Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 398 007 RC 020 648
TITLE First Nations Development Institute Biennial Report,1994/95.
INSTITUTION First Nations Development Inst., Fredericksburg, VA.PUB DATE Jul 95NOTE 121p.; Photographs will not reproduce adequately.PUB TYPE Reports Descriptive (141)
EDRS PRICE MF01/PC05 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS American Indian Culture; American Indian Education:
*American Indian Reservations; *Cultui-al Maintenance;*Economic Development; *Financial Support; ProgramDescriptions; *Self Determination; SustainableDevelopment; Tribal Sovereignty; Tribes; YouthPrograms
IDENTIFIERS *Cultural Values; *First Nations DevelopmentInstitute; Native Americans
ABSTRACTThis report describes economic development projects
that were funded during 1994-95 by the First Nations DevelopmentInstitute. The Institute was established in 1980 to help tribes buildsound, sustainable reservation economies. Through the Eagle StaffFund, the Institute regrants funds for culturally viable economicdevelopment projects from a pool of resources, provided by aconsortium of funders committed to Native American development.Twelve economic development projects are described and related to theprimary elements of culturally appropriate development, which includecontrol of assets, spirituality, kinship, and personal efficacy.Projects include the InterTribal Bison Cooperative, which hasreturned buffalo herds to the Plains tribes; the Nez Perce YoungHorseman Program, which has involved young people in revitalizingtraditional horse culture; the Mni Sose Intertribal Water RightsCoalition, supporting efforts of Missouri River Basin tribes toassert control over their water rights; the Kalalea FarmersAssociation in Anahola, Hawaii, which has allowed families to beself-sufficient by marketing vegetables that are normally imported;the Hopi Foundation that develops programs to meet the cultural,economic, and spiritual needs of the Hopi tribe; and Touch the EarthFoundation, which develops tribally operated ecotourism camps thatpay for youth camps where tribal elders work with young people. Thebooklet also covers the Oweesta Program, which addresses the criticallack of access to credit and capital in Native communities; policiesof the Institute; a list and brief description of the 40 economicdevelopment projects funded by the Institute; a list of foundationand institutional supporters of the Institute during 1993-95; and afinancial report of the Institute as of June 30, 1994. Includes manyphotographs. (LP)
************************************************************************
*Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made
from the original document.***********************************************************************
Ic
*
2
FIR
ST N
AT
iON
SD
EV
EL
OPM
EN
T I
NST
ITU
TE
BE
ST C
OPY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
PE
RM
ISS
ION
TO
RE
PR
OD
UC
E A
ND
DIS
SE
MIN
AT
E T
HIS
MA
TE
RIA
LH
AS
BE
EN
GR
TE
D B
Y
e,
TO
TH
E E
DU
CA
TIO
NA
L R
ES
OU
RC
ES
INF
OR
MA
TIO
N C
EN
TE
R (
ER
IC)
U.S
. DE
PA
PT
TM
EN
T O
F E
DU
CA
TIO
NO
ffice
of E
duca
fiona
l Res
earc
han
d Im
prov
emen
tE
DU
CA
TIO
NA
L R
ES
OU
RC
ES
INF
OR
MA
TIO
NC
EN
TE
R (
ER
IC)
Ms
docu
men
t has
bee
n re
prod
uced
asre
ceiv
ed h
orn
the
pers
on o
r or
gani
rafio
nor
igin
atin
g it.
0 M
inor
cha
nges
hav
e be
en m
ade
to im
prov
ere
Pro
duct
ron
qual
ity
Pon
ls o
t Vie
wO
f O
PMIO
nsS
late
dM
this
clo
cu.
mer
it do
not
nce
Ssa
niy
repr
esen
t offi
cial
OE
RI p
oart
ion
or p
olic
y
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
T
1994
/95
PHIL
OSO
PHY
AN
ativ
e A
mer
ican
trib
e is
mor
e th
an th
e su
m o
f its
par
ts. I
t em
bodi
es th
e m
ystiq
ue o
f co
mm
unity
,the
cir
cle
of in
clus
ion.
With
in
each
mem
ber
it ge
nera
tes
pow
erfu
l fee
lings
of
cultu
ral s
olid
arity
. Tha
t pre
ciou
s sp
irit
cann
ot s
urvi
vew
ithou
t the
und
erpi
nnin
gs o
f
econ
omic
dev
elop
men
t.B
ut th
e de
velo
pmen
t mus
t be
for
ever
yone
,fo
r th
e tr
ibe
as a
who
leno
tfo
r ju
st a
few
. Tha
t is
the
Nat
ive
Am
eric
anun
ders
tand
ing.
PRA
CT
ICE
Firs
t Nat
ions
IDev
elop
men
tIn
stitu
te w
asfo
unde
d in
198
0 to
help
trib
es b
uild
sou
nd,
sust
aina
ble
rese
rvat
ion
econ
omie
s.Fi
rst N
atio
ns h
elps
trib
al m
embe
rs m
obili
zeen
terp
rise
s th
at a
re r
efor
m-m
inde
d, c
ultu
rally
sui
tabl
e an
dec
onom
ical
ly d
o-ab
le. O
ur s
trat
egy
coor
dina
tes
loca
l gra
ssro
ots
proj
ects
with
nat
iona
l pro
gram
and
pol
icy
deve
lopm
ent i
nitia
tives
to b
uild
cap
acity
for
sel
f-re
liant
res
erva
tion
econ
omie
s.
TA
BL
E O
F C
ON
TE
NT
SPr
esid
ent's
Mes
sage
2T
HE
IN
STIT
UT
E4
Firs
t Nat
ions
Dev
elop
men
t Ins
titut
e: A
Vis
ion
We
Can
Liv
e W
ith4
The
Fir
st N
atio
ns A
ppro
ach
6E
lem
ents
of
Dev
elop
men
t7
EA
GL
E S
TA
FF F
UN
D9
Con
trol
of
Ass
ets:
Int
er T
riba
l Bis
on C
oope
rativ
ean
d Fo
rt B
elkn
ap C
omm
unity
Cou
ncil
10Pe
rson
al E
ffic
acy:
Nez
Per
ce Y
oung
Hor
sem
an13
Kin
ship
: Kal
alea
Far
mer
s A
ssoc
iatio
n16
Spir
itual
ity: H
opi F
ound
atio
n19
Eco
tour
ism
: Of
Eld
ers
and
Ear
th W
arri
ors
Subs
iste
nce:
Cou
ncil
of A
thab
asca
n T
riba
lG
over
nmen
ts26
Org
anic
Gar
deni
ng: N
eah
Bay
30E
nvir
onm
ent:
Whi
te E
arth
Lan
d R
ecov
ery
Proj
ect
32N
ew T
ools
Aga
inst
Mal
nutr
ition
34L
eade
rshi
p fo
r th
e E
nvir
onm
ent:
Nat
ive
Act
ion
36Po
licy:
Mni
Sos
e In
tert
riba
l Wat
er R
ight
s C
oalit
ion
39H
ousi
ng: N
orth
ern
Cir
cle
Indi
an H
ousi
ng A
utho
rity
.40
Ent
erpr
ise:
Nat
ive
Am
eric
an B
usin
ess
Ass
ocia
tion
41T
echn
ical
Ass
ista
nce
from
the
Star
t42
OW
EE
STA
43PO
LIC
Y45
Eag
le S
taff
Fun
d G
rant
s: A
Lis
t and
Cap
sule
Des
crip
tion
48Fi
rst N
atio
ns D
evel
opm
ent I
nstit
ute
Foun
datio
n an
dIn
stitu
tiona
l Sup
port
ers
52Fi
nanc
ials
53In
Mem
oria
m, R
eube
n Sn
ake
56
FIR
ST N
AT
ION
SD
EV
EL
OPM
EN
T I
NST
ITU
TE
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
T19
94/9
5
67
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
PO
RT
1994
/95
PRE
SID
EN
T'S
ME
SSA
GE
Rcl
,e,-
c:i :
1,1.
?Pn5
o11
Pre
stai
cilt
h r:
t Nal
lon5
Der
elor
nolt
1115
trtu
te
"y d
augh
ter
conn
ects
me
toto
day.
Her
.
daug
hter
will
con
nect
me
to to
mor
row
.T
hus,
mor
e th
an a
nyth
ing
else
in m
y lif
e.I
am ta
ught
by
crea
tion
and
lear
n th
at w
hich
is s
acre
d
thro
ugh
my
child
ren'
s ch
ildre
n. C
onne
cted
thro
ugh
thei
r liv
es I
com
e to
und
erst
and
my
conn
ectio
n to
ail l
ife.
All
thiu
gs a
re b
ound
toge
ther
.A
ll th
ings
conn
ect.
Wha
t hap
pens
to th
eE
arth
hap
pens
to th
e
child
ren
cf th
e E
arth
. We
have
not
wov
enth
e w
ebof
life
We
are
but o
ne th
read
. Wha
teve
r w
e do
tot h
e w
eb, w
e do
to o
urse
lves
.T
he in
dige
nous
und
erst
andi
ng h
as it
s ba
sis
of
spir
itual
ity in
this
rec
ogni
tion
of th
e in
terc
onne
ct-
edne
ss a
nd in
terd
epen
denc
e of
all
livin
g th
ings
, aho
listic
and
bal
ance
d vi
ew o
f th
e w
orld
. Mod
ern
scie
nce
is ju
st n
ow b
egin
ning
to c
atch
up
with
suc
h
anci
ent w
isdo
m. C
lear
ly, B
ell's
theo
rem
on
quan
-tu
m p
hysi
cs, E
inst
ein'
s th
eory
of r
elat
ivity
, and
Hei
senb
erg'
s U
ncer
tain
ty P
rinc
iple
indi
cate
that
how
and
whe
n w
e lo
ok a
t sub
atom
ic p
artic
les
af-
fect
s w
hat w
e se
e. S
tate
d in
sim
pler
term
s, a
tom
sar
e aw
are
of o
ther
ato
ms.
Acc
ordi
ng to
this
law
of
natu
re, a
peo
ple
root
edin
thc
land
ove
r tim
e ha
ve e
xcha
nged
thei
r te
ars,
thei
r br
eath
, the
ir b
ones
, all
thei
rel
emen
tsox
y-
gen,
car
bon,
nitr
ogen
,hy
drog
en, p
hosp
horu
s, s
ul-
fur,
all
the
rest
with
thei
r ha
bita
t man
y tim
esov
er. I
n th
e w
ords
of D
ine
trad
ition
alis
t Rut
hB
enal
ly Y
inis
hye,
"O
ur h
isto
ry c
anno
t be
told
with
-
out n
amin
g th
e cl
iffs
and
mou
ntai
ns th
at h
ave
witn
esse
d ou
r pe
ople
. Her
e na
ture
kno
ws
us."
Eve
ry s
ocie
ty o
rgan
izes
itse
lf p
oliti
cally
,so
cial
ly,
and
econ
omic
ally
acc
ordi
ng to
its
valu
es. I
n sp
iri-
tual
term
s, th
is is
evo
lutio
n. I
n hu
man
term
s,th
is
is d
evel
opm
ent.
The
issu
e of
deve
lopm
ent,
mor
e
than
any
oth
er is
sue,
is th
e ba
ttle
line
betw
een
two
com
petin
g w
orld
vie
ws
the
Eur
o-A
mer
ican
val
-
ues
of in
divi
dual
ism
,dom
inat
ion,
exp
loita
tion,
and
sepa
ratio
n ve
rsus
the
wor
ldw
ide
trib
alva
lues
of
kins
hip,
bal
ance
, rec
ipro
city
, and
inte
rcon
nect
ed-
ness
.W
este
rn e
cono
mis
ts li
ke to
thin
k of
eco
nom
ics
asva
lue
neut
ral,
a sy
stem
ope
ratin
g se
para
tefr
om it
s
surr
ound
ing
envi
ronm
ent;
whi
ch in
and
of
itsel
f
deni
es th
e to
talit
y of
the
who
le. B
ased
upo
nth
eir
belie
f sy
stem
, eco
nom
ists
ass
ume
a sc
arci
tyof
re-
sour
ces
and
indi
vidu
alap
petit
es th
at a
re n
earl
yin
satia
ble.
In
othe
r w
ords
, unl
imite
d de
sire
s co
m-
petin
g fo
r lim
ited
reso
urce
s. S
ubse
quen
tly,
the
val-
ues
to b
e re
aliz
ed a
reco
mpe
titio
n, m
ater
ialis
m,
acqu
isiti
on, a
ccum
ulat
ion,
ow
ners
hip,
gro
wth
,and
imm
edia
cy.
For
Nat
ive
peop
le, t
he w
hole
, not
mer
ely
a pa
rtof
it, e
stab
lishe
s a
dyna
mic
sys
tem
of
bein
g,w
hich
give
s ;in
to th
c or
der
of th
ings
. The
trib
albe
lief
8
syst
em a
ssum
es a
n ec
olog
y of
life
and
app
etite
sth
atar
e sa
tiabl
e. I
n ot
her
wor
ds, p
rosp
erity
is a
chie
vabl
e
with
in th
e lim
its o
f C
reat
ion.
The
aff
irm
ing
valu
esy
stem
incl
udes
har
mon
y, p
rude
nce,
reci
proc
ity,
dist
ribu
tion,
kin
ship
, sus
tain
abili
ty, a
nd c
once
rnab
out f
utur
e ge
nera
tions
.Su
ch v
alue
s-ba
sed
deve
lopm
ent w
ill p
rovi
de le
s-so
ns o
n ho
w w
e re
orga
nize
our
futu
re, m
akin
gsp
iritu
ality
cen
tral
to a
ll el
emen
ts o
f ou
r liv
es, b
oth
in w
ork
and
pers
onal
ly. P
ulitz
erPr
ize-
win
ning
jour
-na
list W
illia
m R
aspb
erry
, in
a W
ashi
ngto
n Po
sted
itori
al e
ntitl
ed "
The
Pow
er o
f Sp
iritu
ality
," n
oted
that
suc
cess
ful p
rogr
ams
alM
ost a
lway
s ha
ve a
spi
ri-
tual
bas
e, b
ut, "
it do
esn'
t get
men
tione
d in
the
surv
eys
and
eval
uatio
ns a
nd r
eque
sts
for
fund
ing.
The
re a
re n
o bl
anks
on
the
form
for
spi
ritu
ality
we
don'
t yet
hav
e th
e sc
ales
tow
eigh
the
abili
tyso
me
peop
le h
ave
to p
rovi
de th
esp
iritu
al e
lem
ent."
The
re is
an
emer
ging
rec
ogni
tion
of th
e ne
ed f
ora
spir
itual
bas
e, n
ot o
nly
in o
urin
divi
dual
live
s, b
ut
also
in o
ur w
ork
and
in o
ur c
omm
uniti
es. T
hepr
ofou
nd v
isio
n w
ithin
Fir
st N
atio
ns' c
ultu
rally
appr
opri
ate
deve
lopm
ent r
each
es w
ell b
eyon
d In
-di
an C
ount
ry. G
iven
the
oppo
rtun
ity a
nd r
esou
rces
to e
xplo
re d
evel
opm
ent a
nd d
evel
opth
eir
own
an-
swer
s, N
ativ
e pe
ople
will
cre
ate
uniq
ue, c
ultu
rally
rele
vant
and
sus
tain
able
eco
nom
ic s
yste
ms
for
them
selv
es, f
or th
eir
child
ren,
for
thei
r ch
ildre
n's
futu
re, a
nd f
or a
ll ch
ildre
n's
child
ren,
so
that
we
all
can
live
in b
alan
ce a
nd h
arm
ony
with
the
sacr
ed.
4r,;,
*4-
?..
:44
.V
.
"...c
Iy
-.
trr
Reb
ecca
and
Nev
a A
dam
son
1 0
91 S
i CO
PY A
M A
BL
E1
I
FIR
ST N
AT
ION
SD
EV
EL
OPM
EN
T I
NST
ITU
TE
:A
Vis
ion
We
Can
, Liv
eW
ithN
ativ
e A
mer
ican
s kn
ow th
ew
hole
ness
of
Cre
atio
n, b
ut th
ey a
lso
know
how
tohe
ed
the
task
at h
and,
gro
undi
ng th
emse
lves
in
mut
ual d
utie
s th
at m
aint
ain
the
trib
efo
r ge
nera
-
tion
afte
r ge
nera
tion.
Tra
ditio
nally
, mut
ual d
utie
s w
ere
not t
obe
que
s-
tione
d; r
athe
r, th
eir
fulf
illm
ent o
ver
time
gave
ris
e
to a
mut
ual r
egar
d fo
r on
ean
othe
r an
d th
e en
viro
n-
men
t. Fr
om th
at r
egar
d sp
rang
asp
iritu
ality
who
se
artic
ulat
ion
toda
y"W
e A
re A
ll R
elat
ed"
is o
nly
the
caps
ule
endo
rsem
ent o
f co
mpl
ex,
endu
ring
val
-
ues. B
ased
on
thos
e va
lues
, his
tori
c cu
lture
sde
velo
ped
that
had
as
thei
r ha
llmar
ks b
alan
ce,
reci
proc
ity,
conn
ectio
n, c
are
for
ours
elve
s an
d ou
ren
viro
nmen
t
out t
o th
e se
vent
h ge
nera
tion
of o
ur y
oung
. Our
visi
ons
did
not c
hase
the
hori
zons
but f
ollo
wed
the
grea
t her
ds, t
he b
irds
and
salm
on r
uns,
the
cycl
ing
seas
ons,
the
hunt
eran
d ga
ther
er, t
he h
orse
and
ride
r. Still
toda
y fo
r In
dian
peo
ple,
trad
ition
sdi
still
ed
from
anc
ient
, sus
tain
able
way
s of
life
divu
lge
a
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
PO
RT
1994
/95
visi
on o
f pr
ospe
rity
ach
ieve
d th
roug
hth
e vi
talit
y of
conn
ectio
n, w
ithin
the
limits
of
Cre
atio
n.B
ut th
ough
our
vis
ion
may
ris
e ab
ove
ourc
urre
nt
mat
eria
l dis
tres
s, a
gro
undi
ng in
ass
ets
and
re-
sour
ces
is in
tegr
al to
an
inde
pend
ent,
sust
aina
ble
futu
re. W
ithou
t tha
t gro
undi
ng, t
hetr
aditi
on o
f a
sust
aina
ble
pros
peri
ty is
like
a h
untin
g or
fish
ing
trib
e w
ithou
t the
gre
at h
erds
or
the
seas
onal
cat
ch
to p
rovi
de a
sset
s in
valid
atio
n of
the
larg
er v
isio
n.
Nat
ive
Am
eric
ans
toda
y fa
ce s
tark
choi
ces.
Too
star
k fo
r st
atis
tics.
Too
sta
rk e
spec
ially
for
the
vul-
nera
ble
youn
g.Fi
rst N
atio
ns D
evel
opm
ent I
nstit
ute
is p
rovi
ding
viab
le o
ptio
ns f
or I
ndia
n pe
ople
,th
roug
h ec
onom
ic
deve
lopm
ent p
roje
cts
craf
ted
with
in th
eva
lues
of
our
cultu
re. F
or 1
5 ye
ars,
Firs
t Nat
ions
has
wor
ked
with
trib
es a
nd in
divi
dual
s ac
ross
the
coun
try
tom
obili
ze s
ucce
ssfu
l mod
els
of tr
ibal
self
-rel
ianc
e.
The
team
wor
k ha
s re
sulte
d in
rea
l suc
cess
esth
at
have
bro
ught
sys
tem
ic, l
astin
gch
ange
to I
ndia
nC
ount
ry. N
ow, t
hese
pro
ject
s ha
ve b
een
fold
ed in
to
the
Eag
le S
taff
Fun
d, e
stab
lishe
d in
Nov
embe
r 19
93.
Firs
t Nat
ions
als
o m
aint
ains
an
ongo
ing
Polic
y D
e-
part
men
t and
the
Ow
eest
aPr
ogra
m.
Firs
t Nat
ions
rep
rese
nts
econ
omic
deve
lopm
ent
we
can
do f
orou
rsel
ves,
bec
ause
it is
bas
ed o
n a
visi
on o
f ou
rsel
ves
we
can
live
with
.
The
lead
ing
way
in w
hich
Fir
st N
atio
ns s
uppo
rts
Nat
ive
peop
le in
sea
rch
of th
eir
own
solu
tions
isth
roug
h th
e E
agle
Sta
ff F
und:
A C
olla
bora
tive
For
Nat
ive
Am
eric
an D
evel
opm
ent.
The
cap
ital c
om-
mitt
ed to
Fir
st N
atio
ns f
or r
egra
ntin
g th
roug
h th
eE
agle
Sta
ff F
und
is th
e fi
rst p
ool o
f pr
ivat
e re
sour
ces
in s
uppo
rt o
f cu
ltura
lly v
iabl
e, r
eser
vatio
n-ba
sed,
Nat
ive-
devi
sed
econ
omic
dev
elop
men
t ini
tiativ
es.
Eag
le S
taff
F u
nd g
rant
s ar
e ho
listic
, ans
wer
ing
tode
velo
pmen
t pri
ncip
les
rath
er th
an p
rogr
am c
ate-
gori
es, s
o th
at in
divi
dual
s an
d gr
oups
are
com
pelle
dto
des
ign
prog
ram
s th
at c
onte
mpl
ate
the
cros
s se
c-tio
n of
com
mun
ity n
eeds
econ
omic
, env
iron
-m
enta
l, sp
iritu
al, c
ultu
ral,
polit
ical
, soc
ial a
ndhe
alth
nee
ds. M
any
Eag
le S
taff
Fun
d pr
ojec
ts a
d-dr
ess
all o
r se
vera
l of
thes
e ne
eds:
1* .1* 1*
Buf
falo
her
ds a
re r
etur
ning
to th
e Pl
ains
trib
es, i
n sp
irit
and
as a
cen
tral
res
ourc
e,th
roug
h th
e In
terT
riba
l Bis
on C
oope
rativ
e.E
lem
ents
of
the
hors
e cu
lture
are
beg
inni
ngto
rid
e ag
ain
thro
ugh
care
er-m
inde
d pr
o-je
cts
like
the
Nez
Per
ce Y
oung
Hor
sem
anPr
ogra
m.
Mis
sour
i Riv
er B
asin
trib
es a
re m
obili
zing
to a
sser
t con
trol
ove
r th
eir
wat
er r
ight
sth
roug
h th
e M
ni S
ose
Inte
rtri
bal W
ater
Rig
hts
Coa
litio
n.N
ativ
e A
mer
ican
-ow
ned
busi
ness
es a
re a
t-tr
actin
g cl
ient
ele
on th
eir
own
term
s, a
s re
-fl
ecte
d in
the
Nat
ive
Am
eric
an B
usin
ess
11*
Ass
ocia
tion
of th
e C
oeur
d'A
lene
Res
erva
-tio
n.In
divi
dual
s ar
e ta
king
initi
ativ
e fo
r th
e fu
-tu
re b
enef
it of
trib
es, a
s in
the
gins
eng
pro-
ject
at N
eah
Bay
.T
hrou
ghou
t Nat
ive
Am
eric
a, th
e ne
xt g
en-
erat
ions
of
Nat
ive
peop
le a
re s
truc
turi
ngne
w p
atte
rns
for
them
selv
es th
roug
h th
esw
eat l
odge
, the
kiv
a, th
e ho
gan
and
long
hous
e, th
e tr
aditi
onal
kno
wle
dge
and
cere
-m
onie
s, th
e en
viro
nmen
t and
its
reso
urce
s,w
i:_ne
ss c
ompo
nent
s of
the
prog
ram
s un
der-
way
at W
hite
Ear
th L
and
Rec
over
y Pr
ojec
t,th
e H
opi F
ound
atio
n an
d T
ouch
the
Ear
thFo
unda
tion,
am
ong
othe
rs.
The
se a
nd o
ther
pro
ject
s of
Fir
st N
atio
ns D
evel
-op
rnen
t Ins
titut
e ar
e in
the
earl
y st
ages
of
rest
orin
ga
sust
aina
ble
Nat
ive
Am
eric
an f
utur
e. A
s N
ativ
eA
mer
ican
s ex
plor
e de
velo
pmen
t on
thei
r ow
n te
rms
and
test
thei
r ow
n an
swer
s, th
ey w
ill e
volv
e a
larg
ervi
sion
for
all
of u
s. I
n tim
e th
ey w
ill c
reat
e un
ique
,cu
ltura
lly v
iabl
e ec
onom
ic s
yste
ms
for
them
selv
es,
thei
r fa
mili
es a
nd tr
ibes
, in
bala
nce
and
harm
ony
with
eac
h ot
her
and
the
envi
ronm
ent.
Thi
s is
the
task
at h
and.
Fir
st N
atio
ns' E
agle
Sta
ffF
und
is g
roun
ded
in th
is g
reat
dut
y to
our
fut
ure.
Eag
le S
taff
Fun
d gr
ante
es a
re la
ying
the
grou
nd-
wor
k fo
r ac
hiev
ing
this
gre
at v
isio
n. A
s N
ativ
eA
mer
ica
ente
rs a
hop
eful
new
era
, and
Fir
st N
atio
nsits
15t
h ye
ar, w
e pr
ay th
at m
any
eyes
will
turn
to th
is e
agle
's f
light
.
FIR
ST N
AT
ION
SD
EV
EL
OPM
EN
T I
NST
ITU
TE
BIE
NN
IAL
Rtil
'olt
r19
94/9
5
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
T19
94/9
5
TH
E F
IRST
NA
TIO
NS
APP
RO
AC
HFi
rst N
atio
ns' d
evel
opm
ent a
ppro
ach
is in
par
tso
cial
ref
orm
chan
ging
atti
tude
s an
d be
hav-
iors
and
in p
art h
ardh
eade
d fi
nanc
ial p
lan-
ning
: ret
aini
ng a
nd a
ccum
ulat
ing
asse
ts.
Exp
erie
nce
has
taug
ht u
s th
at th
e on
ly e
ffec
tive
econ
omic
inte
rven
tion
stra
tegy
is a
pro
ject
, any
proj
ect,
whi
ch in
crea
ses
and
impr
oves
the
trib
alco
mm
uniti
es' c
ontr
ol, a
ccum
ulat
ion
and
rete
ntio
nof
ass
ets.
Ass
et d
evel
opm
ent p
rovi
des
thre
e un
ique
poi
nts
of d
epar
ture
that
oth
er e
cono
mic
str
ateg
ies
do n
ot.
One
: ass
ets
chan
ge th
e w
ay p
eopl
e th
ink
and
inte
r-ac
t with
the
wor
ld. A
sset
s yi
eld
vari
ous
beha
vior
alco
nseq
uenc
es, s
uch
as e
nabl
ing
peop
le to
foc
us th
eir
effo
rts,
allo
win
g pe
ople
to ta
ke r
isks
, cre
atin
g or
ien-
tatio
n to
war
d th
e fu
ture
, and
enc
oura
ging
the
de-
velo
pmen
t of
hum
an c
apita
l. In
the
wor
ds o
fM
icha
el S
herr
aden
, "w
hile
inco
mes
fee
d pe
ople
s'st
omac
hs, a
sset
s ch
ange
thei
r he
ads.
"T
wo:
ass
ets
are
the
basi
s of
any
job
crea
tion.
Jus
tas
a s
ingl
e in
terv
entio
n st
rate
gy s
uch
as h
ousi
ng c
anta
ke o
n nu
mer
ous
and
vari
ed a
ppro
ache
sco
n-st
ruct
ion
proj
ects
, len
ding
pro
gram
s, r
enta
l sub
si-
dies
, sin
gle
units
, mul
ti-re
side
ncy,
reh
abili
tatio
nan
d se
lf-h
elp,
etc
.so
can
the
targ
eted
app
roac
hof
ass
et d
evel
opm
ent.
In a
dditi
on, s
tart
ing
from
apo
in t
that
rec
ogni
zes
the
wea
l t h
with
in r
eser
vatio
n
16
com
mun
ities
is th
e be
st a
ppro
ach
to b
uild
ing
the
trib
es' c
apac
ity to
thin
k an
d ac
t str
ateg
ical
ly, b
e-ca
use
the
proc
ess
take
s pl
ace
with
in th
e co
ntex
t of
mee
ting
thei
r ow
n ne
eds.
And
fin
ally
, ano
ther
adv
anta
ge th
e pr
omot
ion
ofas
sets
em
bodi
es th
at n
o ot
her
econ
omic
str
ateg
ydo
es is
the
incr
ease
and
exp
ansi
on o
f op
tions
. Thi
sin
crea
se o
f ec
onom
ic c
hoic
es, a
bsol
utel
y cr
ucia
l to
expa
ndin
g tr
ibal
dev
elop
men
t, is
dep
ende
nt u
pon
an in
terv
entio
n st
rate
gy th
at is
bro
ad e
noug
h to
fit
into
eac
h di
vers
e co
mm
unity
's c
ircu
mst
ance
and
tole
vera
ge r
esou
rces
.B
y al
low
ing
Nat
ive
Am
eric
an in
divi
dual
s an
dgr
oups
to d
evel
op th
eir
own
econ
omic
dev
elop
men
tpr
ojec
ts, o
wne
rshi
p of
the
proj
ect i
s as
sure
d, a
ndhe
nce
the
pote
ntia
l for
the
proj
ect's
suc
cess
isgr
eatly
incr
ease
d. B
y w
orki
ng c
lose
ly w
ith th
ose
impl
emen
ting
the
proj
ect,
Firs
t Nat
ions
can
in-
crea
se th
e hu
man
cap
acity
, res
ultin
g in
incr
ease
dca
pabi
lity
and
deve
lopm
ent o
ppor
tuni
ties.
An
old
adag
e ri
ngs
true
: dev
elop
men
t is
som
e-th
ing
peop
le d
o, n
ot s
omet
hing
don
e to
them
.
1 7
EL
EM
EN
TS
OF
DE
VE
LO
PME
NT
AA
The
n N
ativ
e A
mer
ican
s ha
ve b
een
enco
urag
edto
cra
ft d
evel
opm
ent s
trat
egie
s w
ithin
the
valu
es o
f th
eir
cultu
re, c
hara
c-te
rist
ic p
atte
rns
of d
evel
opm
ent
prac
tice
have
em
erge
d.C
onsi
dere
d ov
ertim
e, th
ese
patte
rns
of c
ultu
ral
Prb
aspi
ratio
n de
fine
d um
_sk
ills
-ay
a va
lues
sys
tem
that
is c
hara
c-te
rist
ical
lyin
dige
nous
inst
inct
ivel
ydr
iven
by
PER
SON
AL
spir
itual
ityE
FFIC
AC
Yra
ther
than
mat
eria
lism
,ki
nshi
p ra
ther
than
com
petit
ion,
pers
onal
eff
icac
yfo
r co
mm
unity
\rio
t\y
e.be
nefi
t rat
her
than
074c
indi
vidu
al g
ain,
cont
rol o
f as
sets
for
the
futu
re r
athe
r th
ansh
ort-
term
acc
umul
atio
n of
CO
NT
RO
LO
FA
SSE
TS
4.c
.lo
cce
AP
wea
lth.
The
se p
rim
ary
elem
ents
of
4644A
.au
,.
Ade
velo
pmen
t in
Nat
ive
Am
eric
ancp
cI
WM
.com
mun
ities
are
not f
undi
ng c
ateg
orie
s,5
I, O
. st/
fe e
y.of
the
Eag
le S
taff
Fun
d bu
t lea
ding
ele
men
ts in
a?
(4K
INSH
IP1
trad
ition
al h
olis
tic d
evel
opm
ent p
roce
ss. T
hey
all w
ork
%. "
toge
ther
to p
rodu
ce o
utco
mes
. Bec
ause
Fir
st N
atio
ns ta
kes
aho
listic
app
roac
h to
Nat
ive
Am
eric
an e
cono
mic
sel
f-de
term
inat
ion,
pro
ject
s w
e as
sist
and
fun
d cu
t acr
oss
man
y di
ffer
ent i
ssue
s an
d se
vera
lel
emen
ts o
f de
velo
pmen
t. B
ut in
som
e pr
ojec
ts o
ne e
lem
ent m
ay s
tand
out
fro
m a
noth
er.
1 8
1 9
f''
tie
-
;1",
"
BE
ST C
OPY
MU
M-
21
EA
GL
E S
TA
FFE
AG
LE
ST
AFF
FU
ND
GR
AN
TE
ES
The
Eag
le S
taff
Fun
d: A
Col
labo
ra-
tive
For
Nat
ive
Am
eric
an D
evel
-op
men
t gro
ws
dire
ctly
out
of
Firs
t Nat
ions
' 15
year
s of
han
ds-o
n ex
-pe
rien
ce in
Ind
ian
Cou
ntry
.T
hrou
gh th
e E
agle
Sta
ff F
und,
Fir
stN
atio
ns r
egra
nts
fund
s fo
r cu
ltura
llyvi
able
eco
nom
ic d
evel
opm
ent p
roje
cts
from
a p
ool o
f re
sour
ces,
pro
vide
d by
aco
nsor
tium
of
fund
ers
com
mitt
ed to
Nat
ive
Am
eri-
can
deve
lopm
ent.
For
the
firs
t tim
e on
this
Nat
ive
Am
eric
ans
are
bein
g en
cour
aged
toth
eir
cultu
re a
nd b
elie
fs in
toth
eir
proj
ects
. The
ir r
espo
nse
has
alre
ady
dem
onst
rate
d th
etr
uth
of w
hat F
irst
Nat
ions
has
lear
ned
from
long
exp
erie
nce
nam
ely,
that
man
y id
eas
and
proj
ects
with
eno
rmou
s po
ten-
tial f
or N
ativ
e A
mer
ican
dev
el-
opm
ent h
ave
gone
unr
ecog
nize
dor
, at b
est,
unde
r-ca
pita
lized
.B
y re
cogn
izin
g an
d su
ppor
t-in
g a
rang
e of
pro
ject
s no
oth
er
scal
e,bu
ild
FUN
Dfu
ndin
g so
urce
has
the
skill
and
exp
erie
nce
to g
uide
suc
cess
fully
, Fir
st N
atio
ns h
astu
rned
a p
revi
ous
smal
l han
dful
of
fiel
dpr
ojec
ts in
to a
mul
titud
e. T
he $
1.5
mill
ion
in E
agle
Sta
ff F
und
gran
ts a
war
ded
thro
ugh
mid
-199
5 re
pres
ents
onl
y a
begi
n-ni
ng, b
ut a
rem
arka
ble
begi
nnin
g. T
he 4
0gr
ante
es e
xten
d fr
om N
ew J
erse
y to
Cal
i-fo
rnia
, fro
m A
lask
a to
Haw
aii,
and
man
ypo
ints
in b
etw
een.
The
ir a
ctiv
ities
spa
nth
e sp
ectr
um o
f de
velo
pmen
t, as
the
sto-
ries
of
only
a f
ew in
dica
te.
The
Eag
le S
taff
Fun
d ta
kes
its n
ame
from
the
staf
f, h
ung
with
eagl
e fe
athe
rs, t
hat r
epre
sent
ed s
peci
al s
ocie
ties
in tr
aditi
onal
Nat
ive
Am
eric
an s
ocia
l lif
e. M
ost o
f th
e so
ciet
ies
perf
orm
eda
spec
ial f
unct
ion,
suc
h as
var
ious
dut
ies
of th
e ha
rves
t and
grow
-in
g se
ason
s, r
itual
ena
ctm
ent,
polic
ing
or c
eleb
rato
ry d
anci
ng.
The
eag
le f
eath
ers
repr
esen
ted
thei
r "g
roun
dedn
ess"
in th
atfu
nctio
n or
, in
toda
y's
term
inol
ogy,
kep
t the
m "
on tr
ack.
"
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
T19
94/9
5
2')
23
ASS
ET
ST
oday
, tri
bes
and
Nat
ive
Am
eric
anpe
ople
are
see
king
cont
rol o
f th
eir
asse
ts,
thei
r la
nd b
ase,
thei
rna
tura
l res
ourc
es,
fina
ncia
l cap
ital,
and
thei
r ve
ry c
ultu
re.
With
out t
hat c
ontr
ol,
long
-ter
m d
evel
opm
ent
cann
ot o
ccur
.
BIE
NN
IAL
R E
POR
T
1994
/95
CO
NT
RO
L O
F A
SSE
TS:
Inte
rTri
bal B
ison
Coo
pera
tive
and
Fort
Bel
knap
Com
mun
ityC
ounc
ilT
he b
irth
of
a fe
mal
e w
hite
buf
falo
cal
f in
Au-
gust
of
1994
was
soo
nha
iled
by A
rvol
Loo
king
Hor
se, K
eepe
r of
the
Sacr
ed B
uffa
lo C
alf
Pipe
,as
a s
ign
that
"he
al-
ing
wou
ld b
egin
"fo
r N
ativ
e pe
ople
.C
omin
g fr
om a
spir
itual
lead
er, t
hew
ords
mus
t be
con-
side
red
in th
eir
spir
itual
sen
se. B
utth
ey c
an b
e co
nsid
-er
ed in
ano
ther
sens
e. F
or a
s a
tota
lre
sour
ce to
the
Buf
-fa
lo N
atio
n, th
ebu
ffal
o w
ould
bri
nga
holis
tic m
ater
ial
heal
ing
as w
ell.
Hop
eis
now
build
ing
that
whe
nth
e bu
ffal
o m
akes
aco
meb
ack,
he
will
bear
a w
hole
cul
ture
on
his
ampl
e sh
ould
ers.
Par
tsof
the
form
er ta
ll gr
ass
prai
ries
, onc
e un
der
the
plow
, will
aga
in f
eed
the
grea
t her
ds.T
riba
l lan
ds,
once
take
n fo
r ho
mes
tead
ing
and
allo
tmen
t,w
ill
agai
n pr
ovid
e ra
nge.
Nat
ive
spir
itual
ity, o
nce
cen-
tere
d in
the
buff
alo
and
held
to b
e eq
ually
thre
at-
ened
with
ext
inct
ion,
will
ass
ert i
tsel
f as
par
t of
the
"val
ue-a
dded
pro
cess
" in
a b
uffa
lo-b
ased
eco
nom
y.A
nd th
e Pl
ains
trib
es, o
nce
impr
ison
ed in
pra
irie
ghet
tos,
will
beg
in to
res
tore
thei
r wea
lth th
roug
hso
vere
ign
cont
rol o
f th
eir
defi
ning
ass
et.
2425
But
like
any
new
born
thin
g, th
ebu
ffal
o's
resu
rgen
ce w
ill ta
ke c
are
and
nurt
ure.
The
Int
er T
riba
l Bis
onC
oope
rativ
e is
tryi
ng to
pro
vide
itby
fin
ding
inno
vativ
e w
ays
to d
is-
trib
ute
buff
alo
amon
g tr
ibes
, eith
erth
roug
h th
e ge
nero
sity
of
trib
esw
ith s
urpl
us h
erds
or
by a
rran
ge-
inen
t with
inen
iber
tiib
es a
nd v
at-l
-ol
ls f
eder
al w
ildlif
e ag
enci
es.
I lie
nex
t ste
p is
to d
evel
op th
ebu
ffal
o as
an
asse
t by
esta
blis
hing
herd
s, c
hann
elui
g he
rd g
row
t h a
ndm
aint
enan
ce in
to a
trad
ition
al tr
ack,
con
trol
ling
the
slau
ghte
r ar
id p
roce
ssin
g op
erat
ions
, and
org
an-
izin
g th
e sa
le o
f m
eat a
nd b
ypro
duct
s fo
r m
axim
um
prof
it. If th
e tr
ibes
can
mai
ntai
n co
ntro
l of
the
buff
alo,
envi
ronm
enta
l and
hea
lth b
enef
its w
ould
fol
low
.T
hc r
etur
n of
nat
ive
prai
rie
gras
ses
for
the
buff
alo
to f
eed
on w
ould
elim
inat
e pr
airi
e do
gin
fest
atio
n,an
d ge
t a s
tart
on
rest
orin
g th
e na
tura
l eco
logy
by
recl
aim
ing
man
y ac
res
from
che
mic
al f
ertil
izat
ion.
As
the
gras
s-fe
d bu
ffal
o re
gain
ed a
dom
inan
t pla
ceill
the
Nat
ive
diet
, the
lean
pro
tein
-ric
h m
eat w
ould
mak
e he
adw
ay a
gain
st th
e hi
gh in
cide
nce
of h
eart
dise
ase
and
diab
etes
am
ong
Nat
ive
Am
eric
ans.
A p
roce
ss is
now
und
erw
ay a
mon
g IT
BC
's 3
6m
embe
r tr
ibes
tow
ard
deve
lopm
ent o
f a
mar
ketin
g
plan
for
bis
on m
eat a
nd b
ypro
duct
s. O
ne o
f th
etr
ibes
, the
Ass
inib
oinc
and
Gro
s V
entr
e of
For
t
Bel
knap
, is
proc
eedi
ng w
ith a
pilo
tpl
an f
or m
arke
ting
buff
alo
mea
tth
at f
ocus
es o
n m
aint
aini
ng th
ebu
ffal
o as
buf
falo
, rat
her
than
re-
duci
ng th
em to
glo
rifi
ed c
attle
."N
ativ
e A
mer
ican
rai
sed
buff
alo"
will
mea
n, a
mon
g ot
her
thin
gs, t
hat
the
buff
alo
are
allo
wed
to r
oam
rath
er th
an b
eing
eoi
ralle
d in
fee
dlo
ts, n
outis
hed
on n
ativ
e gr
asse
sra
ther
than
hig
h fa
t pai
ns f
ioni
atr
ough
, and
pro
cess
ed b
y a
mob
ileun
it tr
avel
ing
betw
een
the
mem
ber
trib
es r
athe
r th
an tr
ansp
orte
d to
sla
ught
er in
pan
-ic
ky d
rove
s w
hose
rac
ing
bloo
d le
aves
its
mar
k on
-the
qua
lity
of m
eat.
Just
as
vege
tabl
e pi
odu
ct s
ris
ein
des
irab
ility
and
pri
ce o
nce
they
are
"cer
tifie
d
orga
nic,
" so
buf
falo
that
are
"N
ativ
e A
mer
ican
:.rai
sed"
will
fin
d a
mor
e lu
crat
ive
mar
ket n
iche
.The
natu
ral v
irtu
es o
f bi
son
mea
t, lo
w in
fat
, hig
h in
prot
ein
and
tast
y!gi
ve th
e tr
ibes
a g
ood
star
t
on th
eir
goal
. So
does
the
buff
alo'
s sp
ecia
l rep
uta-
tion
amon
g do
mes
tic, E
urop
ean
and
Japa
nese
con
-
sum
ers.
he s
mal
l but
gro
win
g he
rds
of th
e IT
BC
mem
-be
r tr
ibes
are
in th
e de
velo
prr
_nt p
hase
, acc
ordi
ngto
Mik
e Fo
x, d
irec
tor
of th
e Fi
sh a
ndW
ildlif
e pr
o-
gram
at F
ort B
elkn
ap. "
We'
rere
ally
not
at t
he p
oint
yet w
here
we
can
mar
ket t
hem
." B
utst
anda
rd c
om-
mer
cial
pri
ce li
sts
indi
cate
the
likel
ihoo
d of
hig
hpr
ofits
onc
e th
at p
oint
is r
each
ed.
FIR
ST N
A"l
IO
NS
DO
/El b
PNIL
INIT
It/S
I-11
W E
lt do
esn'
t mea
n
just
put
ting
buffa
lo
back
her
e. It
mea
ns
purs
uing
trad
ition
-
alis
m w
ith b
usin
ess
sens
e an
d bu
sine
ss
with
a s
ense
of
trad
ition
.
BIE
NN
IAL
R H
onI
994/
05
2f;
Ini
9
..
RIT
OR
00.4
/0s
Spec
ific
one
for
mar
ketin
g m
eat,
one
for
hide
s, a
noth
erfo
r
bone
s an
d sk
ulls
, and
so
on f
or e
ach
poss
ible
use
of
the
buff
alo
%vi
ll of
fer
36
mem
ber
trib
es a
cho
ice
ofm
arke
ts v
ithou
t for
cing
inte
rtri
bal c
ompe
titio
n.W
hate
ver
the
ITB
Cm
embe
r tr
ibes
dec
ide
abou
t buf
falo
mar
ketin
g,no
t eve
ry tr
ibe
will
go
to
mar
ket.
But
they
are
all
in th
eco
oper
ativ
e be
caus
e its
purp
ose
reac
hes
beyo
ndm
arke
t eco
nom
ics
tom
aint
aini
ng th
e in
tegr
ityof
t he
Nat
ive
,.vor
ld v
iew
,w
heth
er it
be
of th
e en
viro
nmen
t,sp
iritu
ality
or
thei
r ow
n hi
stor
y w
ith th
e bu
ffal
o."I
t doe
sn't
mea
n ju
st p
uttin
gbu
ffal
o ba
ck h
ere,
"
says
Fre
d D
u B
ray.
pres
iden
t of
the
Inte
r T
riba
l Bis
on
Coo
pera
t lye
It m
eans
pi o
vidi
ng s
usta
inab
leec
onom
ic d
evel
-
opm
ent t
hrou
ph th
ew
ides
t pos
sibl
e ci
rcul
atio
n of
wea
lth, i
n th
is c
ase
the
buff
alo
and
itsby
prod
ucts
.
f t m
eans
est
aHis
hing
pol
itica
ldi
rect
ion
with
in th
e
t rib
al c
onte
xt (
whe
reT
radi
tiona
lists
and
l',:o
gres
-
sive
s ar
e m
ole
impo
rtan
t tha
nR
epub
lican
s an
d
WH
ITE
BU
FFA
LO
CA
LF
WO
MA
ND
urin
g an
enc
ampm
ent l
ong
ago
of th
e T
eton
trib
es, t
hepe
ople
wer
e hu
ngry
. Tw
o m
en w
ent o
ut to
hunt
. The
y m
et
a yo
ung
wom
an,b
eaut
iful
to th
e ey
e. O
ne o
f th
e m
enlu
sted
for
her
and
was
con
sum
ed b
ysn
akes
that
app
eare
d ou
t of
the
air;
his
bone
s fe
ll w
here
he
stoo
d.T
he o
ther
man
ret
urne
d to
cam
p, te
lling
the
peop
le a
hol
y w
oman
wou
ld c
ome
to s
ucco
r th
em. T
he w
oman
appe
ared
and
gav
e th
e
peop
le th
e sa
cred
buf
falo
cal
f pi
pe.S
he s
how
ed th
e pe
ople
how
to
use
it in
pra
yer,
and
taug
ht th
em th
e va
lue
ofbu
ffal
o, w
omen
and
child
ren.
She
left
, tel
ling
the
peop
le s
he w
ould
ret
urn.
As
she
depa
rted
, stil
l
in v
iew
of
all t
he p
eopl
e, s
hero
lled
over
on
the
eart
h [-
our
times
and
aros
e a
fem
ale
whi
te b
uffa
lo c
alf.
Dem
ocra
ts)
by p
ursu
ing
trad
ition
alis
mw
ith b
usi-
ness
sen
se a
ndbu
sine
ss w
ith a
sen
se o
f tr
aditi
on. I
t
mea
ns e
nvir
onm
enta
l con
serv
ancy
for
the
seve
nth
gene
ratio
n. I
t mea
ns r
ebui
ldin
g a
sens
eof
spi
ritu
al
harm
ony
with
the
who
le o
f C
reat
ion.
It m
eans
rest
orin
g th
e so
cial
fab
ric
of th
eB
uffa
lo N
atio
n.
"It a
ll ha
s to
be
done
hol
istic
ally
,"D
ubra
y sa
ys in
clos
ing,
"so
that
non
e of
thes
e th
ings
is m
ore
impo
r-
tant
than
the
othe
r. A
llth
ese
thin
gs n
eed
to h
appe
n,
sim
ulta
neou
s. A
ll th
ose
thin
gs th
at m
ake
ape
ople
,
wha
t peo
ple
do to
mak
e a
natio
n."
BE
ST C
OPY
AV
AII
AB
LE
2 9
PER
SON
AL
EFF
ICA
CY
:N
ez P
erce
You
ng H
orse
man
If p
erso
nal e
ffic
acy
the
abili
ty to
mak
e th
ings
happ
en f
or o
nese
lf a
nd o
ther
sis
the
lead
ing
char
acte
rist
ic o
f en
trep
rene
urs,
then
the
en-
trep
rene
uria
l spi
rit i
s ri
ding
hig
h at
Lap
wai
, Ida
ho.
The
Nez
Per
ce Y
oung
Hor
sem
an P
rogr
am h
asgo
ne o
ne b
ette
r th
an p
erso
nal e
ffic
acy.
The
y ar
een
gage
d in
an
act o
f cr
eatio
n so
dar
ing
the
proj
ect
dire
ctor
, Rud
y Sh
eba
la, c
alls
it "
gam
blin
g w
ith o
urow
n hi
stor
y, to
som
e ex
tent
. But
if w
e do
n't,
we
can
go o
n th
e w
ay w
e've
bee
n go
ing,
whi
ch is
n't
very
goo
d."
The
gam
ble
is th
at a
new
bre
ed o
f th
e A
ppal
oosa
or "
Nez
Per
ce h
orse
," f
ar f
rom
tarn
ishi
ng th
e tr
ibe'
scr
edib
ility
with
the
eque
stri
an s
et, w
ill c
ome
in a
win
ner
with
in th
e ho
rse
indu
stry
. One
pay
off
wou
ld b
e th
e re
war
ds th
at g
o w
ith th
e w
inne
r'sci
rcle
. But
the
grea
test
pay
offs
wou
ld b
e tr
ibal
pri
dein
a r
evita
lized
trad
ition
and
the
conf
iden
ce th
atco
mes
of
taki
ng a
ris
k an
d st
icki
ng w
ith it
, som
e-th
ing
ever
y en
trep
rene
ur h
as to
lear
n."I
t's a
n ex
peri
men
t," S
heba
la s
ays
of th
e ho
rse
bree
ding
initi
ativ
e. "
The
re a
re r
isks
. It's
eas
ier
to g
oal
ong
with
the
mod
ern
App
aloo
sa th
an s
tick
your
neck
out
. Any
tim
e In
dian
s do
som
ethi
ng f
or th
em-
selv
es, i
t's g
oing
to b
e to
ugh.
But
we
feel
we
have
som
ethi
ng to
off
er a
nd s
omet
hing
to s
tick
with
."It
take
s 30
yea
rs to
est
ablis
h a
new
bre
ed o
f ho
rse
by n
atio
nal r
egis
try
stan
dard
s. B
ut it
has
take
n no
time
at a
ll fo
r th
e tr
ibe
and
trib
al y
outh
to a
dopt
the
Nez
Per
ce Y
oung
Hor
sem
an P
rogr
am. T
he p
rogr
amha
s pu
t you
th in
touc
h w
ith tr
aditi
on a
nd th
e tr
ibe
in to
uch
with
its
futu
reits
you
thas
onl
y a
prog
ram
cra
fted
with
in th
e va
lues
of
the
cultu
reco
uld
have
don
e.T
he b
asic
rul
e of
any
ent
repr
eneu
r is
to m
obili
zere
sour
ces.
In
addi
tion
to th
e ho
rse
bree
ding
pro
gram
now
und
erw
ay, t
he N
ez P
erce
You
ng H
orse
man
Prog
ram
incl
udes
you
th tr
aini
ng in
the
basi
cs o
fho
rsem
ansh
ip a
nd d
evel
opm
ent o
f a
com
pute
r da
taba
se p
erta
inin
g to
the
App
aloo
sa. T
he tr
ibe
has
prov
ided
fre
e le
ase
of a
bui
ldin
g th
at s
erve
s as
ast
allio
n ba
rn. S
urpl
us v
ehic
les
from
the
trib
e ha
vew
orke
d ou
t for
tran
spor
tatio
n, a
vita
l con
side
reio
nfo
r re
mot
e co
mm
uniti
es. N
ez P
erce
Lim
esto
ne E
n-te
rpri
se d
onat
ed 9
60 to
ns o
f di
rt f
or a
rid
ing
aren
aan
d ha
uled
it w
ith th
eir
own
man
pow
er, t
ime
and
equi
pmen
t. T
he F
ores
t Pro
duct
s D
epar
tmen
t mad
ean
$1,
800
loan
for
are
na s
and.
The
Com
mun
ityH
ealth
Rep
rese
ntat
ive
offi
ce p
rese
nted
CPR
and
firs
t-ai
d tr
aini
ng s
essi
ons.
A U
nive
rsity
of
Idah
oU
pwar
d B
ound
teac
her
offe
red
com
pute
r si
mul
a-tio
n tr
aini
ng to
the
ride
rs. I
n-ki
nd d
onat
ions
hav
eto
tale
d ap
prox
imat
ely
$200
,000
to d
ate.
"A lo
t of
peop
ie e
ven
dona
ted
thei
r ki
ds I
gue
ss,"
Sheb
a la
chu
ckle
s. T
he m
ain
obst
acle
so
far
has
been
FIR
ST N
AT
ION
SD
EV
EL
OPM
EN
T I
NST
ITU
TE
EFF
ICA
CY
Tra
ditio
nally
, the
val
uepl
aced
on
indi
vidu
alac
com
plis
hmen
t was
criti
cal t
o th
e ex
iste
nce
of th
e tr
ibe.
Nat
ive
Am
eric
an c
hild
ren
wer
eta
ught
from
an
early
age
to "
thin
k fo
ryo
urse
lf an
d ar
t for
othe
rs."
Wha
t cou
ld b
e a
bette
r st
artin
g po
int f
orde
velo
ping
entr
epre
neur
s W
hat
diffe
rent
iate
s tr
ibal
soci
etie
s fr
om th
een
trep
rene
uria
l Wcs
t is
that
indi
vidu
alac
hiev
emen
ts a
re v
alue
din
term
s of
thei
r be
nefit
to th
eex
tend
edfa
mily
and
toth
e tr
ibe.
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
.-1"
1994
/95
30q
1
;
0110
%,
I
pare
ntal
fre
t tha
t the
gre
at tr
aditi
onof
Nez
Per
ce
hors
eman
ship
may
not
hav
e tr
ansf
erre
dfu
lly y
et to
the
youn
g on
es.
But
the
kids
are
doi
ng ju
st f
ine,
say
s Jo
nY
earo
ut,
4.4
1,.
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
T10
94/9
5
I),
:(gi
cer
.st
:
"/A
vitik
;ts
".as
' -1:
=.a -
,11k
og.4
nIct
i'.:4
.
ridi
ng in
stru
ctor
and
trai
ner.
In
the
firs
t yea
rof
the
sum
mer
pro
gram
, mos
tof
them
cam
e to
him
kno
w-
ing
little
or
noth
ing
of h
orse
s. B
ut f
rom
bri
dlin
g,sa
ddlin
g an
d gr
oom
ing
the
hors
es, t
hey
proc
eede
d
by s
umm
er's
end
to r
idin
g fr
om th
e ar
ena
tom
ain
stre
et f
or a
par
ade
"and
thei
r co
nfid
ence
leve
l jus
t
real
ly to
ok o
ff."
The
onl
y in
cide
nt h
as b
een
a m
inor
kick
, and
supp
ort h
as m
oved
bey
ond
in-k
ind
dona
tions
and
kids
. The
trib
e ha
s co
mm
itted
to th
e pr
ogra
m o
n a
cont
inui
ng b
asis
, and
the
Nez
Per
ceT
riba
l Em
ploy
-
men
t Rig
hts
Off
ice
gran
ted
the
prog
ram
$11
0,00
0 in
Job
Tra
inin
g Pa
rtne
rshi
p A
ct w
ages
unde
r a
sum
-
mer
you
th e
mpl
oym
ent p
rogr
am.T
his
grou
ndin
g
of a
trad
ition
in tr
ibal
ass
ets
prov
edvi
tal t
o va
lidat
-
ing
the
prog
ram
's la
rger
vis
ion.
Oth
erw
ise,
She
bala
says
, kid
s w
ould
hav
ew
orke
d el
sew
here
"to
mak
e
thei
r sc
hool
clo
thes
" an
d th
e N
ezPe
rce
You
ng
Hor
sem
an P
rogr
am w
ould
hav
e be
en"j
ust r
ecre
a-
tiona
l eve
ning
rid
ing.
"In
stea
d, in
the
fall,
you
ng p
eopl
e in
last
yea
r's
prog
ram
hel
ped
inca
ttle
roun
d-up
s an
d ro
de th
e
trib
al r
ange
s, e
nfor
cing
land
leas
ere
gula
tions
. Not
only
did
they
enf
orce
trib
al le
ase
law
for
the
firs
t
time
in 5
0 ye
ars,
they
als
o ch
ampi
oned
the
envi
ron-
men
t by
endi
ng th
e cu
stom
ary
over
graz
ing
of r
es-
erva
tion
past
ure
s."T
hat w
as r
eally
som
ethi
ng f
or th
e ki
ds,"
Yea
rout
said
, "be
caus
e th
ey c
ould
see
they
wer
edo
ing
som
e-
thin
g us
eful
or
need
ed w
ith th
eir
ridi
ng."
The
y go
t out
into
the
mou
ntai
ns o
ntr
ail r
ides
.
The
y w
orke
d in
the
hot s
un, h
aulin
gfe
ed a
nd b
uild
-
ing
fenc
e. T
hrou
gh a
n in
nova
tive
arra
ngem
ent
be-
twee
n th
e pr
ogra
m a
ndlo
cal h
orse
bre
eder
s w
ho
have
don
ated
stu
d fe
es, s
ome
of th
eyo
uth
are
even
earn
ing
thei
r ow
n fo
al w
ith "
swea
teq
uity
." A
nd
whe
n th
e jo
b en
ds a
long
with
the
sum
mer
, an
equi
ne c
urri
culu
m a
wai
ts th
em in
the
rese
rvat
ion
scho
ols.
It i
nclu
des
a co
urse
on
how
to b
ead
the
trad
ition
al N
ez P
erce
mar
tinga
le (
a ha
rnes
s st
rap
topr
even
t hor
ses
from
rea
ring
).In
onl
y th
e se
cond
yea
r of
the
prog
ram
, wor
d ha
sgo
tten
out a
mon
g N
ez P
erce
you
ngst
ers.
"N
ow,
ever
y ki
d ar
ound
wan
ts to
get
in o
ur p
rogr
am,"
Yea
rout
sai
d. "
We
coul
d ha
ndle
40,
50
kids
ifw
e ha
dth
e m
oney
."B
ut th
e sh
ortf
all i
n fe
dera
lJT
PA f
unds
this
yea
r w
on't
bein
surm
ount
able
if th
e sp
irit
ofin
itiat
ive
mai
ntai
ns it
self
, She
-ba
la f
eels
. The
pro
gram
has
no
quar
rel w
ith th
e m
oder
n A
ppa-
loos
a H
orse
Clu
b; b
ut a
fter
year
s of
wat
chin
g N
ez P
erce
intr
aditi
onal
reg
alia
par
ticip
ate
inro
deos
and
oth
er e
vent
s to
utin
gno
n-In
dian
dev
otio
n to
"th
eN
ez P
erce
hor
se,"
it h
ad c
ome
tose
em th
e tr
ibe
was
inch
ing
away
fro
m it
s he
rita
ge in
toso
meo
ne e
lse'
s le
gend
.N
ot a
ny lo
nger
, not
bet
wee
nth
e tr
aini
ng a
nd th
e ed
ucat
ion
and
the
pros
pect
s fo
ra
new
bree
d of
Nez
Per
ce h
orse
,co
n-ce
ived
in te
rms
of w
hat t
ur-
q u
o i s
e an
d si
lver
arc
toSo
uthw
est t
ribe
s.
4.
41%
es7
g't4
k0
"To
be a
ble
to h
ave
som
ethi
ng li
ke th
at a
nd o
ffer
...T
here
's n
othi
ng m
ilita
nt a
bout
it,"
She
bala
expl
ains
. "If
we'
re g
oing
to b
e kn
own
for
it,w
e he
edto
be
invo
lved
in it
. Eve
ryth
ing'
s be
ing
done
on
our
beha
lf a
nd in
our
mem
ory,
and
we'
re s
till h
ere.
His
tori
cally
we'
re le
gend
s. S
o by
god
let's
cap
italiz
e on
it if
we
can.
"
114
...zr
eAJW
-As.
Jot°-I
a--
A
..!;"
.r.
14%
F IR
ST N
AT
ION
SD
EV
EL
OPM
EN
T I
NST
ITU
TE
glow BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
TI
994/
95
3435
KIN
SHIP
In th
e tr
aditi
onal
Nat
ive
syst
em,
kins
hip
was
the
basi
sfo
r di
stri
butin
gw
ealth
and
ass
ets,
as
wel
l as
the
cultu
rean
d its
val
ues.
Tod
ayon
the
rese
rvat
ions
,re
cogn
ition
of
ofte
nve
stig
ial k
insh
ipsy
stem
s an
d th
eir
role
in e
cono
mic
redi
stri
butio
n ca
n be
the
firs
t ste
p in
ade
velo
pmen
tst
rate
gy.
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
TI
Q94
/05
16
KIN
SHIP
: Kal
alea
Far
mer
sA
ssoc
iatio
niif
Kal
alea
Far
mer
s A
ssoc
iatio
nbu
ilds
it, H
urri
-
cane
Ini
ki c
anta
ke it
aw
ay. B
ut if
they
gro
w it
in a
spi
rit o
f ki
nshi
p, th
epe
ople
will
com
e an
d
esta
blis
h it
with
in th
e co
mm
unity
.N
othi
ng w
ill
upro
ot it
then
.T
his
mig
ht b
e th
e m
oral
of
apr
ojec
t tha
t beg
an
"with
an
orga
nic
grow
hous
ein
Ana
hola
, Haw
aii.
The
pro
ject
lost
a p
rom
isin
g st
art
whe
n th
e hu
rri-
cane
des
troy
ed a
nor
gani
c ve
geta
ble
grow
hous
e.
But
they
trie
d ag
ain,
rest
orin
g th
e or
igin
algr
owho
use
and
purc
hasi
ng a
seco
nd. T
his
time
whe
n th
e pr
efab
gro
who
use
reac
hed
Ana
hola
fro
m
the
mai
nlan
d, p
roje
ct m
anag
erJi
mm
y T
orio
thre
w
out t
he m
anuf
actu
rer's
nut
san
d bo
lts a
nd w
elde
d
the
grow
hous
e to
geth
er.
.
Now
that
the
grow
hous
esar
en't
goin
g an
y-
whe
re, t
he p
roje
ct is
mov
ing
out.
An
Eag
le S
taff
Fund
gra
nt h
as e
nabl
ed th
eK
alal
ea F
arm
ers
Ass
o-
ciat
ion
to p
ick
up w
here
itle
ft o
ff, w
ith e
xpan
ded
grow
ing
area
and
org
aniz
atio
nal
ambi
tions
that
exte
nd f
rom
the
com
mun
itygr
owho
use
to b
ack-
yard
gre
enho
uses
, and
on
toth
e pr
oces
sing
and
mar
ketin
g of
org
anic
veg
etab
les.
Prof
it is
ther
e to
be
mad
e.H
awai
i im
port
s 85
perc
ent o
f its
foo
dstu
ffs,
acco
rdin
g to
Tor
io, i
nclu
d-
ing
thos
e ve
geta
bles
favo
red
by th
e w
arm
dty
cli-
mat
eto
mat
oes,
zuc
chin
i,cu
cum
bers
, squ
ash,
pum
pkin
. The
hin
dran
ce to
hom
egro
wn
agri
cultu
re
has
alw
ays
been
inse
cts;
but
the
asso
ciat
ion'
s fi
rst
expe
rien
ce w
ith th
e gr
owho
use
prov
ed th
at e
n-
clos
ed p
lant
row
s re
pel t
heth
reat
. Loc
al o
rgan
ic
prod
uce
not o
nly
has
the
mar
ket
nich
e th
at g
oes
with
the
"cer
tifie
d or
gani
c"la
bel;
it ca
n al
so u
nder
-
I
NN
3637
cut t
he g
oing
rat
e fo
r im
port
ed p
rodu
ce b
ecau
se o
flo
wer
tran
spor
t cos
ts.
Bas
ed o
n co
nser
vativ
e pl
ant y
ield
and
mar
ket
pric
e es
timat
es, a
nd a
llow
ing
for
the
inev
itabl
e no
n-p
rodu
c tiv
e pl
ants
, Tor
io c
alcu
late
s th
at a
grow
hous
e w
ill g
ross
app
ioxi
mat
ely
$18,
000
in it
sfi
rst y
ear
of o
pera
tion.
Fro
mth
ere
he h
opes
to a
ddgr
owho
uses
. A m
ore
dist
ant
goal
is to
est
ablis
h ba
ckya
rdor
gani
c gr
eenh
ouse
s th
atw
ould
mak
e N
ativ
e H
awai
-ia
n fa
mili
es s
elf-
suff
icie
nt,
not o
nly
in A
naho
la b
utth
roug
hout
the
eigh
t Haw
ai-
ian
isla
nds.
Tor
io is
con
vinc
ed th
at if
Nat
ive
Haw
aiia
ns c
an p
ur-
chas
e fr
esh
orga
nic
vege
tabl
esth
roug
h K
alal
ea F
arm
ers,
they
can
mar
ket t
heir
ow
nth
roug
h th
e as
soci
atio
n. A
ndif
the
asso
ciat
ion
can
esta
b-lis
h gr
owho
uses
, com
mun
itym
embe
rs c
an e
stab
lish
gree
n-ho
uses
in th
eir
own
back
yard
s.
The
pro
ject
sta
rted
out
as
abi
d fo
r se
lf-s
uffi
cien
cy a
tA
naho
la, s
park
ed b
y a
low
-cos
t lan
d gr
ant f
rom
the
stat
e D
epar
tmen
t of
Haw
aiia
n H
omel
ands
. A p
re-
hurr
ican
e su
rplu
s cr
op in
spir
ed th
e as
soci
atio
n's
larg
er v
isio
n: th
at th
e ac
cess
ibili
ty a
nd p
rofi
t of
smal
l org
anic
gar
deni
ng w
ould
pro
ve th
e ke
y to
Nat
ive
self
-suf
fici
ency
.B
ut th
at in
turn
dep
ends
on
revi
ving
the
vest
igia
lki
nshi
p ne
twor
ks in
Nat
ive
Haw
aiia
n vi
llage
s. T
ra-
ditio
nally
, the
mou
ntai
nba
nds
wou
ld tr
ade
taro
-ik
(kir
k in
the
Nat
ive
Ha-
(w
aiia
n to
ngue
, a s
tarc
h-ba
sed
food
sta
ple)
, riv
ersh
rim
p an
d ga
me
from
thei
r tr
aditi
onal
use
are
asfo
r th
e sa
lt, f
ish
and
hmu
(sea
wee
d) o
f ba
nds
that
lived
nea
r th
e be
ache
s.C
rops
fro
m th
e 'a
ina
orla
nd (
in H
awai
ian
liter
-al
ly "
that
fro
m w
hich
one
eats
") w
ere
acce
ssib
le to
ever
yone
thro
ugh
the
un-
ques
tione
d cu
ltura
l at-
trib
ute
of g
ener
osity
inth
e sh
arin
g of
res
ourc
es.
The
se a
nd o
ther
sov
erei
gnpr
actic
es e
rode
d w
ith th
e18
48 A
!A
llele
or
"div
isio
n"
of la
nd in
to p
riva
tely
owne
d ac
reag
es o
n th
eW
este
rn m
odel
. Tel
lingl
y, th
e w
ord
nuih
ele
in H
a-
F IR
ST N
AT
ION
SD
EV
EL
OPM
EN
T I
NST
ITU
TE
We'
ve e
stab
-
lishe
d a
netw
orki
ng
attit
ude,
so
we
don'
t ove
rlap
. If
you'
re g
row
ing
to-
mat
oes,
we'
ll be
grow
ing
zucc
hini
,
the
othe
r fe
llow
will
be
grow
ing
cucu
mbe
rs.
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
T19
94/9
5
38E
3EST
CO
PY A
likiL
ASL
39
ow,
;.:F4
f
wai
ian
has
the
conn
otat
ion
not m
erel
yof
div
isio
n
but o
f "s
hari
ng."
The
mod
est p
roje
ct u
nder
way
at A
naho
laha
s
pote
ntia
l for
res
tori
ng m
ade
to it
s or
igin
alits
Nat
ive
mea
ning
. For
Kal
alea
Far
mer
s A
ssoc
iatio
nha
s fo
llow
ed th
e si
mpl
e pr
in-
cipl
es o
f co
mm
unic
atio
n an
dsh
arin
g in
pro
mot
ing
kins
hip
over
com
petit
ion
in a
llof
its
deal
ings
. The
app
roac
h ha
spr
oved
vita
l am
ong
Nat
ive
and
non-
Nat
ive
grow
ers
alik
e.Fo
r if
the
proj
ect w
ere
com
-pe
titiv
e in
the
Wes
tern
sen
seor
dep
ende
nt o
nfe
dera
l re-
sour
ces,
it w
ould
fac
e a
hom
e-sp
un I
niki
of
rese
ntm
ent
and
jeal
ousy
am
ong
Nat
ive
Ha-
wai
ians
, acc
usto
med
to w
hat
Tor
io c
alls
"th
e ha
nds-
on, d
e-pe
nd o
n th
e go
vern
men
ttr
eatm
ent."
On
the
othe
rha
nd, n
on-N
ativ
e ou
tdoo
rgr
ower
s, d
epen
dent
on
chem
i-ca
l ins
ectic
ides
for
any
cro
p at
all,
at f
irst
fea
red
the
pros
pect
of w
ides
prea
d C
ompe
titio
nfr
om e
nclo
sed
orga
nic
aJ
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
T19
94/9
5
grow
hous
es, u
ntil
Tor
io e
xpla
ined
that
the
proj
ect
is n
ot a
bout
bea
ting
the
hum
an c
ompe
titio
n.It
'sab
out b
eatin
g th
e bu
g co
mpe
titio
n to
its
cust
omar
y
quar
ter
of th
e ve
geta
ble
crop
thro
ugh
encl
osed
grow
ing
area
s. T
he f
ull c
rop
mad
e po
ssib
leby
en-
clos
ed g
row
hous
es is
the
mar
gin
nece
ssar
y to
allo
w
for
Nat
ive
self
-suf
fici
ency
thro
ugh
smal
l org
anic
gard
enin
g. I
t's n
ot e
noug
h to
cor
ner
the
Haw
aiia
nve
geta
ble
mar
ket,
or e
ven
clos
e."W
e've
alr
eady
est
ablis
hed
a ki
nshi
p w
ithth
e
othe
r ve
geta
ble
grow
ers
on th
e is
land
s,"
Tor
iosa
id.
"We'
ve e
stab
lishe
d a
netw
orki
ng a
ttitu
de, s
o w
edo
n't o
verl
ap. I
f yo
u're
gro
win
g to
mat
oes,
we'
ll be
grow
ing
zucc
hini
, the
oth
er f
ello
w w
ill b
egr
owin
g
cucu
mbe
rs."
Bec
ause
Nat
ive
Haw
aiia
ns a
re n
o lo
nger
con
cen-
trat
ed o
n th
e m
ount
ains
and
bea
ches
but
live
thro
ugho
ut th
e ei
ght H
awai
ian
isla
nds,
the
asso
cia-
tion
has
mad
e a
vide
o of
its
proc
edur
es.
Tor
io h
asob
tain
ed a
wea
lth o
f kn
owle
dge
abou
t sm
all o
r-ga
nic
gard
enin
g in
Haw
aii,
and
he lo
ves
tota
lk
abou
t it w
hen
he's
not
put
ting
his
know
ledg
e to
prac
tical
use
in th
e gr
owho
use.
With
the
rebo
rn p
roje
ct's
fir
st c
rop
not e
ven
due
until
Aug
ust 1
995,
ther
e is
muc
h to
be
done
befo
re
Kal
alea
's m
aste
r pl
an f
or th
e is
land
s be
com
es"t
he
vine
-rip
ened
tom
ato
at th
e en
d of
the
tunn
el,"
inT
orio
's c
hara
cter
istic
ally
jaun
ty p
hras
e. B
utth
e
proj
ect's
gui
ding
vis
ion
has
alre
ady
been
rea
lized
.T
he li
ttle
clos
enes
s kn
own
as k
insh
ip h
as r
etur
ned
to A
naho
la, h
urri
cane
-pro
of.
41
SPIR
ITU
AL
ITY
:H
opi F
ound
aLio
n
"Uni
ty o
f vi
sion
is b
y fa
r a
grea
ter
gove
rnan
ce to
ol th
an a
nyth
ing
else
."
so L
oris
Min
kler
, ass
ocia
tedi
rect
or o
f th
e H
opi
Foun
datio
n, d
escr
ibes
the
impa
ct o
f an
Eag
leSt
aff
F un
d gr
ant.
The
gra
nt h
as p
rom
pted
com
-m
unity
invo
lvem
ent i
n de
velo
pmen
t thr
ough
re-
new
ed c
omni
itmen
t to
Hop
i tra
dftio
nal t
each
ings
.H
opi t
each
ings
hav
e co
me
dow
n th
roug
h th
e or
altr
aditi
on, "
cons
iste
ntly
bei
ng ta
ught
in a
num
ber
ofdi
ffer
ent w
ays.
" O
ne o
f th
em,n
aln
naaf
i yam
,mea
ns"w
e're
res
pons
ible
for
our
des
tiny,
" M
inkl
er s
aid.
Alo
oser
tran
slat
ion
wou
ld b
e "w
ork
ethi
c."
The
Hop
iFo
unda
tion
adop
ted
it as
the
them
e of
its
Eag
le S
taff
Fund
gra
nt p
rogr
am.
The
str
engt
h of
itant
naa
fi ya
niis
ref
lect
ed to
this
day
in th
e di
slik
e of
Hop
i vill
ages
for
sub
serv
ienc
eto
out
side
rs. T
he H
opi F
ound
atio
n m
ade
its r
eput
a-
tion
with
a p
rogr
am th
at w
orke
d <
vith
in th
is tr
adi-
tiona
lau
tono
mou
sin
stin
ctto
brin
gH
opi-
cont
rolle
d so
lar
pow
er in
to th
e vi
llage
sth
roug
h a
revo
lvin
g al
tern
ativ
e lo
an f
und.
The
pro
-ie
ct h
as s
peci
fic
cult
ural
and
env
iron
men
tal
dim
en-
sion
s to
o, a
s in
timat
ed in
a p
oem
by G
ilber
tT
imec
he e
ntitl
ed "
Sola
r E
lect
ric
Ent
erpr
ise"
:
The
sun
, our
fath
er, t
he s
un a
bove
.W
e ar
e st
rong
ly d
epen
ding
on
him
to w
arm
the
eart
h fo
r us
with
his
sun
shin
e.T
he s
eeds
we
are
plan
ting,
with
his
war
mth
they
are
abl
e to
ann
e up
and
gro
w.
In th
is tv
ay,
ever
ythi
ng a
roun
d he
re w
ill s
tart
to b
loss
oman
d ge
t gre
enan
d th
e go
od li
fe c
omes
abo
ut.
Oth
erw
ise
the
proj
ect h
as to
spe
ak f
or it
self
. The
clos
e ho
ld H
opis
kee
p ov
er c
erta
in o
f th
eir
cultu
ral
trad
ition
s, c
ombi
ned
with
zea
lous
vie
ws
with
inea
ch v
illag
e of
wha
t it s
houl
d be
like
, can
act
as
adi
sinc
entiv
e to
hea
lthy
chan
ge. A
s th
e H
opi F
oun-
datio
n be
gan
to h
ave
doub
ts a
bout
how
muc
h it
shou
ld d
o ou
t in
the
villa
ges,
boa
rd m
embe
rs m
ade
the
deci
sion
to ta
p:r
ant n
aaf,
yani
for
com
mun
ityin
volv
emen
t in
the
foun
datio
n's
wor
k. B
y dr
awin
gon
the
pow
er c
once
aled
intr
aditi
onal
teac
hing
, the
foun
datio
n ho
ped
to s
eize
upo
n:ta
m n
aap
yani
as a
proa
ctiv
e pr
inci
ple.
"Hop
i peo
ple
need
ed to
be
the
umbr
ella
lead
er-
ship
for
the
orga
niza
tion,
" M
inkl
er s
ays.
"W
e re
cog-
nize
d th
at o
ur in
volv
emen
t with
the
com
mun
ityha
d to
be
grea
ter.
"A
dds
Bar
bara
Fol
ey, e
xecu
tive
dire
ctor
, 'T
here
are
man
y th
ings
fro
m th
e ou
tsid
eth
at c
ould
ben
efit
our
peop
le, b
ut th
ey n
eed
to b
e th
e on
es to
dec
ide
how
it ca
n he
lp a
nd h
ow m
uch
they
wan
t. O
ur p
eopl
eha
ve th
e di
rect
say
-so
over
thei
r liv
es."
Hop
i peo
ple
have
alw
ays
said
as
muc
h. M
ore
toth
e po
int,
they
are
livi
ng u
p to
the
resp
onsi
blity
inH
opi t
radi
tion
for
guid
ing
colle
ctiv
e de
stin
y. I
n
FIR
ST N
AT
ION
SD
EV
EL
OPM
EN
T I
Ngu
r U
TE
SPIR
ITU
AL
ITY
From
spi
ritu
ality
you
gain
you
r se
nse
of v
isio
n,yo
ur s
ense
of
your
self
and
your
mea
ning
with
in th
eco
mm
unity
, and
with
inth
e la
rger
uni
vers
e. F
rom
that
vis
ion,
you
gai
n an
abili
ty to
dir
ect y
our
choi
ces.
For
Nat
ive
peop
le, s
piri
tual
ity m
eans
a re
surg
ence
of
trad
ition
al v
alue
s,be
liefs
, and
cer
emon
ial
activ
ities
, a s
ense
that
heal
ing
of o
ur s
ouls
and
circ
umst
ance
s m
ust t
ake
plac
e.
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
T19
94/9
5
4 2
4 3
resp
onse
to th
e m
essa
ge o
f ita
m n
aap
yani
, vill
age
resi
dent
s ar
e be
com
ing
invo
lved
with
the
foun
da-
tion
to a
muc
h gr
eate
r de
gree
, exe
rcis
ing
dire
ctio
nov
er a
var
iety
of
com
mun
ity-i
nitia
ted
deve
lopm
ent
proj
ects
of
the
Hop
i Fou
ndat
ion.
The
boa
rd h
as
4
A lo
ng-a
wai
ted
proj
ect f
or r
ehab
ilita
ting
Hop
iC
lan
hous
es is
now
und
erw
ay. T
hese
hou
ses,
the
mos
t anc
ient
con
tinuo
usly
occ
upie
d st
ruct
ures
inN
orth
Am
eric
a, a
re s
till i
n ac
tive
use
in e
ach
of th
e12
Hop
i pue
blo
villa
ges.
Acc
ordi
ng to
Hop
i Fou
nda-
tion
liter
atur
e, th
ey s
erve
as
cent
ers
ofce
rem
onia
l lif
e, g
athe
ring
pla
ces
for
clan
inst
ruct
ion
of H
opi y
outh
, hom
esan
d se
cure
are
as f
or c
lan
"Anc
ient
s"an
d ot
her
impo
rtan
t ent
ities
, exe
m-
plar
s of
"pu
eblo
-sty
le"
arch
itect
ure,
and
as p
art o
f th
e vi
llage
"K
eson
vi"
or
NE
NN
IAL
RE
PO
RT
1994
/95
.20
A.
stre
ngth
ened
itse
lf in
tern
ally
as
wel
l. M
inkl
er h
opes
that
eve
ry o
ne o
f 10
,000
Hop
i will
be
invo
lved
with
the
foun
datio
n bo
ard
mem
bers
at s
ome
poin
t.
401,
r.
plaz
a.B
ut th
roug
hout
the
Hop
i vill
ages
,hu
ndre
ds o
f th
ese
trad
ition
al c
lan
hous
es a
re s
ever
ely
dete
rior
ated
. Som
ear
e be
ing
repa
ired
inap
prop
riat
ely,
with
inco
mpa
tible
mod
ern
mat
eria
lsan
d te
chni
ques
. How
ever
, a H
opi
Foun
datio
n pi
lot p
roje
ct h
as d
emon
-st
rate
d th
at th
e cl
an h
ouse
s ca
n be
cons
erve
d w
ith a
sen
sitiv
ity to
bot
hth
e st
ruct
ure
and
Hop
i cul
ture
. The
curr
ent r
esto
ratio
n pr
ojec
t is
the
firs
tin
sev
eral
gen
erat
ions
to r
ely
succ
ess-
fully
on
trad
ition
al H
opi t
rade
tech
-ni
ques
and
mat
eria
ls.
Ano
ther
com
mun
ity-i
nitia
ted
proj
ect o
f th
eH
opi F
ound
atio
n is
the
heal
th f
orum
. The
Hop
iac
know
ledg
e th
at h
ealin
g is
nee
ded
in th
eir
com
mu-
nitie
s. H
ow th
e he
alin
g sh
ould
be
done
is p
robl
em-
44B
ES
T C
OP
Y A
VA
ILA
BLE
45
atic
. Muc
h is
hea
rd a
bout
com
bini
ngm
oder
n m
edi-
cal p
ract
ice
with
trad
ition
, but
Bar
bara
Po
ley
adm
its
satt
that
littl
e is
kno
wn
abou
t how
to d
o it
with
out
infr
ingi
ng o
n tr
aditi
onal
pre
cept
sth
e H
opi d
o no
tw
ish
to s
hare
.T
he f
orum
will
bri
ng H
opi p
eo-
ple
to th
e ta
ble
with
mod
ern
phy-
sici
ans.
"T
hey
wou
ld h
ash
out
wha
t is
real
ly m
eant
by
bein
ghe
aled
as
a w
hole
," P
o le
y sa
ys.
For
anyo
ne o
utsi
de th
e tr
ibal
villa
ges,
suc
h he
alin
g m
ay s
eem
to h
appe
n lik
e th
e w
ind,
kno
wn
only
fro
m it
s ef
fect
s. B
ut th
eH
opi c
all t
his
win
d a
unity
of
visi
on, a
nd it
s ef
fect
s so
far
are
impr
essi
ve: a
mod
ern
harn
essi
ngof
the
sun'
s im
mem
oria
l sus
te-
nanc
e, a
reh
abbi
ngof
the
Cla
nho
uses
, a h
ealth
for
um f
or b
ody
and
soul
... a
Hop
iFou
ndat
ion
for
all 1
0,00
0 tr
ibal
mem
bers
.,A
zz"
4.4
0
FIR
ST N
AT
ION
SD
EV
EL
OPM
EN
T I
NST
ITU
TE
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
T
1994
/95
4647
The
fou
r pr
imar
y el
emen
ts o
f de
velo
pmen
t enc
ompa
ss12
sub
sidi
ary
elem
ents
, man
y of
whi
chen
vi-
ronm
enta
l bal
ance
, for
one
are
evid
ent i
n th
e re
mai
ning
Eag
le S
taff
Fun
d gr
ante
e pr
ofile
s. F
irst
Na-
tions
' dev
elop
men
t phi
loso
phy
and
wor
k is
guid
ed b
y fi
ve e
cono
mic
pri
ncip
les
whi
ch w
ill b
eus
ed in
revi
ewin
g ap
plic
ants
' eco
nom
ic s
trat
egie
s.T
hese
pri
ncip
les
are:
1. W
ithin
eac
h N
ativ
e co
mm
unity
,th
ere
are
hous
ehol
d in
com
e ge
nera
ting
activ
ities
, sel
f-he
lpef
fort
s an
d ot
her
unta
pped
and
idle
res
ourc
esth
at
can
be m
obili
zed
for
succ
essf
ul e
cono
mic
dev
elop
-
men
t.2.
An
empo
wer
ed N
ativ
e ec
onom
y ca
nde
velo
p "w
in-w
in"
part
ners
hips
with
the
'sur
roun
ding
eco
nom
ies;
leve
rage
reso
urce
s; b
uild
str
ong
netw
orks
for
Nat
ive
deve
lopm
ent;
and
enha
nce
exis
ting
mar
kets
as
wel
l as
deve
lop
new
mar
kets
base
d on
com
mun
ity k
now
-le
dge
of w
hat p
eopl
e ne
ed.
3. O
rgan
izat
iona
l or
grou
pac
tiviti
es, m
odif
ied
to p
rodu
cere
venu
es, c
an d
ecre
ase
depe
n-
denc
y on
fed
eral
fun
ds a
ndin
crea
se th
e ca
paci
ty f
or p
lann
ing,
initi
atin
g, m
anag
ing,
and
mar
ketin
gde
velo
pmen
t act
iviti
es.
4. A
div
ersi
fied
loca
l eco
nom
y de
crea
ses
the
flow
of
mon
ey o
ut o
f th
e co
mm
unity
, pro
mot
ing
loca
l rec
ircu
latio
n of
mon
ey w
hich
enha
nces
con
-
tinue
d de
velo
pmen
t of
the
loca
l eco
nom
y.R
ever
s
ing
the
curr
ent c
ycle
is c
ritic
al to
Nat
ive
deve
lop-
men
t.5.
Eco
nom
ic d
evel
opm
ent m
ust s
tart
with
peo
-
ple.
It i
s ab
out l
eade
rshi
p, v
isio
n an
d th
eri
ght t
o
a di
gnif
ied
livel
ihoo
d.In
here
nt in
thes
e fi
ve p
rinc
iple
s is
our
und
er-
stan
ding
that
true
and
last
ing
econ
omic
dev
elop
men
tin
volv
es m
uch
mor
eth
an ju
st c
onve
n-tio
nal b
usin
ess
activ
ities
. We
reco
gniz
e th
atN
ativ
e cu
lture
sen
gage
in m
any
econ
omic
act
ivi-
ties,
whi
chin
clud
e, b
ut a
re n
otlim
ited
to, h
ousi
ng,
envi
ronm
enta
lly-
appr
opri
ate
tech
nolo
gy, p
lant
know
ledg
e, a
gric
ultu
re, r
anch
ing
and
farm
ing.
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
T19
94/9
5
-
4849
EC
OT
OU
RIS
M: O
fE
lder
san
d E
arth
War
rior
sw
hen
Tou
ch th
e E
arth
Fou
ndat
ion
bega
nto
thin
k of
an
ecot
ouri
sm a
nd y
outh
cam
p,am
ong
the
firs
t que
stio
ns th
at c
ame
upw
as f
rom
the
youn
g pe
ople
:"W
ho w
ould
pay
mon
ey to
com
e an
d st
ay w
ith u
s?"
Tw
o ye
ars
late
r, n
o on
e as
ks.
Hik
ers
and
tour
ists
hav
e tr
ekke
dto
the
foun
da-
tion'
s Fo
rt B
elkn
ap c
amps
in M
onta
na f
or"o
utdo
orva
catio
ns w
ith a
trad
ition
al d
irec
tion,
"sa
ys T
ouch
the
Ear
th's
Bre
nda
Mar
tin. I
n th
eco
mpa
ny o
f el
d-er
s, th
ey e
xper
ienc
e N
ativ
e cu
lture
and
cere
mon
y,id
entif
y pl
ants
and
lear
n tr
aditi
onal
foo
dco
llect
ion
met
hods
, par
ticip
ate
in ta
lkin
g ci
rcle
s an
d th
eor
alst
oryt
ellin
g tr
aditi
on. N
ativ
e A
mer
ican
yout
h ta
kepa
rt a
s pa
id s
taff
, val
idat
ing
thei
r ne
w f
ound
kno
wl-
edge
as
a ba
nkab
le a
sset
.
The
pro
fit f
rom
the
ecot
ouri
smca
mp
pays
for
ayo
uth
cam
p w
here
For
t Bel
knap
eld
ers
wor
k w
ithyo
ung
peop
le to
cre
ate
guid
ance
for
the
prog
ram
.T
he e
lder
s of
fer
inst
ruct
ion
in tr
aditi
onal
trib
al v
al-
ues,
env
iron
men
tal a
war
enes
s, a
nd w
hat i
tm
eans
to b
e N
ativ
e A
mer
ican
. The
cor
egr
oup
of y
oung
peop
le w
ho s
taff
the
ecot
ouri
smca
mp
volu
ntee
r at
the
yout
h ca
mp
as c
ouns
elor
s.
Mos
t im
port
antly
for
Mar
tin, I
ndia
nyo
ung
peo-
ple
com
e aw
ay w
ith le
ader
ship
ski
llsan
d an
en-
hanc
ed s
ense
of
who
they
are.
"The
hop
e is
in th
e ch
ildre
n...
Man
y pe
ople
don
'tth
ink
that
they
hav
ea
trad
ition
al c
ultu
re o
r th
atth
ey're
losi
ng it
. The
yse
e th
at th
is is
one
way
topr
eser
ve it
."
As
plan
ned
in th
e pr
ogra
m's
cul
tura
lex
chan
geco
mpo
nent
, vis
itors
too
have
sen
sed
the
poss
ibili
-tie
s. 'T
he p
oten
tial h
ere
is th
at w
here
ver
ther
e's
aT
ouch
the
Ear
th c
amp,
the
heal
ing
ofM
othe
r E
arth
and
our
peop
le c
an b
egin
, or
cont
inue
wha
teve
r th
eca
:;e m
ay b
e,"
said
Don
Coy
his,
Moh
ican
.T
he h
ealin
g to
uch
has
been
app
lied
by e
lder
s,kn
owle
dgea
ble
of th
e tr
aditi
ons.
And
now
cal
led
upon
to s
hare
them
, bec
ause
the
proj
ect i
s se
rvin
gas
a v
ehic
le f
or r
ecog
nizi
ng e
lder
s as
ass
ets,
wis
dom
sore
ly n
eede
d to
day
with
inm
any
Nat
ive
com
mu-
nitie
s.Fo
r w
hile
neg
ativ
em
essa
ges
abou
t Ind
ian
Cou
n-tr
y pi
le o
n w
ith f
atal
istic
reg
ular
ity'W
ho w
ould
pay
mon
ey to
com
e an
d st
ay w
ith u
s?'
the
mes
sage
of
trad
ition
al tr
ibal
vir
tues
and
reso
urce
sha
s no
t bee
n he
ard
in g
ener
atio
ns. A
ndin
deed
thes
evi
rt u
es a
nd r
esou
rces
, tho
ugh
wid
ely
prac
ticed
, are
rare
ly a
rtic
ulat
ed; f
or it
is o
ften
the
unap
pare
nton
es, e
lder
s un
know
n ou
tsid
e th
e tr
ibe,
who
hus
-ba
nd th
e tr
aditi
onal
res
ervo
irs
of tr
ibal
sel
f-re
lianc
e.A
s th
e co
ndem
ning
mes
sage
s of
the
mod
ern
wor
ldha
ve o
utw
eigh
ed th
e pa
tient
wis
dom
of tr
aditi
on-
alis
ts f
or d
ecad
es n
ow, t
hese
unap
pare
nt o
nes
have
FIR
ST N
AT
ION
SD
EV
EL
OPM
EN
T I
NST
ITU
TE
Who
wou
ldpa
y
mon
ey to
com
e an
d
stay
with
us4
Tw
o
year
s la
ter,
no
one
asks
.
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
T19
94/9
5
50
RIP
I*
k
resp
onde
d in
a tr
aditi
onal
way
: by
wai
ting
for
the
trib
e to
com
e ba
ck to
them
.A
t For
t Bel
knap
, thr
ough
the
Tou
chth
e E
arth
ecot
ouri
srn
cam
ps p
roje
ct, t
he tr
ibe
isbu
ildin
g
brid
ges
back
to it
s ei
ders
. The
eld
ers
ther
e ar
ew
ork-
"'-'
1" -
IfA
t
,4
it; A
pi
10,
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
TI
994/
Q5
rn
ing
with
you
th d
irec
tly, a
nd w
ith tr
aditi
onal
adul
ts
who
oft
en tu
rn th
eir
own
child
ren
back
totr
adi-
tiona
l val
ues.
Tog
ethe
r, th
ey a
re c
reat
ing
"a w
ayfo
r
kids
to s
ee th
eir
surr
ound
ings
in a
dif
fere
ntw
ay,"
Mar
tin s
ays.
The
cha
nge
has
been
not
ewor
thy.
Far
fro
mas
k-
ing
why
any
one
wou
ld p
ay to
com
e st
ay a
tFo
rt
Bel
knap
, the
you
ng o
nes
are
now
con
side
ring
an
"Ear
th W
arri
or"
prog
ram
at t
he s
umm
er y
outh
cam
p, li
nkin
g N
ativ
e re
spec
tfo
r na
ture
to p
rote
c-tio
n of
the
envi
ronm
ent.
Sudd
enly
, or
so it
see
ms,
the
rese
rvat
ion
has
som
ethi
ng to
off
er; t
he c
hild
ren,
som
ethi
ng to
val
ue; a
nd th
e el
ders
, som
ethi
ng to
cont
ribu
te.
Says
Am
y H
orse
man
Mes
serl
y, a
Gro
s V
entr
e el
der
who
has
wor
nm
any
hats
in g
ettin
g th
e ca
mps
un-
derw
ay: "
Our
res
pect
for
the
eart
han
d al
l liv
ing
thin
gs m
ust b
e sh
own
by li
ving
wha
t we
prea
ch. A
lso
the
resp
ect w
e ha
ve f
or o
ur e
lder
s, o
urch
ildre
n an
d ou
rsel
ves.
"In
add
ition
to th
e in
tang
ible
s, th
epr
ojec
t pro
duce
s em
ploy
men
t,kn
owle
dge
of th
e lo
cal e
colo
gy a
ndec
otou
rism
, enc
oura
gem
ent o
f tr
adi-
tiona
l val
ues,
and
cul
tura
l exc
hang
e.T
he e
coto
uris
m c
amp
real
ized
$50,
000
in r
even
ue th
e fi
rst y
ear,
and
expe
cts
to m
ore
than
dou
ble
that
figu
re in
its
seco
nd s
easo
n. B
etw
een
mai
eri
als
for
the
cam
p an
d to
uris
tex
pend
iture
s,
$98,
000
wen
t int
o th
e lo
cal e
cono
my.
Ano
ther
$15,
000
wen
t to
Nat
ive
Am
eric
an a
rtis
ts.
Aft
er p
rovi
ding
initi
al te
chni
cal a
ssis
tanc
e an
dm
arke
ting
advi
ce, T
ouch
the
Ear
th h
opes
to "
spin
off"
For
t Bel
knap
as
a st
and-
alon
e pr
ojec
t and
mov
e
on to
sim
ilar
venu
es.
Tou
ch th
c E
arth
's u
ltim
ate
53
goal
is to
cre
ate
an a
ffili
ate
netw
ork
ofth
ese
cam
psw
ithin
Nat
ive
Am
eric
a.A
n am
bitio
us g
oal,
but M
artin
isop
timis
tic th
epr
ojec
t can
bec
ome
a m
odel
for
sus
tain
able
ecot
our-
ism
dev
elop
men
t, yo
uth
empo
wer
men
t and
cul
-tu
ral e
xcha
nge.
'Tou
rism
is th
e nu
mbe
rtw
o in
dust
ry in
this
coun
try,
" sh
e sa
ys. F
or f
orei
gn v
isito
rs,
Nat
ive
Am
eric
ans
are
the
top
prio
rity
. And
wes
t of
the
Mis
siss
ippi
, the
y ar
e a
maj
or d
raw
with
ever
yone
.Y
et I
ndia
n pe
ople
hav
e pl
ayed
a lim
ited
role
inde
cisi
on m
akin
g ar
ound
tour
ism
, and
thei
rfi
nanc
ial
retu
rns
have
bee
n ju
st a
s lim
ited,
Mar
tin a
dds.
With
the
usua
l tou
rism
infr
astr
uctu
res
limite
d in
Nat
ive
Am
eric
a, a
ndcu
ltura
l ste
war
dshi
p on
the
Nat
ive
mod
el in
crea
sing
lype
rtin
ent a
roun
d th
e gl
obe,
Tou
ch th
e E
arth
's e
coto
uris
mm
odel
may
be
pois
ed to
repe
al th
ose
limita
tions
.A
ny d
ay n
ow,
trib
es c
ould
fin
dm
any
peop
lepa
ying
toco
me
stay
wi t
h
them
.
5 5
econ
omic
impa
ct o
f the
rdig
eS
taff-
Fun
d
r(1n
t will
bc
trO
cd in
term
s
of-
the
fund
s ac
tu-
ally
app
lied
to
the
com
mun
ity.
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
PO
RT
9Q4/
95
SUB
SIST
EN
CE
: Cou
ncil
ofA
thab
asca
n T
riba
lG
over
nmen
tsIN
hen
the
fram
ers
of th
eU
nite
d St
ates
Con
.
stitu
tion
stak
ed a
cla
im to
natio
nhoo
d on
the
auth
ority
of
"We
the
Peop
le,"
they
drew
on
the
sam
e in
here
ntsd
vere
ignt
y co
urts
hav
e
foun
d A
mer
ican
Ind
ian
and
Ala
ska
Nat
ive
trib
es to
poss
ess.
Rat
her
than
artic
ulat
ing
thei
r so
v-er
eign
ty in
a c
onst
i-tu
tion,
trib
espr
actic
ed it
ove
rco
untle
ss g
ener
a-tio
ns in
est
ablis
hing
cust
omar
y "l
aw"
over
subs
iste
nce
use
area
s.O
nly,
they
did
n't
call
wha
t the
y di
d to
surv
ive
subs
iste
nce
use.
The
yco
nsid
ered
it a
way
of
life.
"Su
b-si
sten
ce"
didn
't ca
tch
on a
s a
code
wor
d fo
r
ekin
g ou
t an
unsa
tis-
fact
ory
livin
g un
tilre
sour
ce c
ompe
titio
nm
ade
it a
hand
yw
eapo
nag
ains
t
od44
04A
.hunt
ing,
fis
hing
, gat
heri
ngpe
ople
s an
d th
eir
cul-
tura
l ada
ptat
ions
to th
at w
ayof
life
.
In f
ar m
ore
than
wor
dsal
one,
trib
es h
ave
been
trea
ted
mor
e lik
e us
er g
roup
sth
an s
over
eign
nat
ions
in th
eir
effo
rts
to c
onse
rve
subs
iste
nce-
base
d w
ays
of li
fe. B
ut a
t the
Cou
ncil
of A
thab
asca
nT
riba
l
Gov
ernm
ents
in F
ort Y
ukon
,A
lask
a, a
str
ateg
ic
plan
for
pre
serv
ing
subs
iste
nce
use
stan
ds o
ut a
s an
exam
ple
of s
over
eign
ty in
actio
n.
"Pro
ject
by
proj
ect,
we
can
set u
ppr
ojec
ts th
atw
ork
toge
ther
to m
ake
us r
eal
part
ners
," s
ays
Pat S
tanl
ey, e
xecu
tive
dire
ctor
, in
desc
ribi
ngth
e E
agle
Sta
ff F
und
gran
t pro
gram
."Y
ou
.ha
ve to
cre
ate
your
equa
lity.
You
rea
llyha
ve to
dev
elop
you
rca
paci
ties
if y
ou w
ant
to b
e tr
eate
d as
an
equa
l
part
ner.
"T
he E
agle
Sta
ff F
und
is in
stal
ling
the
tech
ni-
cal i
nfra
stru
ctur
e fo
rSt
even
s V
illag
e to
as-
sum
e co
ntro
lof
fed
eral
prog
ram
sal
l fed
eral
prog
ram
s. A
sca
paci
tybu
ilds
with
in S
teve
nsV
illag
e an
d sp
read
s to
othe
r N
ativ
e co
mm
uniti
es in
the
Yuk
on F
lats
, Sta
n-le
y sa
ys, t
ribe
s ar
e be
ginn
ing
to c
ome
to th
e t r
ibal
-st
ate-
fede
ral n
egot
iatin
g ta
ble
with
sol
utio
ns to
reso
urce
man
agem
ent p
robl
ems,
rat
her
than
mer
epo
litic
al d
eman
ds. T
he n
ew f
ound
exp
ertis
e, c
om-
bine
d w
ith tr
aditi
onal
insi
ghts
and
F-d
eral
ly r
ecog
-ni
zed
polit
ical
sov
erei
gnty
, is
open
ing
door
s w
ithin
off
icia
ldoi
n.Si
nce
1985
, the
cou
ncil
has
soug
ht to
pro
tect
/nat
ural
res
ourc
es b
y ta
king
mor
e re
spon
sibi
lity
for
serv
ices
in th
e Y
ukon
Fla
ts V
alle
y. F
eder
alth
e A
lask
a N
ativ
e C
laim
s Se
ttlem
ent A
ct(A
NC
SA)
and
the
Ala
ska
Nat
iona
l Int
eres
t Lan
dsC
onse
rvat
ion
Act
has
redu
ced
the
cust
omar
yA
thab
asca
n us
age
area
s. T
he v
illag
es h
ave
been
forc
ed to
sel
ect l
imite
d us
age
area
s fr
om a
mon
g th
em
any
they
had
alw
ays
harv
este
d fo
r su
bsis
tenc
ere
sour
ces.
The
red
uctio
n of
trad
ition
al r
esou
rce
ar-
eas
coin
cide
d w
ith in
crea
sed
tres
pass
ing
by n
on-N
a-
TH
E S
UB
STA
NC
E O
F SU
BSI
STE
NC
ET
he w
ord
'sub
sist
ence
' sim
ply
does
not
con
vey
the
subs
iste
nce
way
of
life.
Num
bers
als
o fa
ll sh
ort,
for
they
sto
p at
mat
eria
l im
port
ance
. But
in th
e ca
se o
f St
even
s V
illag
e, a
198
8 su
rvey
giv
es a
tle
ast t
hat e
lem
ent o
f su
bsta
nce
to th
e su
bsis
tenc
e lif
esty
le.
Acc
ordi
ng to
the
1988
sur
vey,
the
aver
age
hous
ehol
d in
com
e at
Ste
vens
Vill
age
was
$5,
734
annu
ally
.M
ost o
f th
e re
side
nts
who
wer
e em
ploy
ed h
eld
gove
rnm
ent j
obs.
Of
far
grea
ter
impo
rtan
ce th
an c
ash
inco
me
was
the
annu
al s
ubsi
sten
ce h
arve
st o
f 1,
139
poun
dspe
r pe
rson
, sai
d Pa
t Sta
nley
, exe
cutiv
e di
rect
or o
f th
eC
ounc
il of
Ath
abas
can
Tri
bal G
over
nmen
ts.
Stev
ens
Vill
age
resi
dent
s ha
rves
ted
50 s
peci
es o
f fi
sh, b
irds
, wild
life,
and
pla
nts.
The
pri
ncip
al f
oods
of
the
villa
ge w
ere
salm
on, p
ike,
whi
tefi
sh, g
rayl
ing,
duc
ks, g
eese
, sno
wsh
oeha
re, m
oose
, bea
r, th
e oc
casi
onal
car
ibou
, and
ras
pber
ries
. Fis
h, th
e st
aple
foo
dstu
ff in
mos
tA
lask
a
Nat
ive
com
mun
ities
, wer
e a
part
icul
arly
hea
vy p
art o
f th
at y
ear's
har
vest
, at 9
1 pe
rcen
t. T
heun
usua
lly
low
take
of
mam
mal
s, 8
per
cent
, may
hav
e be
en d
ue in
par
t to
a de
clin
e in
the
moo
se p
opul
atio
nca
used
by
recr
eatio
nal h
unte
rs, a
ccor
ding
to S
tanl
ey.
Bec
ause
sha
ring
rem
ains
a v
ital p
art o
f th
e su
bsis
tenc
e w
ay o
f lif
e, s
he a
dded
, the
few
big
gam
em
amm
als
that
wer
e ha
rves
ted
wor
1 h
ave
been
sha
red
thro
ugho
ut th
e vi
llage
.
FIR
ST N
AT
ION
SD
EV
FLO
PMFN
I IN
STIT
UT
!:
"A
SIL
:
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
T19
94/9
5
585t
*
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
T19
94/9
5
tive
peop
le f
or c
omm
erci
al a
nd r
ecre
atio
nal p
ur-
pose
s.B
ut te
chni
cal r
esou
rce
man
ager
s fr
om s
tate
and
fede
ral a
genc
ies
show
ed li
ttle
if a
ny a
ppre
ciat
ion
for
o -
,Pitt
tItttt
,
the
stor
es o
f tr
aditi
onal
kno
wle
dge
loca
l com
mu-
nity
mem
bers
pos
sess
rel
ativ
e to
reg
iona
l fis
h, w
ild-
life
and
plan
ts. A
nd th
e ne
w u
ser
grou
ps h
ad s
till
less
und
erst
andi
ng o
f th
e cu
lture
and
val
ues
trad
i-tio
nal p
eopl
e ha
ve h
eede
d in
man
agin
g th
eir
re-
sour
ces
and
regu
latin
g th
eir
take
for
man
yge
nera
tions
.Pr
otec
ting
natu
ral r
esou
rces
did
not
bec
ome
ur-
gent
, how
ever
, unt
il th
e op
enin
g of
the
Hau
l Roa
d,or
igin
ally
bui
lt to
sup
ply
the
Ala
ska
oil p
ipel
ine.
Onc
e th
e ro
ad w
as a
vaila
ble
for
publ
ic u
se, i
t be-
I
cam
e an
art
ery
into
the
Yuk
onFl
ats
for
hunt
ers
and
fish
erm
en w
ho ta
ke th
r r
com
mer
cial
and
rec
rea-
tiona
l cat
ch f
rom
the
valle
y's
trad
ition
al s
ubsi
s-te
nce
use
stoc
ks.
The
Cou
ncil
of A
thab
asca
n T
riba
l Gov
ernm
ents
sele
cted
Ste
vens
Vill
age
as th
e si
te o
f a
conc
erte
def
fort
to a
sser
t sov
erei
gnty
by
man
agin
g th
eir
own
natu
ral r
esou
rces
, inc
ludi
ng s
ubsi
sten
ce f
ish
and
wild
life.
The
vill
age
is s
tron
g, c
ohes
ive,
with
fir
mid
eas
of h
ow to
go
abou
t man
agin
g its
sub
sist
ence
reso
urce
s. A
nuc
leus
of
trai
ned
youn
g pr
ofes
sion
als
has
retu
rned
to th
e vi
llage
fro
m u
rban
car
eers
inor
der
to ta
ke p
art i
n th
e pr
ojec
t, w
hich
is v
iew
ed a
scr
ucia
l to
the
futu
re o
f A
thab
asca
n su
bsis
tenc
e tr
a-di
tions
.A
suc
cess
ful m
odel
pro
ject
at S
teve
ns V
illag
ew
ould
set
up
a fi
rst l
ine
of d
efen
se f
or s
ubsi
sten
cere
sour
ces
in th
e en
tire
Yuk
on F
lats
Val
ley.
The
villa
ge is
lite
rally
on
the
bord
er o
f th
e A
thab
asca
nan
d W
este
rn w
orld
s, s
ituat
ed a
long
the
Hau
l Roa
dat
the
poin
t whe
re n
arro
w b
anks
cha
nnel
the
Yu-
kon
Riv
er in
to th
e va
lley
nam
ed f
or it
."T
hey'
re li
ke th
e ga
teke
eper
s th
ere,
" St
anle
y sa
ys.
"We
thou
ght i
t was
pre
tty im
port
ant t
o ge
t the
mup
and
run
ning
." F
rom
ther
e, th
e vi
llage
and
coun
cil
will
ove
rhau
l rec
urre
nt p
rogr
am f
undi
ng to
ref
lect
a su
bsis
tenc
e pr
iori
ty.
Stan
ley
estim
ates
the
econ
omic
impa
ct o
f th
eE
agle
Sta
ff F
und
gran
t will
be
'trip
led,
in te
rms
ofth
e fu
nds
actu
ally
app
lied
to th
e co
mm
unity
." A
p-pr
oxim
atel
y $2
4,00
0 of
the
gran
t has
gon
e in
to
6061
setti
ng u
p pr
ogra
m m
anag
emen
t sys
tem
s; a
ppro
xi-
mat
ely
$6,0
00 in
to w
ages
and
sup
plie
s. T
he f
undi
ngha
s ge
nera
ted
$15-
$20,
000
in le
vera
ged
inco
me,
with
mor
e to
com
e fr
om C
AT
G s
ubco
ntra
cts.
An
offi
ce h
as b
een
set u
p at
Ste
vens
Vill
age,
and
a s
taff
of th
ree
hire
d.B
ut th
ere
is n
o es
ti-m
atin
g th
e no
n-m
one-
tary
impa
ct. A
lask
aN
ativ
evi
llage
sth
roug
hout
the
stat
ear
e m
onito
ring
the
pro-
ject
, and
eve
n pa
rtic
i-pa
ting
with
que
stio
nsde
sign
ed to
"tr
ou-
bles
hoot
" th
e pr
ogra
mso
that
itis
sur
e to
wor
k. T
he C
AT
G h
aspr
oduc
ed a
wor
kboo
kto
wal
k A
lask
a N
ativ
esth
roug
h th
e se
rvic
es-
cont
ract
ing
proc
ess,
and
the
wor
kboo
k ha
sbe
enci
rcul
ated
thro
ugho
ut th
e Y
ukon
Flat
s V
alle
y.
Prot
ectin
g th
e tr
adi-
tiona
l sub
sist
ence
use
area
s at
Ste
vens
Vill
age
feed
s in
to a
muc
h la
rger
, lon
g-te
rm e
ffor
t to
asse
rtth
e au
thor
ity o
f "W
e th
e Pe
ople
" in
the
Yuk
on F
iats
P.,
Val
ley,
by
peop
les
who
hav
e "s
ubsi
sted
" th
ere
for-
ever
. The
Int
erio
r D
epar
tmen
t has
mad
e so
me
pro-
gram
s of
U.S
. Fis
h an
d W
ildlif
e in
the
fede
ral Y
ukon
Flat
s W
ildlif
e R
efug
e av
aila
ble
for
trib
al c
ontr
act-
ing,
and
CA
TG
has
app
lied.
The
Ath
abas
can
trib
esse
e it
as a
nat
ural
pip
elin
e fr
om b
uild
ing
capa
city
for
thei
r lo
cal p
rogr
ams
to ta
k-in
g pa
rt in
a b
igge
r pi
ctur
e.T
hey
wou
ld li
ke to
be
inch
arge
of
subs
iste
nce
man
age-
men
t act
iviti
es, r
esea
rch,
cul
-tu
ral r
esou
rces
, hab
itat
man
agem
ent a
nd la
w e
n-1.
g
forc
emen
t in
the
Yuk
on F
lats
Wild
life
Ref
uge
land
the
trib
es o
nce
clai
med
as
thei
row
n. "We'
re b
acki
ng in
to a
sub
-si
sten
ce m
anag
emen
t sys
tem
on la
nds
that
wer
e ta
ken
from
us u
nder
AN
CSA
," S
tanl
eysa
ys. "
We
look
at i
t in
a gl
obal
sens
e, th
at th
is is
ano
ther
way
to m
aint
ain
the
Yuk
on F
lats
Val
ley
as I
ndia
n C
ount
ry. W
elo
ok a
t thi
s as
the
begi
nnin
gof
a lo
ng p
roce
ss."
F IR
ST N
AT
ION
SD
EV
EL
OPM
EN
T I
NST
ITU
TE
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
T19
94/9
5
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
PO
RT
.19
94/9
5 a
OR
GA
NIC
GA
RD
EN
ING
:N
eah
Bay
Don
na W
ilkie
'sgr
eat-
gran
dmot
her
was
n't c
er-
tifie
d. S
he w
as a
med
icin
e w
oman
of
the
Mak
ah T
ribe
at N
eah
Bay
on
the
Oly
mpi
c
Peni
nsul
a in
Was
hing
-to
n st
ate.
She
bro
ught
herb
al m
edic
ine
bags
to th
e ai
ling.
She
of-
fere
d te
a, s
alve
s, ta
lk,
heal
ing
hand
s. B
ut s
hew
asn'
t cer
tifie
d as
aph
ysic
ian
so th
e In
dian
Hea
lth S
ervi
ce m
ade
her
stop
.D
onna
Wilk
ie is
n't
cert
ifie
d ei
ther
. But
whe
n th
e IH
S to
ld h
eran
ope
ratio
n w
ould
be
nece
ssar
y on
her
kne
e,sh
e tu
rned
to h
er g
rea
t-gr
andm
othe
r's e
xam
-pl
e fo
r an
othe
r w
ay.
The
way
was
gin
seng
root
, the
her
b re
vere
dth
roug
hout
Asi
a fo
rhe
alin
g an
d st
imul
ant
prop
ertie
s.
It h
eale
d W
ilkie
's k
nee
prob
lem
, but
now
she
was
curi
ous.
As
a bu
sine
ss a
nd e
cono
mic
plan
ner
for
the
Mak
ah T
riba
l Cou
ncil,
she
won
dere
d w
hyth
e tr
ibe
coul
dn't
get i
nto
grow
ing,
pro
cess
ing
and
pack
agin
g
such
a lu
crat
ive
and
effe
ctua
l pro
duct
. The
num
bers
alon
e in
dica
te it
's w
orth
a tr
y. O
ne a
cre
can
prod
uce
up to
1,6
00 p
ound
sof
gin
seng
, and
a p
ound
can
sel
lfo
r up
to $
250.
Tha
tw
ould
giv
e an
opt
i-m
al g
ross
pro
fit o
f$4
00,0
00 p
er a
cre.
And
bey
ond
the
num
bers
lay
an e
n-vi
ronm
enta
l inc
en-
tive.
The
pot
entia
lpr
ofit
from
gin
seng
wou
ld d
ampe
n th
eap
peal
of
defo
rest
a-tio
n as
an
econ
omic
deve
lopm
ent s
trat
-eg
y. .
If g
inse
ngco
uld
be g
row
npr
ofita
bly,
so
muc
hth
e be
tter
for
the
trib
al r
ain
fore
st.
But
if it
cou
ld b
edo
ne a
t all,
the
know
ledg
e of
how
had
been
lost
.W
hen
a gr
ower
inth
e Pa
cifi
c st
ates
64D
EB
T C
OP
YA
VA
ILA
BLE
65
told
her
gin
seng
wou
ldn'
t gro
w in
the
dam
p co
ndi-
tions
at N
eah
Bay
, a r
ain
fore
st, W
ilkie
cou
ldn'
tco
ntra
dict
him
. "A
lot o
f th
e na
tura
l her
bolo
gypr
actic
es h
ave
been
wip
ed o
ut,"
she
say
s.B
ut s
till g
uide
d by
her
gre
at-g
rand
mot
her's
exa
m-
ple
and
still
und
aunt
ed, W
ilkie
turn
ed to
the
docu
-m
ente
d hi
stor
y of
Nat
ive
Am
eric
an h
erbo
logy
.T
here
she
fou
nd w
hat s
he w
as lo
okin
g fo
r: g
inse
ngha
d gr
own
wild
on
Oly
mpi
c Pe
nins
ula
befo
re C
hi-
nese
labo
rers
on
the
logg
ing
railr
oads
pul
led
it up
.If
the
natu
ral s
trai
n of
gin
seng
cou
ld b
e re
-est
ab-
lishe
d, it
mig
ht p
rovi
de m
ore
than
pro
fits
. It m
ight
poin
t a w
ay b
ack
to th
e na
tive
ecos
yste
m.
Eig
ht m
onth
s la
ter,
Wilk
ie a
nd h
er e
xten
ded
fam
-ily
hav
e an
Eag
le S
taff
Fun
d se
ed g
rant
and
a g
inse
ngga
rden
on
land
the
fam
ily o
wns
join
tly. T
he g
inse
ngro
ots
trip
led
in s
ize
over
the
win
ter
mon
ths,
pro
ving
gins
eng
will
gro
w in
the
rain
y cl
imat
e. B
ut th
e ju
ryis
stil
l out
, for
the
crop
bea
rs c
onst
ant w
atch
ing.
Lad
y bu
gs, b
eer
and
caye
nne
pepp
er m
ust b
e ap
plie
dre
gula
rly
to g
uard
aga
inst
dam
age
from
inse
cts,
slug
s an
d ro
dent
s. W
irem
esh
barr
iers
hav
e be
ensu
nk d
eep
as a
det
erre
nt to
mic
e an
dm
oles
, and
10-
foot
-hig
h fe
nces
hav
ebe
en e
rect
ed a
s ba
rrie
rs a
gain
st d
eer.
It's
alr
eady
pro
ving
a la
bor-
inte
nsiv
e cr
op,
and
a fi
ve-t
o-se
ven-
year
grow
ing
.
seas
on is
pref
erre
d. A
crea
ge in
any
qua
ntity
wou
ld b
e a
trib
alpr
opos
ition
. But
sho
uld
it pr
ove
out t
hat t
he tr
ibe
can
mak
e an
ent
erpr
ise
of g
inse
ng, t
he m
ista
kes
will
have
bee
n m
ade
and
the
prop
er c
ours
e ch
arte
d. T
hefa
mily
has
com
e to
sus
pect
that
the
nativ
e gi
nsen
gw
as a
har
dier
str
ain,
and
they
've
plan
ted
plot
s in
the
wild
to f
ind
out.
"I w
as s
urpr
ised
Eag
le S
taff
Fun
d to
ok a
cha
nce
on m
e, th
is lo
ng te
rm,"
Wilk
ie s
ays.
The
idea
and
con
cept
was
pre
sent
ed to
the
Mak
ah T
riba
l Cou
ncil
as a
fam
ily a
ffai
r, b
ut W
ilkie
thin
ks o
f it
as a
n en
terp
rise
for
som
e la
rger
trib
alas
soci
atio
n. S
he h
as s
impl
y re
ache
d in
to h
er g
reat
-gr
andm
othe
r's m
edic
ine
bag
and
brou
ght f
orth
an
herb
for
econ
omic
heal
ing.
FIR
ST N
AT
ION
SD
EV
EL
OPM
EN
T I
NST
ITU
TE
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
T19
94/9
5
666
7
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
: Whi
teE
arth
Lan
d R
ecov
ery
Proj
ect
At W
hite
Ear
th L
and
Rec
over
y Pr
oiec
t,
reco
very
is f
or p
eopl
e to
o, a
nd p
lant
s.
As
Bob
Shi
mek
des
crib
es th
e w
ork
unde
rway
ther
e, th
e re
cove
ry in
que
stio
nse
ems
to b
e of
an
inta
ct s
piri
tual
ity lo
st in
the
woo
ds, t
he ta
ll co
rn, t
he w
ild r
ice
wet
-la
nds.
"The
env
iron
men
t dic
tate
s w
how
e ar
e.W
hen
the
envi
ronm
ent i
s ra
dica
lly a
ltere
d,it'
s ea
sy to
get
into
that
cyc
le w
here
you
beco
me
som
ethi
ng o
ther
than
, nat
ural
ly,
we
are.
" Whi
te E
arth
, in
nort
hwes
t Min
neso
ta,
had
been
cau
ght i
n th
e cy
cle
to th
e po
int
whe
re f
ores
t cle
ar-c
uttin
g en
croa
ched
hea
v-ily
on
its h
omel
ands
and
pla
nt h
abita
ts. T
heO
jibw
e tr
ibe'
s tr
aditi
onal
ly s
acre
d re
latio
n-sh
ip to
cor
n ha
d be
en a
lmos
t los
t. C
erem
o-ni
al w
ays,
suc
h as
the
offe
ring
of s
ugar
, wer
ein
crea
sing
ly a
mon
g "t
hose
thin
gs th
at ju
stgo
t mar
gina
lized
," S
him
ek s
ays.
Tra
ditio
nal
know
ledg
e of
ric
e pa
rchi
ng, s
yrup
col
lect
ion
and
hom
iny
proc
essi
ng b
egan
to f
ollo
w.
With
them
wou
ld e
vent
ually
van
ish
the
stew
ards
hip
of h
abita
t tha
t mak
es s
usta
in-
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
T19
Q4/
95
;
6869
able
hun
ting
and
gath
erin
g po
ssib
le f
or m
any
trib
alm
embe
rs.
But
the
envi
ronm
enta
l str
uggl
e ag
ains
t for
est
clea
r-cu
tting
for
ced
Whi
te E
arth
Lan
d R
ecov
ery
Proj
ect t
o ta
ke a
ctio
n, ju
st in
tim
e. F
or tr
aditi
onal
food
acq
uisi
tion
and
proc
essi
ng a
ctiv
ities
emer
ged
as th
e ke
y to
land
rec
over
y an
dcu
ltura
l res
tora
tion,
and
ther
e w
as ju
sten
ough
trad
ition
al k
now
ledg
e le
ft to
mak
eit
feas
ible
."A
few
peo
ple
on o
ur r
eser
vatio
n kn
owho
w to
mak
e ho
min
y, a
few
peo
ple
on o
urre
serv
atio
n kn
ow h
ow to
par
ch r
ice,
"Sh
imek
say
s. "
It's
our
inte
nt th
at a
lot o
fpe
ople
or
our
rese
rvat
ion
know
how
to d
ot h
ese
thin
gs."
Lan
d re
cove
ry w
as th
e in
itial
ste
p. O
nce
land
had
bee
n re
cove
red,
rev
enue
str
eam
sge
nera
ted
from
the
land
cou
ld b
e de
dica
ted
to th
e re
cove
ry o
f st
ill m
ore
land
. In
this
way
too,
the
Whi
te E
arth
env
iron
men
t cou
ld b
epr
otec
ted
and
dive
rsif
ied,
and
the
peop
lere
cort
nect
ed w
ith w
hat,
natu
rally
, the
y ar
e.-
v.. T
he r
eviv
al, a
nd e
xpan
sion
of
"sug
arin
g"at
Whi
te E
arth
is a
cas
e in
poi
nt. I
t had
emer
ged
duri
ng th
e st
rugg
le a
gain
st f
ores
tcl
ear-
cutti
ng:th
at m
any
suga
r m
aple
s ha
dbe
en f
elle
d at
Whi
te E
arth
for
fir
ewoo
d an
dlu
mbe
r. T
he L
and'
Rec
over
y Pr
ojec
t tea
man
d its
sup
port
ers
in th
e co
mm
unity
soo
n
refl
ecte
d th
at N
ativ
e A
mer
ican
s on
ce p
rodu
ced
ma-
ple
suga
r fo
r ba
rter
and
dom
estic
use
."I
t was
our
thin
king
that
it w
ould
not
be
a ba
did
ea to
beg
in a
pro
ject
that
wou
ld b
egin
to g
et
F IR
ST N
AT
ION
SD
EV
EL
OPM
EIN
IT I
NST
ITU
TE
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
T19
94/9
5
70
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
T19
94/9
5
MI"
Indi
ans
into
the
mai
nstr
eam
of
syru
pan
d su
gar
prod
uctio
n in
this
cou
ntry
," S
him
ek s
aid
A s
ugar
bush
, or
grov
e of
sug
arm
aple
s, w
as e
stab
-
lishe
d in
sho
rt o
rder
If e
ver
a "s
wee
tene
r" w
asne
eded
for
env
iron
men
tal e
ngag
emen
t,W
hite
Ear
th h
ad f
ound
it.
Man
y tr
ibal
mem
bers
now
kno
w h
ow to
colle
ct
map
le s
yrup
; 2,4
00 ta
ps w
ere
our
last
spr
ing.
Oth
ers
are
mov
ing
into
the
proc
essi
ngan
d pr
oduc
tion
ends
of th
e su
gar
and
syru
p in
dust
ry.
Still
oth
ers
are
deve
lopi
ng c
otta
ge m
arke
ting
syst
ems.
The
re h
as
been
no
prob
lem
in m
ovin
g pr
oces
sed
suga
ran
d
syru
p pr
oduc
ts, a
ndpl
enty
of
surp
lus
has
been
avai
labl
e fo
r th
e re
cipr
ocal
giv
ing
of tr
ibal
trad
ition
.
Map
le s
yrup
pro
duct
s ar
e ev
en c
onve
rtin
g to
"coi
n
of th
e re
alm
," S
him
ek s
ays,
as
a m
odes
tbar
ter
trad
e
begi
ns to
hel
p sy
rup
p-od
ucer
s ge
t som
eof
the
othe
r
thin
gs th
ey n
eed.
Coi
n of
ano
ther
rea
lm h
as r
each
edth
e tr
ibe
thro
ugh
tapp
ing
of a
trad
ition
al s
piri
tSu
gar
is
offe
red
agai
n in
all
the
cere
mon
ies,
and
the
map
le
stan
ds s
till c
onne
ct th
e W
hite
Ear
thpe
ople
to th
eir
cultu
re. '
The
re is
this
cer
emon
ial a
spec
tth
at a
t-
tend
s th
is e
ven
befo
re w
e ge
t sta
rted
,"Sh
irne
k sa
ys.
"We
look
at t
he w
hole
, not
just
Ole
eco
nom
ic"
Yet
eco
noni
i,: s
usta
inab
ility
is n
oaf
tert
houg
ht.
"Tha
t is
a m
ediu
m-r
ange
goa
i of
this
who
le p
roc-
ess,
" Sh
imek
say
s. F
irst
; the
pro
ject
has
had
to p
ur-
chas
e eq
uipm
ent f
or th
e su
gari
ng o
pera
tion.
Hom
iny
prod
uctio
n, m
ore
embr
yoni
cth
ough
wel
l
EA
GL
E S
TA
FF F
UN
DO
FFE
RS
NE
W T
OO
LS
AG
AIN
STM
AL
NU
TR
ITIO
NT
he E
agle
Sta
ff F
und
offe
rs p
riva
tean
d co
rpo-
rate
gra
nt m
aker
s a
new
ven
uein
the
stru
ggle
agai
nst h
unge
r an
d m
alnu
triti
on.
Inst
ead
of s
topp
ing
at s
uch
wor
thy
trad
ition
,i
mea
sure
s ag
ains
t hun
ger
asfo
od p
antr
ies
and
soup
kitc
hens
, fun
ders
can
sup
port
Nat
ive
subs
iste
nce
agri
cultu
re, o
rgan
ic g
arde
ning
, and
the
rein
tro-
duct
ion
of b
uffa
lo m
eat,
hom
iny,
wild
ric
e, a
nd
othe
r tr
aditi
onal
foo
dstu
ffs.
Spec
ific
Eag
le S
taff
F un
d pr
ojec
ts a
ddre
ss e
ach
ofth
ese
goal
s di
rect
ly.
Tak
en to
geth
er, t
he p
roje
cts
show
pote
ntia
l for
incr
ease
d tr
ibal
sel
f-re
lianc
e in
foo
dpr
oduc
tion.
In
the
shor
t ter
m, t
hey
can
only
impr
ove
the
nutr
i-
tiona
l situ
atio
n in
Ind
ian
Cou
ntry
,whi
ch is
all
too
ofte
n ch
arac
teri
zed
by h
igh-
fat,
proc
esse
d co
m-
mod
ity f
oods
and
foo
d st
amp
dist
ribu
tion
polic
ies
that
enc
oura
ge "
bing
e" e
atin
g an
ddr
inki
ng h
abits
duri
ng s
et p
erio
ds o
f ea
chm
onth
, fol
low
ed b
y
"fam
ine"
rat
ioni
ng u
ntil
the
next
dist
ribu
tion.
The
pro
cess
ed f
oods
that
are
pri
mar
ilyav
aila
ble
on r
eser
vatio
nste
nd to
be
high
in s
alt a
nd s
ugar
dubi
ous
fare
for
dia
betic
s an
d th
ose
with
hy-
pert
ensi
on a
nd h
eart
dis
ease
,af
flic
tions
par
ticu-
larl
y pr
eval
ent a
mon
g N
ativ
eA
mer
ican
s. F
resh
7273
food
, cru
cial
to c
omba
tting
the
high
inci
denc
e of
diet
-rel
ated
dis
ease
am
ong
Nat
ive
Am
eric
ans,
isco
mpa
rativ
ely
rare
on
rese
rvat
ions
. Tra
nspo
rta-
tion
to b
orde
r to
wns
, whe
re f
resh
foo
d is
abu
n-da
nt, i
s to
o in
freq
uent
to r
ever
se il
l-ad
vise
ddi
etar
y ha
bits
, eve
n if
peo
ple
wer
e aw
are
of th
em.
But
ther
e is
littl
e at
tem
pt b
y ei
ther
the
food
sta
mp
prog
ram
or
the
com
mod
ity p
rogr
am to
off
erpr
oact
ive
nutr
ition
al e
duca
tion.
Die
t-re
late
d de
ath
and
illne
ss a
mon
g N
ativ
eA
mer
ican
s is
hig
her
than
that
of
the
gene
ral p
opu-
latio
n. H
eart
dis
ease
ran
ks a
s th
e le
adin
g ca
use
ofde
ath
for
both
Ind
ian
men
and
wom
en. T
he N
a-tiv
e di
abet
es r
ate
is tw
o to
sev
en ti
mes
the
na-
tiona
l ave
rage
. Tub
ercu
losi
s oc
curs
at f
our
to 1
4tim
es th
e na
tiona
l ave
rage
. Alc
ohol
ism
and
Fet
alA
lcoh
ol S
yndr
ome
inci
denc
e ra
tes
are
likew
ise
wel
l abo
ve th
e na
tiona
l ave
rage
s. O
besi
ty is
com
-m
on.
The
hea
lth s
ituat
ion
in I
ndia
n C
ount
ry is
sim
i-la
r to
that
in m
any
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ries
anen
dem
ic p
atte
rn o
f pr
even
tabl
e di
seas
es c
ombi
ned
with
a h
igh
inci
denc
e of
soc
ial p
robl
ems
resu
lting
from
pov
erty
.B
ut g
rant
ees
of th
e E
agle
Sta
ff F
und
are
wor
king
to b
reak
the
dead
ly c
ycle
in th
is g
ener
atio
n, a
str
aditi
onal
foo
dstu
ffs
begi
n to
re-
esta
blis
h bo
thth
eir
stat
us in
Nat
ive
Am
eric
an li
fe...
and
thei
rpl
ace
on th
e ta
ble.
unde
rway
, req
uire
s fu
rthe
r no
uris
hing
. Oth
er tr
adi-
tiona
l eco
nom
ic a
ctiv
ities
are
adv
anci
ng r
ight
alo
ng.
For
the
near
er te
rm, t
hrou
gh a
fle
xibl
e E
agle
Sta
ffFu
nd g
rant
, the
Whi
te E
arth
Lan
d R
ecov
ery
Proj
ect
is d
evel
opin
g a
mar
ketin
g pl
an f
or it
s pr
oduc
ts a
nda
dire
ct m
ail d
onor
cam
paig
n. T
he f
irst
dir
ect m
ail-
ing
brou
ght i
n $7
,000
, Shi
mek
sai
d. "
So it
's w
ork-
ing.
" As
the
sepa
rate
ent
erpr
ises
mat
ure,
val
ue-a
dded
proc
essi
ng s
prea
ds a
mod
est i
ncom
e to
man
y in
the
trib
e th
roug
h w
hat d
irec
tor
Win
ona
La
Duk
e ca
lls"t
he r
ippl
e in
the
pond
app
roac
h" to
eco
nom
ic d
e-ve
lopm
ent.
"The
re's
bee
n a
sign
ific
ant i
ncre
ase
in th
e ca
ptur
eof
val
ue-a
dded
(re
venu
e),"
La
Duk
e sa
ys, a
s re
flec
ted
in th
e pr
ice
of w
ild r
ice,
whi
ch le
aves
the
rese
rvat
ion
at $
5 a
poun
d as
com
pare
d to
50
cent
s a
poun
d fi
veye
ars
ago.
Whi
te E
arth
Lan
d R
ecov
ery
Proj
ect
wou
ld li
ke to
see
all
trad
ition
al e
cono
mic
act
iviti
espr
ofit
from
val
ue-a
dded
pro
cess
ing.
La
Duk
e sa
id th
eda
y is
com
ing
whe
n ra
spbe
rrie
s, m
edic
inal
pla
nts,
hom
iny,
map
le s
yrup
, wild
ric
e an
d ot
her
prod
ucts
will
leav
e th
e re
serv
atio
n in
bir
ch b
ark
gift
bas
kets
.O
n th
at d
ay, W
hite
Ear
th w
ill b
e th
at m
uch
clos
er to
ded
icat
ing
reve
nue
stre
ams
for
land
acq
ui-
sitio
n.
F IR
ST N
AT
ION
SD
EV
ELO
PM
EN
T IN
ST
ITU
TE
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
T19
94/9
5
74
,
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
T19
94/9
5
LE
AD
ER
SHIP
FO
R T
HE
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
: Nat
ive
Act
ion
The
Nor
ther
n C
heye
nne
have
exh
ibite
d st
rate
-gi
c le
ader
ship
trai
ts f
or a
s lo
ng a
s an
yone
can
rem
embe
r.M
ost n
otab
ly, t
hey
team
ed u
p w
ith o
ther
trib
esto
def
eat C
uste
r an
d th
e Se
vent
hC
aval
ry in
def
ense
of th
eir
hom
elan
ds, w
here
they
still
live
. OE
less
not
orie
ty, b
utar
guab
ly e
very
bit
as s
igni
fica
ntfo
r th
e tr
ibe'
s fu
ture
, the
y to
okst
rate
gic
step
s to
rea
cqui
re th
eir
land
bas
e im
med
iate
ly a
fter
the
Indi
an R
eorg
aniz
atio
n A
ct o
f19
34 p
ut a
n en
d to
allo
tmen
t,w
hich
had
vis
ited
them
late
in it
ssi
nist
er c
aree
r. T
he tr
ibe
toda
yow
ns 9
8 pe
rcen
t of
its 5
00,0
00ac
re r
eser
vatio
n. M
ore
rece
ntly
,a
trib
al le
ader
ado
pted
the
ulti-
mat
ely
succ
essf
ul p
olic
y of
sL
all-
ing
for
time
as th
e N
orth
ern
Che
yenn
e de
velo
ped
expe
rtis
e t o
defe
nd th
eir
envi
ronm
enta
l and
trad
ition
al in
tere
sts
duri
ng th
e co
albo
om o
f th
e 19
70s.
Still
and
all,
lead
ers
are
little
mor
e th
an f
igur
e-he
ads
if th
e pe
ople
won
't fo
llow
. On
a bi
tterl
y co
ld,
snow
y w
inte
r ni
ght i
n 19
90, G
ailS
mal
l, ex
ecut
ive
dire
ctor
of
Nat
ive
Act
ion,
fea
red
no o
ne w
ould
show
up
at a
com
mun
ity m
eetin
g sc
hedu
led
todi
scus
s th
e C
omm
unity
Rei
nves
tmen
t Act
. The
topi
cba
nk d
enia
l of
cred
it to
the
rese
rvat
ion
wou
ld b
e on
the
dry
side
, and
the
proc
ess
of p
rovi
ng"r
edlin
ing"
wou
ld b
e lo
ng a
nd h
ard
with
no
guar
an-
tee
of s
ucce
ss.
But
one
by
one
they
cam
e, a
ful
l hou
se o
f un
as-
sum
ing
Nor
ther
n C
heye
nne
com
mun
ity r
esid
ents
on th
e ha
rshe
st n
ight
of
the
youn
g w
inte
r. A
nd th
ey w
ould
stay
with
it, u
ntil
fina
lly th
eir
succ
essf
ul C
RA
cha
lleng
e of
am
ajor
Mon
tana
ban
k se
t apr
eced
ent w
ithin
Ind
ian
Cou
n-tr
y an
d w
on th
em a
$4
mill
ion
lend
ing
agre
emen
t.N
ow, i
n 19
95, N
ativ
e A
ctio
nho
pes
to p
luck
a g
ener
atio
n of
Nor
ther
n C
heye
nne
lead
ers
from
the
cold
win
ds th
at c
ould
Le...
.
awai
t the
trib
e. F
or G
ail S
mal
l,st
atis
tics
alon
e fo
resh
adow
a
;WC
° V
ER
T E
stor
m. T
he tr
ibal
pop
ulat
ion
ism
u/A
N v
onyo
uthf
ul, y
et th
e hi
gh s
choo
l--
-,A
idr
opou
t rat
e is
app
roxi
mat
ely
Gai
l Sm
all
60 p
erce
nt. I
n th
e da
y an
d ag
e of
com
pute
rize
d of
fice
s an
d dw
indl
ing
fede
ral b
udg-
ets,
Sm
all a
sks
of th
e tr
ibe
and
itsdr
opou
ts"H
ow
7677
on e
arth
are
you
goi
ng to
sur
vive
, let
alo
ne c
om-
pete
?"Fo
rtun
atel
y, th
e N
orth
ern
Che
yenn
e ha
vea
his-
tory
that
beg
an b
efor
e re
cord
ed h
isto
ry; i
t is
a hi
s-to
ry f
illed
with
exa
mpl
es o
f le
ader
ship
. Lea
ders
hip
the
trib
e m
ust d
raw
on
now
as m
uch
as e
ver.
A D
evel
opm
ent C
apita
l gra
nt f
rom
the
Eag
leSt
aff
Fund
will
ena
ble
Nat
ive
Act
ion
to d
evel
op th
ene
xt g
ener
atio
n of
str
ong,
cul
tura
lly r
oote
d le
ader
san
d in
stitu
tions
for
the
Nor
ther
n C
heye
nne.
The
long
-ter
m g
oal o
f th
e gr
ant i
s to
fos
ter
a su
stai
nabl
ere
serv
atio
n ec
onom
y.B
ut in
kee
ping
with
the
Eag
le S
taff
Fun
d ph
iloso
-ph
y, N
ativ
e A
ctio
n's
activ
ities
do
not h
ave
to f
it th
ena
rrow
cat
egor
y of
eco
nom
ic d
evel
opm
ent.
Rat
her,
Nat
ive
Act
ion'
s w
ork
mus
t bui
ld d
evel
opm
ent c
a-pa
city
thro
ugh
holis
tic u
nder
taki
ngs.
If o
ne s
ecto
ron
the
spec
trum
of
activ
ities
get
s ou
t in
fron
t of
the
rest
, it c
ould
be
disc
redi
ted
in a
com
mun
ity a
lrea
dyac
cust
omed
to w
atch
ing
prom
ises
com
e an
d go
. If,
for
inst
ance
, so
pres
sing
a n
eed
as c
omm
erci
al in
fra-
stru
ctur
e fo
r to
uris
m w
ere
to g
et u
nder
way
with
-ou
t a ta
x ba
se a
dequ
ate
to s
uppo
rt it
, the
initi
ativ
em
ight
sta
ll ou
t pre
mat
urel
y, a
nd b
y its
exa
mpl
epr
eem
pt f
utur
e at
tem
pts.
With
this
in m
ind,
Nat
ive
Act
ion
mus
t sim
ulta
-ne
ousl
y co
urt t
he c
omm
unity
empo
wer
men
t of
smal
l vic
tori
es w
hile
pre
pari
ng th
e gr
ound
for
grea
ter
ones
dow
n th
e ro
ad. L
ike
the
chai
rman
who
stal
led
for
time
until
the
trib
ew
as r
eady
to d
eal
with
the
chal
leng
e of
the
coal
boo
mto
wns
sur-
roun
ding
it, N
ativ
e A
ctio
n m
ust s
trat
egic
ally
orga
n-iz
e to
dea
l with
the
mul
ti-fa
cete
d ch
alle
nges
they
conf
ront
in c
onte
mpo
rary
Am
eric
a:11
*A
bur
ial l
aw, a
llow
ing
trib
al e
lder
s to
be
buri
ed in
a tr
aditi
onal
way
, with
out E
uro-
Am
eric
an tr
appi
ngs,
will
enc
oura
ge th
eN
orth
ern
Che
yenn
e be
lief
that
one
sho
uld
die
as o
ne h
as li
ved:
trad
ition
ally
. Alm
ost
lost
in th
e co
ncer
nwith
mor
talit
y is
the
law
's e
ncou
rage
men
t to
live
by tr
ibal
trad
i-tio
ns, a
nec
essa
ry p
recu
rsor
to e
cono
mic
de-
velo
pmen
t on
a re
serv
atio
n ov
erbu
rden
edby
unh
ealth
y lif
esty
les.
Eld
ers
are
mob
ilizi
ng to
add
ress
the
negl
ect
of g
rand
child
ren
by th
eir
own
offs
prin
g,so
me
of w
hose
par
entin
g sk
ills
have
bee
nde
cim
ated
by
the
drug
and
alc
ohol
cir
cles
ram
pant
on
man
y re
serv
atio
ns, i
nclu
ding
the
Nor
ther
n C
heye
nne.
Aga
in, t
heco
n-ce
rn is
for
hea
lthy
lifes
tyle
s in
sup
port
of
long
-ter
m le
ader
ship
for
the
trib
e.N
ativ
e A
ctio
n an
d th
e N
orth
ern
Che
yenn
ew
on a
maj
or v
icto
ry in
Apr
il, w
hen
the
stat
e de
nied
ren
ewal
of
a m
inin
g pe
rmit
ata
coal
fie
ld n
ear
Bir
ney
in s
outh
east
Mon
-ta
na. N
ativ
e A
ctio
n ha
s op
pose
d th
e m
ine
and
a re
late
d ra
ilroa
d pr
ojec
t for
a d
ecad
eno
w. M
inin
g bo
omto
wns
on
Nor
ther
nC
heye
nne
bord
ers
have
a lo
ng h
isto
ry o
f di
s-ru
ptin
g th
e re
serv
atio
n's
mos
t tra
ditio
nal
com
mun
ities
; and
the
prop
osed
Ton
gue
FIR
ST N
AT
ION
SD
EV
EL
OPM
EN
T I
NST
ITU
TE
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
119
94/9
5
7 8
Riv
er R
ailr
oad,
a s
hort
cut t
o W
yom
ing,
coul
d op
en c
oal f
ield
s al
l alo
ng th
e N
orth
-er
n C
heye
nnes
' eas
tern
bor
der.
With
the
stat
e m
inin
g pe
rmit
deni
al in
han
d, N
ativ
eA
ctio
n ho
pes
to r
eope
n pr
ocee
ding
s on
the
Ton
gue
Riv
er R
ailr
oad
befo
re th
e In
ters
tate
Com
mer
ce C
omm
issi
on, o
n gr
ound
s th
atin
the
abse
nce
of a
min
ing
perm
itth
era
ilroa
d is
unn
eces
sary
. With
coa
l fie
ld d
e-ve
lopm
ent n
o lo
nger
a th
reat
on
the
east
-er
n bo
rder
s fo
r th
e fi
rst t
ime
in a
ful
lge
nera
tion,
the
Nor
ther
n C
heye
nne
wou
ldbe
fre
e to
exp
lore
the
term
s of
thei
r ow
n de
-ve
lopm
ent e
ffor
ts.
Com
e w
hat m
ay, h
ere
is th
e tr
adem
ark
cont
in-
uum
of
trul
y st
rate
gic
thin
king
: fro
m lo
cal s
ucce
ssin
the
fiel
d to
bro
ader
pol
icy
refo
rm a
s a
stag
efo
r
futu
re r
ealiz
atio
n of
the
real
goa
l all
alon
g ...
Thi
s is
wha
t Gai
l Sm
all,
nam
ed "
Hea
d C
hief
Wom
an"
by th
e N
orth
ern
Che
yenn
e, h
as in
min
dw
hen
she
says
the
Eag
le S
taff
Fun
d D
evel
opm
ent
Cap
ital g
rant
"ex
empl
ifie
s th
e co
ntin
uanc
e of
proa
ctiv
e N
orth
ern
Che
yenn
e le
ader
ship
."
Rfl
BE
ST C
OPY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
POL
ICY
: Mni
Sos
e In
tert
riba
lW
ater
Rig
hts
Coa
litio
nm
ni S
ose
is p
ursu
ing
polic
y ch
ange
inut
ility
char
ges
that
wou
ld h
elp
over
turn
a h
alf
cent
ury
of e
cono
mic
rac
ism
aim
ed a
t Mis
-
sour
i Riv
er B
asin
Tri
bes.
One
of
the
28 M
ni S
ose
trib
es a
lone
pay
s up
toS5
0,00
0 a
year
for
ele
ctri
city
to r
un it
s sm
allf
acto
ry,
acco
rdin
g t o
Woo
dy C
orbi
ne, t
he c
oalit
ion'
s fi
nanc
e
l)1:
1 ic
er.G
iven
that
bas
in tr
i.,,2
s an
d th
eir
mem
bers
pay
the
high
est e
lect
rica
l rat
esin
the
natio
nth
is
in a
reg
ion
that
hos
tsse
vera
l of
the
coun
try'
s m
ost
impo
veri
shed
cou
ntie
s, e
ach
with
in r
eser
vatio
n bo
r-
ders
any
decl
ine
in u
tility
rat
esw
ould
fre
e up
sign
ific
ant r
esou
rces
for
eco
nom
ic d
evel
opm
ent.
Con
gres
s ha
s be
en p
rom
isin
g tr
ibes
acc
ess
to lo
w-
cost
hyd
roel
ectr
ic p
ower
for
man
y ye
ars,
inde
ed
sinc
e ta
king
350
,000
acr
esof
the
fine
st tr
ibal
hom
e-la
nds
for
rnai
nste
m d
am c
onst
ruct
ion
unde
r th
eFl
ood
Con
trol
Act
of
1944
. Flo
odin
g ca
used
by
dam
cons
truc
tion
and
rech
anne
ling
of th
e ri
ver
inun
-da
ted
trib
al h
omel
ands
and
sw
ept a
way
a c
entu
ry's
wor
th o
f in
fras
truc
ture
up
and
dow
n th
e M
isso
urr
But
onl
y in
rec
ent y
ears
has
the
door
ope
ned
tole
gitim
ate
hope
that
the
gove
rnm
ent w
ould
kee
pits
ple
dge
Rep
. Geo
rge
Mill
er,D
-Cal
if.,
then
cha
ir-
man
of
the
Hou
se C
omm
ittee
on
Nat
ural
Re-
sour
ces,
inst
ruct
ed th
e D
epar
tmen
tof
Ene
rgy
to
abid
e by
a "
read
y, w
illin
g an
d ab
le"
stan
dard
for
nego
tiatin
g pr
efer
ence
pow
er a
lloca
tions
with
trib
es.
In e
ssen
ce, t
he n
ew p
olic
y is
an
ince
ntiv
efo
r
Mis
sour
i Riv
er B
asin
trib
es to
hav
e ut
ility
code
s in
plac
e by
the
year
200
0. T
hey
wou
ld th
enbe
elig
ible
to s
ign
an 1
8-ye
ar a
gree
men
t with
the
Wes
tern
Are
a
Pow
er A
ssoc
iatio
n th
at c
ould
low
er tr
ibal
utili
ty
rate
s by
up
to 4
0 pe
rcen
t,de
pend
ing
on tr
ibal
lyde
sign
ated
pow
er a
lloca
tions
fro
m W
APA
to th
eut
ility
coo
pera
tives
ser
ving
trib
es.
But
WA
PA h
as m
uch
unde
rest
imat
ed tr
ibal
en
ergy
load
s as
it la
ys a
i;ro
undw
ork
for
Indi
an p
ower
allo
catio
ns in
the
year
200
0, C
orbi
ne s
aid.
The
,3ri
-er
gy lo
ad is
ulti
mat
ely
deri
ved
from
the
popu
latio
nof
iden
tifia
ble
elec
tric
ity u
sers
; the
ir n
umbe
rfo
rms
the
basi
s of
pro
ject
ed u
se e
stim
ates
. The
se e
stim
ates
will
tran
slat
e in
to tr
ibal
-spe
cifi
c po
wer
allo
catio
ns,
whi
ch in
turn
det
erm
ine
the
rate
red
uctio
ns tr
ibes
may
rea
lize.
An
Eag
le S
taff
Fun
d gr
ant i
s es
tabl
ishi
ng tr
ibal
utili
ty d
epar
tmen
ts w
ell i
n ad
vanc
e of
the
year
2000
. The
gra
nt a
lso
supp
orts
the
ongo
ing
proc
ess
of id
entif
ying
trib
al e
lect
rici
ty u
sers
, in
hope
s of
obta
inin
g fa
ir e
nerg
y lo
ad e
stim
ates
for
the
next
gene
ratio
n.T
hrou
gh th
e M
ni S
ose
coal
ition
, tri
bal w
ater
righ
ts a
re e
stab
lishi
ng a
pre
senc
e w
ithin
the
curr
ent
of F
irst
Nat
ions
' orr
goin
g po
licy
effo
rts.
FIR
ST N
AT
ION
SD
EV
ELO
PM
EN
T IN
ST
ITU
TE
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
T19
94/9
5
8213
Lj C
OPY
AV
AIL
AO
LE
83
;BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
T.4
4 99
4/9
541
,1k
HO
US
ING
:N
orth
ern
Cir
cle
Indi
an H
ousi
ng A
utho
rity
0ne tr
ibe
mea
sure
sov
ercr
owdi
ng b
y nu
mbe
rof
fam
ilies
per
roo
m. T
his
is p
erha
ps a
ll th
atne
eds
to b
e sa
id 'a
bout
t he
hou
sing
cri
sis
inIn
dian
Cou
ntry
, exc
ept t
hat i
t won
't ge
tbe
tter
in
the
curr
ent b
udge
t-cu
tting
pol
itica
l clim
ate.
Fort
unat
ely,
Nor
ther
n C
ircl
e In
dian
Hou
sing
Aut
hori
ty is
wel
l on
the
way
to d
evel
opin
g al
tern
a-tiv
e m
ortg
age
iniL
atio
n m
odel
s fo
r ho
usin
gre
ha-
bilit
ario
n an
d co
nstr
uctio
n. T
he c
onso
rtiu
mof
13
smal
l tri
bes
in N
orth
ern
Cal
ifor
nia
has
built
240
hom
es th
roug
h in
nova
tive
use
of f
eder
alfu
ndin
g.
Sixt
y-fi
ve m
ore
are
unde
r co
nstr
uctio
n, w
ith a
n-ot
her
60 in
the
plan
ning
sta
ge.
But
thes
e H
ousi
ng a
nd U
rban
Dev
elop
men
t or
"HU
D"
hom
es c
ome
with
bui
lt-in
lim
itatio
ns o
neq
uity
bui
ldin
g, m
eani
ng e
duca
tion
or r
etir
emen
tca
nnot
be
fina
nced
thro
ugh
seco
nd m
ortg
ages
.
Mor
eove
r, d
ue to
the
term
inat
ion
polic
y pu
rsue
dby
the
i'ede
ral g
over
nmen
t in
t!--
.e 1
950s
, som
eN
orth
-
ern
Cal
ifor
nia
trib
esha
ve o
nly
rece
ntly
got
ten
fed-
eral
rec
ogn:
tion
back
and
don
't fi
t HU
D p
rogr
am.p
aram
eter
s. A
nd f
inal
ly, a
ll in
dica
tions
arc
that
lim
-
'4ite
d fu
ndin
g w
ill b
e a
feat
ure
of H
UD
bud
gets
for
year
s to
com
e.T
he r
esul
t is
"a ie
al in
tere
st in
opt
ions
.' am
ong
...fl
if'k
Nor
ther
n C
ircl
e tr
ibes
, say
s D
arle
neT
oole
y,. .
.,
.,'"
fl:-.
v11
=11
1111
1111
1111
111k
.
84
exec
utiv
e di
rect
or. A
ccor
ding
ly, N
orth
ern
Cir
cle
has
perf
orm
ed a
hou
sing
nee
ds a
sses
smen
tst
udy
amon
g its
mem
ber
trib
es, f
or u
se in
con
junc
tion
with
pri
vate
sec
tor
fund
ing.
"We'
re tr
ying
to e
duca
te o
urse
lves
tolo
ok a
t
re33
ons
to lo
ok f
or p
riva
tefi
nanc
ing
... to
prov
ide
a
way
for
peo
ple
todo
this
if th
at's
wha
t wor
ks f
or
them
."T
he p
roce
ss h
asn'
t bee
n ea
sy. T
o sa
yno
thin
g of
the
intr
icac
ies
of m
ortg
age
fina
ncin
g, m
any
of th
eba
sics
of
cred
it-w
orth
ines
s in
the
priv
ate
sect
or a
re
only
som
ewha
t fam
iliar
."W
e're
rea
lly s
trug
glin
g to
und
erst
and
this
,"
Too
ley
says
. "W
e've
bee
n gr
ant-
depe
nden
tan
d gc
...-
ernm
ent-
orie
nted
for
ever
. Our
trib
es a
re s
tart
ing
with
not
hing
, no
land
bas
e, n
oin
fras
truc
ture
. For
us, f
or w
here
trib
es a
re,w
e've
com
e a
cons
ider
able
way
."A
n E
agle
Sta
ff F
und
gran
t has
enab
led
Nor
ther
n
Cir
cle
to e
xplo
re r
esou
rces
for
the
need
s de
mon
-
stra
ted
in c
he a
sses
smen
t. Pr
elim
inar
yap
plic
atio
ns
have
bee
n m
aile
d ou
t to
Nor
ther
nC
ircl
e re
spon
-
dent
s. T
hey
will
be
scre
ened
with
a lo
anD
ffic
er f
or
crea
tive
loan
mak
ing,
low
- to
mod
erat
e-ic
com
e tr
a-di
tiona
l loa
ns, o
r cr
edit-
wor
thin
ess
trlin
ing
--"w
ays
to h
elp
peop
le g
et to
whe
re th
ey c
an b
e
fina
nced
," T
oole
y sa
ys.
..3
5
EN
TE
RPR
ISE
: Nat
ive
Am
eric
anB
usin
ess
Ass
ocia
tion
maj
or d
evel
opm
ent o
f to
uris
m a
tC
oeur
d'A
lene
aw
aits
infr
a-st
ruct
ure
enha
ncm
ents
,bu
t with
a n
atio
nal g
amin
glo
ttery
in +
_he
wor
ks th
ere
the
wai
t may
not
be
long
And
whe
n th
e to
uris
tsco
me,
the
Nat
ive
Am
eric
an B
usi-
iless
Ass
ocia
tion
will
be
read
y fo
r th
em.
The
Plu
mm
er, I
daho
,as
soci
atio
n ha
s lo
ngho
ped
for
Nat
ive
busi
-ne
sses
to c
apita
lize
on th
e m
arke
t tha
tw
as o
nly
a hi
ghw
aydr
ive
away
. But
alw
ays
the
loca
lbu
sine
ss c
ham
-be
rs w
ante
d to
deve
lop
a ri
ver
50 m
iles
from
the
hear
t of
the
rese
rvat
ion
Whe
n th
e 11
Nat
ive
Am
eric
anbu
sine
ss o
wne
rs tu
rned
to th
e E
agle
Sta
ff F
und,
they
lear
ned
that
non
prof
it st
atus
wou
lden
hanc
e th
eir
chan
ces
of a
sser
ting
cont
rol o
ver
thei
r ec
o-,
norn
ic d
estin
y, w
ithou
tsu
bmitt
ing
to th
e de
-m
ands
of
a se
lf-i
nter
este
dpr
ivat
e se
ctor
.T
he N
ativ
e A
mer
ican
Bus
ines
s A
ssoc
iatio
n re
ceiv
edits
non
-pro
fit s
tatu
s in
sho
rtor
der,
and
beg
an to
exp
lore
mar
ketin
g to
ols.
Onc
e a
bro-
chur
e an
d ad
vert
isin
gco
upon
sw
ere
in p
rint
; fol
low
-up
rese
arch
prov
ed b
oth
wer
e ef
fect
ive
met
hods
of o
utre
ach.
Dur
ing
the
gran
t per
iod,
mem
bers
hip
grew
fro
m 1
1 to
25
Nat
ive
Am
eric
an-o
wne
d bu
sine
sses
The
goa
ls o
f th
e gr
oup
are
mor
eth
an m
onet
ary.
The
y in
tend
to w
ork
with
you
th to
res
tore
Coe
ur d
'Ale
ne c
ul-
ture
, whi
ch h
as s
uffe
red
ecl;p
se th
roug
hcl
ose
iden
tific
atio
n w
ith th
e ne
arby
Spok
ane,
Yak
ima
and
Col
ville
Con
fede
rate
dtr
ibes
. Als
o, th
ey ta
ke e
very
opp
ortu
nity
toed
ucat
e to
uris
ts w
ho s
eek
the
"nob
le s
avag
e"of
med
ia s
tere
otyp
ing.
Bus
ines
sman
Pet
eM
a-ho
ney
says
, "W
e w
ant t
o sh
ow th
atw
e ar
efr
iend
ly to
o. W
hat t
he T
Vs
show
edab
out I
ndia
ns ju
st w
asn'
t tru
e."
FIR
ST N
AT
ION
SD
EV
EL
OPM
EN
T I
NST
ITU
TE
rtr,
1?i
.1A
VA
P
BIE
N N
I A
L R
EPO
RT
1994
/95
8641
,
......
....m
.=4.
....u
.esu
atie
tres
smam
nret
ta.s
mat
erm
emal
imee
mas
aule
mon
isou
sla
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
PO
RT
1994
195
m
EA
GL
E S
TA
FF F
UN
D O
FFE
RS
TE
CH
NIC
AL
ASS
IST
AN
CE
FRO
M T
HE
ST
AR
TL
ike
an e
agle
wid
enin
g its
wat
chfu
l orb
it ov
erth
e en
cam
pmen
ts, t
he F
irst
Nat
ions
fie
ld o
p-er
atio
ns d
epar
tmen
t has
ext
ende
d th
e w
ing-
span
of it
s te
chni
cal a
ssis
tanc
e m
any
fold
thro
ugh
the
Eag
le S
taff
Fun
d. T
he e
xper
tise
Firs
t Nat
ions
has
deve
lope
d ov
er 1
5 ye
ars
in th
e fi
eld
cont
inue
s to
mak
e its
elf
felt,
and
the
prec
ious
res
ourc
es o
f th
eE
agle
Sta
ff F
und
are
mul
tiplie
d.Fo
r w
ith th
e E
agle
Sta
ff F
und,
tech
nica
l ass
is-
tanc
e be
gins
with
the
initi
al in
quir
y fr
omth
e fi
eld,
on th
e fr
ont e
nd o
f a
gran
t app
licat
ion
whe
ther
or n
ot a
gra
nt is
fin
ally
app
rove
d.Fo
r m
any
Eag
le S
taff
Fun
d gr
ant a
pplic
ants
who
have
app
lied
for
gran
ts f
rom
oth
er f
unde
rs, t
echn
i-ca
l ass
ista
nce
is n
eede
d an
d of
ten
paid
for
a
gran
t is
rece
ived
.O
r it
is s
omet
hing
they
thin
kab
out o
nce
a pr
ojec
t has
fai
led
or a
n ap
plic
atio
n ha
sbe
en r
ejec
ted.
Eve
n if
a c
ore
prop
osal
is s
olid
, oth
erfu
nder
s of
ten
won
't pr
ovid
e fr
ont-
end
tech
nica
las
sist
ance
, eith
er f
rom
lack
of
time
or k
now
ledg
e or
beca
use
it is
not
thei
r ro
le.
So F
irst
Nat
ions
has
mad
e it
the
role
of
the
Eag
le
Staf
f Fu
nd to
pre
pare
Nat
ive
Am
eric
ans
for
mak
ing
thei
r ca
se to
non
-Ind
ian
prog
ram
off
icer
s. T
his
com
-
mitm
ent h
as m
ore
than
dou
bled
the
num
ber
of
tech
nica
l ass
ista
nce
requ
ests
pou
ring
into
Fir
st N
a-tio
ns, f
rom
app
roxi
mat
ely
800
a ye
ar o
n av
erag
eto
mor
e th
an 1
,500
in 1
994
and
they
are
run
ning
at
a m
uch
high
er p
ace
for
1995
.A
t the
end
of
the
Eag
le S
taff
Fun
d's
thre
e-ye
arin
itial
pha
se, N
ativ
e A
mer
ican
s an
d pr
ivat
e fo
unda
-tio
ns w
ill h
ave
unde
rsta
ndin
gs a
nd r
elat
ions
hips
whe
re f
ew e
xist
ed b
efor
e. I
n fa
ct, a
ppro
xim
atel
yha
lf o
f th
e E
agle
Sta
ff F
und
gran
tees
had
nev
erpr
evio
usly
rec
eive
d fo
unda
tion
fund
ing.
The
Nan
ticok
e-L
enni
Len
ape
are
only
one
exa
m-
ple.
The
y ha
d de
alt w
ith g
over
nmen
t age
ncie
sbe
-
fore
, but
trib
al m
embe
rs h
ad n
oid
ea o
f w
hich
priv
ate
fund
ers
to a
ppro
ach
orho
w to
app
roac
h
them
, acc
ordi
ng to
trib
al s
ecre
tary
Kar
en M
osel
y.T
he F
irst
Nat
ions
com
mitm
ent t
o fr
ont-
end
tech
-ni
cal a
ssis
tanc
e ch
ange
d al
l tha
t."I
f no
thin
g el
se, i
t mea
nt th
at w
e ha
d a
pers
on to
call,
" M
osel
y sa
ys. "
From
the
very
firs
t tim
e I
calle
d
Firs
t Nat
ions
, the
y m
ade
us f
eel t
hat w
e co
uld
com
eba
ck to
thei
n an
ytim
e, a
nd th
at m
eant
mor
e to
us
than
any
thin
g."I
n fa
ct, w
e ha
ve r
efer
red
othe
r tr
ibal
gro
ups
toFi
rst N
atio
ns. W
e re
ally
thin
k th
is is
wha
t man
ysm
alle
r tr
ibes
hav
e be
en lo
okin
g fo
r."
888
9
'
TH
E O
WE
EST
A P
RO
GR
AM
The
Ow
eest
a Pr
ogra
m ta
kes
its n
ame
from
the
Moh
awk
wor
d fo
r m
oney
, but
the
scop
e of
the
prog
ram
ext
ends
bey
ond
"mon
ey"
to th
e cr
ea-
tion
and
cont
rol o
f ca
pita
l ass
ets
for
fina
ncin
g re
s-er
vatio
n an
d co
mm
unity
dev
elop
men
t. O
wee
sta
isde
dica
ted
to r
edre
ssin
g th
e cr
itica
l lac
k of
acc
ess
tocr
edit
and
capi
tal i
n N
ativ
e co
mm
uniti
es. T
he p
ro-
gram
ser
vice
s ha
ve b
een
built
incr
emen
tally
,th
roug
h Fi
rst N
atio
ns' w
ork
with
loca
l cor
nmun
i-tie
s, to
iden
tify
the
need
s an
d de
velo
p ef
fect
ive
appr
oach
es th
at c
an b
e ap
plie
d in
oth
er c
omm
uni-
ties.
Cur
rent
ser
vice
s re
flec
t thi
s st
rate
gy o
f de
sign
-in
g na
tiona
l pro
gram
s ba
sed
on c
omm
unity
"be
stpr
actic
es."
Ow
eest
a s
tart
ed b
y pr
ovid
ing
hand
s-on
tech
nica
las
sist
ance
to r
eser
vatio
n-ba
sed
grou
ps p
ursu
ing
mi-
croe
nter
pris
e lo
an f
und
deve
lopm
ent a
nd tr
ibal
in-
vest
men
t str
ateg
ies.
The
Lak
ota
Fund
on
the
Pine
Rid
ge R
eser
vatio
n in
Sou
th D
akot
a, la
unch
ed in
1985
, was
a F
irst
Nat
ions
fie
ld p
roie
ct u
ntil
1992
,w
hen
it be
cam
e an
inde
pend
ent r
eser
vatio
n-ba
i:ed
inst
itutio
n. F
irst
Nat
ions
is n
ow w
orki
ng w
ithot
her
Nat
ive
com
mun
ities
to a
pply
a s
imila
r de
vel-
opm
ent f
inan
cing
mod
el o
f m
icro
ente
rpri
se le
nd-
ing.
Am
ong
the
rem
ote
Ala
ska
Nat
ive
isla
ndco
mm
uniti
es o
f so
uthe
ast A
lask
a, th
e T
inia
Fun
d
has
mad
e gr
eat s
trid
es to
war
d su
stai
nabi
lity
as a
nin
depe
nden
t mic
roen
terp
rise
loan
fun
d.. A
mon
got
her
mic
roen
terp
rise
loan
fun
ds F
irst
Nat
ions
has
assi
sted
are
the
Ada
h Fu
nd o
f Sh
ipro
ck, N
.M.,
Si-
cang
u E
nter
pris
e C
ente
r at
Ros
ebud
,S.D
., an
d N
ee-
Shoc
h-H
a-C
hee
in W
inne
bago
, Neb
.T
he O
wee
sta
Prog
ram
als
o pr
ovid
es tr
aini
ng o
p-po
rtun
ities
for
a m
uch
larg
er g
roup
of
Nat
ive
com
-m
uniti
es in
tere
sted
in th
e ap
plic
atio
n of
mic
roen
terp
rise
lend
ing.
Thi
s te
chni
cal a
ssis
tanc
eex
tend
s th
e es
tabl
ishe
d m
odel
s to
a la
rger
gro
up. T
oda
te, m
ore
than
20
such
gro
ups
have
rec
eive
d tr
ain-
ing. In
the
Ow
eest
a co
mpo
nent
dev
oted
to tr
ibal
in-
vest
men
t str
ateg
ies,
han
ds-o
n te
chni
cal a
ssis
tanc
ew
as in
itial
ly p
rovi
ded
to th
e Sa
gina
wC
hipp
ewa
Tri
be in
the
mid
-198
0s. T
he tr
ibe
rece
ived
a la
rge
trus
t fun
d se
ttlem
ent,
and
Firs
t Nat
ions
assi
sted
the
trib
e in
dev
elop
ing
the
inve
stm
ent e
xper
tise
todi
rect
its
own
inve
stm
ent p
rogr
am. T
his
assi
stan
ce,
and
subs
eque
nt r
efor
ms
in tr
ust f
unds
man
agem
ent
polic
y, le
d to
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f in
vest
men
t tra
in-
ing
wor
ksho
ps f
or tr
ibes
with
bot
h tr
ust f
unds
and
othe
r re
ver.
ue s
ourc
es.
Eff
orts
to s
ynth
esiz
e an
d di
ssem
inat
e kn
owle
dge
new
ly g
aine
d fr
om s
uch
mod
els
as th
e L
akot
a Fu
nd,
Sagi
naw
Chi
ppew
a an
d m
any
othe
r re
serv
atio
nde
velo
pmen
t fin
anci
ng s
trat
egie
s, le
d Fi
rst N
atio
nsB
IEN
N I
AL
RE
POR
T19
94/9
5
9091
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
T19
94/9
5
to e
stab
lish
the
annu
al O
wee
sta
Con
fere
nce.
Now
in it
s si
xth
and
mos
t suc
cess
ful y
ear,
the
conf
eren
ceis
a p
ract
ition
ers'
for
um, w
here
peo
ple
from
trib
algo
vern
men
t, gr
assr
oots
org
aniz
atio
ns,
or n
atio
nal g
roup
s ca
n co
me
toge
ther
to
lear
n an
d ex
chan
ge id
eas.
Iwo
fina
l com
pone
nts
roun
d ou
t the
Ow
eest
a Pr
ogra
mpr
ovid
ing
loan
capi
tal,
and
inve
stm
ents
.T
he O
wee
sta
Fund
, a p
ool o
f lo
anca
pita
l, pr
ovid
es in
itial
sta
rt-u
p ca
pita
lfo
r re
serv
atio
n m
icro
ente
rpri
se lo
anfu
nds.
In
addi
tion,
the
Ow
eest
a Fu
ndha
s le
vera
ged
loca
l fun
ds f
or lo
an p
ro-
gram
s th
at a
re in
dev
elop
men
t. In
wor
k-in
g w
ith a
com
mun
ity o
r tr
ibal
gro
up;
Ow
eest
a he
lps
them
iden
tify
loca
l or
regi
onal
fin
anci
al in
stitu
tions
, neg
otia
tew
ith e
ach
and
eval
uate
thei
r se
rvic
es.
The
gro
up th
en s
elec
ts a
ban
k w
ithw
hich
to b
egin
a d
epos
itory
rel
atio
nshi
p. F
irst
Na-
tions
may
then
inve
st in
that
fin
anci
al in
stitu
tion
to h
elp
solid
ify
the
rela
tions
hip.
Thr
ough
Ow
eest
a, F
irst
Nat
ions
con
tinue
s to
acce
ss n
ew s
ourc
es o
f ca
pita
l and
tolin
k N
ativ
e
Am
eric
an tr
ibes
and
peo
ple
with
fin
anci
al p
roce
sses
and
netw
orks
. The
Ow
eest
a Pr
ogra
m h
as d
irec
ted
wel
l ove
r $1
mill
ion
from
oth
er in
vest
ors
to N
ativ
eA
mer
ican
ban
ks, c
redi
t uni
ons
and
loan
fun
ds. A
tpr
esen
t, O
wee
sta
mai
ntai
ns lo
ans
with
Toh
laka
i
Chr
istia
n B
usin
ess
Opp
ortu
nitie
s in
Gal
lup,
N.M
.;
tirila
ium
sta
...M
.O.,
0.11
S. 4
Ote
r
Nee
-Sho
ch-H
a-C
hee
in W
inne
bago
, Neb
.; C
hero
-ke
e L
oan
Fund
in T
ahle
quah
, Okl
a.; a
s w
ell a
s de
-po
sits
at B
lack
feet
Nat
iona
l Ban
k in
Bro
wni
ng,
Gel
Ste
vens
on p
rese
ntin
g an
inve
stm
ent w
orks
hop
at O
wee
sta
'95.
Mon
t.; S
isse
ton-
Wah
peto
n Fe
dera
l Cre
dit U
nion
inSi
sset
on, S
.D.;
and
Sout
h M
etro
Fed
eral
Cre
dit U
n-io
n in
Pri
or L
ake,
Min
n. L
ette
rs o
f in
tent
to lo
anha
ve a
lso
been
file
d w
ith s
ever
al f
orm
ativ
e gr
oups
.W
hile
mon
ey is
the
star
ting
poin
t, th
e O
wee
sta
Prog
ram
del
iver
s m
uch
mor
e.
4
9293
F,ir
st N
atio
ns h
as m
ade
polic
y re
form
a c
orne
r-st
one
of o
ur w
ork
sinc
e ou
r in
cept
ion
15 y
ears
ago.
Pol
icy
refo
rm d
istin
guis
hes
our
appr
oach
to N
ativ
e A
mer
ican
eco
nom
ic d
evel
opm
ent a
s tr
uly
stra
tegi
c. I
n st
ark
cont
rast
to th
e fe
dera
l pra
ctic
e of
inst
allin
g na
tiona
l pro
gram
s an
d ap
plyi
ng th
em o
na
fund
s-av
aila
ble
basi
s to
all
Nat
ive
Am
eric
an n
a-tio
ns, s
o th
at p
rogr
ams
seld
om b
uild
on
loca
l pre
ce-
dent
s, F
irst
Nat
ions
has
wor
ked
tena
ciou
sly
toen
sure
that
pro
ven
loca
l dev
elop
men
t mod
els
are
refl
ecte
d in
nat
iona
l pol
icy
refo
rms.
The
new
pol
icy
then
bec
omes
adv
anta
geou
s to
Nat
ive
peop
le a
cros
sth
e na
tion,
whe
reas
pre
viou
sly
it ha
d be
en a
com
-pr
ehen
sive
che
ck o
n de
velo
pmen
t.O
ur w
ork
on r
efor
m o
f tr
ust f
unds
man
agem
ent
prov
ides
a te
xtbo
ok e
xam
ple
of h
ow s
ucce
ss in
the
fiel
d ca
n tr
ansl
ate
into
str
ateg
ic s
yste
mic
ref
orm
.Fi
rst N
atio
ns in
itial
ly te
amed
up
with
the
Sagi
naw
Chi
ppew
a in
Mic
higa
n to
libe
rate
thei
r tr
ust f
und
asse
ts f
rom
an
unpr
oduc
tive
fede
ral s
tran
gleh
old.
Onc
e C
ongr
ess
chan
ged
the
law
to a
llow
the
Sagi
-na
w C
hipp
ewa
to c
ontr
ol th
eir
own
trus
t ass
ets,
itpr
oved
out
that
they
wou
ld m
anag
e th
e fu
nds
for
the
futu
re b
enef
it oE
the
trib
e ra
ther
than
bin
ge-
spen
ding
in b
orde
r to
wns
(as
the
BIA
's m
anda
tory
per
capi
ta d
isbu
rsem
ents
had
enc
oura
ged)
.T
he S
agin
aw C
hipp
ewa
serv
ed a
s an
exa
mpl
e as
Firs
t Nat
ions
, in
allia
nce
with
oth
ers,
sou
ght m
ore
com
preh
ensi
ve r
efor
m o
f th
e fe
dera
l law
s go
vern
ing
the
trus
t ass
ets
of a
ll tr
ibes
. Suc
cess
cam
e af
ter
10ye
ars
of s
trug
gle,
with
pot
entia
l ben
efits
for
any
trib
e w
ith tr
ust f
unds
.Fi
rst N
atio
ns s
triv
es f
or a
sim
ilar
cont
inuu
m in
each
of
its p
olic
y in
itiat
ives
: fro
m lo
cal s
ucce
ss in
the
fiel
d to
nat
iona
l pol
icy
refo
rm a
s a
stag
e fo
rfu
ture
pan
-Ind
ian
bene
fit.
Firs
t Nat
ions
est
ablis
hed
a si
gnif
ican
t pre
senc
eon
a n
umbe
r of
pol
icy
fron
ts th
roug
hout
199
3 an
d'9
4, m
ost n
otab
ly tr
ust f
unds
man
agem
ent,
land
cons
olid
atio
n, th
e C
omm
unity
Dev
elop
men
t Fi-
nanc
ial I
nstit
utio
ns A
ct, a
nd th
e C
omm
unity
Rei
n-ve
stm
ent A
ct.
Tru
st F
unds
Lat
e in
the
1994
ses
sion
, Con
gres
sga
ve f
inal
pas
sage
to a
bill
aut
hori
zing
trib
es th
at s
ode
sire
to m
anag
e th
eir
trus
t fun
d ac
coun
ts th
roug
han
exp
ande
d va
riet
y of
inve
stm
ent i
nstr
umen
tali-
ties.
The
Am
eric
ar..
I.id
ian
Tru
st F
und
Man
agem
ent
Ref
orm
Act
of
1994
incl
uded
tech
nica
l ass
ista
nce
prov
isio
ns a
t Fir
st N
atio
ns' i
nsis
tenc
e. T
he r
efor
mla
w c
ulm
inat
ed a
dec
ade-
long
eff
ort b
y Fi
rst N
a-tio
ns D
evel
opm
ent I
nstit
ute
and
key
allie
s, b
oth
amon
g tr
ibes
anu
in C
ongr
ess.
It w
as a
maj
or s
trid
efo
r tr
ibes
tow
arov
erei
gn c
ontr
ol o
f th
eir
trus
tfu
nd a
sset
s an
d as
soci
ated
cap
acity
bui
ldin
g. F
irs
Nat
ions
is n
ow e
ngag
ed in
the
adm
inis
trat
ive
proc
-
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
I*
1994
/95
9495
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
TI9
94/Q
5
im
ess
of e
stab
lishi
ng r
egul
atio
ns to
gui
de im
plem
en-
tatio
n of
the
refo
rm la
w.
Lan
d C
onso
lidat
ion
It is
com
mon
kno
wle
dge
that
trib
es h
ave
lost
vas
t lan
dhol
ding
s. B
ut f
ewun
ders
tand
that
it is
nex
t to
impo
ssib
le f
or N
ativ
epe
ople
to p
rosp
er o
n th
e ac
res
left
to th
em. T
his
isdu
e to
opp
ress
ive
fede
ral l
and
polic
ies
that
hav
e le
dto
run
away
"fr
ictio
natio
n,"
the
divi
sion
of
usab
lela
nd tr
acts
am
ong
mor
e he
irs
with
eac
h ge
nera
tion
until
few
eco
nom
ical
ly v
iabl
e pl
ots
of la
nd a
re le
ft.
Mor
e th
an 8
0 pe
rcen
t of
trib
es a
re a
ffec
ted
by la
ndfr
actio
natio
n as
a r
esul
t of
the
Daw
es A
llotm
ent
Act
of
1887
and
ens
uing
legi
slat
ion.
Con
solid
atin
g fr
actio
nate
d la
nds
wou
ld m
ake
am
easu
rabl
e di
ffer
ence
in th
e ab
ility
of
man
y N
ativ
eA
mer
ican
s to
ach
ieve
sel
f-re
lianc
e. F
irst
Nat
ions
beca
me
fam
iliar
with
the
land
fra
ctio
natio
n pr
ob-
iern
at f
irst
han
d, th
roug
h a
proj
ect w
ith th
e C
on-
fede
rate
d T
ribe
s of
Um
atill
a In
dian
s in
Ore
gon.
Firs
t Nat
ions
mai
ntai
ns a
str
ong
com
mitm
ent t
ola
nd c
onso
lidat
ion
thro
ugh
seve
ral v
enue
s.C
omm
unity
Dev
elop
men
t Fin
anci
al I
nstit
u-tio
ns A
ct P
resi
dent
Clin
ton'
s ad
min
istr
atio
n ca
me
into
off
ice
on a
ple
dge
to b
olst
er c
omm
unity
dev
el-
opm
ent f
inan
cial
inst
itutio
ns in
dis
tres
sed
com
mu-
nitie
s, b
ut it
was
unc
lear
whe
ther
Ind
ian
Cou
ntry
wou
ld b
e in
clud
ed. A
ccor
ding
ly, F
irst
Nat
ions
par
-tic
ipat
ed in
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f th
e ea
rly
polic
ypa
pers
on
the
adm
inis
trat
ion'
s co
mm
unity
ban
king
initi
ativ
e. A
s a
foun
ding
mem
ber
of th
e C
DF
I C
oa-
litio
n, F
irst
Nat
ions
suc
cess
fully
ass
erte
d th
at f
an-
guag
e sp
ecif
ical
ly a
ddre
ssin
g re
serv
atic
n-ba
sed
CD
F Is
sho
uld
appe
ar in
the
legi
slat
ion.
In
addi
tion,
the
new
law
ben
efits
all
of I
ndia
n C
ount
ry b
ym
anda
ting
a st
udy
to id
entif
y ba
rrie
rs to
pri
vate
fina
ncin
g on
res
erva
tions
.C
omm
unity
Rei
nves
tmen
t Act
CR
A is
an
im-
port
ant p
oten
tial t
ool i
n th
e ef
fort
to b
reac
h th
e"b
ucks
kin
curt
ain"
bet
wee
n bo
rder
tow
ns a
nd r
es-
erva
tions
and
bri
ng lo
ng-d
enie
d le
ndin
g ca
pita
l to
Nat
ive
com
mun
ities
. Fir
st N
atio
ns b
egan
its
publ
icin
volv
emen
t in
CR
.A m
atte
rs in
Sep
tem
ber
1992
,w
hen
our
test
imon
y be
fore
the
Sena
te B
anki
ngC
omm
ittee
foc
used
on
lack
of
acce
ss to
cap
ital a
ndcr
edit
for
trib
es a
nd in
divi
dual
s on
res
erva
tions
, and
the
exte
nt o
f di
scri
min
atio
n an
d "r
edlin
ing"
by
bank
s of
Nat
ive
com
mun
ities
. In
1993
, Fir
st N
ztio
ns p
rovi
ded
back
grou
nd r
esea
rch
to th
e U
nite
dSt
ates
Jus
tice
Dep
artm
ent f
or a
civ
il ri
ghts
inve
sti-
gatio
n th
at p
rove
d th
e ex
iste
nce
of le
ndin
g di
scri
mi-
n a
t ion
aga
inst
Ind
ian
Cou
ntry
. Nin
etee
nni
nety
-fou
r w
itnes
sed
an e
scal
atio
n in
our
invo
lve-
men
t with
the
Com
mun
ity R
einv
estm
ent A
ct,
lead
ing
to s
peci
fic
men
tion
of tr
ibes
in f
inal
reg
ula-
tions
impl
emen
ting
the
law
. In
1994
-95,
Fir
st N
a-tio
ns c
ontin
ued
to s
afeg
uard
the
purp
oses
of
CM
thro
ugh
part
icip
atio
n in
the
Nat
iona
l Com
mun
ityR
einv
estm
ent C
oalit
ion.
In a
noth
er s
ense
, com
mun
ity in
vest
men
t is
the
cons
tant
them
e ac
ross
all
Firs
t Nat
ions
pol
icy
initi
a-tiv
es. N
ativ
e A
mer
ican
s m
ust m
ake
an in
vest
men
tof
them
selv
es in
to th
eir
com
mun
ities
, thr
ough
so-
9 6
fi
lutio
ns d
evis
ed b
y th
emse
lves
for
whe
re th
ey li
ve. T
he c
ondi
tion
of f
eder
al p
rogr
ams
is s
uch
that
pol
icy
refo
rm m
ust
prec
ede
alm
ost a
ny a
ttem
pt b
y N
ativ
eA
mer
ican
s to
con
trol
thei
row
n af
fair
s. A
s a
rece
ntG
ener
al A
ccou
ntin
gO
ffic
e re
port
on r
ural
deve
lopm
ent
indi
cate
s,th
e nu
mbe
ron
e pr
oble
m
A:1
<(-
,\Os
.C,C
OC
9
,st4
'
0A
with
fed
eral
".."
,"
econ
omic
7,,v
deve
lopm
ent':
prog
ram
s is
/th
e "o
ne s
ize
fits
all"
fed
eral
appr
oach
--N
o or
(e
know
sift
bette
r,th
an
l/
Nat
iYe
Am
eric
ans.
//A
nd n
o on
eis
doi
ngm
ore
toch
ange
itth
anFi
rst
Nat
ions
.
( s-et
t
"ke
4,&
a.
4v,c
,cf
r
,Lte
j-
tne
ics r,
..`
es60
0-Z
1-0
epc
,
7>s`
'
<0
s--
FIR
ST N
AT
ION
SD
EV
EL
OPM
EN
T I
NST
ITU
TE
FIR
ST N
AT
ION
S D
EV
EL
OPM
EN
T I
NST
ITU
TE
BU
SIN
ESS
AL
ER
TV
OL
. 20,
NO
. 2M
AR
OS/
MM
. my
Fin
al C
RA
rul
e pu
ts In
dian
Cou
ntry
on
cred
it ag
enda
Fce
rral
',an
ions
: age
ncie
s on
Apr
il 10
kne
el k
nal t
ercl
.11o
ckes
s re
fonn
ing
the
Com
mun
ityR
eins
cuns
ent A
ct, T
he It
:mot
s...a
ites
l im
al r
ule
hurt
rutio
nelir
es In
dian
Cou
ntry
ni a
tere
ire a
rea
him
mon
b: c
onsi
ti:re
d N
i ban
ks a
nd th
e,, e
xam
inen
und
er ti
le la
ss d
e.cg
ned
to m
ake
finse
.cia
l ksa
na a
nd s
ervi
ces
clea
nabl
e ns
thin
low
, to
rnod
erat
ewnc
ume
corm
necl
utne
s.
Mod
el th
e he
n re
gula
tions
, Int
kan
Chi
thst
ecat
i ert
irtst
In a
tilt°
the
appr
omen
etel
y S
155
nalh
on in
(en
nui),
.1.4
u-en
ters
's r
each
ed h
t han
k, m
ud r
rihnt
erg
ater
anun
s un
der
the
old
CR
.4.
....r
shrt
gR
esno
lds.
who
mco
nean
CP
A M
ir, fi
x. F
irst N
atio
ns D
evel
opm
ent
Inn
huh.
a, a
lscl
ard
nter
tnvf
a th
e N
atity
ln!C
enna
huni
ly R
einv
estm
ent C
oe/tr
im,
Rer
un:e
s T
O It
It.h
at, C
ount
ry a
n th
e fin
al e
ttk's
pre
ambl
e al
so a
ppea
r In
enc
oura
ge p
.m to
e
e r.
tatA
riiltn
ern
bank
s an
d In
ilian
ein
eanu
nstie
, he
said
.
But
tile
reg
ulat
sary
niO
ve a
br.,
inte
nsifi
ed e
ppos
men
to C
RA
with
in th
eR
tptth
lari.
. nni
trel
ted
Coe
tefe
rS. T
..1,1
11, L
ute
iste
n in
tro:
Wad
, one
in Il
se S
enat
e an
si o
ne
tit th
e 15
mai
.R
eple
sent
utnu
s, d
ial w
ould
min
orar
e ha
nk a
ccou
ntal
ehty
an
fiade
tcll
emul
ous:
. ant
thei
r lo
ts/ c
omra
vntli
es a
blre
."Ib
to h
as th
e vo
tes
to g
wes
." r
aid
John
Tay
inf.
Inen
i.len
t ni t
he N
arka
tal C
umm
unity
Re.
roys
tnte
nt C
oalg
ints
. 'If
at p
aws.
the
Ana
l rul
e Id
Apr
il 19
) rs
iil h
e m
eani
ngle
ss.'
The
NH
, 5.6
50 to
the
Sen
ate
and
11 R
. 115
2 in
the
Ilona
*, h
ave
taw
put
on
a fa
sttr
ack.
..oh
"filo
isita
loot
ing
Con
ithat
tee
lican
ti,. t
ehta
tiwIt
:eh,
tint
ed lo
r ec
lrly
May
.
....s
vaiti
g 1.
r.,5
L. S
.totl
Rei
niN
, nt n
ultu
a y
I. os
let P
ols
Dot
e ni
Kau
nas
hat
(0.3
yal.a
.ai
thy
leen
bron
ant
i the
bon
kaet
etr
iann
tees
In b
oth
cham
bers
ate
tsirn
nilit
. he
adde
d. n
wan
ang
Ilse
bells
et K
AI n
sser
e at
. a n
ow k
fier
y ro
te w
ith ld
Isic
kusg
from
rls
e ot
iCia
l
Alit
n fl
thts
:111
oi t
fie C
ente
r R
e C
. ./.1
.a.ts
elta
hor
%w
ankr
a th
e hi
lt. 't
he ti
ent e
entn
iseh
alle
nr. t
at ti
14
'11
I lap
, it l
atel
tan
Cen
ter,
dui
pea
n ch
ance
us
see
h. m
e tin
1.-
ur 1
,0 W
.,%,
vo e
,,lie
ui ji
tet C
RA
law
./if
.1,0
,1,
"I h
t no.
rer
uler
7n.1
,,,),
prea
mb/
e m
enet
,' N
ativ
e A
lnen
.'nnr
eal.n
n.lt
fae
the
tint t
in*
c ve
t
In.fi
an D
runt
er',
apot
osno
mli
155
ntill
ket
nit C
RA
ntw
ored
lnuf
ing
acre
erne
nts
ii
hkel
t hi r
ite o
ndei
tht-
Apr
il 10
feta
l Ink
ath
l ple
ambl
e 11
.CR
A N
OM
. H. r
etch
.R
gsne
ldi
ecni
lft..1
ona
do BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
T19
94/9
5
BE
ST G
M A
VA
LA
3L1
-'99
EA
GL
E S
TA
FF F
UN
DG
RA
NT
S:A
Lis
t and
Cap
sule
Des
crip
tion
Seed
Gra
nts
Bea
r So
ldie
r R
esid
ent O
rgan
izat
ion
McL
augh
lin, S
outh
Dak
ota
To
fost
er th
e en
trep
rene
uria
l spi
rit
with
in N
ativ
e yo
uth.
From
pro
duct
ion
to s
ales
, Nat
ive
yout
hw
ill le
arn
busi
ness
basi
cs th
roug
h ra
isin
g an
d se
lling
gre
enho
use
plan
ts. T
hepr
ojec
t, co
mbi
ning
cla
ssro
om le
arni
ngan
d ha
nds-
on e
xper
i-en
ce, w
ill c
ulm
inat
e in
afo
rmal
pla
n fo
r on
goin
g op
erat
ion
ofa
stud
ent-
run
vege
tabl
est
and.
Ced
ar B
and
of P
aiut
esC
edar
City
, Uta
hT
o m
ake
the
best
use
of
prim
e co
mm
erci
al p
rope
rty,
trib
alm
embe
rs, w
orki
ng in
con
junc
tion
with
the
Sout
hern
Uta
hU
nive
rsity
Sm
all B
usin
ess
Dev
elop
men
t Cen
ter,
will
per
form
the
tech
nica
l wor
k of
dat
a co
llect
ion
as a
guid
e to
the
Ced
arB
and'
s de
cisi
on-m
akin
g pr
oces
s.
Doy
on F
ound
atio
nFa
irba
nks,
Ala
ska
To
crea
te p
artn
ersh
ips
betw
een
Nat
ivev
illag
es a
nd u
nive
r-si
ties,
age
ncie
s, a
nd b
usin
esse
s, la
unch
ing
anec
onom
ic in
sti-
tute
and
sta
tew
ide
com
mun
icat
ions
netw
ork.
The
gen
esis
of
this
net
wor
kwas
an
econ
omic
dev
elop
men
tfor
um, p
rovi
ding
oppo
rtun
ities
for
rur
al A
lask
a N
ativ
es to
build
ski
lls r
equi
red
for
econ
omic
dev
elop
men
t in
sust
aina
ble
com
mun
ities
, as
wel
l as
expo
sure
to c
aree
r fi
elds
and
prof
essi
onal
con
tact
s.
Eas
tern
Nav
ajo
Lan
d O
wne
rs R
ight
sPr
ojec
tC
row
npoi
nt, N
ew M
exic
oT
o re
gain
con
trol
of
Nat
ive
land
and
pro
tect
the
natu
ral
envi
ronm
ent t
hrou
gh s
usta
inab
le s
trat
egie
s fo
rsu
ppor
ting
Nav
ajo
fam
ilies
. Nav
ajo
land
hold
ers
acqu
ire
the
skill
s an
din
form
atio
n ne
eded
to ta
ke b
ack
cont
rol o
f th
eir
land
fro
men
ergy
com
pani
es in
volv
ed in
envi
ronm
enta
l deg
rada
tion.
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
T19
94/9
5
Ger
ry E
mn:
Silv
er S
prin
gs, N
evad
aT
o en
able
Nat
ive
ranc
hers
and
farm
ers
to m
ake
the
best
use
of th
eir
land
,th
roug
h a
non-
prof
it re
sour
ce a
ndte
chni
cal
assi
stan
ce c
ente
r.
Firs
t Wam
pum
Wom
en's
Coo
pera
tive
Tah
lequ
ah, O
klah
oma
To
deve
lop
a vi
able
gov
erni
ng s
yste
m m
ore
in k
eepi
ng w
ithtr
aditi
onal
mat
riar
chal
and
fam
ilial
valu
es. A
cor
e gr
oup
ofw
omen
will
con
duct
com
mun
ity o
utre
ach
and
educ
atio
nw
ith th
e go
al o
f st
reng
then
ing
trad
ition
al, i
nter
-gen
erat
iona
lre
latio
nshi
ps in
ser
vice
of
soci
al,p
erso
nal a
nd b
usin
ess
deve
l-
opm
ent.
Lou
d T
hund
er I
nter
natio
nal,
Inc.
Gre
at F
alls
, Mon
tana
To
unif
y th
e co
mm
unity
thro
ugh
affo
rdab
le h
ousi
ng a
ndst
reng
then
long
-ter
m r
esol
ve to
reg
ain
fede
ral r
ecog
nitio
n.T
his
hous
ing
proj
ect w
ill im
prov
eliv
ing
cond
ition
s an
dst
imul
ate
cultu
rally
via
ble
econ
omic
deve
lopm
ent f
or a
dis
-pl
aced
peo
ple,
the
Aho
n-to
-ays
Ban
dof
Ojib
wa.
Nan
ticok
e-L
enni
Len
ape
Indi
ans
Bri
dgep
ort,
New
Jer
sey
To
unde
rtak
e la
nd a
cqui
sitio
n fo
r an
ecot
ouri
sm a
nd le
arn-
ing
cent
er, f
rom
whi
ch r
even
uew
ill f
und
the
trib
e's
long
-ter
mca
mpa
ign
for
fede
ral r
ecog
nitio
n. A
nex
tens
ive
lear
ning
pro
c-
ess
has
brou
ght a
dedi
cate
d gr
oup
of v
olun
teer
s m
uch
clos
er
to th
eir
goal
of
re-e
stab
lishi
ngth
e tr
ibe
and
build
ing
its la
ndba
se.
Nat
ive
Am
eric
an B
usin
ess
Ass
ocia
tion
of th
e
Coe
ur d
'Ale
ne R
eser
vatio
nPl
umm
er, I
daho
To
enab
le N
ativ
e A
mer
ican
-ow
ned
busi
ness
es to
dev
elop
toui
ism
on
thei
r ow
n te
rms
thro
ugh
aco
ordi
nate
d m
arke
ting
cam
paig
n. C
apac
ity-b
uild
ing
and
unif
ied
purp
ose
have
"gro
wn"
the
orga
niza
tion
from
11
mem
bers
to 2
5 du
ring
the
gran
t per
iod.
Nat
ive
Prai
rie
Gar
dens
Pine
Rid
ge, S
outh
Dak
ota
To
mat
ch g
row
ers
of o
rgan
ic p
rodu
ce w
ith b
uyer
s in
the
loca
l mar
ket,
whi
le e
xplo
ring
a g
reat
er r
ange
of
optio
ns f
orfo
od p
rodu
ctio
n an
d di
stri
butio
n. T
he tw
o le
ad c
oord
inat
ors
have
org
aniz
ed a
Pin
e R
idge
Res
erva
tion-
base
d gr
ower
s' c
oop-
erat
ive
inco
rpor
ated
in th
e st
ate
of S
outh
Dak
ota.
Edu
catio
nal
and
prom
otio
nal e
ffor
ts h
ave
redo
uble
d du
e to
an
outp
ouri
ngof
inte
rest
on
the
rese
rvat
ion
in o
rgan
ic g
arde
ning
.
Nez
Per
ce Y
oung
Hor
sem
an P
rogr
amL
apw
ai, I
daho
To
fost
er e
ntre
pren
euri
srn
in N
ez P
erce
you
th th
roug
h a
prog
ram
that
rei
ntro
duce
s a
Nez
Per
ce b
reed
of
App
aloo
sa.
Thr
ough
'sw
eat e
quity
," N
ez P
erce
you
th c
an w
ork
for
thei
row
n fo
al, i
nstil
ling
a se
nse
of a
ccom
plis
hmen
t.
Ptc
Hca
Ka,
Inc
.G
etty
sbur
g, S
outh
Dak
ota
To
orga
nize
eff
orts
to r
esto
re th
e re
serv
atio
n's
prai
rie
gras
sec
osys
tem
. enc
oura
ge th
c cu
ltura
l em
inen
ce o
f th
c bu
ffal
o,an
d pr
ovid
e bu
ffal
o by
prod
ucts
for
the
valu
e-ad
ded
effo
rts
oflo
cal a
rtis
ts a
nd c
raft
speo
ple.
By
build
ing
up it
s ca
paci
ty, P
teH
ca K
a ("
all b
ufia
lo"
in L
akot
a) h
opes
to e
nhan
ce s
peci
fic
prog
ram
s in
fui
ther
ance
of
the
grou
p's
goal
s.
Sout
hern
Cal
ifor
nia
Coa
litio
n of
Tri
bes
San
Die
go, C
alif
orni
aT
o ga
in a
cces
s to
fed
eral
sur
plus
pro
pert
yin
this
cas
e,m
ilita
ry b
ases
sch
edul
ed f
or c
losu
reth
roug
h a
base
clo
sure
conf
eren
ce. T
he c
onfe
renc
e in
stru
cted
rep
rese
ntat
ives
fro
mm
ore
than
20
trib
es a
nd I
ndia
n or
gani
zatio
ns n
atio
nwid
e in
the
proc
ess
of la
ying
cla
im to
fed
eral
sur
plus
pro
pert
y.
Roy
Sto
neM
ande
rson
, Sou
th D
akot
aT
o cr
eaic
a b
usin
ess
cale
ndar
, bas
ed o
n L
akot
a cu
lture
and
trad
ition
, tha
t wou
ld g
uide
trib
al o
ffic
es a
nd I
ndia
n-ow
ned
ente
rpri
ses
in s
ched
ulin
g w
ork
and
holid
ays.
Stan
ding
Roc
k T
riba
l Col
lege
Fort
Yat
es, N
orth
Dak
ota
To
impr
ove
the
inst
itutio
n's
fina
ncia
l via
bilit
y an
d se
lf-r
e-lia
nce
thro
ugh
stra
tegi
c tr
aini
ng f
or k
ey s
taff
at t
he F
und
tais
-in
g Sc
hool
of
the
Indi
ana
Uni
vers
ity C
ente
r.
Toh
laka
i Chr
istia
n B
usin
ess
Opp
ortu
nitie
sG
allu
p, N
ew M
exic
oT
o es
tabl
ish
a m
icro
loan
fun
d fo
r th
e in
form
al s
ecto
ren
trep
rene
urs
on th
e N
avaj
o re
serv
atio
n to
acc
ess
appr
opri
ate
leve
ls o
f cr
edit.
The
initi
al p
hase
of
the
mic
rolo
an p
rogr
amin
clud
es o
rgan
izin
g, f
inan
cial
trai
ning
, mar
ketin
g, f
undr
ais-
ing,
and
the
prep
arat
ion
of p
olic
ies
and
proc
edur
es f
or g
over
n-an
ce.
Teh
awan
ese
Web
ster
Hilo
, Haw
aii
To
prov
ide
voca
tiona
l ski
lls a
nd jo
b tr
aini
ng in
a s
afe,
cultu
rally
sen
sitiv
e en
viro
nmen
t for
Nat
ive
Haw
aiia
n yo
uth.
Don
na W
ilkie
Nea
h B
ay, W
ashi
ngto
nT
o re
intr
oduc
e gi
nsen
g to
Was
hing
ton
stat
e's
Oly
mpi
cPe
nins
ula,
as
an a
ltern
ativ
e ec
onom
ic d
evel
opm
ent s
trat
egy
to d
efor
esta
tion.
Lau
nche
d as
a f
amily
pro
ject
, the
inte
nt is
for
the
Mak
ah T
ribe
to p
rese
rve
its f
ores
t and
stil
l pro
sper
.
Wol
akot
a, I
nc.
Mob
ridg
e, S
outh
Dak
ota
To
revi
ve tr
aditi
onal
hou
sing
as
a re
med
y ag
ains
t the
dras
tic h
ousi
ng s
hort
age
on th
e St
andi
ng R
ock
Res
erva
tion,
and
as a
n al
tern
ativ
e to
the
defi
cien
t and
cul
tura
lly in
sens
itive
fede
ral h
ousi
ng p
rogr
ams
alre
ady
in p
lace
. Im
plic
atio
ns f
orco
st e
ffic
ienc
y, e
nerg
y co
nser
vatio
n an
d th
e en
viro
nmen
t, as
wel
l as
the
plan
ning
, con
stru
ctio
n an
d m
aint
enan
ce p
roce
ss,
will
stim
ulat
e th
e re
gion
al e
cono
my.
Star
t-U
p G
rant
sA
llian
ce o
f T
riba
l Tou
rism
Adv
ocat
esFl
andr
eau,
Sou
th D
akot
aT
o ex
pand
the
tour
ism
-rel
ated
eco
nom
ic e
nhan
cem
ent
and
valu
e-ad
ded
activ
ities
of
AT
TA
mem
ber
trib
es th
roug
hte
chni
cal a
ssis
tanc
e, in
tert
riba
l pro
mot
ions
and
an
inte
r-re
s-er
vatio
n to
ur p
acka
ge.
FIR
ST N
AT
ION
SD
EV
EL
OPM
EN
T I
NST
ITU
TE
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
1I9
Q-1
/95
102
103
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
T19
94/9
5
Coc
opah
Ind
ian
Tri
beSo
mer
ton,
Ari
zona
To
resp
ond
to th
e de
man
d fo
r sk
illed
trib
al la
bor,
cre
ated
by in
crea
sing
con
stru
ctio
n ac
tivity
, thr
ough
a B
uild
ing
Tra
des
Tra
inin
g Pr
ogra
m. T
he m
ulti-
disc
iplin
ary,
hol
istic
pro
gram
will
impr
ove
over
all s
kill
leve
ls a
nd p
rodu
ctiv
ity w
ithin
the
trib
e, a
nd a
ddre
ss m
ajor
wor
k-re
late
d so
cial
issu
es s
uch
asal
coho
lism
, abs
ente
eism
, lac
k of
mot
ivat
ion
and
low
adu
ltlit
erac
y.
Cou
ncil
of A
thab
asca
,: T
riba
l Gov
ernm
ents
Fort
Yuk
on a
nd S
teve
n&V
illag
e, A
lask
aT
o as
sert
con
trol
ove
r tr
aditi
onal
use
are
as a
nd r
esou
rces
that
are
thre
aten
ed b
y im
prov
ed a
cccs
s to
the
Yuk
on F
lats
Val
ley.
Onc
e fe
dera
l pro
gram
s ar
e as
sum
ed b
y th
e vi
llage
,fu
ndin
g w
ill b
c di
rect
ed to
thc
subs
iste
nce
usc
and
pro-
envi
-ro
nmen
tal p
rior
ities
of
Ala
ska
Nat
ives
. Oth
er A
thab
asca
nco
mm
uniti
es a
re h
eavi
ly in
volv
ed in
the
proc
ess
and
expe
ctto
fol
low
the
exam
ples
set
at S
teve
ns V
illag
e.
Fort
Bel
knap
Com
mun
ity C
ounc
ilH
arle
m, M
onta
naT
o cr
eate
pro
fita
ble,
buf
falo
-bas
ed b
usin
esse
s, in
par
ticul
ara
"Nat
ive
Am
eric
an R
aise
d" b
uffa
lo m
eat w
hole
sale
prov
ider
thro
ugh
the
trib
ally
ow
ned
mea
t ser
vice
cen
ter.
In
conj
unc-
tion
with
the
Inte
r T
riba
l Bis
on C
oope
rativ
e, te
stin
g is
und
er-
way
of
the
econ
omic
via
bilit
y of
var
ious
val
ue-a
dded
proc
esse
s an
d m
arke
ting
stra
tegi
es w
hich
will
ens
ure
the
fina
ncia
l suc
cess
oE
the
ente
rpri
se.
Inte
rTri
bal B
ison
Coo
pera
tive
Rap
id C
ity, S
outh
Dak
ota
To
orga
nize
the
sale
of
buff
alo
mea
t and
byp
roat
. -.ts
for
the
36 m
embe
r tr
ibes
, thr
ough
a s
yste
m th
at b
oth
mee
ts c
on-
sum
er d
eman
d an
d m
axim
izes
the
prof
its f
rom
ti e
sesa
les.
Spec
ific
"m
ini-
plan
eone
for
mar
ketin
g m
eat,
one
for
hide
s,an
othe
r fo
r bo
nes
and
skul
ls, a
nd s
o on
for
eac
h po
ssib
le u
seof
the
buff
alo
will
off
er th
e m
embe
r tr
ibes
a c
hoic
e of
mar
kets
with
out f
orci
ng in
tert
riba
l com
petit
ion.
Inte
rtri
bal G
eogr
aphi
c In
form
atio
n Sy
stem
sC
ounc
ilPe
ndle
ton,
Ore
gon
To
faci
litat
e th
e tr
ibal
use
of
geog
raph
ic s
patia
l dat
a in
the
enac
tmen
t of
rcso
urce
man
agem
ent p
lans
, dev
elop
men
t
stra
tegi
es, p
oliti
cal s
elf-
dete
rmin
atio
n pr
oces
ses,
and
pro
ject
sfo
r ec
onom
ic s
elf-
relia
nce.
Kal
alea
Far
mer
s A
ssoc
iatio
nH
ilo, H
awai
iT
o pr
oduc
e gr
owho
use-
rais
ed, o
rgan
ic v
eget
able
s to
com
-pe
te in
the
mar
ketp
lace
with
impo
rted
pro
duce
. The
pro
ject
will
re-
esta
blis
h or
gani
c ve
geta
ble
grow
hous
es d
estr
oyed
by
ahu
rric
ane.
Cro
ps w
ill b
e ro
tate
d am
ong
asso
ciat
ion
grow
ers
in o
rder
to m
inim
ize
com
petit
ion.
Add
ition
ally
, the
pro
gram
will
edu
cate
and
org
aniz
e N
ativ
es o
f th
e ei
ght H
awai
ian
isla
nds
on f
ood
prod
uctio
n fo
r th
e ho
me
tabl
e an
d do
mes
ticm
arke
t, an
d ul
timat
ely
prod
uce
self
-suf
fici
ency
.
Mon
tana
Ind
ian
Man
ufac
ture
rs N
etw
ork
Bill
ings
, Mon
tana
To
iden
tify
new
bus
ines
s op
port
uniti
es f
ot M
onta
na I
n-di
an m
anuf
actu
ring
bus
ines
ses
dire
ctly
aff
ecte
d by
cut
back
sin
the
defe
nse
indu
stry
. The
pro
ject
will
exp
lore
the
use
of a
neq
uity
fun
d an
d eq
uipm
ent l
easi
ng p
rogr
am th
at w
ould
en-
able
the
man
ufac
ture
rs to
re-
conf
igur
e th
eir
faci
litie
s fo
r th
ene
eds
of n
on-d
efen
se p
rodu
ctio
n.
Nat
ive
Am
eric
an W
omen
's H
ealth
Res
ourc
e C
ente
rL
ake
And
es, S
outh
Dak
ota
To
expa
nd th
e re
venu
e-ge
nera
ting
capa
city
of
the
cent
er's
clea
ring
hous
e of
cul
tura
lly s
peci
fic
heal
th e
duca
tion
mat
eri-
als.
The
pro
ject
invo
lves
dev
elop
ing
fina
ncin
g al
tern
ativ
es to
the
hist
oric
ally
hig
h de
pend
ency
of
non-
prof
it or
gani
zatio
nson
gra
nt in
com
e.
Nor
ther
n C
ircl
e In
dian
Hou
sing
Aut
hori
tyU
kiah
, Cal
ifor
nia
To
prov
ide
muc
h-ne
eded
hou
sing
for
Nat
ive
Am
eric
ans
inN
orth
ern
Cal
ifor
nia
by e
stab
lishi
ng m
ortg
age
fina
ncin
g op
-tio
ns. A
rev
olvi
ng lo
an f
und
will
ena
ble
mem
bers
of
13 tr
ibes
to a
ffor
d do
wnp
aym
ents
and
sm
all r
enov
atio
n an
d re
pair
expe
nses
.
SOA
R D
evel
opm
ent C
orpo
ratio
nH
ogan
sbur
g, N
ew Y
ork
To
esta
blis
h a
smal
l bus
ines
s in
vest
men
t and
equ
ity c
orpo
-ra
tion
for
mem
bers
of
the
Moh
awk
Nat
ion.
The
pro
ject
will
expl
ore
sim
ilar
'bes
t pra
ctic
e' e
cono
mic
dev
elop
men
t mod
els
curr
ently
in u
se in
thei
r re
gion
, so
as n
ot to
dup
licat
e ef
fort
sas
they
cra
ft th
eir
equi
ty p
rogr
am.
1 04
105
Tin
tia C
orpo
ratio
nJu
neau
, Ala
ska
To
expa
nd th
e ca
paci
ty o
f th
e co
rpor
atio
n's
Tin
ia F
und
tom
ake
mic
roen
terp
rise
loan
s an
d pr
ovid
e tr
aini
ng in
fin
ance
and
busi
ness
man
agem
ent.
The
Tin
ia F
und
is a
mic
roen
ter-
pris
e lo
an p
rovi
der
serv
ing
June
au a
nd f
ive
geog
raph
ical
lyre
mot
e T
lingi
t and
Hai
da v
illag
es in
sou
thea
st A
lask
a.
Tou
ch th
e E
arth
Fou
ndat
ion
Fort
Col
lins,
Col
orad
oT
o en
hanc
e ca
paci
ty f
or e
coto
uris
rn a
s a
rese
rvat
ion-
base
dec
onom
ic d
evel
opm
ent s
trat
egy.
The
gra
nt w
ill a
pply
to r
es-
erva
tion-
base
d no
n-pr
ofit
cam
p si
tes,
mod
eled
aft
er a
n op
er-
atin
g ec
otou
rism
and
cul
tura
l exc
hang
e yo
uth
cam
p at
For
tB
elkn
ap, M
onta
na.
Whi
te E
arth
Lan
d R
ecov
ery
Proj
ect
Whi
te E
arth
, Min
neso
taT
o ge
nera
te r
even
ue f
or la
nd r
ecov
ery,
thro
ugh
an a
gric
ul-
tura
l and
mar
ketin
g pr
ogra
m a
s w
ell a
s a
dire
ct m
ail c
am-
paig
n. C
ultu
ral r
ecov
ery,
env
iron
men
tal c
onse
rvan
cy, a
ndde
velo
pmen
t of
the
trad
ition
al s
ubsi
sten
ce e
cono
my
are
equa
lly im
port
ant p
arts
of
a lo
ng-t
erm
hol
istic
pro
cess
.
Wor
king
Cap
ital G
rant
s
Hop
i Fou
ndat
ion
Hot
evill
a, A
rizo
naT
o br
oade
n ex
istin
g V
.ilag
e-in
itiat
ed s
ervi
ces
to tr
ibal
mem
bers
, in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith h
olis
tic a
ppro
ache
s to
a s
usta
in-
able
eco
nom
ic s
yste
m b
ased
on
"ita
m n
aap
yarn
," a
trad
ition
alsp
iritu
al te
achi
ng th
at m
eans
"w
e ar
e re
spon
sibl
e fo
r ou
rde
stin
y."
Mni
Sos
e In
tert
riba
l Wat
er R
ight
s C
oalit
ion
Rap
id C
ity, S
outh
Dak
ota
To
reac
quir
e M
isso
uri R
iver
wat
er r
ight
s an
d in
crea
se th
ecc
onom
ic p
oten
tial o
f hy
drop
ower
gen
erat
ed b
y da
rns
serv
ing
trib
es in
the
Mis
sour
i Riv
er B
asin
. Fiv
e of
the
28 M
ni S
ose
trib
es a
re d
evis
ing
wat
er u
se a
nd u
tility
cod
es w
ith a
vie
wto
war
d in
staf
ling
thei
r ow
n ut
ility
dep
artm
ents
, thu
s ta
king
dire
ct c
ontr
ol o
f th
cir
natu
ral r
esou
rces
.
Porc
upin
e C
linic
Hea
lth B
oard
Porc
upin
e, S
outh
Dak
ota
To
stre
ngth
en th
e fi
nanc
ial v
iabi
lity
and
less
en r
elia
nce
ongr
ants
thro
ugh
the
crea
tion
of a
com
preh
ensi
vede
velo
pmen
tef
fort
. The
initi
ativ
e in
clud
es a
n ag
gres
sive
fun
drai
sing
eff
ort
and
dire
ct m
ail c
ampa
ign
desi
gned
to p
ut th
e he
alth
clin
ic o
na
fina
ncia
lly s
tabl
e fo
otin
g.
Shoa
lwat
cr B
ay O
yste
r C
ompa
nyT
okel
and,
Was
hing
ton
To
expa
nd th
e tr
ibe'
s ch
emic
al-f
ree
oyst
er e
nter
pris
e an
dde
velo
p a
natu
ral r
esou
rce
man
agem
ent p
lan.
As
the
ente
r-pr
ise
incr
ease
s tr
ibal
rev
enue
s, a
cces
s to
sub
sist
ence
har
vest
-in
g of
she
llfis
h w
ill in
crea
se h
ouse
hold
inco
me.
Sica
ngu
Ent
erpr
ise
Cen
ter
Mis
sion
, Sou
th D
akot
aT
o bu
ild c
apac
ity f
or m
anag
ing
the
delin
quen
cy a
nd d
e-fa
ult r
ates
of
the
mic
roen
terp
rise
loan
fun
d th
roug
h ho
listic
appr
oach
es. I
nstit
utio
n bu
ildin
g an
d co
mpr
ehen
sive
fun
drai
s-in
g w
ill e
nsur
e th
at th
e en
terp
rise
cen
ter
rem
ains
an
anch
or-
ing
econ
omic
ent
ity in
the
Ros
ebud
Sio
ux c
omm
unity
.
Zun
iA:S
hiw
i Pub
lishi
ngZ
uni,
New
Mex
ico
To
pres
erve
Zun
i int
elle
ctua
l pro
pert
y an
d ge
nera
te r
eve-
nues
thro
ugh
the
publ
icat
ion
of a
ser
ies
of b
ooks
by
and
abou
tZ
uni p
eopl
e. T
he b
ooks
, pre
sent
ing
Zun
i cul
ture
and
trad
i-tio
ns to
out
side
rs a
nd p
uebl
o m
embe
rs, w
ill p
rovi
de r
even
uew
hich
in tu
rn w
ill s
ubsi
dize
oth
er s
ocio
econ
omic
ven
ture
s.
Dev
elop
men
t Cap
ital G
rant
s
Nat
ive
Act
ion
Lam
e D
eer,
Mon
tana
To
build
and
dem
onst
rate
the
trib
e's
abili
ty to
nur
ture
aho
listic
ttib
al e
cono
my
as a
via
ble
alte
rnat
ive
to e
nvir
on-
men
tal e
xplo
itatio
n of
the
Nor
ther
n C
heye
nne
rese
rvat
ion.
Nat
ive
Act
ion
is e
stab
lishi
ng a
sus
tain
able
eco
nom
y th
roug
hde
velo
pmen
t of
stro
ng le
ader
s an
d in
stitu
tions
, roo
ted
inN
orth
ern
Che
yenn
e cu
lture
.
FIR
ST N
AT
ION
SD
EV
EL
OPM
EN
T I
NST
ITU
TE
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
T19
94/9
5
106
107
FIR
ST N
AT
ION
S D
EV
EL
OPM
EN
T I
NST
ITU
TE
1993
-95
Foun
datio
n an
d In
stitu
tiona
l Sup
port
ers
Firs
t Nat
ions
Dev
elop
men
t Ins
titut
e do
es n
ot s
eek
or a
ccep
t fed
eral
fun
ding
but
rel
ies
priv
ate
dono
rs. T
hey
are
grat
eful
ly a
ckno
wle
dged
. Fir
st N
atio
ns is
a m
embe
r in
goo
dpu
rpos
e is
to p
rom
ote
resp
onsi
ble
and
effe
ctiv
e ph
ilant
hrop
y.
Gra
nt D
. Abe
rt
Adv
isor
s G
rcup
Am
an &
Com
pany
A T
errit
ory
Res
ourc
e
AT
&T
Fou
ndat
ion
Jam
es A
. Bab
son
Irre
voca
ble
Tru
st
Bay
Fou
ndat
ion
Otto
Bre
mer
Fou
ndat
ion
Cal
vert
Gro
up o
f Soc
ial I
nves
tmen
ts
Car
negi
e C
orpo
ratio
n of
New
Yor
k
Chr
ist C
ongr
egat
ion
Coc
a-C
ola
Fou
ndat
ion
Dr.
Sch
oll F
ound
atio
n
Max
& V
icto
ria D
reyf
us F
ound
atio
n
Edu
catio
nal F
ound
atio
n of
Am
eric
a
Fan
nie
Mae
Fou
ndat
ion
Fir.
q lw
erst
ate
Ban
k of
Mon
tana
For
d F
ound
atio
n
Frie
dman
Fam
ily F
ound
atio
n
Fun
ding
Exc
hang
e
Edw
ard
W I
laze
n F
ound
atio
n
Will
iam
Ran
dolp
h I l
ears
t Fou
ndat
ion
Will
iam
and
Flo
ra I
lew
lett
Fou
ndat
ion
I lew
lett-
Pac
kard
, Inc
.
Hita
chi F
ound
atio
n
T.
Gre
g Ih
men
Joyc
e F
ound
atio
n
WK
. Kel
logg
Fou
ndat
ion
Laird
, Nor
ton
Fou
ndat
ion
Lann
an F
ound
atio
n
Levi
Str
auss
Fou
ndat
ion
Art
hur
and
Sus
an L
loyd
Lore
tto C
omm
unity
1osh
ua L
. Mai
lman
Cha
ritab
le T
rust
Min
neso
ta F
ound
atio
n
Mob
il F
ound
atio
n
Mod
el F
ound
atio
n
Cha
rles
Ste
war
t Mot
t Fou
ndat
ion
Nor
man
Fou
ndat
ion
Otti
nger
Fou
ndat
ion
Dav
id a
nd L
ucile
Pac
kard
Fou
ndat
ion
Pew
Cha
ritab
le T
rust
s
Phi
lip M
orris
Com
pani
es, 1
m.
San
dra
Pol
ishu
k
Ann
R. R
ober
ts C
harit
able
Lea
d T
rust
Sha
re O
ur S
tren
gth
Sis
ters
of t
he B
less
ed S
acra
men
t
Sis
ters
of C
harit
y of
the
Inca
rnat
e W
ord
Sis
ters
of C
harit
y of
St.
Eliz
abet
h
Sis
ters
of M
ercy
of t
he A
mer
icas
on th
e ge
nero
sity
of
gran
tors
, inv
esto
rs a
ndst
andi
ng o
f th
e C
ounc
il on
Fou
ndat
ions
, who
se
Sis
ters
of M
ercy
of C
onne
aicu
t
Sis
ters
of S
t. F
ranc
is
Spr
ingh
ouse
Fou
ndat
ion
Sur
dna
Fou
ndat
ion
The
Tur
ner
Fou
ndat
ion
Thr
esho
ld F
ound
atio
n
John
War
ner
Fun
d of
the
Tid
esF
ound
atio
n
Tid
es F
ound
atio
n
US
WE
ST
Fou
ndat
ion
1.IS
Tru
st C
ompa
ny
Uni
taria
n Ir
nive
rsal
ist
Ass
ocia
tion
of C
ongr
egat
ions
M. L
. Wax
Wor
king
Ass
ets
Oth
er F
irst N
atio
ns s
uppo
rter
s in
clud
ean
onym
ous
and
indi
vidu
al d
onor
s. W
e ar
epr
oud
to b
e a
mem
ber
of A
mer
ica'
s C
ltarit
ies,
ach
arita
ble
fede
ratio
n of
non
-pro
fit o
rgan
izat
ions
.W
e al
so a
ppre
ciat
e th
e su
ppor
t of t
hose
indi
vidu
-al
s w
ho h
ave
cont
ribut
ed th
roug
h th
e C
ombi
ned
Fed
eral
Cam
paig
n. F
irst N
atio
ns w
elco
mes
the
supp
ort o
f ind
ivid
uals
, fou
ndat
ions
, cor
pora
tions
and
othe
rs w
hose
gen
eros
ity m
akes
pos
sibl
e ou
ref
fort
s. F
or m
ore
info
rmat
ion
abou
t mak
ing
ata
x-de
duct
ible
cha
ritab
le c
ontr
ibut
ion,
or
how
toin
clud
e F
irst N
atio
ns in
you
r w
ilt p
leas
e co
ntac
tou
r D
evel
opm
ent O
ffice
at 5
40/3
71-
5615
.
108
109
FIN
AN
CIA
LS
TIN
GL
ER
& M
ILL
ER
CE
RW
ILL/
Pus
uc A
ct O
UN
I A
NI`
J
WA
LLA
( L
II I
NC
I LI&
&IA
NA
NC
Y A
MU
E R
. CP
A
ME
MB
ER
S. A
M! R
IC A
N 1
1%1,
1111
.11
IPIIF
IIP
UN
It A
t WIIN
I
IND
EP
EN
DE
NT
AU
DI f
OR
S' R
EP
OR
T O
N T
HE
FIN
AN
CIA
L S
TA
TF
ME
NT
S
To
the
Boa
rd o
f Dire
ctor
sF
irst N
atio
ns D
evel
opm
ent I
nstit
ute
Fre
deric
ksbu
rg, V
irgin
ia
We
have
aud
ited
the
acco
mpa
nyin
g ba
lanc
e sh
eet o
f Firs
tN
atio
ns D
evel
opm
ent I
nstit
ute
as o
f Jun
e
30, 1
994,
and
the
rela
ted
stat
emen
ts o
f sup
port
, rev
enue
s an
d ex
pens
esan
d ch
ange
s in
fund
bal
ance
and
func
tiona
l exp
ense
s fo
r th
e si
x m
onth
s th
en e
nded
The
se fi
nanc
ial s
tate
men
ts a
re th
e re
spon
sibi
lity
of
man
agem
ent.
Our
res
pons
ibili
ty is
to e
xpre
ss a
n op
inio
n on
thes
e fin
anci
al s
tate
men
ts b
ased
on
our
audi
t.
We
cond
ucte
d ou
r au
dit i
n ac
cord
ance
v. i
th g
ener
ally
acc
epte
dau
ditin
g st
anda
rds.
Tho
se s
tand
ards
requ
ire th
at w
e pl
an a
nd p
erfo
rm th
e au
dit t
o ob
tain
rea
sona
ble
assu
ranc
eab
out w
heth
er th
e fin
anci
al
stat
emen
ts a
re fr
ee o
f mat
eria
l mis
stat
emen
t.A
n au
dit i
nclu
des
exam
inin
g on
a te
st b
asis
, evi
denc
esu
ppor
ting
the
amou
nts
and
disc
los.
:es
in th
e fin
anci
al s
tate
men
ts. A
nau
dit a
lso
incl
udes
ass
essi
ng th
e
acco
untin
g pr
inci
ples
use
d an
d si
gnifi
cant
est
imat
es m
ade
by m
anag
emen
t, as
wel
l as
eval
uatin
g th
e ov
eral
l
finan
cial
sta
tem
ent p
rese
ntat
ion
We
belie
se th
atur
aud
it pr
ovid
es a
rea
sona
ble
basi
s fo
r ou
r op
inio
n
In o
ur o
pini
on, t
he fi
nanc
ial s
tate
men
ts r
eler
ied
to a
bove
pre
sent
fairl
y, in
all
mat
eria
l tes
peos
. the
finan
cial
pos
ition
of F
irst N
atio
ns D
evel
opm
ent I
nstit
ute
as o
f Jun
e30
. 199
4, a
nd th
e re
sults
ot i
tsop
erat
ions
for
the
six
mon
ths
then
end
ed in
con
foim
ity w
ith g
ener
ally
acc
epte
dac
coun
ting
prin
cipl
es
Fre
deric
ksbu
rg, V
irgin
iaS
epte
mbe
r 7,
199
4
,/M
ae,
607
WIl
I IA
M S
TR
t1sl
it Ii
RI I
ItIi
L Ill
.
0011
lilt
55oV
II.1
F IR
ST N
AT
ION
SD
EV
EL
OPM
EN
T I
NST
ITU
TE
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
PO
RI
1994
/95
1 i 0
1 1
BA
LA
NC
E S
HE
ET
Com
bine
d B
alan
ce S
heet
sSi
x M
onth
s en
ded
June
30, 1
994 U
nres
tric
ted
Fund
ASS
ET
S
Cur
rent
Ass
ets
Res
tric
ted
Fund
Loa
nFu
nd
1994
Tot
al A
llFu
nds
1993
Tot
al A
llFu
nds
Cas
h an
d ca
sh e
quiv
alen
ts1,
482,
161
953,
503
2,43
5,66
43,
081,
644
Rec
eiva
bles
Inte
rfun
d1,
552,
563
1,55
2,56
31,
745,
080
Oth
er3,
490
3,49
010
,641
Inve
ntor
y14
,878
14,3
789,
933
Prep
aid
expe
nses
13,1
1513
,115
5,89
7Pr
oper
ty 6
t Equ
ipm
ent
Furn
iture
and
fix
ture
s61
,913
61,9
1356
,353
Com
pute
r eq
uipm
ent
79,0
83-
79,0
3376
,974
Lea
seho
ld im
prov
emen
ts3,
958
Les
s ac
cum
. dep
reci
atio
n(8
0,86
4)-
(80,
864)
(80,
908)
Oth
er A
sset
sN
otes
rec
eiva
ble
-10
,000
10,0
0010
,000
Inve
stm
ents
1,31
5-
1,31
589
0Se
curi
ty d
epos
it4,
304
4,30
4T
otal
Ass
ets
1,57
9,39
51,
552,
563
963,
503
4,09
5,46
14,
920,
462
LIA
BIL
ITIE
S &
FU
ND
BA
LA
NC
EC
urre
nt L
iabi
litie
sC
urre
nt m
atur
ities
of
L-T
deb
t-
50,0
0050
,000
550,
000
Acc
ount
pay
able
& a
ccru
edex
p.52
,348
-52
,348
61,7
47D
efer
red
reve
nue
-1,
552,
563
1,55
2,56
31,
745,
080
Inte
rfun
d pa
yabl
e1,
552,
563
1,55
2,56
31,
745,
080
Lon
g-te
rm L
iabi
litie
sL
ong-
term
deb
t, le
ss c
urre
ntm
atur
ities
725,
000
725,
000
675,
000
Fund
Bal
ance
(de
fici
t)(2
5,51
6)-
188,
503
162,
987
143,
555
1,57
9,39
51,
552,
563
963,
503
4,09
5,46
14,
920,
462
BIE
NN
IAL
RE
POR
T19
94/9
5
112
113
INC
OM
E S
TA
TE
ME
NT
Stat
emen
t of
Supp
ort,
Rev
enue
& E
xpen
ses,
and
Cha
nges
in F
und
Bal
ance
sSi
x m
onth
s en
ded
June
30,
199
4 Unr
estr
icte
dFu
nd
Publ
ic S
uppo
rt
Res
tric
ted
Fund
Loa
nFu
nd
1994
Tot
al A
llFu
nds
1993
Tot
al A
llFu
nds
Gra
nts
& c
ontr
ibut
ions
45,9
3248
2,39
5-
528,
327
1,03
4,59
4
Tot
al p
ublic
sup
port
45,9
3248
2,39
500
0,00
052
8,32
71,
034,
594
Rev
enue
sSa
les
less
cos
t of
sale
s7,
910
-7,
910
10,0
47
Prog
ram
ser
vice
s fe
es1,
939
16,8
0518
,744
18,8
74
Inte
rest
Inc
ome
6,98
921
,390
17,9
6246
,341
72,2
17
Publ
icat
ions
463
-46
31,
821
Oth
er3,
985
-3,
985
10,1
63
Tot
al r
even
ues
21,2
8603
8,19
501
7,96
207
7,44
30,
113,
122
Tot
al P
ublic
Sup
port
& R
even
ues
67,2
18_2
0,59
0_1
7,96
2_0
5,77
0.1
47,7
16
Func
tiona
l exp
ense
sA
dmin
istr
ativ
e12
1,12
8-
-12
1,12
824
7,36
5
Eag
le S
taff
Fun
d-
204,
577
-20
4,57
764
4,11
7
WA
/Mar
ketin
g-
67,9
7967
,979
139,
033
Ow
eest
a-
137,
778
11,1
5514
8,93
318
4,86
4
TC
EM
P17
,283
-17
,283
54,3
76
Fund
rais
ing
95,6
7595
,675
80,4
48
Tot
al e
xpen
ses
216,
803
427,
617
011,
155
655,
575
1,35
0,20
3
Supp
ort a
nd r
even
ue o
ver
(und
er)
expe
nses
(149
,585
)92
,973
6,80
7(4
9,80
5)(2
02,4
87)
Oth
er c
hang
es in
fun
d ba
lanc
eN
et tr
ansf
ers
from
unr
estr
icte
d fu
ndto
res
tric
ted
fund
92,9
73(9
2,97
3)-
-Fu
nd b
alan
ce, b
egin
ning
(38,
141)
181,
696
143,
555
346,
042
Prio
r pe
riod
adj
ustm
ent
69,2
37-
69,2
37
Fund
bal
ance
(de
fici
t), e
ndin
g(2
5,51
6)00
0,-
188,
503
162,
987
143,
555
FIR
ST N
AT
ION
SD
EV
EL
OPM
EN
T I
NST
ITU
TE
.t
115
IN M
EM
OR
IAM
RE
EN
SN
AK
E\'.
z-
eke
Janu
ary
12, 1
937
- Ju
ne 2
8, 4
993
Foun
ding
Boa
rd M
embe
rC
hair
man
498
9 -
4993
"Reu
ben
was
a p
ower
that
put
us
into
uch
with
our
ow
n sp
irit.
"
116
117
BO
AR
D O
F D
IRE
CT
OR
SB
. Tho
mas
Vig
ilC
hair
man
Jica
rilla
Apa
che/
Jem
ez
Siob
han
Opp
enhe
imer
-Nic
c.,a
uSe
cret
ary
Jose
ph J
acob
sSt
. Reg
is M
ohaw
k
Mar
gucr
ite S
mith
Shin
neco
ck
Faith
Spo
tted
Eag
leY
ankt
on D
akot
a (I
hank
tonw
on)
STA
FFPr
esid
ent
Reb
ecca
Ada
mso
n
Vic
e Pr
esid
ent
Sher
ry S
alw
ay B
lack
Dir
ecto
r, E
agle
Sta
ff F
und
Ope
ratio
nsL
auri
e T
hom
pson
Fiel
d Sp
ecia
list
Ann
ie M
ayo
Dev
elop
men
t Dir
ecto
rM
aria
n Q
uinl
anD
evel
opm
ent A
ssoc
iate
Bar
bara
Kre
isle
r
Exe
cutiv
e A
ssis
tant
Patr
icia
Mye
rs C
rosb
y
Adm
inis
trat
ive
Ass
ista
ntK
aren
ne W
ood
Gel
vin
Stev
enso
nT
reas
urer
Che
roke
e
Reb
ecca
Ada
mso
n, F
ound
er &
Pre
side
ntC
hero
kee
Sher
ry S
alw
ay B
lack
Ogl
ala
Lak
ota
Ros
alie
Litt
le T
hund
erSi
cang
u L
akot
a
Chi
ef O
pera
ting
Off
icer
Mic
hael
Rob
erts
Edi
tor,
Inf
orm
atio
n Se
rvic
esJe
rry
Rey
nold
sA
ccou
ntan
tB
illie
Clif
ton
Off
ice
Adm
inis
trat
orL
ynn
Ran
kins
Info
rmat
ion
Syst
ems
Spec
ialis
tPa
mel
a K
inne
y
Ass
ista
nt to
the
Pres
iden
tJa
smin
Milz
Hol
mst
rup
Off
ice
Ass
ista
ntD
ebra
Hill
Pho
to C
redi
ts: O
wen
Seu
mpt
ewa
cove
r an
d pp
. 20
21K
en B
lack
bird
pp.
8, 1
0Jo
hn W
arne
r pp
. 36,
39
Lnc
llaas
e p.
25
Che
ryl K
reis
kr p
. 12
Oth
er p
hoto
s by
Eag
le S
taff
Fun
d gr
ante
es a
nd F
irst N
atio
ns s
taff
Prin
cipa
l wnt
er J
erry
Rey
nold
sE
ditin
g an
d de
sign
con
cept
s F
irst N
atio
ns E
xecu
tive
Com
mitt
ee
Layo
ut, d
esig
n an
d gr
aphi
c ar
t PC
Des
ign
Ser
vice
s F
rede
ricks
burg
, Va
Pnn
ung
Firs
t Cho
ice
Gra
phic
s &
Prin
ting
Fre
deric
ksbu
rg, V
a
118
FIR
ST N
AT
ION
SD
EV
EL
OPM
EN
T I
NST
ITU
TE
The
Sto
res
Bui
ldin
g11
917
Mai
n St
reet
Fred
eric
ksbu
rg, V
A 2
2408
(540
) 37
1-56
15Fa
x (5
40)
371-
3505
120
121
