    hio

    Dep

    artm

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    catio

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    Man

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    Ohi

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    ser

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    dep

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    duca

    tion

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    e de

    velo

    pmen

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    ate

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    e th

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    ions

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    inno

    vativ

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    tern

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    beco

    me

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    or fo

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    in th

    e fie

    ld o

    f con

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    We

    trus

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    gen

    erat

    ions

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    rt c

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    nner

    s w

    ill.fi

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    n eq

    ually

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    -in

    g in

    des

    igni

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    ula

    for

    thei

    r sc

    hool

    dis

    tric

    ts. I

    n ad

    ditio

    n to

    this

    pur

    pose

    , we

    sugg

    est t

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    hepu

    blic

    atio

    n be

    use

    d in

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    aniz

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    art e

    duca

    tion

    advo

    cacy

    effo

    rts

    in s

    choo

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    rtte

    ache

    rs a

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    ave

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    rlier

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    dev

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    long

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    lans

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    s of

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    nera

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    Con

    sulta

    nt, A

    rt E

    duca

    tion

    V

    ED

    ITO

    RIA

    L B

    OA

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    Aut

    hor

    Art

    hur

    Efla

    ndP

    rofe

    ssor

    of A

    rt E

    duca

    tion

    The

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    o S

    tate

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    vers

    ity

    Ass

    ocia

    tes

    Gar

    y B

    arlo

    w, W

    right

    Sta

    te U

    nive

    rsity

    ;R

    onal

    d D

    ay, C

    leve

    land

    City

    Sch

    ools

    , ret

    ired;

    Cha

    rles

    Ros

    e, E

    lyria

    City

    Sch

    ools

    , ret

    ired;

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    en S

    andf

    ort,

    Col

    umbu

    s C

    ity S

    choo

    ls, r

    etire

    d;D

    onal

    d S

    owel

    l, C

    inci

    nnat

    i City

    Sch

    ools

    , ret

    ired;

    Fos

    ter

    Wyg

    ant,

    Uni

    vers

    ity o

    f Cin

    cinn

    ati,

    retir

    ed;

    The

    odor

    e Z

    erni

    ch, f

    orm

    erly

    with

    The

    Ohi

    o S

    tate

    Uni

    vers

    ity

    Pho

    togr

    aphy

    Cre

    dit

    Che

    ster

    Dav

    is, C

    olum

    bus

    15

  • vi

    16

    Ded

    icat

    ion

    Thi

    s pu

    blic

    atio

    n is

    ded

    icat

    ed to

    the

    mem

    ory

    ofth

    e la

    te D

    r. M

    anue

    l Bar

    kan

    of T

    he O

    hio

    Sta

    teU

    nive

    rsity

    . His

    pro

    fess

    iona

    l sch

    olar

    ship

    and

    dedi

    catio

    n to

    art

    edu

    catio

    n ha

    ve c

    ontin

    ued

    toin

    spire

    and

    influ

    ence

    the

    deve

    lopm

    ent o

    f thi

    sse

    cond

    edi

    tion.

    Ack

    now

    lege

    men

    ts

    Pho

    togr

    aphs

    of s

    choo

    l situ

    atio

    ns w

    hich

    illu

    stra

    tear

    t act

    ivite

    s in

    this

    pub

    licat

    ion

    wer

    e ta

    ken

    in th

    eC

    olum

    bus

    City

    Sch

    ools

    . Pho

    togr

    aphs

    of c

    hil-

    dren

    's a

    rt w

    ork

    are

    from

    sch

    ools

    in C

    inci

    nnat

    i,C

    leve

    land

    , Col

    umbu

    s, a

    nd E

    lyria

    City

    Sch

    ool

    Dis

    tric

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    tudi

    o m

    odel

    s w

    ere

    Bre

    t Stu

    mpf

    and

    Bria

    n S

    tum

    pf.

    17

  • INT

    RO

    DU

    CT

    ION

    Pur

    pose

    s of

    the

    Gui

    delin

    es

    Thi

    s is

    a p

    lann

    ing

    guid

    e. L

    ike

    the

    1970

    edi

    tion,

    itis

    des

    igne

    d to

    hel

    p el

    emen

    tary

    cla

    ssro

    om te

    ach-

    ers,

    art

    teac

    hers

    , sup

    ervi

    sors

    , and

    adm

    inis

    tra-

    tors

    pre

    pare

    thei

    r ow

    n lo

    cal a

    rt c

    urric

    ulum

    guid

    es a

    nd c

    ours

    es o

    f stu

    dy. I

    t str

    esse

    s pl

    an-

    ning

    as

    a ne

    cess

    ary

    proc

    ess

    carr

    ied

    out a

    t the

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    l sch

    ool d

    istr

    ict l

    evel

    whe

    re g

    oals

    , obj

    ec-

    tives

    , con

    tent

    , act

    iviti

    es, a

    nd u

    nits

    are

    sel

    ecte

    dan

    d or

    gani

    zed

    in te

    rms

    of lo

    cal n

    eeds

    .

    In p

    repa

    ring

    this

    pub

    licat

    ion,

    the

    Ohi

    o D

    epar

    t-m

    ent o

    f Edu

    catio

    n su

    gges

    ts v

    ario

    us p

    ossi

    bilit

    ies

    for

    deve

    lopi

    ng a

    rt p

    rogr

    ams

    rich

    in s

    ubst

    antiv

    eco

    nten

    t. It

    is h

    oped

    that

    indi

    vidu

    als

    and

    curr

    icu-

    lum

    pla

    nnin

    g te

    ams

    will

    mak

    e us

    e of

    this

    pub

    li-ca

    tion

    to c

    arry

    out

    Min

    imum

    Sta

    ndar

    ds fo

    rE

    lem

    enta

    ry a

    nd S

    econ

    dary

    Sch

    ools

    (19

    83)3

    The

    se s

    tand

    ards

    req

    uire

    eac

    h lo

    cal s

    choo

    l dis

    -tr

    ict t

    o pr

    epar

    e its

    ow

    n up

    date

    d co

    urse

    of s

    tudy

    in a

    rt. W

    hile

    it is

    mos

    t cer

    tain

    ly p

    erm

    issi

    ble

    tote

    ach

    from

    the

    less

    ons

    and

    units

    pre

    sent

    ed in

    this

    pub

    licat

    ion,

    loca

    l pla

    nner

    s sh

    ould

    als

    o se

    eth

    em a

    s ex

    empl

    ary

    mod

    els,

    whi

    ch th

    ey a

    rein

    vite

    d to

    ext

    end

    and

    mod

    ify in

    term

    s of

    loca

    lpo

    ssib

    ilitie

    s an

    d ne

    eds.

    18

    Thi

    s pu

    blic

    atio

    n is

    als

    o in

    tend

    ed to

    be

    used

    inte

    ache

    r ed

    ucat

    ion

    inst

    itutio

    ns, w

    ith a

    rt e

    duca

    tion

    and

    elem

    enta

    ry e

    duca

    tion

    stud

    ents

    who

    are

    prep

    arin

    g to

    teac

    h in

    the

    elem

    enta

    ry s

    choo

    ls. F

    orbo

    th o

    f the

    se g

    roup

    s, it

    pre

    sent

    s a

    mod

    el fo

    rpl

    anni

    ng a

    rt p

    rogr

    ams

    by d

    escr

    ibin

    g go

    als,

    obje

    ctiv

    es, a

    nd c

    onte

    nt, a

    nd b

    y su

    gges

    ting

    abr

    oad

    rang

    e of

    chi

    ldre

    n's

    activ

    ities

    for

    stud

    y in

    the

    visu

    al a

    rts.

    Whi

    le a

    ctiv

    ities

    invo

    lvin

    g th

    e m

    ak-

    ing

    of a

    rt a

    re a

    ccor

    ded

    the

    cent

    ral p

    lace

    in e

    le-

    men

    tary

    sch

    ool a

    rt in

    stru

    ctio

    n, a

    ctiv

    ities

    suc

    h as

    desc

    ribin

    g, a

    naly

    zing

    , int

    erpr

    etin

    g, a

    nd ju

    dgin

    gw

    orks

    of a

    rt a

    re a

    lso

    feat

    ured

    and

    rel

    ated

    to a

    rtpr

    oduc

    tion

    activ

    ities

    . Alth

    ough

    the

    guid

    e do

    es n

    otem

    phas

    ize

    teac

    hing

    met

    hodo

    logi

    es o

    r de

    scrib

    ecl

    assr

    oom

    pra

    ctic

    es in

    det

    ail,

    it do

    es e

    ncou

    rage

    teac

    hers

    to p

    lan

    fres

    h st

    rate

    gies

    for

    mot

    ivat

    ing

    and

    stim

    ulat

    ing

    child

    ren.

    It a

    lso

    offe

    rs b

    road

    cri-

    teria

    for

    eval

    uatin

    g su

    cces

    s in

    teac

    hing

    art

    .

    Orig

    inal

    insp

    iratio

    n an

    d di

    rect

    ion

    for

    the

    prep

    ara-

    tion

    of th

    e 19

    70 e

    ditio

    n w

    ere

    draw

    n fr

    om th

    ree

    sour

    ces.

    The

    y w

    ere

    Gui

    delin

    es fo

    r A

    rt In

    stru

    c-tio

    n T

    hrou

    gh T

    elev

    isio

    n fo

    r th

    e E

    lem

    enta

    ryS

    choo

    ls b

    y M

    anue

    l Bar

    kan

    and

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    a H

    . Cha

    p-m

    an p

    ublis

    hed

    in 1

    967;

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    delin

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    r C

    urric

    u-lu

    m D

    evel

    opm

    ent f

    or A

    esth

    etic

    Edu

    catio

    n by

    1

    Man

    uel B

    arka

    n, L

    aura

    H. C

    hapm

    an, a

    nd E

    van

    J. K

    ern,

    pub

    lishe

    d in

    197

    0; a

    nd "

    Cur

    ricul

    umP

    lann

    ing

    in A

    rt E

    duca

    tion,

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    ewsl

    ette

    r by

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    a H

    . Cha

    pman

    , pub

    lishe

    d in

    197

    0.

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    ics,

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    tose

    rve

    as fo

    unda

    tiona

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    rces

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    this

    , the

    199

    2ed

    ition

    . In

    addi

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    four

    oth

    er, m

    ore

    rece

    nt p

    ub-

    licat

    ions

    giv

    e di

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    gest

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    tiviti

    es. T

    hey

    are

    App

    roac

    hes

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    rt in

    Edu

    ca-

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    by L

    aura

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    hapm

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    978;

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    catio

    n, "

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    e: D

    isci

    plin

    e-B

    ased

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    catio

    n,"'

    pub-

    lishe

    d in

    198

    7; P

    lann

    ing

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    catio

    n in

    the

    Mid

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    Dep

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    duca

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    pub

    lishe

    d in

    198

    3.

    Way

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    Use

    The

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    uide

    lines

    A c

    urric

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    writ

    ten

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    linin

    ged

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    l goa

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    e m

    eans

    of a

    chie

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    them

    . It i

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    r it

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    esen

    t a p

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    for

    19

  • 2 inst

    ruct

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    and

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    clud

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    cipl

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    bein

    g ta

    ught

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    WH

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    to te

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    Y a

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    o qu

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    ced

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    all

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    ect f

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    he W

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    n is

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    ted

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    er T

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    re g

    oals

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    uctio

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    entif

    ied

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    Cha

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    his

    Edi

    tion

    As

    fine

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    cum

    ent a

    s th

    e 19

    70 e

    ditio

    n w

    as, i

    tha

    s be

    en im

    prov

    ed in

    this

    edi

    tion.

    Sev

    eral

    chan

    ges

    have

    res

    ulte

    d in

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    effo

    rt to

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    is-

    tent

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    Dep

    artm

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    uide

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    tions

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    rmer

    ly p

    re-

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    ed a

    s le

    sson

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    nnin

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    tern

    ativ

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    ave

    been

    elim

    inat

    ed. T

    he te

    rm "

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    isch

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    gram

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    ctiv

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    men

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    onda

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    uide

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    eme"

    and

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    atur

    esof

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    en a

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    w e

    ditio

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    ve b

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    umen

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    ine

    Art

    s an

    d P

    hysi

    cal E

    duca

    -tio

    n.12

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    min

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    ed in

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    ine

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    teris

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    ours

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    rogr

    amgo

    als,

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    gram

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    ectiv

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    impl

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    ulum

    pla

    nnin

    g co

    ncep

    ts.

    Aes

    thet

    ics

    has

    been

    add

    ed a

    s an

    are

    a of

    chi

    l-dr

    en's

    stu

    dy. I

    t has

    bee

    n in

    clud

    ed in

    the

    goal

    s fo

    r"p

    erso

    nal d

    evel

    opm

    ent r

    espo

    nse"

    and

    "ar

    tistic

    herit

    age

    resp

    onse

    ." T

    his

    has

    been

    don

    e in

    con

    -si

    dere

    d re

    spon

    se to

    rec

    ent d

    evel

    opm

    ents

    in D

    is-

    cipl

    ine-

    Bas

    ed A

    rt E

    duca

    tion

    (DB

    AE

    ), a

    nat

    iona

    lar

    t cur

    ricul

    um r

    efor

    m m

    ovem

    ent w

    ith w

    hich

    we

    are

    in e

    ssen

    tial a

    gree

    men

    t. A

    fina

    l cha

    nge

    to b

    eno

    ted

    is in

    the

    title

    of t

    his

    docu

    men

    tPla

    nnin

    g a

    Bal

    ance

    d C

    ompr

    ehen

    sive

    Art

    Cur

    ricul

    um fo

    r th

    eE

    lem

    enta

    ry S

    choo

    ls o

    f Ohi

    o. T

    his

    title

    ref

    lect

    sm

    ore

    prec

    isel

    y th

    e ki

    nd o

    f art

    cur

    ricul

    um a

    dvo-

    cate

    d fo

    r al

    l you

    ng p

    eopl

    e in

    21

  • The

    firs

    t edi

    tion

    of th

    is a

    rt g

    uide

    , ent

    itled

    Gui

    de-

    lines

    for

    Pla

    nnin

    g A

    rtilp

    stru

    ctio

    n in

    the

    Ele

    men

    -ta

    ry S

    choo

    ls o

    f Ohi

    o, w

    as p

    ublis

    hed

    by th

    eO

    hio

    Dep

    artm

    ent o

    f Edu

    catio

    n in

    197

    0. T

    his,

    the

    seco

    nd e

    ditio

    n, is

    pub

    lishe

    d be

    caus

    e of

    a c

    on-

    tinui

    ng r

    ecog

    nitio

    n th

    at s

    choo

    l dis

    tric

    ts n

    eed

    dire

    ctio

    n an

    d ex

    empl

    ary

    mod

    els

    for

    plan

    ning

    thei

    r el

    emen

    tary

    sch

    ool a

    rt c

    urric

    ula.

    Thi

    s pu

    bli-

    catio

    n, li

    ke th

    e ea

    rlier

    edi

    tion,

    ref

    lect

    s si

    gnifi

    cant

    deve

    lopm

    ents

    that

    hav

    e be

    en a

    ffect

    ing

    the

    dire

    ctio

    n of

    art

    edu

    catio

    n in

    the

    Uni

    ted

    Sta

    tes

    durin

    g th

    e la

    st q

    uart

    er c

    entu

    ry. S

    ix m

    ajor

    chan

    ges

    in th

    e fie

    ld h

    ave

    stim

    ulat

    ed th

    e w

    ritin

    gof

    this

    pub

    licat

    ion.

    The

    y ar

    e as

    follo

    ws:

    1. T

    he s

    ubje

    ct m

    atte

    r of

    the

    field

    of a

    rtits

    elf h

    as b

    ecom

    e an

    incr

    easi

    ngly

    impo

    rtan

    t sou

    rce

    for

    the

    goal

    s of

    art

    educ

    atio

    n.

    Prio

    r to

    196

    0, th

    e pu

    rpos

    es o

    f art

    edu

    ca-

    tion

    wer

    e an

    chor

    ed la

    rgel

    y in

    con

    cept

    s of

    child

    dev

    elop

    men

    t at t

    he e

    xpen

    se o

    f the

    subj

    ect m

    atte

    r of

    art

    . Art

    edu

    catio

    n w

    asth

    en "

    child

    -cen

    tere

    d" r

    athe

    r th

    an "

    subj

    ect-

    cent

    ered

    ." A

    sta

    tem

    ent o

    f bel

    iefs

    issu

    ed b

    yth

    e N

    atio

    nal A

    rt E

    duca

    tion

    Ass

    ocia

    tion

    (NA

    EA

    ) in

    194

    9 ve

    ry c

    lear

    ly s

    tate

    d th

    at a

    rt

    22

    3

    CH

    AP

    TE

    R O

    NE

    TH

    E N

    EE

    D F

    OR

    A N

    EW

    GU

    IDE

    FO

    R E

    LEM

    EN

    TA

    RY

    AR

    T IN

    ST

    RU

    CT

    ION

    educ

    atio

    n w

    as r

    egar

    ded

    at th

    at ti

    me

    mor

    eas

    a "

    deve

    lopm

    enta

    l act

    ivity

    than

    as

    abo

    dy o

    f sub

    ject

    mat

    ter.

    "

    Nin

    etee

    n ye

    ars

    late

    r, in

    its

    1968

    pos

    ition

    stat

    emen

    t, th

    e N

    AE

    A r

    efle

    cted

    a s

    igni

    fican

    tch

    ange

    in it

    s of

    ficia

    l poi

    nt o

    f vie

    w. "

    Art

    inth

    e sc

    hool

    is b

    oth

    a bo

    dy o

    f kno

    wle

    dge

    and

    a se

    ries

    of a

    ctiv

    ities

    whi

    ch th

    e te

    ache

    ror

    gani

    zes

    to p

    rovi

    de e

    xper

    ienc

    es r

    elat

    ed to

    spec

    ific

    goal

    s."

    In 1

    964,

    Bar

    kan

    took

    not

    eof

    the

    shift

    in v

    iew

    poin

    ts w

    hen

    he w

    rote

    the

    follo

    win

    g:

    The

    prim

    ary

    purp

    ose

    for

    the

    stud

    y of

    art

    by

    elem

    enta

    ry s

    choo

    l chi

    ldre

    n re

    sts

    on th

    ehu

    man

    e an

    d ae

    sthe

    tic v

    alue

    s to

    be

    deriv

    ed...

    Dev

    elop

    men

    tal c

    hara

    cter

    istic

    s in

    them

    selv

    es a

    re n

    ot th

    e en

    d go

    als

    of a

    rted

    ucat

    ion,

    nor

    are

    they

    the

    end

    goal

    s in

    any

    othe

    r fie

    ld. R

    athe

    r, d

    evel

    opm

    enta

    lne

    eds,

    cap

    aciti

    es, a

    nd a

    chie

    vem

    ents

    are

    amon

    g th

    e in

    stru

    men

    ts u

    sed

    by th

    ete

    ache

    r...

    Mor

    e re

    cent

    ly, S

    mith

    has

    writ

    ten

    that

    ...

    Afte

    r al

    l, to

    enc

    oura

    ge y

    oung

    stu

    dent

    s to

    expr

    ess

    them

    selv

    es fo

    r th

    e pu

    rpos

    es o

    f

    fost

    erin

    g th

    eir

    gene

    ral c

    reat

    ive

    and

    men

    tal

    disp

    ositi

    ons

    is n

    ot n

    eces

    saril

    y to

    teac

    h ar

    tor

    any

    thin

    g si

    gnifi

    cant

    abo

    ut it

    . But

    to th

    ink

    abou

    t art

    as

    a sc

    hool

    sub

    ject

    with

    dis

    tinc-

    tive

    goal

    s, c

    onte

    nt, a

    nd m

    etho

    ds im

    plie

    sbe

    liefs

    abo

    ut th

    e na

    ture

    of a

    rt, t

    he v

    ario

    usfu

    nctio

    ns it

    per

    form

    s, th

    e w

    ays

    it sh

    ould

    be

    expe

    rienc

    ed a

    nd ju

    dged

    , and

    so

    fort

    h.

    Writ

    ers,

    like

    Tab

    a, in

    the

    field

    of c

    urric

    ulum

    deve

    lopm

    ent n

    ote

    that

    mos

    t sub

    ject

    fiel

    ds a

    tso

    me

    time

    tend

    ed to

    des

    ign

    curr

    icul

    a ei

    ther

    as "

    child

    -cen

    tere

    d,"

    -cen

    tere

    d,"

    or"s

    ubje

    ct-c

    ente

    red.

    "P

    lann

    ers

    choo

    se o

    nece

    nter

    at t

    he e

    xpen

    se o

    f oth

    ers,

    ofte

    n lo

    sing

    som

    ethi

    ng in

    the

    proc

    ess.

    Mor

    e re

    cent

    cur

    -ric

    ulum

    -pla

    nnin

    g ef

    fort

    s te

    nd to

    use

    all

    thre

    ece

    nter

    s as

    a b

    asis

    for

    plan

    ning

    . In

    reco

    gniz

    -in

    g vi

    rtue

    in p

    lann

    ing

    an a

    rt c

    urric

    ulum

    that

    give

    s at

    tent

    ion

    to b

    oth

    self-

    deve

    lopm

    ent

    and

    subj

    ect m

    atte

    r co

    ncer

    ns, T

    ollif

    son

    mai

    ntai

    ns th

    at s

    tude

    nts'

    "se

    arch

    for

    mea

    n-in

    g in

    wor

    ks o

    f art

    can

    be

    turn

    ed to

    a s

    earc

    hfo

    r pe

    rson

    al m

    eani

    ng."

    19

    Suc

    h cu

    rric

    ulum

    tend

    enci

    es r

    ight

    ly p

    rese

    ntth

    e su

    bjec

    t in

    an in

    telle

    ctua

    lly h

    ones

    t way

    whi

    le a

    t the

    sam

    e tim

    e he

    lpin

    g st

    uden

    ts

    23

  • 4

    perc

    eive

    mea

    ning

    and

    rel

    evan

    ce in

    the

    cont

    ent f

    or th

    emse

    lves

    and

    for

    soci

    ety.

    Thu

    s, th

    e go

    al s

    tate

    men

    ts in

    this

    pub

    lica-

    tion

    refle

    ct c

    onsi

    dera

    tion

    of a

    ll th

    ree

    cur-

    ricul

    um c

    ente

    rs a

    s es

    sent

    ial i

    n ar

    ted

    ucat

    ion.

    2. T

    he c

    once

    ptio

    n of

    art

    act

    iviti

    es h

    asbe

    en b

    road

    ened

    to in

    clud

    e ar

    t crit

    icis

    m,

    art h

    isto

    ry, a

    nd a

    esth

    etic

    s as

    wel

    l as

    stud

    io p

    rodu

    ctio

    n.

    Not

    long

    ago

    , art

    act

    iviti

    es fo

    r ch

    ildre

    nw

    ere

    thou

    ght o

    f as

    limite

    d to

    the

    mak

    ing

    ofar

    t. M

    ore

    and

    mor

    e te

    ache

    rs n

    ow r

    ealiz

    eth

    at ta

    lkin

    g an

    d w

    ritin

    g kn

    owin

    gly

    and

    per-

    cept

    ivel

    y ab

    out w

    orks

    of a

    rt a

    re e

    qual

    lycr

    eativ

    e ta

    sks

    they

    can

    set

    for

    child

    ren.

    The

    orig

    inal

    impe

    tus

    for

    this

    cha

    nge

    has

    com

    e la

    rgel

    y fr

    om s

    tudi

    es b

    y E

    isne

    r,S

    mith

    ,21

    and

    Fel

    dman

    .22

    Eac

    h ha

    s ar

    gued

    pers

    uasi

    vely

    for

    teac

    hers

    to o

    rgan

    ize

    activ

    -iti

    es in

    art

    crit

    icis

    m a

    nd a

    rt h

    isto

    ry w

    hich

    will

    hel

    p ch

    ildre

    n de

    velo

    p th

    eir

    verb

    al a

    bili-

    ties

    for

    sens

    itive

    ly d

    escr

    ibin

    g, in

    terp

    retin

    g,an

    d ev

    alua

    ting

    wor

    ks o

    f art

    .

    Mor

    e re

    cent

    ly, t

    he s

    tudy

    of a

    esth

    etic

    s ha

    sbe

    en a

    dded

    as

    a fo

    urth

    com

    pone

    nt in

    acu

    rric

    ulum

    kno

    wn

    as D

    isci

    plin

    e-B

    ased

    Art

    Edu

    catio

    n (D

    BA

    E).

    Gai

    ning

    in in

    tern

    atio

    nal

    reco

    gniti

    on a

    s th

    e cu

    rric

    ulum

    of t

    he fu

    ture

    ,D

    BA

    E is

    act

    ivel

    y pr

    omot

    ed b

    y th

    e G

    etty

    Cen

    ter

    for

    Edu

    catio

    n in

    the

    Art

    s.

    The

    cen

    ter

    belie

    ves

    that

    if a

    rt e

    duca

    tion

    isto

    be

    acce

    pted

    as

    esse

    ntia

    l to

    ever

    y ch

    ild's

    educ

    atio

    n, p

    rogr

    ams

    will

    nee

    d to

    be

    deve

    l-op

    ed th

    at te

    ach

    cont

    ent f

    rom

    four

    dis

    ci-

    plin

    es th

    at c

    onst

    itute

    art

    : art

    his

    tory

    , art

    prod

    uctio

    n, a

    rt c

    ritic

    ism

    , and

    aes

    thet

    ics.

    Suc

    h di

    scip

    line-

    base

    d ar

    t edu

    catio

    n pr

    o-,

    24

    gram

    s sh

    ould

    offe

    r in

    stru

    ctio

    n in

    the

    four

    disc

    iplin

    es b

    ecau

    se e

    ach

    one

    impa

    rts

    know

    ledg

    e an

    d de

    velo

    ps s

    kills

    that

    hel

    pch

    ildre

    n un

    ders

    tand

    art

    bet

    ter,

    dra

    w in

    fer-

    ence

    s ab

    out a

    rt's

    his

    toric

    al a

    nd c

    ultu

    ral

    cont

    exts

    , and

    ana

    lyze

    and

    inte

    rpre

    t the

    mea

    ning

    of a

    rt w

    orks

    .

    The

    NA

    EA

    has

    ref

    lect

    ed th

    is b

    road

    ened

    conc

    eptio

    n of

    art

    cur

    ricul

    um in

    its

    rece

    ntst

    atem

    ent o

    f "N

    AE

    A G

    oals

    for

    a Q

    ualit

    y A

    rtE

    duca

    tion.

    "24

    As

    one

    of it

    s th

    ree

    maj

    orgo

    als

    for

    achi

    evem

    ent i

    n th

    e 19

    90s,

    the

    NA

    EA

    Boa

    rd a

    dopt

    ed th

    e fo

    llow

    ing:

    All

    elem

    enta

    ry a

    nd s

    econ

    dary

    sch

    ools

    shal

    l req

    uire

    stu

    dent

    s to

    com

    plet

    e a

    sequ

    entia

    l pro

    gram

    of a

    rt in

    stru

    ctio

    n th

    at is

    bala

    nced

    to in

    clud

    e th

    e st

    udy

    of a

    esth

    etic

    s,ar

    t crit

    icis

    m, a

    rt h

    isto

    ry, a

    nd a

    rt p

    rodu

    ctio

    n.T

    hus,

    this

    cur

    ricul

    um g

    uide

    des

    crib

    es s

    tu-

    dent

    act

    iviti

    es in

    eac

    h of

    thes

    e ar

    eas.

    3. M

    any

    curr

    ent s

    ocia

    l con

    cern

    s ca

    ll fo

    rne

    w c

    onte

    nt.

    The

    soc

    ial p

    robl

    ems

    of th

    e 19

    70s

    pers

    ist i

    nth

    e 19

    90sp

    over

    ty, c

    rime,

    rac

    ism

    , alie

    n-at

    ion

    of th

    e yo

    ung,

    pol

    lutio

    n of

    the

    envi

    ron-

    men

    t, an

    d su

    bsta

    nce

    and

    alco

    hol a

    buse

    . In

    resp

    onse

    , art

    edu

    cato

    rs in

    incr

    easi

    ng n

    um-

    bers

    hav

    e be

    gun

    to u

    rge

    that

    the

    cont

    ent o

    far

    t ins

    truc

    tion

    focu

    s on

    pro

    blem

    s in

    volv

    ing

    envi

    ronm

    enta

    l des

    igrh

    the

    mas

    s m

    edia

    ,an

    d th

    e po

    pula

    r ar

    ts.

    The

    se a

    re a

    reas

    of

    livin

    g th

    at in

    volv

    e ke

    en p

    erce

    ptio

    n an

    dju

    dgm

    ent o

    n th

    e pa

    rt o

    f you

    th. T

    he u

    nder

    -st

    andi

    ng th

    at v

    isua

    l for

    ms

    have

    the

    pow

    erto

    sha

    pe th

    e en

    viro

    nmen

    t and

    influ

    ence

    the

    beha

    vior

    of p

    eopl

    e ha

    s se

    rved

    to a

    lert

    man

    y ar

    t edu

    cato

    rs to

    the

    need

    for

    cont

    ent

    that

    is s

    ocia

    lly r

    elev

    ant.

    Thu

    s, th

    is p

    ublic

    a-

    tion

    incl

    udes

    con

    tent

    focu

    sed

    on a

    rt in

    soci

    ety.

    4. N

    ew d

    evel

    opm

    ents

    in th

    e vi

    sual

    art

    s ar

    epr

    ovid

    ing

    new

    con

    tent

    for

    teac

    hing

    art

    .

    Dur

    ing

    the

    last

    four

    dec

    ades

    , we

    have

    wit-

    ness

    ed a

    pro

    fusi

    on o

    f new

    sty

    les

    from

    Abs

    trac

    t-E

    xpre

    ssio

    nism

    to P

    op-A

    rt, F

    unk

    Art

    , Min

    imal

    Art

    , Con

    cept

    ual A

    rt, N

    eo-

    Exp

    ress

    ioni

    sm, P

    ost-

    Mod

    erni

    sm, a

    ndm

    any

    othe

    rs. A

    rt c

    ritic

    s an

    d di

    scer

    ning

    lay-

    men

    hav

    e be

    gun

    to fi

    nd th

    at it

    is n

    o lo

    nger

    poss

    ible

    to c

    lass

    ify a

    nd in

    terp

    ret t

    he p

    rod-

    ucts

    of m

    any

    cont

    empo

    rary

    art

    ists

    in te

    rms

    of th

    e st

    anda

    rds

    and

    crite

    ria u

    sed

    in th

    epa

    st. O

    nce

    it w

    as p

    ossi

    ble

    to d

    istin

    guis

    hsc

    ulpt

    ure

    from

    pai

    ntin

    g, b

    ut n

    ow, f

    or e

    xam

    -pl

    e, o

    ne c

    an fi

    nd s

    culp

    tors

    who

    pai

    nt th

    eir

    form

    s an

    d pa

    inte

    rs w

    ho u

    se th

    ree-

    dim

    en-

    sion

    al o

    bjec

    ts in

    thei

    r w

    orks

    . The

    trad

    ition

    albo

    unda

    ries

    sepa

    ratin

    g on

    e m

    ediu

    m fr

    oman

    othe

    r ar

    e no

    long

    er a

    pplic

    able

    .

    Als

    o, tr

    aditi

    onal

    art

    sta

    ndar

    ds h

    ave

    been

    stre

    tche

    d to

    the

    brea

    king

    poi

    nt b

    y ar

    tists

    who

    pat

    tern

    thei

    r w

    ork

    afte

    r su

    ch a

    rt fo

    rms

    as c

    omic

    str

    ips

    and

    billb

    oard

    s. In

    add

    ition

    ,ar

    tists

    , suc

    h as

    Jud

    d, h

    ave

    crea

    ted

    wor

    ks o

    far

    t by

    givi

    ng in

    stru

    ctio

    ns o

    ver

    the

    tele

    phon

    e.B

    y do

    ing

    so, t

    hey

    have

    cha

    lleng

    ed th

    e lo

    ng-

    stan

    ding

    bel

    ief t

    hat e

    ach

    artis

    t sho

    uld

    crea

    tew

    orks

    by

    her/

    his

    own

    hand

    . Arc

    hite

    cts

    now

    wor

    king

    in th

    e st

    yle

    know

    n as

    "po

    st m

    od-

    erni

    sm"

    have

    bro

    ken

    with

    the

    "tra

    ditio

    n of

    the

    new

    ." T

    hey

    reac

    h ba

    ck to

    pas

    t his

    toric

    alpe

    riods

    for

    arch

    itect

    ural

    feat

    ures

    to "

    appr

    o-pr

    iate

    " in

    thei

    r ow

    n st

    ruct

    ures

    .

    The

    mag

    nitu

    de o

    f the

    se c

    hang

    es r

    aise

    sm

    any

    ques

    tions

    for

    art c

    ritic

    s an

    d th

    e pu

    b-lic

    , as

    they

    atte

    mpt

    to in

    terp

    ret t

    he m

    ean-

    25

  • ing

    of n

    ew fo

    rms

    and

    judg

    e th

    eir

    valu

    es. A

    sa

    cons

    eque

    nce

    of th

    ese

    deve

    lopm

    ents

    ,th

    ere

    is a

    nee

    d to

    intr

    oduc

    e ne

    w c

    onte

    ntth

    roug

    h w

    hich

    toda

    y's

    stud

    ents

    mig

    htco

    me

    to u

    nder

    stan

    d th

    e ar

    t of t

    heir

    own

    time.

    Thu

    s, th

    is p

    ublic

    atio

    n at

    tem

    pts

    to fo

    s-te

    r un

    ders

    tand

    ing

    of c

    onte

    mpo

    rary

    art

    form

    s an

    d st

    yles

    .

    5. T

    he q

    uest

    for

    "exc

    elle

    nce"

    in e

    duca

    tion

    has

    calle

    d fo

    r ne

    w d

    irect

    ions

    in a

    rt e

    du-

    catio

    n.

    In r

    ecen

    t yea

    rs, m

    any

    of th

    is c

    ount

    ry's

    polit

    ical

    and

    bus

    ines

    s le

    ader

    s ha

    ve g

    row

    nfe

    arfu

    l tha

    t the

    Uni

    ted

    Sta

    tes

    may

    be

    falli

    ngbe

    hind

    in it

    s ab

    ility

    to c

    ompe

    te e

    cono

    mi-

    cally

    with

    oth

    er a

    dvan

    ced

    indu

    stria

    lna

    tions

    . Thi

    s ha

    s le

    ad to

    num

    erou

    s st

    ate-

    men

    ts o

    f con

    cern

    for

    the

    abili

    ty o

    f our

    edu

    -ca

    tiona

    l sys

    tem

    to p

    repa

    re c

    itize

    ns to

    take

    part

    effe

    ctiv

    ely

    in in

    tern

    atio

    nal e

    cono

    mic

    com

    petit

    ion.

    The

    se c

    once

    rns

    have

    bee

    nvo

    iced

    by

    mea

    ns o

    f a p

    leth

    ora

    of p

    anel

    and

    com

    mis

    sion

    rep

    orts

    and

    indi

    vidu

    al s

    tudi

    esal

    l crit

    ical

    of t

    he n

    atio

    n's

    scho

    ols.

    As

    agr

    oup,

    thes

    e re

    port

    s, w

    ith v

    arie

    d re

    com

    -m

    enda

    tions

    , hav

    e co

    me

    to b

    e re

    ferr

    ed to

    as "

    the

    exce

    llenc

    e re

    port

    s."

    Thu

    s, th

    e qu

    est f

    or e

    xcel

    lenc

    e in

    edu

    catio

    nha

    s be

    com

    e a

    natio

    nal p

    riorit

    y ca

    lling

    for

    fund

    amen

    tal e

    duca

    tiona

    l ref

    orm

    . The

    exce

    llenc

    e re

    port

    s ar

    e si

    gnifi

    cant

    for

    art

    educ

    atio

    n be

    caus

    e th

    ey a

    ll re

    com

    men

    dcu

    rric

    ula

    that

    incl

    udes

    the

    arts

    . In

    seve

    ral,

    art i

    s un

    ders

    tood

    as

    a ba

    sic

    subj

    ect o

    f the

    curr

    icul

    um. O

    ne r

    epor

    t tha

    t pla

    ces

    the

    stud

    y of

    the

    arts

    at t

    he c

    ente

    r of

    the

    cur-

    ricul

    um is

    that

    by

    Ern

    est B

    oyer

    , a fo

    rmer

    com

    mis

    sion

    er o

    f edu

    catio

    n. H

    e st

    ates

    that

    ...

    26

    5

  • 6

    The

    art

    s ar

    e an

    ess

    entia

    l par

    t of t

    he h

    uman

    expe

    rienc

    e. T

    hey

    are

    not a

    frill

    . We

    reco

    m-

    men

    d th

    at a

    ll st

    uden

    ts s

    tudy

    the

    arts

    to d

    is-

    cove

    r ho

    w h

    uman

    bei

    ngs

    use

    nonv

    erba

    lsy

    mbo

    ls a

    nd c

    omm

    unic

    ate

    not o

    nly

    with

    wor

    ds b

    ut th

    roug

    h m

    usic

    , dan

    ce, a

    nd th

    evi

    sual

    art

    s.

    At t

    he r

    eque

    st o

    f the

    NA

    EA

    , Sm

    ith28

    has

    ende

    avor

    ed to

    go

    beyo

    nd th

    e ge

    nera

    liza-

    tions

    of t

    he e

    xcel

    lenc

    e re

    port

    s to

    cla

    rify

    and

    deep

    en o

    ur u

    nder

    stan

    ding

    of t

    he n

    atur

    e of

    exce

    llenc

    e as

    it p

    erta

    ins

    spec

    ifica

    lly to

    exce

    llenc

    e in

    an

    art c

    urric

    ulum

    . For

    Sm

    ith,

    The

    gen

    eral

    goa

    l of a

    rt e

    duca

    tion

    may

    be

    stat

    ed a

    s th

    e de

    velo

    pmen

    t of a

    dis

    posi

    tion

    to a

    ppre

    ciat

    e th

    e ex

    celle

    nce

    of a

    rt, w

    here

    the

    exce

    llenc

    e of

    art

    impl

    ies

    two

    thin

    gs: t

    heca

    paci

    ty o

    f wor

    ks o

    f art

    at t

    heir

    best

    toin

    tens

    ify a

    nd e

    nlar

    ge th

    e sc

    ope

    of h

    uman

    awar

    enes

    s an

    d ex

    perie

    nce

    and

    the

    pecu

    -lia

    r qu

    aliti

    es o

    f art

    wor

    ks w

    henc

    e su

    ch a

    capa

    city

    der

    ives

    .

    The

    exc

    elle

    nce

    art c

    urric

    ulum

    that

    Sm

    ithad

    voca

    tes

    is o

    ne th

    at h

    elps

    stu

    dent

    s ap

    pre-

    ciat

    e, v

    alue

    , and

    und

    erst

    and

    the

    qual

    ities

    and

    expr

    essi

    ve m

    eani

    ngs

    to b

    e fo

    und

    inex

    celle

    nt w

    orks

    of a

    rt. T

    hey

    are

    the

    exem

    -pl

    ars,

    "th

    e pi

    nnac

    les

    of a

    rtis

    tic a

    chie

    ve-

    men

    t" r

    epre

    sent

    ing

    the

    best

    from

    all

    hist

    oric

    al p

    erio

    ds, c

    ultu

    res,

    and

    civ

    iliza

    tions

    .B

    y st

    uden

    ts c

    omin

    g in

    to c

    onta

    ct w

    ith th

    ese

    exem

    plar

    s th

    ey a

    re p

    rovi

    ded

    acce

    ss to

    thei

    rar

    tistic

    her

    itage

    . Stu

    dent

    s ar

    e th

    us e

    mpo

    w-

    ered

    by

    the

    "aes

    thet

    ic, c

    ogni

    tive,

    and

    mor

    alva

    lues

    " em

    bodi

    ed in

    sup

    erio

    r w

    orks

    of a

    rtto

    bec

    ome

    exce

    llent

    hum

    an b

    eing

    s.

    28

    6.C

    ogni

    tive

    proc

    esse

    s ar

    e in

    crea

    sing

    lyre

    cogn

    ized

    as

    fund

    amen

    tal i

    n ar

    tex

    perie

    nce.

    A d

    imen

    sion

    of e

    xcel

    lenc

    e, e

    lude

    d to

    by

    Sm

    ith in

    the

    NA

    EA

    pub

    licat

    ion

    and

    focu

    sed

    on d

    irect

    ly b

    y ot

    hers

    , is

    that

    of c

    ogni

    tive

    deve

    lopm

    ent t

    hrou

    gh a

    rt e

    xper

    ienc

    e.P

    erki

    ns a

    nd G

    ardn

    er, t

    hrou

    gh r

    esea

    rch

    in "

    Pro

    ject

    Zer

    o" a

    t Har

    vard

    Uni

    vers

    ity,

    have

    ale

    rted

    the

    field

    that

    art

    sho

    uld

    beco

    nsid

    ered

    a fo

    rm o

    f thi

    nkin

    g; a

    type

    of

    visu

    al p

    robl

    em s

    olvi

    ng. T

    hey

    also

    con

    side

    rar

    t as

    a fo

    rm o

    f lan

    guag

    e; a

    uni

    que

    form

    of

    know

    ing

    the

    wor

    ld th

    at is

    diff

    eren

    t fro

    m, b

    uton

    a p

    ar w

    ith, s

    cien

    ce a

    nd m

    athe

    mat

    ics.

    Har

    ste3

    1 an

    d hi

    s co

    lleag

    ues

    at th

    e U

    nive

    rsity

    of In

    dian

    a ha

    ve d

    evel

    oped

    a th

    eore

    tical

    stru

    ctur

    e fo

    r pr

    imar

    y el

    emen

    tary

    gra

    des

    that

    plac

    es th

    e vi

    sual

    art

    s in

    a c

    entr

    al p

    ositi

    on in

    inst

    ruct

    ion.

    It is

    one

    of f

    ive

    fund

    amen

    tal

    "mod

    es o

    f com

    mun

    icat

    ion"

    alo

    ng w

    ith r

    ead-

    ing,

    writ

    ing,

    mus

    ic, a

    nd d

    ram

    a/m

    ovem

    ent.

    Thu

    s, th

    is, t

    he 1

    992

    editi

    on o

    f the

    Ohi

    oD

    epar

    tmen

    t of E

    duca

    tion'

    s ar

    t edu

    catio

    ngu

    idel

    ine

    for

    elem

    enta

    ry s

    choo

    ls, i

    s an

    art

    curr

    icul

    um o

    f exc

    elle

    nce.

    Mee

    ting

    the

    crite

    riaof

    exc

    elle

    nce

    calle

    d fo

    r in

    the

    NA

    EA

    doc

    u-m

    ent,

    it di

    rect

    s an

    d en

    cour

    ages

    sch

    ools

    toid

    entif

    y an

    d us

    e ar

    t wor

    ks to

    enc

    hanc

    e st

    u-de

    nt d

    evel

    omen

    t. A

    lso,

    the

    goal

    s, o

    bjec

    tives

    ,an

    d ac

    tiviti

    es a

    re g

    roun

    ded

    in th

    e be

    lief t

    hat

    child

    ren'

    s co

    gniti

    ve p

    ower

    s of

    per

    cept

    ion,

    reas

    onin

    g, a

    nd fe

    elin

    g ar

    e en

    ergi

    zed

    and

    inte

    grat

    ed d

    urin

    g th

    eir

    expe

    rienc

    e w

    ith a

    rt.

    In s

    umm

    ary,

    then

    , the

    re is

    a n

    eed

    for

    art c

    urric

    -ul

    a w

    hich

    mor

    e tr

    uly

    refle

    ct to

    day'

    s gr

    eate

    raw

    aren

    ess

    and

    conc

    ern

    for

    art a

    s a

    subs

    tant

    ive

    field

    of s

    tudy

    . Sec

    ond,

    gui

    delin

    es a

    re n

    eede

    d by

    scho

    ols

    to h

    elp

    them

    pla

    n w

    ays

    to in

    clud

    e ar

    tcr

    itici

    sm, a

    rt h

    isto

    ry, a

    nd a

    esth

    etic

    s as

    con

    tent

    alon

    g w

    ith a

    rt p

    rodu

    ctio

    n. T

    hird

    , per

    sist

    ent s

    ocia

    lco

    ncer

    ns, e

    spec

    ially

    thos

    e w

    hich

    hav

    e to

    do

    with

    the

    qual

    ity o

    f the

    env

    ironm

    ent,

    have

    bro

    ught

    toth

    e fo

    re a

    gre

    ater

    dem

    and

    for

    cont

    ent t

    o he

    lpyo

    ung

    peop

    le u

    nder

    stan

    d ar

    t in

    soci

    ety.

    Fou

    rth,

    ther

    e is

    nee

    d fo

    r ne

    w a

    rt c

    urric

    ulum

    con

    tent

    whi

    ch r

    efle

    cts

    new

    art

    sty

    les,

    form

    s, a

    nd m

    edia

    char

    acte

    ristic

    of o

    ur ti

    mes

    . Fift

    h, th

    e ca

    lls fo

    rex

    celle

    nce

    in e

    duca

    tion

    mus

    t be

    hear

    d an

    d m

    etby

    art

    edu

    catio

    n. F

    inal

    ly, g

    uide

    lines

    are

    nee

    ded

    to h

    elp

    scho

    ols

    capi

    taliz

    e on

    the

    cogn

    itive

    val

    ues

    of th

    e ar

    t exp

    erie

    nce

    for

    child

    ren.

    The

    cur

    ricul

    umde

    scrib

    ed o

    n th

    e fo

    llow

    ing

    page

    s ac

    cept

    s th

    isch

    alle

    nge.

    It is

    an

    exce

    llenc

    e ar

    t cur

    ricul

    um.

    The

    nam

    e w

    e ha

    ve c

    hose

    n to

    giv

    e th

    is k

    ind

    ofar

    t cur

    ricul

    um fo

    r th

    e sc

    hool

    s of

    Ohi

    o is

    Bal

    -an

    ced

    Com

    preh

    ensi

    ve A

    rt C

    urric

    ulum

    (BC

    AC

    ). B

    CA

    C is

    com

    preh

    ensi

    ve b

    ecau

    se it

    incl

    udes

    four

    maj

    or a

    reas

    for

    stud

    ent l

    earn

    ing

    art p

    rodu

    ctio

    n, a

    rt c

    ritic

    ism

    and

    aes

    thet

    ics,

    art

    hist

    ory,

    and

    art

    in s

    ocie

    ty. B

    CA

    C is

    bal

    ance

    dbe

    caus

    e, in

    a k

    inde

    rgar

    ten

    thro

    ugh

    twel

    fth-g

    rade

    curr

    icul

    um, b

    alan

    ced

    atte

    ntio

    n is

    giv

    en to

    all

    four

    area

    s in

    term

    s of

    sta

    ffing

    , fac

    ilitie

    s, in

    stru

    ctio

    nal

    time,

    res

    ourc

    es, a

    nd s

    uppo

    rt fr

    om s

    choo

    l adm

    in-

    istr

    ator

    s an

    d bo

    ards

    of e

    duca

    tion.

    BC

    AC

    is th

    e ex

    celle

    nce

    art c

    urric

    ulum

    of t

    hefu

    ture

    . The

    ele

    men

    tary

    sch

    ools

    of O

    hio

    are

    invi

    ted

    to u

    se th

    is g

    uide

    line

    to a

    ssur

    e th

    at y

    oung

    peop

    le li

    ving

    in th

    e st

    ate

    will

    hav

    e de

    velo

    ped

    both

    thei

    r ab

    ility

    to e

    xpre

    ss th

    emse

    lves

    cre

    -at

    ivel

    y th

    roug

    h th

    e vi

    sual

    art

    s an

    d th

    eir

    abili

    ty to

    resp

    ond

    inte

    llige

    ntly

    and

    sen

    sitiv

    ely

    to th

    e w

    orks

    of a

    rt th

    ey e

    ncou

    nter

    thro

    ugho

    ut th

    eir

    lives

    .

    29

  • One

    of t

    he fi

    rst t

    asks

    of s

    choo

    l dis

    tric

    t art

    cur

    -ric

    ulum

    or

    cour

    se o

    f stu

    dy p

    lann

    ers

    is th

    at o

    fid

    entif

    ying

    the

    goal

    s of

    the

    art p

    rogr

    am th

    atap

    ply

    to s

    tude

    nt le

    arni

    ng a

    t all

    grad

    e le

    vels

    .T

    hese

    are

    ref

    erre

    d to

    as

    art p

    rogr

    am g

    oals

    .G

    oals

    ans

    wer

    the

    ques

    tion,

    "W

    hy te

    ach

    art?

    "T

    his

    is a

    mos

    t im

    port

    ant,

    but o

    ften

    times

    , per

    -pl

    exin

    g ta

    sk s

    ince

    art

    pro

    gram

    goa

    ls n

    eed

    to b

    est

    ated

    in a

    way

    that

    allo

    ws

    them

    to d

    o th

    ree

    jobs

    sim

    ulta

    neou

    sly.

    Firs

    t, th

    ey s

    houl

    d sh

    ow th

    at th

    eyar

    e co

    nsis

    tent

    with

    the

    aim

    s of

    gen

    eral

    edu

    ca-

    tion.

    Sec

    ond,

    they

    sho

    uld

    refle

    ct th

    e th

    eore

    tical

    and

    philo

    soph

    ical

    str

    uctu

    re o

    f the

    fiel

    d of

    art

    educ

    atio

    n its

    elf.

    And

    fina

    lly, t

    hey

    shou

    ld p

    rovi

    dedi

    rect

    ion

    into

    the

    prac

    tical

    rea

    litie

    s of

    teac

    hing

    .

    The

    cen

    tral

    aim

    s of

    gen

    eral

    edu

    catio

    n on

    whi

    chth

    e go

    als

    of B

    CA

    C m

    ay b

    e ba

    sed

    are

    as fo

    llow

    s:

    I.T

    o fo

    ster

    the

    pers

    onal

    dev

    elop

    men

    t of

    each

    indi

    vidu

    al

    II.T

    o tr

    ansm

    it th

    e cu

    ltura

    l her

    itage

    III.

    To

    impr

    ove

    soci

    ety.

    32

    30

    The

    se, t

    he c

    ore

    belie

    fs a

    bout

    the

    purp

    oses

    of e

    du-

    catio

    n, a

    re fu

    ndam

    enta

    l to

    all s

    ubje

    ct a

    reas

    taug

    htin

    the

    scho

    ols,

    incl

    udin

    g ar

    t edu

    catio

    n. A

    rt e

    duca

    -tio

    n ex

    ists

    in th

    e sc

    hool

    s to

    con

    trib

    ute

    to th

    eat

    tain

    men

    t of t

    hese

    thre

    e ai

    ms

    of g

    ener

    al e

    duca

    -tio

    n. W

    hen

    art t

    each

    ers

    help

    stu

    dent

    s de

    velo

    pth

    eir

    capa

    citie

    s fo

    r cr

    eativ

    e, s

    ensi

    tive,

    and

    inte

    lli-

    gent

    par

    ticip

    atio

    n in

    the

    visu

    al a

    rts,

    they

    are

    achi

    evin

    g th

    e ai

    m o

    f per

    sona

    l dev

    elop

    men

    t. T

    heai

    m o

    f tra

    nsm

    ittin

    g th

    e cu

    ltura

    l her

    itage

    is a

    ttain

    edw

    hen

    stud

    ents

    stu

    dy th

    e ar

    tistic

    her

    itage

    that

    prov

    ides

    them

    with

    a v

    isua

    l rec

    ord

    of h

    uman

    s'ef

    fort

    s to

    mak

    e se

    nse

    out o

    f the

    ir ex

    iste

    nce.

    Whe

    nar

    t tea

    cher

    s en

    gage

    you

    ng p

    eopl

    e in

    the

    stud

    y of

    art i

    n so

    ciet

    y, th

    ey s

    erve

    to im

    prov

    e so

    ciet

    y.

    Whe

    n ar

    t cur

    ricul

    um p

    lann

    ers

    link

    the

    goal

    s of

    art e

    duca

    tion

    to th

    e ai

    ms

    of g

    ener

    al e

    duca

    tion

    inth

    is w

    ay, t

    hey

    crea

    te a

    pow

    erfu

    l rat

    iona

    le fo

    r ar

    tin

    the

    scho

    ols.

    Art

    is th

    ereb

    y sh

    own

    to h

    ave

    rel-

    evan

    ce fo

    r al

    l peo

    plef

    or o

    ur s

    tude

    nts,

    for

    artis

    ts a

    nd o

    ther

    pro

    fess

    iona

    l sch

    olar

    s of

    art

    ,an

    d fo

    r th

    ose

    who

    mig

    ht b

    e ca

    lled

    the

    con-

    sum

    ers

    and

    user

    s of

    art

    in s

    ocie

    ty.

    7

    CH

    AP

    TE

    R T

    WO

    AR

    T P

    RO

    GR

    AM

    GO

    ALS

    Art

    pro

    gram

    goa

    ls s

    houl

    d al

    so r

    efle

    ct th

    e th

    eo-

    ries

    and

    philo

    soph

    ies

    that

    exp

    lain

    the

    natu

    re o

    far

    t. W

    hile

    sch

    olar

    s di

    sagr

    ee w

    ith s

    o-ca

    lled

    "pro

    per"

    def

    initi

    ons

    of a

    rt, t

    hey

    are

    in g

    ener

    alag

    reem

    ent t

    hat a

    rt is

    exp

    erie

    nced

    thro

    ugh

    two

    mea

    ns o

    r m

    odes

    exp

    ress

    ion

    thro

    ugh

    art a

    ndre

    spon

    se to

    art

    .E

    xpre

    ssio

    n re

    fers

    to th

    e pr

    o-ce

    ss o

    f con

    veyi

    ng id

    eas

    and

    feel

    ings

    thro

    ugh

    wor

    ks o

    f art

    . Thi

    s pr

    oces

    s in

    volv

    es th

    e di

    scov

    ery

    of id

    eas,

    the

    tran

    sfor

    mat

    ion

    or d

    evel

    opm

    ent o

    fth

    ose

    idea

    s by

    art

    istic

    mea

    ns, a

    nd th

    eir

    rend

    ition

    in a

    n ar

    tistic

    med

    ium

    . Res

    pons

    e re

    fers

    to th

    epr

    oces

    s of

    vie

    win

    g an

    d ve

    rbal

    ly r

    eact

    ing

    to a

    com

    plet

    ed w

    ork

    of a

    rt. I

    t inv

    olve

    s th

    e de

    scrip

    tion

    of a

    esth

    etic

    qua

    litie

    s, th

    e an

    alys

    is o

    f vis

    ual r

    ela-

    tions

    hips

    , the

    inte

    rpre

    tatio

    n of

    mea

    ning

    s, a

    ndth

    e ju

    dgm

    ent o

    f the

    sig

    nific

    ance

    of w

    orks

    of a

    rt.

    Whe

    n ar

    t pro

    gram

    goa

    ls a

    re r

    elat

    ed to

    the

    two

    mod

    es fo

    r ex

    perie

    ncin

    g ar

    t (ex

    pres

    sion

    and

    resp

    onse

    ), te

    ache

    rs c

    an s

    ee h

    ow g

    oals

    giv

    e di

    rec-

    tion

    to th

    eir

    teac

    hing

    . Whe

    n go

    als

    are

    deriv

    edfr

    om th

    e th

    ree

    aim

    s of

    gen

    eral

    edu

    catio

    n (f

    oste

    r-in

    g pe

    rson

    al d

    evel

    opm

    ent,

    tran

    smitt

    ing

    the

    cultu

    ral

    herit

    age,

    and

    impr

    ovin

    g so

    ciet

    y), t

    each

    ers

    can

    see

    othe

    r co

    nnec

    tions

    to th

    e pr

    actic

    e of

    teac

    hing

    art

    .

    31.

  • 8 To fo

    ster

    per

    sona

    l dev

    elop

    men

    t, te

    ache

    rs c

    anes

    tabl

    ish

    that

    two

    of th

    eir

    prog

    ram

    goa

    ls a

    re to

    enab

    le s

    tude

    nts

    to

    1. e

    xpre

    ss p

    erso

    nal i

    deas

    and

    feel

    ings

    by

    visu

    al m

    eans

    2. p

    erce

    ive

    and

    resp

    ond

    to w

    orks

    of a

    rt

    To

    tran

    smit

    the

    cultu

    ral h

    erita

    ge, t

    each

    ers

    can

    esta

    blis

    h th

    at tw

    o pr

    ogra

    m g

    oals

    are

    to e

    nabl

    est

    uden

    ts to

    1. u

    nder

    stan

    d ho

    w a

    rtis

    ts e

    xpre

    ss id

    eas

    and

    feel

    ings

    in w

    orks

    of a

    rt

    2. u

    nder

    stan

    d ho

    w a

    rt h

    isto

    rians

    , aes

    thet

    i-ci

    ans,

    and

    art

    crit

    ics

    resp

    ond

    to w

    orks

    of a

    rt

    To

    impr

    ove

    soci

    ety,

    teac

    hers

    can

    stip

    ulat

    e th

    atan

    othe

    r pa

    ir of

    pro

    gram

    goa

    ls fo

    r ar

    t edu

    catio

    nis

    to e

    nabl

    e st

    uden

    ts to

    1. b

    ecom

    e aw

    are

    of th

    e w

    ays

    soci

    etie

    s ex

    pres

    sva

    lues

    and

    bel

    iefs

    thro

    ugh

    visu

    al fo

    rms

    2. b

    ecom

    e aw

    are

    of th

    e w

    ays

    soci

    etie

    sre

    spon

    d to

    vis

    ual i

    mag

    es

    Sch

    ool d

    istr

    ict a

    rt e

    duca

    tion

    plan

    ners

    are

    invi

    ted

    to e

    xam

    ine

    thes

    e pr

    ogra

    m g

    oal s

    tate

    men

    ts a

    ndus

    e th

    em a

    s gi

    ven

    in th

    eir

    own

    cour

    ses

    of s

    tudy

    and

    curr

    icul

    um g

    uide

    lines

    or

    mod

    ify a

    nd r

    efin

    eth

    em in

    term

    s of

    dis

    tric

    t nee

    ds. O

    n th

    e fo

    llow

    ing

    page

    s, th

    e th

    ree

    maj

    or a

    ims

    of e

    duca

    tion

    and

    thei

    r re

    late

    d pr

    ogra

    m g

    oals

    for

    art e

    duca

    tion

    are

    rest

    ated

    alo

    ng w

    ith m

    ore

    deta

    iled

    expl

    anat

    ions

    and

    ratio

    nale

    s fo

    r w

    hy w

    e te

    ach

    art.

    32

    I

    33

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