DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 344 966 UD 028 638

TITLE Opening the University to the Community. CURA Update

'92.

INSTITUTION Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis. Center for Urban and

Regional Affairs.

PUB DATE 92

NOTE 35p.

PUB TYPE Reports - Descriptive (141)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage.

DESCRIPTORS *Community Programs; Economically Disadvantaged;

Elementary Secondary Education; Higher Education;

Housing; Human Services; Minority Groups; *Outreach

Programs; Policy Formation; Program Descriptions;

Public Policy; Research Projects; *ResearchUniversities; *School Community Relationship; Urban

Problems; *Urban Programs

IDENTIFIERS *University of Minnesota Minneapol;:s

ABSTRACTThis collection describes over 340 projects in which

the Center for Urban and Regional Affairs (CURA) at the University of

Minnesota (Minneapolis) has played a role in the past two years. The

CURA offers a program of research and outreach on urban problems,

which brings the resources of the univcrsity to bear on the problems

of urban communities. The projects described in this publication are

large and small; some involve research (basic and applied), some are

primarily technical assistance. Many projects were faculty research

efforts while others were graduate student projects. Most projects

were done in cooperation with communities, agencies, or other state

orqanizations. The project descriptions are grouped under the

following subjects: (1) community and neighbortood studies; (2)

economic development and employment; (3) education; (4) environment

and energy; (5) housing; (6) human services; (7) land use and

population; (7) minorities and disadvantaged; (8) policy and

government reform; and (9) special programs. A map of project sites

shows the program distribution across the state. (J13)

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Cura

Update

'92

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

3Community andNeighborhood Studies

Economic Developmentand Employment

Education

11

Environment andEnergy

12

Human Services

16Land Use andPopulation

20Minorities andDisadvantaged

22Poky andGovernment Reform

26Special Programs

28

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INTRODUCTION

During each biennium CURA publishes an update of itsactivities and programs for the past two years. Because mostof CURA's base support was threatened last June by the vetoof the University of Minnesota State Specials, there has beenthe very real prospect that this report would be our last one.Low morale has been tempered somewhat by assurancesfrom everyone, inchiding the governor, that there never wasany wish to eliminate CURA. However, intentions aside, wewere caught in the technicalities of state and Universityfinancing and the struggle between the governor and thelegislature over higher education funding.

Now the good newswe at CURA, along with those at theUniversity and in the community with whom we work, areexceedingly gratified that in mid-January the legislature andthe governor agreed to restore our funding along with that ofthe other State Specials. This will permit us to proceed withflur business this year and begin our program planning fornext year.

In many ways, CURNs work is more important now that itwas when we began, more than two decades ago. At thattime, in the midst of the so-called urban crisis of the late 1960s,Minnesota legislative and executive leadership turned to theland grant university and asked it to begin to do for theurban-related Lssues and problems of the state what it hadbeen doing so successfully for so many years for agriculture,health care, science, and technology CURA was establishedthen and began its program of research and outreach.

We don't use the term "urban crisis" much these days, but thefundamental issues of poverty, tension among the races,education, crime, jobs, housing, economic development,chemical abuse, environment, health care, human services,and family structure are as much with us today as they weretwenty-five years ago. We know now that these problems arenot confined to the older parts of our large core cities but canbe found in all our communities in one form or another.

We also know now that throwing dollars at urban-relatedproblems, as we did in the 1960s and 1970s, does not makethem go away nor does ignoring them as we did in the 1980s.

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But, if we have learned nothing else in the past thirty years, itis irrefutable that better understanding and better knowledgecan help us begin to make the kinds of fundamental changesthat are necessary for lasting progress.

This is where CURA and the University of Minnesota comein. Simply put, what CURA does is to help mobilize theconsiderable research talents of the University faculty andgraduate students and to focus those talents and energies onthe broad range of urban-related problems and issuesconfronting our neighborhoods, cities, counties, nonprofitorganizations, state agencies, and all the people and groupsfor whom the urban crisis is still alive and for whom urbanproblems are still a day to day reality In this way, for twenty-three years, CURA has been "opening the university to thecommunity."

The report that follows describes some 340 projects in whichCURA has had a role during the past two years. Some arelarge, some are small; some involve research that is both basicand applied, some are primarily technical assistance. Manyare faculty research projects, others are graduate studentprojects. Most are done in cooperation with communities,agencies, or organizations somewhere in the state. For1990-91 these projects have involved 111 faculty from 56 unitsacross the University, 225 graduate students from 35 units,15 state agencies, 30 local agencies, and 51 nonprofitorganizations. The chart and the map on pages 18 and 24 ofthis report illustrate the geographic distribution of CURA'sprojects.

Those inteiested in further information are invited to callCURA at 612/625-1551.

/Thomas M. Scott, Director

Center for Urban and Regional Affairs

COMMUNITY AND NEIGHBORHOOD STUDIES

Neighborhood Organizations inthe Twin Cities. A number of pro-grams were developed and imple-mented at the request of neighborhoodorganizations and organizers in bothMinneapolis and St. Paul. To carry outthis effort, CURA supported a graduatestudent who was also an experiencedorganizer and program evaluator.The "Neighborhood Working Group"concentrated on the campaign forpassage of a legislative package knownas the "Year of the City." They securedfunding to hire a lobbyist and, cooperat-ing with the cities of Minneapolis, St.Paul, and Duluth, were successful insecuring a multi-million dollar commit-ment from the state for funding ofneighborhood development efforts.Neighborhood organizations in north-east Minneapolis coalesced to formNortheast Neighborhood Representa-tives and to raise approximately $25,000to hire a director. They were planningtheir organizing convention and hadinvolved virtually all of the organiza-tions in northeast Minneapolis when thedirector resigned and the coalition fellapart.Neighborhood forums, which CURAhad initially staffed, became the"Organize's' Roundtable" with the helpof the Neighborhood Resource Center.

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Half-day training sessions and network-ing for organizers were provided inboth Minneapolis and St. Paul. CURAcontinued to help with arrangementsand ideas.CURA conducted an "occupationalsurvey" of Twin Cities neighborhoodorganizers and published the results in amonograph, Who's Organizing the TwinCities?" The survey identified super-vised on-the-job experience as the besttraining opportunity for organizers andone of their primary needs. A secondgraduate student was recruited toprepare a directory of training opportu-nities for both new and experiencedorganizers. It included local andnational resources for training, forinternships, and for job placementservices designed specifically fororganizers. The directory was publishedas Resources for Organizers. CURA is nowworking with the Organizing Appren-ticeship Project to develop more oppor-tunities for supervised training for neworganizers.CURA continued to help the Associa-tion of Professional CommunityOrganizers with its meetings aild effort:to form an association of district councilstaff and neighborhood organizers inMinneapolis and St. Paul.

An investigation was begun into whatdata neighborhood organizations would

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find most useful at the neighborhoodlevel and what might already beavailable. This led, in part, to CURA'sproject, Whittier Neighborhood Hous-ing Study.

Center tor Community Studies.The center helps Minnesota communi-ties with their planning and designproblems by turning them into classprojects and senior projec. The projectsbecome learning experiences forstudents and faculty, while the commu-nity benefits. (For more informationabout the center, turn to page 29.) Inmost projects students and faculty meetwith people from the community manytimes, finally presenting a master planor a set of design alternatives for thearea of concern. Examples include:Hutchinson. Main Street plantingdesigns.Silver Bay. Design alternatives for theOuter Drive.Harmony. Conceptual designs for SouthPark.

Little Falls. Master plan and implemen-tation strategy for LeBourget Park.

Hassan Township (Hennepin County).Analysis of future development poten-tial.

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South St. Paul. Plans for a new publicopen space and wetland along theMississippi River.Melrose. Master plans for Sauk RiverPark.

Linwood Township (Anoka County).Impact analysis of different ecologicaland land use policies.

Heron Lake. Suggestions for controllingwater quality and water levels.West Central School of Agriculture(Morris). Design for an alumni garden.

Rogers Elementary School. Master planfor outdoor education facilities.Freeborn. Potential improvemenh; toFreeborn Lake and the city of Freeborn.Henderson. Suggestions for trails, landuse, water resources, and improvedcommunity image.New Prague. Plans for Greenway Park.Summit Avenue (St. Paul). Plantingalternatives for Nathan Hale, Cochran,and Summit Lookout parks.Young America. Designs forWillkommen Park.Hawthorne Neighborhood (Minneapo-lis). Proposals for improving fourresidential blocks around Farview Park.

Anoka County Parks Department(Ramsey). Preliminary master plan forthe Mississippi West Regional Park.Dawson., Master plan for public openspace along the Lac Qui Par le River.

Lac Qui Par le Valley High School(Madison). Master plan for outdoorenvironmental education and agricul-tural facilities.Wacouta Township (Goodhue County).Analysis of land capability and develop-ment control options.Thomas Avenue (St. Paul). Plans torstreetside plantings to buffer residentialareas from industrial uses,Minnesota Center for Arts Education(Golden Valley). Designs to solvedrainage pioblems and to incorporateart into the landscape.Adams Elementary School (CoonRapids). Design for an environmentaleducation trail.C.arver County Historical Society(Waconia). Plans for a horticulturalhistory garden on the museum grounds.Kanabec County Agricultural Society(Mora). Master plan to improve theKanabec County Fairgrounds.

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SAFE Art Spot (Minneapolis). Site planand design proposals for an inner-cityvacant lot.Randall. Conceptual master plaits foroutdoor education facilities at Dr.Knight Elementary School and at BingoRiverside Park

Community-Based Crime Preven-tion in Elliot Park. The problemswhich the Community Crime Preven-tion Committee in the Elliot Parkneighborhood of Minneapolis weredealing with were beyond the capacitiesot an all-volunteer group, and neighbor-hood staff were unavailable. CURAsupported a student intern to work withthe committee and then involve neigh-borhood businesses, public agencies,and other interested organizations. Thestudent served as part-time researcher,organizer, and politician. New neigh-borhood participants were brought in,new policing patterns were established,and the sale of liquor in the neighbor-hood was curtailed and better con-trolled. The summer intern positionbecame a permanent staff position withthe neighborhood organization andcontinues today.

111 Minneapolis NeighborhoodRevitalization Program. This twentymillion dollar per year program isworking to revitalize Minneapolisneighborhoods over the next twentyyears. CURA is providing assistance in anumber of ways. One of our stafforganized a series of six seminars,involving people from the communityand the University, to help the citydesign the program. Another staffperson serves on the committee that ischarged with getting useful informationto the neighborhoods. The MinnesotaCenter for Survey Research (see p. 3(1 fora complete description of MCSR) hasbeen selected through a competitivebidding process to provide technicalassistance for the neighborhood surveysthat will be conducted to learn the needsand priorities of residents in eachneighborhood.

III Mississippi River Boat Trip. Agroup of urban planners studied townsand cities of the Mississippi River valleyfrom the Gulf of Mexico to St. Paul,

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under the aegis cif the University'sDesign Center for American UrbanLandscape. The study was conductedduring an ambitious two-month boatand van excursion. Several CURA staffmembers and students participated,providing the economic, historic, andgeographic background of the regionsthrough which the study passed. AtCURA, we were able to gain a betterunderstanding of how river towns arecoping with the nation's changingtransportation system and the alteredrole they have in this system,

Neighborhood Balance Sheet.There has been no comprehensive list offunding sources for neighborhoodorganizations in the Twin Cities. Thisproject identified the maior sources offunding. the amounts of tunding, andthe purpiews for which funds weredesignated. Sources include founda-tions, various units of government,private individuals, and grassroctsfundraising campaigns. In the face ofcutbacks and changes in many of thesesources, the new neighborhood balancesheet, which the pro)ect has created,should help neighborhood organiza-tions learn where to go for funding fortheir specific proiects. It will also informfunders about neighborhood organiza-tions in Minneapolis and St. Paul.Copies of the draft are available.

Support tor Project Future. ProjectFuture is a program of the MinnesotaExtension Service and the HumphreyInstitute of Public Affairs that helpssmall- to nwdium-sized Minnesotacommunities conduct strategic planningfor their future. CURA providedgraduate research assistance during thedevelopment of this program in 1989.Now our Center for Community Studies(see p. 29) otten acts as a resource in

helping these communities implementtheir plans. Project Future has alreadyworked in fifty Minnesota communities.

111 Neighborhood Data. CURA has anongoing interest in acquiring and usingdata about neighborhoods. TheMcKnight Foundation asked CURA toinventory what neighborhood-leveldata are available. Work in die Whittier

Neighborhood of Minneapolis forMICAH (Metropolitan InterfaithCouncil on Affordable Housing) provedhow difficult it is to extract public datafor such a small area, even on housing.These experiences have been docu-mented in a report, "Empty Promisesfor Small Area Data," presented at the1991 URISA Conference and the 1991Applied Geographers Conference. Theproblems are partly technical. hutlargely institutional. The report hasproven useful to the MinneapolisNeighborhood Revitalization Programwhich is also trvirig to collect data aboutneighborhoods; as a result CURA willbe represented on its informationcommittee.

Youth in iron Mining Districts. Adrop in the world demand for steel hasbrought hardship to iron miningcommunities in Minnesota and else-where. To assess the social implicationsof this change, youth in Minnesota'sIron Range and in Sweden's iron miningarea were surveyed. Young residentswere asked to describe the impact thatstrained economic cone, .ions have hadon their lives, on their social problems,and on their future aspirations. Theproject was sponsored by the Center forCommunitV and Regional Research inDuluth (see p. 30 for more about thecenter).

Historic Preservation Revisited. Inthe summer of 1991 CURA providedpartial support for a preservationsurvey of Minnewtolis. The survey is afollow-up to a 1980 study that looked atthe entire city and identified structuresworthy of preservation and structuresthat should he designated for historicpreservation. This recent effort isintended to monitor what has happenedto those structures. With the assistanceof community volunteers and ofteachers participating in a specialpropam, nearly 90 percent of the re-survey was completed. Data are nowbeing tabulated and the re-survey willbe completed in the spring of 1992 alongwith a written report.

11 Who Owns Downtown? Owners,developers, public officials, people whowork there, people who live there, and

people who go there occasionally allhave an interest in downtown, but oftentheir interests differ and sometimes theyconflict. A professor of urban geographyexamined opinions of people from eachof these groups through a series of focusgroups where peopli' talked aboutdowntown Minneapolis. The projectwas written up for the CURA Reporter.

11 Minneapolis Neighborhood UrbanDesign Conference. Through CURA'sCenter for Community Studies (see p.29), and with support from theUniversity's Design Center for Ameri-can Urban Landscape, a student worked

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with the Minneapolis Committee onUrban Environment and representativesof Minneapolis neighborhoods toorganize a spring 1991 conference onhow neighborhoods can use urbandesign. Topics for the conferenceincluded: developing a communityhistory, design questions for newneighborhood developments, creatingdefensive space, options for neighbor-hood traffic control, reuse of vacant lots,organizing neighborhood clean vs,how to plant an award-wiming garden,creating public art in the neighbofhocxi,and design of neighborhaon gakways.

Media isolation of Border Com-munities. A CURA-sponsored gradu-ate student in geography is looking atthe news coverage available to Mime-sota border communities. Those placeswhere the dominant radio, television,and newspaper coverage comes fromacross the state line may be increasinglyisolated from mainstream Minnesota.Results show good coverage of Minne-sota politics in Fargo, North Dakota andLaCrosse, Wisoomin, but communitiesalong the southern border of the statehear little about Minnesota fnom theIowa media.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ANii EMPLOYMENT

Trade Centers of the UpperMidwest. The changing role of tradecenters in a seven-state area (Minnesota,Wisconsin, Iowa, North Dakota, SouthDakota, Nebraska and Montana) wasexamined, comparing the numbers andtypes of business establishments in 1960and 1989. From the small hamlets whichdot file countryside to the Twin Citiesmetropolitan area the data provideduseful observations about economicchanges in the towns and cities of theMidwest. This study, funded in part bythe Ford Foundation, has proven to beof considerable value to local leaders aswell as to other research projects. Tworesearch reports resulted from theproject: one detailing the overallchanges between 1960 and 1989 and asecond presenting three case studies.The case studies allowed a moredetailed look at the change in economicactivity in north-central Wisconsin,north-central Iowa, and southeasternMontanaareas selected because theyrepresent the widely differing settle-ment patterns of the Upper Midwest.

Financial institutions in St. Paul.At the request of the Research Office ofthe St. Paul City Council, CURAconducted a survey and data analysis todetermine whether housing andeconomic development monies areadequately and equitably available

throughout St. Paul. The study foundthat mortgages in lower incom_ neigh-borhoods were not as available asneeded, especially to applicants of color,while home improvement loans weremore accessible in these same areas. Thestudy also found a widespread need forbetter understanding and informationabout essential financial services such ascheck cashing, savings, and loanapplication in lower income neighbor-hoods.

Home on the Range. Although jobshave left Minnesota's Iron R.ange,people's hearts have not. CURA pro-vided support to a graduate student ingeography who talked with residentsand found that their decision to remainin this economically disadvantaged areawas based more on personal attachmentthan economics. To survive, peoplehave gone back to strategies of theirtorebearers: dipping into savings, sellingpersonal belongings, relying on a strongnetwork of family and friends for loansand jobs, and living off the land. Anarticle in the CURA Reporter willsummarize the student's findings.

Research on the Nonprofit Sector.A professor of sociology is a leadingscholar on the nonprofit sector. In thepast two years, CURA has funded anumber of his activities and researchprojects:

Corporate Giving and Nonprofits. Alongitudinal study was conductedduring the 1980s of nonprofit organiza-tions, imfitutional elites and corporatephilanthropic leaders, and corporategiving in the Twin Cities. Significantchanges occurred during this penodand the study's results are providingfuel for discussion about whether thechanges are positive or not.

Proseminar on Nonprofit Organiza-tions. A seminar series was organized toallow sharing among researchersinterested in nonprofits. GraduatestudenN and faculty from the Univer-sity of Minnesota and other localcolleges and universities have partici-pated and presented their researchfindings. Attendance has includedpeople from state agencies, corpora-tions, and nonprofits. The proseminarhas met four times a year over the lastbiennium and has included severalnational speakers.

Conflict Within Nonprofits. A recentresearch project is looking at the internalimpact of any changes in funding levelswithin nonprofit agencies. Perhaps, forexample, reduced funding increasesconflict which, in-turn, affects a tunder'sevaluation and leads to further loss offunding. This study is funded byCURA 's Conflict and Change Center(see p. 29).

Snowbirds. What is the size andimpact of the winter flight ofMinnesota's elderly to wanner climates?

CURA participated in the WilderFoundation's statewide study of seniors,looking for information about theseseasonal migrations. Over 10 percent ofthe elderly leave, spending as much as$150 million annually in other statesduring the winter months. The largerimpact is the social loss for many smallcommunities in rural Minnesota whenthese vital people leave.

Community Trade Profiles andIndex of Change. Development of anew type of community profile andindex of change for Minnesota tradecenters is currently underway usingDun and Bradstreet data, supplementedby other data. A pilot project is inprogress in southeastern Minnesota. The

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work is being done in cooperation withthe Minnesota IXTartment of Trade andEconomic Development and willinvolve consultation with local leadersand other researchers. The pilot projectreport will be complete by April 1992and the project is expected to thenexpand to include the entire state ofMinnesota.

Foreign Investment in Minnesota.A professor of public affairs is examin-ing variations in the amount of directforeign investment among each of theUnited States. He is looking for whatdetermines the variations so thatMinnesota policy makers can betterunderstand how to increase foreigninvestment in this state.

Rural Economic DevelopmentTen working papers have been issuedfrom the State and Regional ResearchCenter in the last few years. The center,which began in 1985, was housed underCURA and received grants from anumber of sources including theNorthwest Area Foundation and theBush Foundation. It was created as away of facilitating research on regionaleconomic development issues and itsworking papers are the fruits of sixyears tlf research and inquiry.

Business Changes in fhe TwinCities Metropolitan Area. The extraor-dinary development of the Twin Citiesmetropolitan area as the business capitalof the Upper Midwest is being exam-ined through the use of Dun andBradstreet data, selected census data,and interviews. Changes in location andtype of business are being tracked from1960 to 1989. Relating these changes tothe roles of the major actors in thedevelopment world of the Twin Citieswill be an important part of the project,

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currently underway as a CURA-supported doctoral thesis. A report LSexpected to be completed this summer.

Highway Funds and EconomicDevelopment. A prok-ssor of civilengineering discovemd thatMinnesota's highway funds can playboth an active and a reactive role inregional economic development. Thestate was divided into different types otregions (regional centers, urban influ-enced, agricultural, and naturalresource-based) and the long-term effectof highway funds was studied. Someregions gained from improved roadswhile other lost. The study was fundedthrough CURA's Faculty ResearchCompetition (see p. 31).

Job Availability. lob seekers,counselors, and others need betterstatistics on occupational supply anddemand. This need was expressed bythe Research and Statistics Office of theMinnesota Department of Jobs andTraining. A graduate student analyzeddata on the supply of people for selectedoccupational clusters and developednarratives clarifying Ow associationbetween supply and demand projec-tions. The project was part of CURA'sGraduate interns for State. Agenciesprogram (see p. 31 tor details).

Corporate Conflict. A professor ofsociology is interested in the relation-ship between the structure' of corporate'organizations and inter-corporateconflicts, such as hostile takeovers. Hehas collected and compared data fromthe United States, the United Kingdom,and Sweden. The frequency of conflict

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varies among corporations in eachsociety partially due to differences inhierarchical organization, and partiallydue to market forces and organiz.ationrules. The study was funded by theConflict and Change Center (see p. 29).

Shopping Downtown. A survey ofpeople in the Twin Cities area revealedthat nearly half do not shop downtown.Three factors seem to determine whoshops downtown: where people work,where they live, and their tastes.Parking problems and the cost ofparking are the biggest deterrents toshopping downtown. An article on thesurvey appeared in the CURA Reporter.The survey was part of the Twin CitiesArea Survey conducted each year byCURA's Minnesota Center for SurveyResearch (see p. 30 for more intormationabout the center).

Mall of America. A distinguishedprofessor of geography has pmjectedthe impact that the world's largestshopping mall, now under constructionin Bloomington, will have on retailbusiness in other locations in themetropolitan area. If it is successful,competing shopping areas will findtheir profit margins cannibalized. If it isnot, the mall may suffer a prolongedperiod of debilitation with possibleappeals for public help. Or, partlysuccessful, it may leave all area shop-ping centers somewhat sick for five ormore years.

The Church as Partner in Comm-nity Economic Development. One ofthe resources available for economicdevelopment in the African American

community is the church. CURAprovided a graduate research assistantto help a professor in the HumphreyInstitute. Together they developedwritten case h. ;tones of successfulactivities in Chicago and Kansas City',then organized a two-and-a-half-davforum and consultation for publicofficials and church leaders, held inNovember 1990. A written proceedingswas published and the results were'highlighted in the Citizens League'sMinnesota fournal.

Gasoline Price Competiticn. Whatdetermines how much a Minnesotaresident pays for a gallon of gasoline? ACURA-sponsored graduate student ingetwaphy collected data in St. Cloud ongas station prices and consumer prefer-ences. He is analyzing these data todetermine the extent to which prices aredetermined by local competition amongthe stations and by regional and nationalcompetition among the' petroleumcompanies. An article in the CURAReporter will summarize his findings,

City Venture. 1990 saw the publica-tion of the final report on a proiectbegun a decade earlier. CURA beganmonitoring City Venture Corporation(CVC) in1980 with intensive on-sitevisits in seven cities across the country.CVC was an experiment in showinghow a private corporation could solvethe problems of decaying inner citieswhile making a profit. CURA followedthe rise and fall of CVC examining itsprofit orientation, its holistic approach.its composition and style, and itseffectiveness.

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EDUCATION

Preventing Reading Failure.Reading is critical to a child's success inschool. If a child is disabled in readingby the end of first grade the probabilityis high that the child will remain adisabled reader. A professor of curricu-lum and instruction in the University'sCollege of Education adapted a success-ful reading intervention program thathad required expensive tutoring andseparation from the normal classroomto a program that first grade teacherscould incorporate into their regularclassroom teaching. Pilot tests of theprogram showed that many low-achieving students in the first gradecould get a good start in wadingwithout great expense and withoutbeing separated into special educationclasses. The work was supported by aCURA Faculty Research Competitiongrant (see p. 31).

I Students of Color in College. Aprofessor of educational policy andadministration studied how minoritvstudents are faring in Minnesota'scolleges and universities. The statisticsshow that few students of color arecompleting their degrees, though theirenrollment is on the rise. Through aseries of in-depth interviews at theUniversity of Minnesota, a communitycollege, and a private college, a numberof problems were revealed about thecomfort level of minority students inthese schools and about the problems oftransferring credit from one school toanother. Since an article iibout this studyappeared in the CURA Reporter a newagreement has been signed to make iteasier for students to transfer fromMinnesota community colleges into theUniversity's College of Liberal Arts.This research was supported by one ofCURA's Faculty Research Competitiongrants (p. 31).

I Teaching Political Tolerance.Intolerance of others is becoming anever-increasing problem for this countryas we become more diverse. Through aCURA Faculty Research Competitiongrant (p. 31), a professor of political

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science and a professor of curriculumand instruction teanied up to create afour-week course that teaches studentsto respect the rights of groups that theydislike or disagree with. The course hasbeen successfully taught to both ruraland urban iunior high students in theircivics class s. An article about thecourse appeared in a recent CURA

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Head Start Family Impact ProjectTne Head Start program, begun in the1960s, has been a successful attempt toovercome some of the educationaldisadvantages faced by children ofpoverty. Since its beginning, it has Medto mvoke parents. but iust whatinvolvement means and whether itmakes a difterence were not dear. Aprofessor of sociology and a graduatestudent in child development teamedup to test the effects ot parental invohe-mem in Head Start and learned thatinvolvement helps parents to see theirchildren more positively and more asthe children actually see themselves.Their research was funded by thefederal Administration for Children,booth and Families with additionalassistance trom CURA.

Cognitive and Social Develop-ment in Elementary Students. Astudy in the Duluth Public Schools isexammmg the effects that socio-eco-nomic status, different types of early

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childhood programs, length of time inearly childhood programs, educationallevels of parents, intelligence quotients,and special education needs have on thecognitive and social development ofstudents. The study is being carried outby a team of professors and students inchild and family development throughthe Center for Community and RegionalResearch (see p. 30 for more about thecenter).

Training Peacemakers in Elemen-tary Schools. Violence is on the riseand people are wondering if schools cando anything about the problem. Twoprofessors in the College of Education,through a grant from the Conflict andChange Center (see p. 29), have devel-oped a program to train elementaryschool students in conflict resolutionthrough strategies such as negotiationand peer mediation. The successfulprogram allows teachers and adminis-trators to spend less time dealing withstudent conflicts:

Gender Differences in ManagingConflict. A professor of linguisticsvideotaped children at a dav care centeras they attempted to negotiate conflict.Even at ages three to five, and in same-sex groups, boys and girls displayedquite ditterent styles. Boys are moreconfrontational and direct, while girlsare more collaborative and verbal. Thestudy was funded by the Conflict andChange Center (see p, 29)

Uncapping Retirenraant in HigherEducation. A national survey wasconducted of faculty and administratorsto learn their beliefs and expectationsregarding age and seniority. Bothpositive and negative assumptions wereanalyzed and recommendations maderegarding the 1994 elimination ofacademic mandatory retirement. Thestudy was funded through a seed grantfrom the All University Council onAging (see p. 28).

Coping with Conflict at theUniversity. The Conflict and ChangeCenter (see p. 29) has created a numberof mechanisms for helping peopk, at theUniversity of Minnesota become moresensitive to conflict and tor increa.singtheir ability to respond effectively andpositively.

Negotiation Training is provided forUniversity personnel in two one-daycounies.A Mediation Program has trained andsupervises sixteen volunteer mediatorswho work across the University,resolving interpersonal and intergroupdisputes.Unit Consultation is a broad programassisting University departments andorganizations in analyzing and assess-ing conflict in their own organizationand in managing conflict by usingappropriate techniques.

ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY

Environmental Resource Center.CURA, in cooperation with a group ofenvironmentally active graduate stu-dents. is developing a feasibility studyfor a University Environmental ResourceCenter fiw center would provide 3central clearinghouse for University ofMinnesota students, faculty, and inter-ested citizens on information aboutresearch, educational meetings, courses,and other environmental activities. Itmight also develop a newsletter and puton workshops. The proiect initially willconcentrate on producing an inventory

of current University if Minnesotaresearch about the environment. Theresearch inventory will be completed inthe spring of 1992. A decision about thelong-term future of the EnvironmentalResource Center will be made by June1992.

Water Quality in the St. LouisRiver. The St. Louis River System hasbeen designated as an -Area of Concern"because it does not meet designatedwater quality standards. Two protectsinvolving faculty from the University ot

Minnesota-Duluth are working to correctthis situation. Through CURA's FacultyResearch Competition (see p. 31), aprofessor of chemical engineering isidentifying baseline environmental datathat will be used by the Toxics Tt-hrUcalAdvisory Committee in making recom-mendations for a remedial action plan.The othe; proiect, funded through theCenter for Community and RegionalResearch (see p. 30), i focusing on howland use practices along the St. LouisRiver are affecting pollution throughrunoff into the river.

Groundwater in SoutheasternMinnesota. The Duschee Creek water-shed near Lanesboro was studied by aprofessor and a graduate student ingeology and a profzssor in soil science.They assessed changes in the quality ofthe groundwater that people amdrinking in that area and how thesechanges might relate to haman activi-ties. Their study resulted in a series ofrecommended actions that the countyand individuals living in the area mighttake to further protect themselves andtheir water supply. The study wassupported by grants from the Legisla-tive Commission on MinnesotaResources and CURA's FacultyResearch Competition (see p. 31).

Health Risks of incineratingGarbage. A professor in the School ofPublic Health worked with the Minne-sota Pollution Control Agency inassessing the health risks cif incineratinggarbage. Major emission substanceswere quantified and characterized.Mathematical models were developedto describe what happens to the chemi-cals in the environment and then toassess the public dangers that theypresent. A summaiy of the work waspublished in the CURA Reporter. Thestudy was supported by a grant throughCURNs Faculty Research Competition(see p. 31).

X Recycling Attitudes and Behavior.Recycling is becoming an important partof our country's waste disposal system.Two professors of social psychology andone of their graduate students surveyedHennepin County residents to measureand compare attitudes about recyclingwith actual participation in recyclingprograms. They found positive attitudesbut relatively low participation rates.They were able to identify a number offactors that predict recycling behavior.The study was supported throughCURA's Faculty Research Competition(see p. 31).

Water Management and Use. Thenewly developing relationships betweenstate governmenN and AmericanIndians in the critical area of watermanagement and use are being exam-

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13

1110101011/11.111.

Med. Experiences in si states will bestudied: Minnesota, W isconsin, Mon-tana, Wyoming, Arizona, and NewMexico. Together these states have alarge and diverse Indian populationwhich has been involved in importantways in the questions of managementand use of water resources. Work willbe carried out in cooperation with theCouncil of State Legislatures andappropriate American Indian organiza-tions.

Mississippi River Environmentalinventory. The Mississippi River is anenvironmental barometer for the com ofthe nation. In the middle two-fifihs ofthe country anything that fouls the

environment inside the Mississippi'sbasin is proclaimed by changes in theriver. CURA was asked by theMcKnight Foundation to collect abaseline of environmental data on theriver. The resulting maps give a pictureof the current level ot environmentalquality, activities that affect the environ-ment, and human ability to cope with

enviromnental issues.

Conservation History ofVoyageurs National Park. Atter thedecline and subsequent demise oftimber harvesting in the late 1920s, thenorthern region of Minnesota was facedwith the results of forty years of haphaz-

ard land policies. What now is

Voyageurs National Park was devas-

14

tated by slash and burn logging prac-

tices. A serious fire situation existed,

poaching was ti ,ating gamt popula-tions, a large pe age of land was tax

delinquent, and numerous social

problems remained to be solved. Aprofessor and student in history at theUniversity of Minnesota-Duluth arewriting a history of the evolution ofconservation and land practices in the

park area. The project is sponsoredthorough the Center for Communityand Regional Research (see p. 30).

intonational Wolf Center. A teamof pnofessors from the University ofMinnesota-Duluth conducted a pro-gram development survey for theInternational Wolf Center in Ely,Minnesota. Their survey was designedto help the center in developing andmarketing new and existing programs.The survey was provided through theCenter for Community and RegionalResearch in Duluth (see p. 30 for moreabout this center).

Chemical Weed Control on PublicHighways. Working with the Midwest

Consortium on Groundwater and FarmChemicals and The Minnesota Project, agraduate student has researched the useof chemicals in controlling weeds alongthe shoulders and ditches of publicroadsides. Chemicals have caused anumber of problems and an alternativeto chemical control, known as Integra-tive Roadside Management, has beenused successfully in several areas.CURA funded the student half time andwill publish details of the study in theCURA Reporter.

Disposing of Hazardous Waste. ACURA-sponsored graduate student inpolitical science is examining the politicsof establishing hazardous waste sites inMinnesota. The project comparesattitudes of public officials (Office ofWaste Management personnel andlegislators) and citizens (residents ofRed Lake and Koochiching counties) onthe risk and need for hazardous wastefacilities. Differences in attitude will beexamined to see what role this hasplayed in the state's inability to site afacility in the 1980s.

Wind Power. Wind eoergy playedan important role in rural Minnesotabefore the Rural Electrification Act. Agraduate student in mechanical engi-neering, with CURA support and datafrom the state's Wind Resource Assess-ment Program, calculated what rolewind might play in Minnesota's energypicture today. A summary of thefindings was published in the CURA

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Marketing Recycled Materials. Theamount of solid waste in Minnesota isrising and recycling is becoming a largerpart of the disposal solution. Withfunding from the Northwest AreaFoundation, CURA sponsored aworkshop to help selected public andprivate sector people develop a strategyfor marketing Minnesota's recycWmaterials. A background report wasdeveloped to aid the participants intheir work and the workshop producedan innovative Blueprint fiir Action.

Market Analysis for RecyclingMaterial. The Metropolitan Councilrequested assistance for their work indeveloping markets for recycledmaterials. A graduate student collectedand analyzed data on the status andcharacteristics of markets for majorsecondary materials such as paper,glass, aluminum, and ferrous metalsand prepared a report for the council'sSolid Waste Division. The pmject waspart of CURA's Graduate Interns forState Agencies program (see p. 31 fordetails).

How Did Agriculture Become anIndustry? A researcher from the LandStewardship Proiect is spending a yearat CURA as a visiting scholar. He isexamining how federal policies andagribusiness advertising since WorldWar 11 have promulgated industrialapproaches to agriculture. His researchalso explores the impact industrialagriculture has had on the family farmand the environment in the Midwest,and traces the development andpromise of alternative farmingapproaches that have emerged in recentyears.

Sustainable Agriculture. TheNorthwest Area Foundation has fundedsurveys of fanners across the Midwest.CURA's Minnesota Center for SurveyResearch (see p. 30) provided technicalassistance so that the state-by-statesurveys would yield compatible results.ln addition, MCSR conducted theMinnesota survey for the Lind Steward-ship Project. Traditional farmers andthose practicing sustainable agriculturewere asked about farming techniques

and practices, SCUM:CS of farmingknowledge, and economic issues.

III Emerging Issues for NaturalResources and the Environment. TheLegislative Commission on MinnesotaResources (LCMR) needs to identifyemerging issues to guide its fundingand monitoring activities. Two graduatestudents, recruited through CURA'sGraduate Interns for State Agenciesprogram (see p. 31 for details), workedwith LCMR staff in the legislature, stateagencies, universities, and privateorganizations to collect and analyzeinformation.

Environment and Development.CURA's associate director ThomasAnding was one of fifty-four people,representing thirty countries, selected toattend a two-week international seminarin Salzburg. Austria on the tradeoffsbetween protecting the environmentand economic development. Participa-tion of people from the Upper Midwestin seminars at Salzburg has been madepossible by the McKnight Foundation.The seminar was fruitful for the del-egates, but more importantly, a state-ment was prepared that will be pre-sented to the 1992 United NationsConference on Environment andDevelopment.

Environmental Course Bulletin.CURA continues to publish a guide tocourses about the environment at theUniversity of Minnesota. The coursebulletin has been issued yearly since1985 as a supplement to official Univer-sity bulletins. It includes an additionalsection decribing special Minnesotacenters, services, and libraries withinand outside the University that dealwith the environment.

Radon. CURA sponsored a study oftwo residential neighborhoods inRochester, Minnesota to compare radonin the soil with indoor radon levels insixtv-five homes. Positive correlationswere found. The topographicallyhighest area also had the highest radonlevels in soil and in homes. This type ofstudy could be used to predict indoorradon problems betiire home construc-tion begins.

15

HOUSING

111 Metropolitan Regional Housingissues. Demographic and economicchanges will have enormous impact onthe Twin Cities metro area housingstock and needs. A CURA staff person isco-chairing the Metropolitan Council'sRegional Housing Task rorce as itexamines these issues at I recommendslegislative stTategies to address housingneeds.

Affordable Housing in Rochesterand Olmsted County. Are therehousing problems in the third wealthi-est county in the state? A team of facultyand graduate students from theHumphrey institute of Public Affairscompleted a needs assessment for theRochester/Olmsted CommunityHousing Partnership to document thehousing problems faced by lowerincome households in Olmsted County.The project was a group internshipsupported by CURA and theHumphrey Institute. lt involved overthirty community volunteers as well asstaff at city and county offices.

Fair Housing. The Twin Cities is thelargest urban area in the countrywithout an organization dedicatedspecifically to insuring that all persons,of whatever class or race, enjoy equalhousing opportunities. CURA sup-ported a graduate student to work on aHUD-directed project in Minneapolis,looking, first, to determine if significantdiscrimination exists in the rentalhousing market in one Minneapolisneighborhood, and second, to establisha fair housing organization that wouldbe responsible for monitoring violatioasof fair housing laws. A fair-housingsurvey was conducted in the Phillipsneighborhood with the help of theneighborhood organization and theMinneapolis Department of CivilRights. As a result, a new nonprofitorganization, the Minnesota FairHousing Center, has been incorporated,dedicated to promoting fair housingopportunities throughout Minnesota.

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II Local Capacity to ide Hous-ing Programs, Some cities and countiesdo not have the capacity to take advan-tage of state and federal housing

BEST COPY AVAILAGLE

programs. CURA received fundingfrom the Minnesota Housing FinanceAgency to study the use of varioushousing programs by cities acre

Minnesota. This provides an indicator ofwhich cities have the capacity andwhich need additional help to make useof existing programs. Data about wherefederal and state housing propamshave been used successfully have beensummarized and mapped and a finalreport delivered to the MinnesotaHousing Finance Agency.

III Twin Cities Affordable HousingCollaborative (TCAHC). The proiectprovided a half time student as a staffperson to work with TCAHC on itsresearch and advocacy for affordablehousing in the Twin Cities. It includeddistributing the results of an extensivesurvey ot nonprofit housing developersand participation in the Governor'sAffordable Housing Task Force. Thework continues as one of the responsi-bilities of a newly created positionwithin the Minneapolis-St. Paul FamilyHousing Fund.

III Affordable Housing Researchinventory. This project surveyed theresearch needs of government agencies.community groups, and housing

io

developers in the Twin Cities metropoli-tan area who are concerned withaffordable housing. Findings from theliterature survey and both faculty andagency contacts emphasized thefollowing needs: financial tools andpolicy strategies to support and encour-age affordable housing, accurateneighborhood level data, definition ofthe extent of homelessness, and bettermatching of services to affordablehousing.

Whittier Neighborhood HousingStudy. This project served as a casestudy to determine what level of dataexists during intercensus periods todescribe changes in a neighborhood'shousing conditions and residentialpatterns. The study was done for theMetropolitan Interfaith Council onAffordable Housing and in cooperationwith the Whittier Alliance. The projectresulted in a much clearer understand-ing of neighborhood level data andincreased cooperation among neighbor-hood programs in Whittier.

Mixed Populations in SeniorHighrises. In the 1980s Minneapolisbegan mixing mentally- or physically-disabled persons of all ages into itsbuildings for seniors. This has had anunknown impact on the interactionsand adaptation of the elderly' them-selves. CI ,RA supported a doctoralstudent, working with the MinneapolisPublic Homsing Authority, who exam-ined that impact and what factors mayhelp make this a positive experience forthe seniors.

Operating Low income Housing.A professor in agricultural and appliedeconomics compared the cost of operat-ing low income housing in rental unitsand in cooperative units. Comparablehousing proiects were selected to be assimilar as possible and operating costswere examined over a four-year period.There was a significant savings incooperatively-owned projects, suggest-ing that public policies to encouragecooperative ownership make sense. Theproject was funded through CURA'sFaculty Research Competition (see p. 31)and an article about the findings waspublished in the CURA Reporter.

HUMAN SERVICES

Paternity Decisions. Establishinglegal paternity for children born out-of-wedlock can bring many benefits thatthe child would otherwise lack. Therecent dramatic growth in out-of-wedlock births has escalated thenumber of children growing up withoutlegal paternity. This study, supportedby the Ford Foundation, looked atfactors that encourage or discourageavowing paternity. Three hundrAi andthirty-four Hennepin County unmarriedparents were interviewed ITv same race,same gender graduate students. Themothers were twentv-one or youngerand on welfare. The study exploredfamily and peer experiences, attitudesand expectations, and demographic andsocioeconomic variables that differenti-

ate parents who acknowledge patemityand those who did not. The studydiscovered that the time in the hospitalduring birth of the child is the mostteachable moment and it recommendedthat this time be used to encourage alegal link between father and child. Thestudy Ls receiving national attention andis the basis for legislation sponsored inMinnesota by the Children's DefenseFund.

III Paternity Decisions Among Non-AFDC Parents. A study similar to theFord Foundation study above (paternitydecisions) is underway with fundingfrom the McKnight Foundation. Fiftyunmarried young mothers who are notAFDC recipient; are being inter iewedby graduate students of the same race.

I SINVice to Families with DisabledChildren. In 1985 the state of Minnesotamandated that all health, education, andsocial service agencies serving familiesof young children with disabilities mustcollaborate on the development of anintegrated early- intervention servicesystem. Each community' in northeast-ern Minnesota participates in one ofnine local interagency coordinatingcommittees that develop policy, proce-dures, and services for the early inter-vention system. These interagencycoordinating committees represent sixcounties in a geographic area of over17,tXX.) square miles. A professor andstudents in the Department of Child andFamily Development at the Universityof Minnesota-Duluth are assisting the

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nine interagency coordinating commit-tees in examining the processes theyhave developed in response to the 1985mandate. It is hoped that the strengthsdisplayed by local agencies can be usedto facilitate intra-regional networkingand supportive collaborations. Thiswork is funded through the Center forCommunity and Regional Research inDuluth (see p. 30).

Twin Cities Interpreter ProjectPeople who don't speak English oftenhave trouble getting health care or beingtreated justly in the courts. The profes-sional competence of an interpreter is asmuch a problem as obtaining aninterpreter. This project was organizedin 1989 in response to the growingrecognition of a need for better commu-nity interpreting. People from theUniversity of Minnesota and localhospitals and clinics have begunworking together to upgrade interpret-ing in Minnesota. The project assessedlocal needs and in 1990 investigatedmodels for comnunity interpreter

17

training in this country and abroad. Areport on these models, Professima1Trainin .ffir Connnunity Interpreters, willsoon be published. In 1991 the projectbegan its own training program forhealth care interpreters, offered throughthe University of Minnesota and fundedby the federal Office of RefugeeResettlement. The long-term goal of theproject is to see interpreter trainingbecome part of the curricula at both theundergraduate and graduate levels inMinnesota colleges and universities.Plans for creating classes in legalinterpretation and for establishing atwentv-four hour interpreter referralservice are being explored

Ending Welfare Dependency.Better Opportunities through Self-Sufficiency (BOSS) was a demonstrationprogram in St. Paul that sought to assistpeople in moving out of welfaredependency. It was sponsored by theUnited States Department of Housingand Uthan Affairs and administeredthrough the St. Paul Housing Informa-

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 1 8

tion Office. CURA was asked to evalu-ate the program. Two graduate studenNand a professor in the HumphreyInstitute and the Department of Design,Housing, and Apparel surveyed theparticipanN and learned how difficultachieving self-sufficiency can be. Thedifficulties of single parents wereespecially highlighted.

Neighborhood-based Care for theElderly. The Metropolitan Council, theBlock Nurse Program, the Living atHome Project, and local neighborhoodscollaborated to develop a strategicaction plan that would gain long-termpublic financing for neighborhood -based services for the elderly. A gradu-ate student was assigned to the Metro-politan Council to staff this effort. Theproject was part of CURA 's GraduateInterns for State Agencies program (seep. 31 for details).

Homeless Youth. Life House is aproject designed to respond to the crisisof homeless youth in Duluth. A needs

assessment was conducted to determinehow large the demand was for help. Thenumbers rise in the summer monthswhen youth look for ways to escape badsituations at home. The assessment wasdone bv a student-faculty team throughthe Center for Community and RegionalResearch (see p. 30).

Mandatory Case Planning forMinor Mothers. In 1987 Minnesotamandated that a case plan be preparedby county social workers for every newminor mother and her child. However.No new funds were appropriated tocarry out the mandate. This studyexamined how Minnesota countiesresponded to the mandate. The size ofthe county proved to be a pivotal factor.Small counties did not have the re-sources for full-scale implementation.Medium-sized counties were mosteffective in preparing case plans andcoordinating community resources.Large urban counties, understaffed andover-stressed, worked chiefly with highrisk mothers. The mandate was notrealistic in view of the already over-burdened child welfare system.

Child Care Workers Conference.In 1990 CURA helped plan and co-sponsored a conference on workingconditions for child care workers inMinnesota. The conference covered avariety of education and organizingstrategies for improving the wages andworking conditions of this most basicindustry. The conference was repeatedin 1991 and, like the first, attracted overone hundred participants. It has helpedpublicize unionization and other self-help strategies for child care workers.

Discharge Planning for theElderly. A study is examining theprocess of discharge planning forelderly patients in three Twin Citieshospitals. Complex decisions are oftenmade with multiple decision makers.This is a pilot study, supported by aseed grant from AUCA (see p. 28) that "o.,refining the methodology for a largerstudy. It is hoped that the research willeventually improve the decision makingprocess.

Evaluation of Our House. OurHouse provides transitional housing formentally ill women in Duluth who are

18

Scope of CURA Projects, 1989-91

Specific locations inMinnesota (See mapon page 24)

Statewide

Twin Cities,metropolitan \

area

Other Minnesotaregions

Other

homeless. A student and faculty teamfrom the University of Minnesota-Duluth conducted a formative evilua-ton of their program, which seeks toplace resident; into permanent housingsituations. The evaluation was used toassist the program staff in creating aprogram that fits the needs of theirclients. A structure for tracking resi-dents was provided that will allow staffto assess long-term as well as short-termgoaLs. The evaluation was providedthrough the Center for Community andRegional Research (see p. 30).

Battered Women. Each yearthousands of Minnesota women fleeviolent relationships and face thechallenge of rebuilding their lives. Adoctor. I student in the School of SocialWork t. mducted intensive interviewswith fifteen formerly battered women to

1

find out what problems they faced andwhat helped in their adjustment afterthey left their violent partners. Thestudy was made possible by a grantthrough CURA's Faculty ResearchCompetition (see p. 31).

Keeping the Elderly Out of Nurs-ing Homes. With assistance fromCURA, a professor of family practice(Medical School) is developing tools tohelp the elderly stay relatively healthyand in their homes longer. A self-administered questionnaire has beendeveloped that can identify personswho are in need of comprehensive .carewhile their problems are still reversible.Comprehensive care is provided by acoordinated team including a physician,nurse, and social worker. These ideasare being tested on a small scale andappear successful.

IN Where Older Drivers MakeMistakes. Some driving situations aremore likely to cause older drivers tomake mistakes than others. A seed grantfrom the All University Council onAging (see p. 28) to a professor ofkinesiology, and a subsequent largergrant from the Minnesota Departmentof Transportation, is helping to betteridentify and understand such drivingsituations through a driving simulatorand on-road testing. Results will heuseful for new education programs androad design.

Community Resources forEldercare. This project established acomprehensive database of long-termcare resources that will be used in theMetropolitan Senior Federation'sEldercare Counseling and Referralprogram. Those long-term care re-sources that may be involved in thedevelopment of a preferred providernetwork were also identified.

Distributing Donated Food. In1989, CURA assisted the MinnesotaFood Shelf Association in a survey of allMinnesota food shelves. The flow ofdollars and food was tracked through-out the state and the staffing pattern offood shelves was described. Among thefindings: 70 percent of food shelves inMinnesota have no paid staff, foodshelves (on average) must rely on 75percent of their food coming from localfood drives and purchases, food shelvescould "rarely" provide for specialdietary needs, and all shelves mostfrequently ran out of protein items first.As need has increased, resources (on aper capita basis) have decreased.

11 Day Care Regulation. Those whoregulate day care centers have too littleknowledge about what is normal sexualbehavior among young children. CURAis funding a professor in the Institute ofChild Development to work with boththe regulators (state and county) and theproviders in developing a survey aboutsexual behavior among young children.The survey will be sent to day careproviders who work with youngchildren and who understand normalbehavior and successful ways of coping

19

with abnormal behavior. Results shouldbe available this spring.

Minneapolis Youth Trust TheBuddy System is a successful programmatching volunteers with kids inmentoring/tutoring/friendship rela-tionships. The program had not beentargeting the volunteers most neededAfrican American businessmen. CURAprovided summer support for a studentto develop recruitment and program-matic material specifically aimed atthese African Americans.

Avocational Interests of theAging. A study of the relationshipbetween leisure activity and life satisfac-tion in older adults is underwaythrough a seee grant from the AllUniversity Council on Aging (see p. 28).Psychometric scales that measureleisure interests are also being evaluatedto see if they are valid when used witholder adults.

Problem Pregnancies. A sub-groupof poor pregnant women covered byMinnesota's Medicaid program haddisturbingly low rates of prenatal visitsand quite high rates of delivery bycaesarean section (in excess of 50percent). The Minnesota Department ofHuman Services was concerned by thisand asked for assistance in studyin?; thedata to develop strategies that willimprove prenatal care and yieldhealthier outcomes for similar mothersand newborns. A graduate studentworked with the department's managerof Research and Evaluation and re-search staff on the oblem. The projectwas part of CURA's Graduate Internsfor State Agencies program (see p. 31 for

details).

Rural Caregivers of DementedElders. Family members who providecare for elders afflicted withAlzheimer's disease or other dementingillnesses are often the main source ofhealth and social care for these persons.Such caregiving is time-consuming aridtaxing. A team of University researchersis evaluating a program designed toenhance the family members' abilities tocope with their elders' troubling

.20

behaviors. The evaluation is fundedthrough a seed grant from the AllUniversity Council on Aging (see p. 28).

Foster Children in Long-TermCare. A large and growing number ofchildren remain in foster home carewithout stable family connections.CURA provided seed money to developa proposal for a federally-funded projectto explore this situation. The proposalwas developed in cooperation with theMinnesota Department of HumanServices and the School of Social Work.

IN Language Fluency in Alzheimer'sDisease. Memory, attention, andlearning deficits, including language,are the primary cognitive impairmentsthat come to people with dementia.Changes in language fluency werestudied by comparing normal elderlywith those that had Alzheimer's. Theresearch, sponsored by a seed grantfrom the All University Council onAging (see p. 28), also providedinformation on fluency in the normalelderly.

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LAND USE AND POPULATION

GIS (Geographic InformationSystems) Education. GIS technologyis sweeping the country, but peopleneed to be educated in how best to usethis new tool. State and local govern-ments see GIS as a solution for manyday-to-day operations, from updatingtax maps, to summarizing and analyz-ing information. Companies tend toprovide training in how to use theirsoftware, but not on underlying as-sumptions, management issues, or thepotential uses of the technology. CURAhas taken a lead in helping to bring thiseducation to state and local govern-ments in Minnesota.

State Conference. CURA AssistantDirector William Craig was the confer-ence chair for the 1991 Minnesota GIS/LIS Consortium Conference (Geo-graphic Information Systems/LandInformation Systems). Five hundredpeople attended the three-day event ofworkshops. presentations, and technicalexhibits. Another conference is plannedfor 1992.

International Conference. The 1993GIS/LIS Conference will be held inMinneapolis, giving Minnesotans achance to participate in this interna-tional event. Minnesota was chosenbecause of our work in GIS and becauseof s local support. CURA will playa kernIe on the local arrangementscommittee.Training COMM. CURA organized andpresented a two-day training course in1990 for Minnesota Department ofNatural Resources personnel who willbe leading the implementation of GISthroughout that agency. TheUniversity's Department of Geographywas also involved in the course.

Local UR1SA Chapter. CURA handlesmany administrative duties for the localchapter of URISA (Urban and RegionalInformation Systems Association). EachYear four to five meetings are heldemphasizing some aspect of GIS.Approximately fitty people attend eachmeetingmostly state and localgovernment personnel. In February1991, in cooperation with the MinnesotaCounties Computer Cooperative, thechapter subscribed to a satellite courseon GIS implementation from the

University of Wisconsin. The coursewas offered at five sites across the stateand drew nearly a hundred people.International Geographic InformationFoundation. This foundation is sup-ported by four major professionalassociations and spends its money onscholarships and fellowships in GIS.Craig serves as one of thirteen trustees.

Hazardous Materials Risk Assess-ment in Minneapolis. With CURAsupport, a professor of geography iscollecting and analyzing Minneapolisdata about where hazardous materialsare stored and used, as well as dataabout the location of vulnerable popula-tions, such as hospitals, schools, andnursing homes. A geographic informa-tion system is being used, both to storethe data and to model the areas thatwould be impacted by a potentialaccident. The results (data and models)will be given to the city of Minneapolisfor its emergency planning efforts.

IN History of Urban Development inSt. Paul. CURA is funding an historicalgeographer to inventory, map, andanalyze 130 years of urban developmentin St. Paul The study will concentrateon the downtown, surrounding trans-portation infrastructure, and thechanging nature and location of eco-nomic activities.

11 Minnesota Land Use and Valua-tion. A crescent-shaped area consistingof nineteen counties runs southeast andthen south from St. Cloud through theTwin Cities to Rochester. It comprisesthe nucleus of Minnesota's populationand its non-agricultural economicactivity. CURA researchers are workingwith a geographer in a major studyevaluating changes in the value of landand buildings in this area through thepast fifteen years. The relationship ofchanges in land and building value tolocation, land use. population, neWconstruction, infrastructure, andinflation will contribute to our under-standing of the evolving urban systemof the state and the Upper Midwestregion.

III Market Analysis. The planning anddesign of public places requires esti-mates of the number of people who willbe using a new facility_ In the pastbiennium CURA has provided twoorganizations with such estimates. Bothrequired information about use patternsat similar facilities around the countryand the geographic distribution ofpotential uses near the planned facility.

St Anthony Falls Heritage Trail andVisitors Center. The St. Anextny FallsHeritage Boani asked CURA to give anestimate of the number of visitors to thisnew facility. With an active program.100,000 annual visitors should bepossible. U the area catches on as apopular recreation site, the numbercould easily double.

Camp Ripley State Veterans' Cem-etery. The Minnesota Department ofVeterans Affairs asked CURA toanalyze the potential use of this pro-posed cemetery. Our numbers showedtoo little use to justify creating a newveterans' cemetery.

GIS (Geographic InformationSystems) Capacity Building. CURA hasprovided graduate student support toagencies trying to enhance their use ofGIS technology. Those developmentswill help other agencies and localgovernments across the state,

Data Exchange Project The mostexpensive aspect of creating a GIS iscreating the data base. Many publicdollars would be saved if data basescould be shared, yet this is not happen-ing. CURA funded a research assistantat the state Land Management Informa-tion Center to look at the technicalproblems of exchanging data. The use ofa simple file transfer standard, such asDXF, was recommended and numerousways to improve the quality of datawere also noted, so that they could beused by others.

Computerized Street Data. In urbanareas, good computerized street ilita areneeded tor redistricting, econonucdevelopment, evacuation planning. andother applications of GIS technology .

The Metropolitan Council has beenenhancing the TIGER files for the seven-county metropolitan area. Three

different graduate students haveassisted in this work. The project waspart of CURA's Graduate Interns forState Agencies program (see p. 31 fordetails). The files were used in the statelegislature for redistricting and are nowbeing distributed throughout themetropolitan area.

Soils Data. For rural areas, the mostnecessary data item is a good soil map.The University's Department of SoilScience has been producing these datafiles for Minnesota counties, but the dataare hard for local governments unfamil-iar with GIS to access and interpretCURA supported a research assistant todevelop a user-friendly front-end forEPPL7, the GIS package used in mostcounties.

Statewide Land Use Mapping. TheLegislabve Commission on MinnesotaResources (LCMR) has funded an$800,000 prolect to update the state'sland use map using aerial photograph...The result will be a computerized mapthat will be of use to state and localgovernment, for example for local waterplanning. CURA's assistant directorchairs the multi-agency committee thatis overseeing the project.

Land Use and Light Rail Transit.CURA has received a grant from theCenter for Transportation Studies tolook at the impact of land use patternsaround transit stations upon transit

21

ridership. The work is being conductedby a Ph.D. student who is a visitingscholar from the University ofWisconsin-Milwaukee. Portland,Oregon is the area being studied and theresults will help us better understandand predict ridership for proposed lightrail transit in the Twin Cities.

Analyzing and Mapping 1990Census. The irsults of the 7990 Censusof Population and Housing are nowbecoming available. CURA helped theUniversity of Minnesota develop itsMachine Readable Data Center fordistauting this data throughout thestate. We are now working to helppotential users understand this resourceand how to access it, analyze the data,and distribute the results to Minneso-tans.

Census Conference. CURA helpedorganize a two-day state conference onthe 1990 census in conjunction with theUniversity's Center tor PopulationAnalysis and Policy.Metropolitan Maps. CV:A funded anintern to work at the MetropolitanCouncil preparing maps that show 1990population patterns and changes sincethe 1980 census. Of particular interest isthe change in racial distribution.Minorities air much less concentratedwithin the metropolitan region nowthan they were in 1980.

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State Population Maps. CURA ispreparing two new Minnesota wallmaps. One map will use data to show the1990 population distribution. The othermap will show population change, 1980to 1990.

Vacant Land in the Twin Cities. Aninventory and analysis of the pattern ofvacant land in Minneapolis and St. Paulwas conducted to see if the urban landmarket is functioning efficiently and toexamine what roles the public andprivate sectors play in the recycling ofland from one use to another. The resultshave been published in a monograph:Vacant Lands in Minneapolis and St. Paul:An Examination of the Urban land Marketin the Central City.

Population Change. CURA funded aprofessor (if geography to study popula-tion change in Minnesota cities. Earlywork showed a remarkable stabilityamong small towns, and even somegrowth. The 1990 Census, however, hasrevealed that the 1980s were the toughestdecade in history for small towns inMinnesota. Results of this study haveappeared in the CLEO Reporter.

Broadcast TOWNS. A graduatestudent in geography researched thecomplexities of siting broadcast towers inthe Twin Cities metropolitan area andwrote an article about it for the CLI RAReporter.

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MINORITIES AND DISADVANTAGED

Communlvetsity Personnel GrantProgram was designed to help organi-zations run by minorities or servingminorities by making the research ortechnical assistance services of graduatestudents at the University of Minnesotaavailable for short-term proiects. Duringthe past two years eighty-seven projectsirceived CURA support. The projectidescribed here illustrate the breadth andscope of the program. For more infor-mation about the program see p. 30,

Minnesota State Bar AssociationFamily Law Task Force. A comprehen-sive review of the Minnesota family lawsystem was undertaken with thenbjective of recommending ideas andsolutions that would result in a moreworkable system for resolving familylaw disputes. A graduate studentworked with staff on the entire project,including a written report.The White Earth Land RecoveryProject is a nonprofit Chippewa organi-zation dedicated to recovering lands inprivate and public ownership that wereoriginally part of the White Earth IndianReservation. Several graduate studentshave researched land issues and titlesfor the project. The organization aLsomarkets maple syrup, wild rice, berries

and other indigenous products. ACURA student prepared an extensivebibliography on production andmarketing with local plants.Upward Bound, University of Minne-sota, is a college preparatory programfor low income and minority students inMinneapolis junior and senior highschools which has been operating since1965. CURA graduate students havebeen involved in several phases of aneight-year follow-up study of UpwardBound high school graduates to trackhow well the program prepares stu-dent; for further education.The Minnesota Hispanic EducationProgram is a private nonprofit corpora-tion which has provided scholarships toHispanic students since 1982. A CURAgraduate student developed a survey,interviewed past scholarship recipients,and collected data on the use of scholar-ship funds and the impact of awards.United Negro College Fund, Inc is afundraising agent for forty-two histori-cally African American colleges anduniversities. A graduate studentdeveloped a system for tracking localaluimn from forty-two member institu-tions to provide networking opportuni-ties for their alumni and increase

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awareness of these colleges and universi-ties by the African American populationin Minnesota.

The Domestic Abuse InterventionProject in Duluth coordinates theintervention of community agencies indomestic assault cases. A graduatestudent worked on a research projectexamining recidivism rates and thefactors that might predict recidivism fora group of ninety-eight batterers.CHART/WEDCO (now WomenVenture)is a nonprofit organization that hasdeveloped a national reputation inproviding business training for lowincome women and other non-traditional entrepreneurs. A CURAstudent took curriculum designed toruse in Minnesota and packaged themfor use by other organization.s across theUnited States and Canada. The studentalso produced a workbook for use bylow income women in developing theirbusinesses.North American Council on AdoptableChildren in St. Paul is a nonprofitorganization focused on the needs ofchildren in substitute care who areidentified for adoption. Several gradu-

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ate students worked with the council toprepare the first comprehensive listingof research on adoption and foster careissues. They focused particularly ontransracial adoption and on specialneeds adoption, and how adoptioninfluences a child's self-esteem andlong-range capadtv to function as anadult. A final report has been madeavailable to an international network ofsodal work professionals, parents, andadvocates.

The Seward Neighborhood Group inMinneapolis has over 200 active mem-bers. Responding to an outbreak ofjuvenile gang crimes, the corporationused several CURA graduate studentsto survey and analyze the community'sexperience with juvenile crime. Theirreport was used to improve theneighborhood's anticrime initiative andto help other neighborhoods withsimilar problems.

The Jordan Area Community Counciloperates in north Minneapolis. Astudent worked on the campaign toeducate residents on strategies forreducing drug activity and to organizeresident; in working against drugactivity in their neighborhood.The Urban Coalition is a public policyresearch and advocacy organizationserving low income people and commu-nities of color in the Twin Cities metro-politan area. A graduate studentworked with coalition staff to examinethe participation of students of color inthe high school open enrollmentprogam for the 1989-90 academic year.

The Community University HealthCare Clinic ICUHCC) in Minneapolisoffers medical, dental, and mentalhealth services to low income families.A graduate student worked with staffand professionals to determine theprogram and financial feasibility of aday treatment program for SoutheastAsians. The study was funded throughthe Bush Foundation.

The Powdotorn Park NeighborhoodAssociation in south Minneapolistormed a task force to look at theproblems of housing near ChicagoAvenue in the older part of the centralcity. A graduate student worked withthe task force and existing neighbor-hood groups to identify problems suchas poverty, drugs, and substandard andovercrowded housing. The informationcollected was used to formulate acomprehensive housing strategy tor theimprovement of the neighborhood.

23

The Minnesota Citizens Council onCrime and Justice was established in1957 to help deal with problems as-.4oci-ated with crime. A graduate studentorganized the agency's extensivecollection of books, research reports,published articles, and audio videomaterials into a user-friendly library.The student also created a computerdata base for easy retrieval of informa-tion.MIGIZI Communications, Inc. is anonprofit American Indian news agencyin Minneapolis that produces "FirstPerson Radio's Week in Review," thefirst nationally syndicated AmericanIndian news magazine on radio. Agraduate student assisted in the produc-tion of a public service announcementvideo for promoting the radio show andresearched and developed a stratep forthe video's distribution. A network oftelevision contacts was also developedwithin First Person Radio's nationalbroadcasting regions.The Westminster Corporation provideshousing for low income families, seniorcitizens, and handicapped persons attwenty-five locations in seventeenMinnesota communities and, in partner-ship with other nonprofit groups, hasdeveloped or renovated over 1,800housing units. Working with the staff ofthe corporation, a graduate studentevaluated the effectiveness of residentservices programs at twelve subsidizedhousing locations serving over 700households. The evaluation wasdistributed nationally because of theinterest in this kind of collaborationbetween housing and human serviceproviders.Chrysalis, a Center for Women is amulti-service agency serving womenwho are in crisis or transition. A gradu-ate student worked to increase thecapacity of Chrysalis to serve women ofdiverse cultures by expanding thecultural awareness of staff, board, andvolunteers. Training programs weredesigned and an assessment testdeveloped to measure cultural aware-ness before and after the programs.The W. Hany Davis Foundation'sprimary goal, in its fifth year of opera-tion, is to improve the quality of life forAfrican Americans by iieveloping andnurturing African American leadership.The organization, realizing a need for amentonng program in the AfricanAmerican community, used a student toresearch formal and informal mentoringprograms, their rationale, and effective-ness.

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The Boise Forte Indian Reservation atNett Lake in northern Minnesotaneeded to revise and develop personnelpolicies and procedures for reservationemployees. A graduate student from theUniversity of Minnesota-Duluthdeveloped and revised the policies andproduced a new personnel manual forBoise Forte employees.

Black AIDS. How individualsrespond to the risk of AIDS is a functionot personal knowledge, attitudes, andbehavior (KAB). The Minnesota Depart-ment of Health is developing programsto improve the population's response. IfKAB is different among some portionsof the state's African American popula-tion than the mainstream population,then health department programs willhave to be tailored to reach them.CURA's Minnesota Center for SurveyResearch (see p. 30) did the survey workin a study for the health department todetermine just what differences thereare in KAB among African Americans inMinnesota. A professor of Afro-Ameri-can and African Studies headed thestudy and CURA provided supplemen-tal funds. The final report has beendelivered and is being studied by theDepartment of Health.

Aspirations of Hmong Adoles-cents. CURA began this longitudinalstudy that is now receiving continuingfunds from the National Institute ofMental Health. It is a collaborative effortinvolving a professor of anthropologyand a professor of sociology who arelooking at the achievement prospects forthe next generation of Hinting. Bothparents and youth were interviewed.While the parents tend to be relativelypoor, without good English skills, andwithout jobs, their children are doingwell both in school achievement and inmental health. The parents have highaspirations for their children and theadolescents share this view. The schol-ars are now analyzing their data topinpoint why Hmong adolescents do sowell, especially when compared to otheradolescents from low income families.

Transportation on Indian Reserva-tions. Lick of reliable transportation onrural Indian reservations limits employ-ment opportunities and endangershuman life and property. CURA has

obtained funds from the Center forTransportation Studies at the Universityof Minnesota to work on better definingthe needs on the reservations andlooking at possible solutions. Commu-nity surveys have been conducted atmost reservations in Minnesota and onetribe has already begun discussionswith the Minnesota Department ofTransportation about how to transportits people to a nearby employmentcenter. This initial work in Minnesotainspired the kderaliy-fundedMountains-Plains Consortium to askCURA to expand the work to NorthDakota, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah.

Findings in these states may lead to newtransportation initiatives on Minnesotareservafions as well.

Leadership for Black Women. Forthree years CURA has provided agraduate research assistant for thissuccessful program at the University'sHumphrey Institute of Public Affairs.Tlw program helps African Americanwomen participate fully and effectivelyin the American workforcefor payand as community volunteers. LBWworks in the community, in academiccourses, through the media, andthrough research to reach its major

constituencies black women, blackwomen's organizations, employers, andthe general public. Both businesses andAfrican American women have highpraise for the work of this center.

I Economic Progress of AsianRefugees. A French anthropologistwas a visiting scholar with the SoutheastAsian Refugee Studies Project (see p. 28)for ten months during 1991. He carriedout extensive research on the economicpropess of Southeast Asian refugees inMinnesota, particularly the Hmong. Thestudy matches similar investigation intothe economic progress of Southeast

Each dot locates one ofCURA's 154 projects thatoccurred in individual cities,counties, or neighborhoods.Another 185 protects couldnot be mapped becausethey focused on larger areasof the state, the state as awhole, a multistate area, orthe nation (see figure onpage 18).

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Asian refugees who settled in France.His research in Minnesota was furidedby a grant from the International RotaryFoundation. Summary articles on hisfindings will be published in the nearfuture.

Equal Opportunity Announce-ments and Advertisements. Adirectory was compiled and publishedto make it easier to reach members ofgroups covered by equal opportunityand affirmative action initiatives. Thedirectory lists newspapers and maga-zines that accept announcements andadvertising and have members of these

25

various groups as their primary audi-ence. It was designed to be helpful tononprofit advocacy groups and smalleraffirmative action employers, enablingthem to publicize upcoming events andjob openings.

Nenprolit Organizations of Color.Working with the Minnesota Council ofNonprofits (MCN) and an advisorycommittee, CLTRA identitioi over 15(1organizations in Minnesota that wereformally incorporated nonprofits,controlled by and /or serving primarilypersons of color. These organizationswere surveyed about their finances,

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staff, and programs as part ot a largersurvey ot all Minnesota nonprotitsbeing done at the same time hv NU:\The information gathered, both trom thesurvey and from identifying the organi-zations, was summarized and publishedas Nonprofit Orgam:ations ot Color IIIMinnesota; An t.)remezu and I hf eat 'tie sn1991. To our knowledge this is the nrsteffort in the country to provide asummary view of tht.se orgalUzation,

Hmong Shaman. The lite story otHmong shaman living in Chicago waspublished in a limited edition in IllinoisThe professor at Northwestern Univer-sity who had originally obtained thestory asked CURA's Southeast AsianRetugtv Studies Project to repnnt italong with his ethnographic commen-tary on the place of shamans in Hmongsociety. This publications along with anexcerpted article from the commentanthat appeared in the CURA Reporter,have been very helpful to local peopk.working with Hmong refugeesbroadening their un,4 -standing of aculture that is very di; ierent from ourown.

Rediscovering America. lo createalternative celebrations to the officialmarking of the quincentennial otColumbus' arrival in the Americas, amulti-cultural effort planned a series otpresentations exploring the impact onthe American peoples of the arrival t,tWestern Europeans in the Americas.The first event, a lecture and discussionby Howard Zinn, was attended by WOpeople. A planning and strategymeeting for other alternative actions thefollowing day was attended by repre-sentatives of over forty organizations.This weekend was followed b severalothei presentations includingboth North and South American Indianactivists. Many other events and actionshave been scheduled for 1942,

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POLICY AND GOVERNMENT REFORM

Minnesota County Government Acooperative project between the Univer-sity of Minnesota and the Association ofMinnesota Counties, funded by CURA,is surveying all of Minnesota's counts.commissioners. The goal is to betterunderstand the roles of the commission-ers, how they view their jobs, and theagenda and functions ot county govern-ment now and in the coming years. Thesurvey is also asking for an assessmentof the services of the kssociation ofMinnesota Counties. This project is partof a larger comparative study of countygovernments that includes Denmark,Norway, and Sweden. The larger studvhas been supported by the University ofOski and the Association of NorwegianCow tv (;overnments.

Better Management for StateGovernment. The Carlson / I )vrstadCommission on Reform and Efficiency(CORE) was established and placed inthe Department of Administration toimprove the management of Minnesotastate government. A graduate student ishelping this effort by interviewingexperts on state government operations,reviewing background literature, andanalyzing cost reduction proposals. Theproject is part it CURA's GraduateInterns tor State Agencies program (see

Minneapolis Civilian ReviewAuthority. Complaints about policemisconduct in Minneapolis werehandled by the Police Department itselfuntil 1991. A new Civilian ReviewAuthority is now taking those com-plaints and deciding their validity WithCURA support, a professor of sociologyis collecting data on charges (and theirdisposition) made before the new boardwas established. This will provide abaseline from which to measure theimpact of the new method of dealingwith such problems.

Evaluating Delivery of Services inSt Louis County. St. Louis County hasbcTun a program to improve it's abilityto deliver service. 10 evaluate thesuccess of the program a survey was

conducted by a professor of sociologyand a team of studenb;. They inter-viewed residents throughout the countsto assess what services they used andwhat they thought about the servicesthey received and the departments thatdelivered them. A follow-up survey willbe conducted after the new program hasbeen in effect for a year. The study is

sponsored jointly by St. Louis Countyand the Center for Community andRegional Research (see p. 30).

Evaluation of CARE. The CAREprogram in Minneapolis (Communityand Resource Exchange) is working toprovide a holistic response fromgovernment to the problems defined bvneighborhood people in the community.After a year of helping people in the

Jordan neighborhood of north Minne-apolis learn how to fight crime and drugdealing, CURA was asked to evaluatethe program for the City-CountvCriminal Justice Coordinating Commit-tee. OUT evaluation was very positive,though we offered some suggestions forimprovement.

Comparable Worth in LocalGovernment. In 19S4 the state legisla-ture mandated that equal pav forcomparable work was required for alllocal units of government in Minnesota.A professor of industrial relations hasbeen studying how local governmmtshave responded, what problems havecome up, and what changes have beenmade. His work is supported by aFaculty Research Competition grant (seep. 31) and will be featured soon in theCURA Reporter.

Cost Containment for Workers'Compensation. Lowering the cost of

workers' compensation is an importantissue in Minnesota. A graduate studentworked with the medical study impksmentation team of the Department ofLabor and Industry to develop auniform billing procedure and a newmedical fee schedule. The project waspart of CURA's Graduate Interns for

State Agencies program (see p- 31).

^it

ar Improved Data for the PublicDefender System. Current data onstatewide public defender caseloadshave been inadequate to meet growingneeds. The Minnesota State Board ofPublic Defense requested a graduatestudent to redesign their data coilechonsystem, making it more uniform andreliable. The project was part of CURA'sGraduate Interns for State Agenciesprogram (see p. 31).

Attitudes About the MinneapolisPolice. Minneapolis police are develop-ing new programs to improve the waythey relate to citizens and to improvetheir performance. In order to evaluatethese programs, they asked CURA'sMinnesota Center for Survey Research(see p. 30) to design a survey that wouldmeasure the current image of the policeand serve as a base against whichimprovement can be measured. House-holds in the Fifth Precinct (southwestMinneapolis) were surveyed in theSpring of 1991. CURA funded thesurvey.

Planning Stgaggies for Cities. fordecades, acres-of poverty have beenaccumulating in inner cities and theynow present a serious threat to theoverall well being of the cities. Thedirector of planning for the city ofMinneapolis, with support trom theMcKnight Foundation, spent a Year as avisiting scholar at CURA (see p. 32)studying the situation in Minneapolisand seven comparable cities to see ifthere are planning strategies that canbring permanent improvement to theinner city. His proposed six-pointstrategy has been published by CUR,Aas a book: Old Problems in New Tinies:

Urban Strahwiespr the 1990s.

Female Police Officers. A studentand a professor in social work at theUniversity of Minnesota-Duluth areinvestigating how police officers whoare women respond to crimes againstwomen. Do female officers respond toviolent crimes against women differ-ently than male officers? Are female

officers more sensitive or more willingto take action than male officers? Whatfactors are important in the careeradvancement of female officers? Isspecialization in crimes against womenimportant, and if so, how? Do personalcharacteristics, such as age, rank, size ofdepartment, and personal history ofvictimization affect female officers'perceptions? The study is a project ofthe Center for Community and RegionalResearch (see p. 30).

impact of New Rules and Statuteson Public Defender Clients. The StatePublic Defender and the State Board ofPublic Defense are frequently consultedbY legiaators and court administratorsabout the impact of proposed statutesand rule changes on public defenderclienN in Minnesota's criminal justicesystem. A graduate student workedwith staff to research and write reportson the impacts of several proposedstatute changes in areas such as druglaw enforcement and juvenile justice.The project was part of CURA's Gradu-ate Interns for State Agencies program(see p. 31).

Alternatives to Long Tenn Care,The Department of Human Serviceswas asked to evaluate the PreadmissionScreening/Alternative Care GrantsProgram and report to the legislature. Agraduate student joined with the LongTerm Care Management Division workgroup to do the program evaluation.The work group was composed ofmembers from county agencies, stateagencies, private and nonprofit provid-ers. and advocacy groups. The projectwas part of CURA's Graduate Internsfor State Agencies program (see p. 31).

State Program Evaluation. TheLegislative Auditor is responsible forevaluating state programs and makingrecommendations to improve them. Forseveral years CURA has funded gradu-ate student interns to work with staff onresearch, analysis, and report writing.Recent subjects have included: statecontracting and privatization, highereducation central administration, motorcarrier regulation, public defendersystem, and state investment policiesand practices. These projects were part

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of CURA's Graduate Interns for StateAgencies program (see p. 31 tor detail'.;.

Rural Health Resources. Ruralcounties are plagued by shortages ofhealth personnel. The MinnesotaDepartment of Health requestedassistance mapping existing personneland comparing this information to ruraldemographics as part of its efforts toimprove health care delivery. Theproject was part of CURA's GraduateInterns for State Agencies program (seep. 31).

Perceptions of the Department ofWater and Gas in Duluth. A team ofstudents and faculty evaluated thedehverv of services bv the DuluthDepartment of Water and Gas. Theyassessed community attitudes about theservices delivered and how the activitiesof the department affect the lives of theresidents in Duluth. The study wassponsored through the Center forCommunity and Regional Research inDuluth (see p. 30).

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IR Planning Internships in LocalGovernment. Communities needinghelp on specific issues apply to CURAand compete for research or technicalassistance supplied by graduate stu-dents from the Humphrey Institute'sPlanning Program. For a more completedescription of this internship proffam,see p. 32. In the past two years, thefollowing zommunities receivedassistance:Anoka County. Working with twenty-one communities to implement the newCommunity Development Program.Carver County. Creation of a ground-water plan and development of newshorelandChaska. Administration of a floodcontrol project and implementation of arecycling program.Crystal. Revision of ordinances requiredby a new comprehensive plan.Robbinsdale. Update of comprehensiveplan and creation of a transition zone toreduce the impact of North MemorialMedical Center on adjacent residentialareas.

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Rosemount. Revision of the cth''scomprehensive plan.Roseville. Modification of the city'scomprehensive plan.South St. Paul. Work on the Armourredevelopment area, Packer riverterminal, railway consolidation, and aMississippi port proposal.Washington County. Implementationot an evaluation project for the SocialServices Department.

Minnesota's Response te AIDS.AIDS has become a major challenge tothe health of Minnesotans. A professorof political science and his colleague atRoosevelt University in Chicago studiedhow government agencies in Minnesotahave responded to the challenge. Theresponse has bee-, Lawfully designedand effective. but major additionalefforts will be needed. The study willbecome part of a book the two research-ers are writing on the politics of AIDS.Their work was supported throughCURA's Faculty Research Competition(see p. 31).

Physical Ability Tests for PoliceDepartments. Women have argued

that police departments have keptfemales out through the use of physicalability tests that demand more strengthand endurance than is required to do thejob. With the as,sistance of a CURAgrant, a professor of industrial relationsworked with the Minneapolis PoliceDepartment to develop tests that bettermeet the actual job requirements.Minneapolis is now using those tests forscreening purposes with good success.

Coping with Conflict at the Legis-lature. The Conflict and Change Center(see p. 29) provided thirteen hours ofconflict management instruction for theLegislative Staff Management Institute.

Gambling in Minnesota. A prelimi-nary investigation by CURA showed asignificant correlation between incomein Minnesota cities and state lotteryrevenues: the lower the city's medianincome, the higher the per capitarevenues from the state lottery tended tobe. Additional data, gathered throughthe 1991 Minnesota State Survey, arenow being analyzed to determine if thiscorrelation exists at the individualhousehold level The study is also

exploring attitudes towards stateregulation of gambling. Initial returnsindicate that while a maiority of Minne-sota adults participate in some form oflegalized gambling, almost three timesas many persons believe there is toolittle regulation as believe there is toomuch; most respondents, however,indicated that the current level of stateregulation is "about right'.

Historic Preservation. The Minne-sota Historical Society requestedassistance, as part of their comprehen-sive planning process, with identifyingcritical issues in historic preservationthat could guide the activities of theHistoric Preservation Office. A graduatestudent gathered and analyzed informa-tion relating to: 1) state legislation forhistoric preservation; 2) existing pro-grams; 3) programs involving financialincentives for historic preservation. Thisproject was part of CURA's GraduateInterns for State Agencies program (seep. 31 for details).

SPECIAL PROGRAMS

All-University Council on Aging(AUCA). AUCA is a multidisciplinamfaculty and student organization of theUniversity of Minnesota, housed andfunded through CURA with somesupport from the Graduate School. Itpromotes the study of aging and servesas a community resource about aging.

AUCA has created a graduate minorprogram in gerontology that is availableto master's and doctoral students at theUniversity of Minnesota. In addition,AUCA sponsors three courses on aging

Multidisdphnary Perspectives onAgingThe Biology ot AgingHumanities and Aging

A directory to other courses on aging atthe University is published annually.

For doctoral students interested inaging. AUCA provides an interdiscipli-nary seminar where students meet toshare issues and resources and tocritique their research in progress.Visiting scholars are brought to theUniversity on a regular basis tostrengthen interdisciplinary studies inaging. Their public lectures are open tocommunity professionals in aging.

AUC A supports research on aging byawarding seed grants for facultyresearch projects each year. Ten grantswere awarded in the last two years.More than half have been successful ..nobtaining outside funds to continuebeyond the seed grant stage. A numberof these projects have been described inearlier sections of this update. Inaddition, AUCA sponsors an annualgraduate studer-ut paper competition. j

AUCA publishes Aging: Nrit's two orthree times a year to keep Universityand community professionals andscholars up to date and a catalogue ofresearch activities on aging at theUniversity was published in 1989.

Southeast Asian Refugee StudhstsProject (SARS). This CURA-sponsoredproject was established to encourage,coordinate, and support research relatedto Southeast Asian people, especiallyHmong and Cambodian refugees whohave resettled in Minnesota and otherparts of the United States. In the pastdecade SARS has come to be recognizedas a national as well as internationalresource for information about South-east Asian refugees and their resettle-ment. Since the Twin Cities has recentlybeen designated as a cluster communityto receive Tibetan refugees, SARS is also

assembling resettlement information onTibetans.

SARS maintains a collection of nearly4,000 documents on the culture, lan-guage, adaptation, education, andmental health of these refugees. Thecollecbon is available to faculty, schol-ars, students, health and other profes-sionals as well as interested communitymembers. Bibliographic informationabout the collection has been enteredinto a computerized data base so thatdocuments may ea.& be retrieved bysubject, refugee group, or geographiclocation. SARS also maintains a database of agencies throughout the UnitedStates that provide services to theSoutheast Asian population and acollection of newspaper clippings andperiodicals on Southeast Asian refugees.Use of the collection has increased tomore than seventy-five Twrsons amonth. SARS also receives over 100telephone calls a month from individu-als conducting research.

The quarterly Southeast Asian RehigeeStudies Newsletter is designed to facilitatecommunication among researchers andrefugee service providers. Each twelve-page issue includes abstracts of currentretugee pubhcations and other researchas well as a calendar of related confer-ences and announcements. The freenewsletter is sent to over 21XXI readers,including eighty-three libraries andmore than 100 scholars and profession-als outside the United States.

SARS has helped sponsor intensiveHmong classes each summer beginning

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in 1990. Nineteen students enrolled in1990, ten in 1991. Participants met onehundred class hours during the ten-week summer session. SARS alsocontinues to publish a series of researchpapers known as the "occasionalpapers." Representatives of SARS areactive participants in the MinnesotaRefugee Consortium, an umbrellaorganization of all groups participatingin resettlement work in Minnesota.

Conflict and Change Center. Thecenter is supported primarily by theHewlett Foundation and the Universityof Minnesota in order to build knowl-edge about the origin, process. andmanagement of disputes and conflict,and to better understand their relation-ships to social changes. lt is both aresearch center and a practice andservice center. Its seed grant programprovides modest funds for faculty andgraduate students to start scholarlywork on some aspect of conflict ordisputys and their management.Twe*-four studies have been fundedin the last two years. A number of theseare described earlier in this update. For1992, fourteen seed grant awards havebeen made.

A monthly colloquium series andvisiting scholars help disseminateresearch findings and the center pro-duces and distributes widely a quarterlynewsletter Process. In 1990 the centersponsored and hosted an internationalconference on organizational conflictand change focusing specifically on"Integrating Conflict Management Into

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Planned Organizational Change." Thetwo-day conference brought together120 Oleorists, practitioners., and repre-sentatives from United S. andCanadian academic, business, govern-ment, and nonprofit organizations. Thecenter will host the 1992 Conference ofthe International Association of ConflictManagement.

The center also provides trainingcourses and workshops both inside andoutside the University and assistance isprovided to organizations seeking tomanage conflict. The center's assistanceat the University is described in detailunder "education" in this update.Conflict management instruction hasalso been provided for the Minnesotalegislature. A Conflict Analysis Servicehas provided short-term analysis andadvice in conflict and change issues tonumerous other organizations inMinnesota. One of the center's directorshas traveled to Poland and Czechoslo-vakia to assist government officials copewith change in those countries.

I Center tor Community Studies(CCS). The center links Minnesotacommunities seeking assistance inphysical planning and design withUniversity of Minnesota students andfaculty. The problem lacing the commu-nitY becomes the challenge in theclassroom, either as a class project or asa senior thesis project. Solutions arecreated under faculty supervision andthe work of creating them becomes partof the student's academic experience.Communities are asked to pay for travel

and other direct project expenses, butstudent and faculty time are donated asa SO' OM to the community.

Typically the student or class meetmany times with people from thecommunity. Students will listen andhelp articulate Lssues and at the end willoffer ideas and alternatives to help thecommunity make better decisions aboutlocal resources and wiser assessments ofland use possibilities. In the past twoyears twenty-eight communities wereserved by center projects, which aredescribed under "community andneighborhood studies" earlier in thisupdate.

Local governments, community groups,and most nonprofit groups can applyfor a CCS project. A faculty committeeselects projects that: I) involve physicalplanning or design, or resource andland use studies; 2) fit into the teachingmission of the University programsmost involved (landscape architecture,recreation, architecture, forest resources,and environmental studies); 3) aresufficiently exciting yet achievable bystudents; 4) are not more appropriatelydone by professionals; 5) have a broadconstituency and community support;and 6) are reasonably accessible fromthe University's Twin Cities campus.

Center for Community andRegional Research (CCPR). Locatedon the Duluth campus of the Universityof Minnesota, the center is funded byCURA. It encourages and supportssocial scientific research in northeasternMinnesota. In the last biennium, CCRRsupported eleven projects which aredescribed in other sections of thisupdate.

CCRR projects link faculty and studentswith community agencies on researchprojects of local and regional signifi-cance. The communitv agencies areexpected to pay at least half of theproject costs. Project; provide anopportunity for UMD students tobecome actively involved in theircommunity while learning specificresearch skills and general principles ofsocial planning and evaluation. Studentswork closely with faculty members whoare ultimately responsible for the

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success of the projed. Major studentinvolvement is essential for projectfunding.

Project proposals come from UMDfaculty. Many have been working withcommunity organizations and seeCCRR as a way to tackle an importantproblem. The director and staff of thecenter encourage these relationshipsand often direct an inspired professortoward an appropriate agency (or viceversa).

Communiversity PersonnelGrants. This competitive programassists nonprofit agencies and organiza-tions that are based in Minnesotacommunities to initiate projects requir-ing short-term personnel assistance.Programs that serve minoritiesespecially American Indians, AfricanAmericans, Hispanics, and SoutheastAsiansare especially favored. If agrant is awarded, CURA supports theextra personnel needed, usually usadvanced graduate student. Projectsrange from staff development toresearch to evaluation to short-termtechnical assistance. During the past twoyears eighty-seven such projects havereceived CURA support. Examples areprovided under "minorities and thedisadvantaged" in this update.

Minnesota Center for SurveyResearch (MCSR). MCSR providessurvey research skills and services topeople both inside and outside theUniversity of Minnesota. Outside clientstypically come from state and localgovernment or from nonprofit organiza-tions. All of the outside clients, andmany of the University clients, areworking on issues of public policy inMinnesota.

In the past two years, MCSR conductedfifty-one major survey projects andcollected data from over 61,0(X) peopleand companies. In addition, MCSRprovided partial support for anotherthirtv-three surveys. In total it served102 clients (33 from the Une.s2rsity and644 from outside the University).

Each year MCSR conducts two omnibustelephone surveys: one of 800 house-holds in the metropolitan area and one

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of S(X) households across the state.Omnibus surveys keep costs low byallowing government and nonprofitorganizations each to ask a few ques-tions as part of a larger survey. In thepast two Years seventeen clients wereserved by the Minnesota state sury,.y.and eight by the metropolitan survey.

Although MCSR is self-supporting andcharges for its services, as part of CURAand as part of a land grant university, itprovides a limited amount of treesurvey consulting to individuals andorganizations. During the last two years.MCSP, provided 173 hours of unpaidcirtsilting to 115 individuals andorganizations (1(X) hours to govern-ments and nonprofit organizations and73 hours to iadividuals inside theUniversity of Minnesota).

Six of the fiftv-one newest surveys aredescribed briefly:

Volunteer Drivers. The MinnesotaDepartment of Transportation v, antedto increase the smcunt of transprtationprovided by v ilunteer drivers aroundthe state. MC5R surveyed programmanagers and drivers looking forbarriers, perceived or real, that might beremoved.

Sportfishing. As part of a study for theMinnesota Deparhnent of NaturalResources, a faculty member in theDepartment of Agricultural andApplied Economics studied theeconomic impact of recreational fishingin Minnesota and how much people arewilling to pay to be able to fish. MCSRsurveyed 3,0(X) anglers asking aboutfrequency of fishing, place, fish soughtand caught, and amount of moneyspent.

Fanning Injuries. MCSR surveyedalmost a thousand farming householdsin Olmsted County to find out howmany had experienced injuries, whohad been injured, and what they hadbeen doing when injured. The data wereused in an agricultural trauma studs'conducted by the Minnesota Depart-ment of Health and the School of PublicHealth at the University of Minnesota.

Commercial Disposal of CommonBatteries. The Recycling Office ofHennepin County asked for a survey ofbusinesses known to be heavy users ofbatteries. A telephone survey fromMCSR found out how many batteries

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and what kind of batteries were cur-rently t oing used at eightv-threebusinesses and how the b-atteries werebeing disposed of.Environmental Education. Minnesotateachers and school administrators weresurveyed in the spring of 1991 toidentify environmental educationprogramming and facility needs as wellas to gauge thc demand for environ-mental instruction in an informalsetting. The survey was funded by thestate Legislative Commission onMinnesota Resources.

School and Work. The Provost', Officeat the UniversitY of Minnesota wantedto better understand the relationshipbetween attending school and workingat a paid job. MC5R surveyed more than2300 undergraduates at the Universityasking about how much they worked,where, why, how much they earned,and how it affected their school work.

Faculty Research Competition.Beginning in the summer of 194,CURA and the Office of the VicePresident for Academic Affairs havejointly sponsored a competitive pro-gram supporting interactive researchbetween University (if Minnesotafaculty and the community.

The purpose ot the program is toencourage University faculty to carryout research projects that involvesignificant issues of public policy for thestate and that include interaction with

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groups, agencies, or organizations inMinnesota. Ideal projects have anapplied orientation as well as servingthe more basic research interests of thefaculty member. Appropriate subjectsfor research might involve the state'seconomy, education, employment,energy, environment, ethnic groups,housing, poverty, social services, andtransportation. The proffam providessummer support for faculty on nine-month appointments and graduatestudent research assistance.

The results of these research projects arepublished in the CURA Reporter. Projectscompleted since 1989 have been de-scribed in earlier sections of this update.Eight projects are currently ongoing.Housing Frail Elderly. A professor ofhealth services administration isstudying the outcomes of moving thefrail elderly to nursing homes, asopposed to leaving them in the commu-nity, and examining what predicts whowill move to a nursing home and whowill stay in the community.Groundwater Protection. Minnesota isdeveloping regulations to protectgroundwater from contaminationthrough well-heads. To help defineprotection zones and the activities andsubstances that must be regulated, aprofessor of geology and geophysics isstudying the experiences of WesternEurope and combining this with hisknowledge of Minnesota'shydrogeology.

Youth Mentoring Programs. Twoprofessors of educational psychologyare working with the MinnesotaDepartment of Education to developevaluation models for youth mentor*programs. . he programs are widelyused to help young people academicallyand with career and social issues.

When Government Subsidizes Busi-ness. Increasingly governments andfoundations are making subsidizedloans and grants to businesses. Aprofessor of finance and insurance isanalyzing the results to see how existingsubsidy programs might be improved.Preliminary results indicate somenegative impacts on the normal lendingsystem.Treatment for Batterers. Minority maleshave low levels of participation intreatment programs for batterers: aprofessor of social work is studyingtreatment programs in the Twin Citiesand looking to identify those organiza-tional factor; that encourage voluntaryparticipation.The Shortage of Nurses. A professor ofindustrial relations is working with asurvey of over six thousand registerednurses in Minnesota to learn what isrequired to keep nurses in full-timenursing.Sexual Assault Cases in the LegalSystem. A professor of psychology islooking at how victims of sexual assaultare treated in our legal system. Localdata about rapes and data from rapevictims will be coBecte z! and analyzedand findings will be presented to thelegal system and to the Sexual AssaultResource Service at Hennepin CountyMedical Center.Link between Poverty and ChildAbuse. Two professors of sociology areworking with Ramsey County data totry and establish a link between recur-ring child abuse and families that live inpersistent poverty, rather than tempo-rary or transitional poverty.

Graduate Interns for State Agen-cies. This program fosters opportuni-ties for graduate students to workoutside the University while providingtechnical assistance and research skillsto state agencies, usually for oneacademic year. Projects are selected onthe basis of importance to the state andvalue of the learning experience forstudents. Agencies supervise thestudents and share costs with CURA. In

the past two years, sixteen interns haveworked in eleven agencies:

Administration Department-CarLson /Dyrstad Commission onReform and Efficiency (CORE)Health DepartmentHistorical Society-HistoricPreservation OfficeHuman Services (2)Jobs and Training Department-Research and Statistic; OfficeLabor and Industry DepartmentLegislative Auditor-ProgramEvaluation Division (2)Legislative Commission onMinnesota Resources (2)Metropolitan Council (3)Public Defense BoardState Public Detender

These projects are described earlier inthis update under various topic head-ings.

Planning internships in LocalGovernment. Local governmentplanners are helped while they providehands-on learning experiences forgraduate students in the HumphreyInstitute's Master of Planning in PublicAffairs Program. This program began in1990 and has already served nine citiesand counties. Brief descriptions of 9deprojects are given under -policy,.ndgovernment reform" in this update.

IS Visiting Scholars. Over the pastdecade CURA has served as a tempo-rary home for incipient projects andvisiting scholars. Typically they receivedoutside funding and worked on projectsconcerning public policy in Minnesota.CURA provided office space andancillary services and often publishedthe results.

Past pmjects included the PhilanthropyProject, the Lead Toxicity Project, andthe Minnesota Housing Project. The firstled to the development of the MinnesotaCouncil of Nonprofits. The secondproduced a useful analysis and map-ping of the lead content in the soils ofthe Twin Cities. The third developedinformation on subsidized housing andled to the state's first grass-roots low-income housing advocacy group, theMinnesota Housing Partnership.

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Since 1989, three scholars have beenhoused at CURA working on significantprojects:

Oliver Byrum, Director of Planning forthe City of Minneapolis, studiedplanning strategies for mid-size cities.

Michel Mignot, anthropologist with theFrench National Center for ScientificResearch, looked at the economicprogress of Southeast Asian refugees inMinnesota.Ron Kroese, head of the Land Steward-ship Proiect, is examining how agricul-ture became an industry followingWorld War II.

More details on their work have beenincluded in earlier sections of thisupdate on CURA programs andprojects.

Community Service Activities ofCURA Staff. Any summary of CURA'sactivities over the past two years wouldbe remiss if it did not cover the commu-nity service activities of CURA's ownstaff. Over the past two years, they haveprovided congressional and legislativetestimony, have been interviewed bYthe media, have written special repor,and have made many public presenta-tions to schools, community groups,organizations, and individuals. Finally,they have served on committees andboards of fortv-five state and localorganizations including the following:

Community DevelopmentMcKnight Neighborhood Self-HelpImprovement ProgramOrganizing Apprenticeship ProgramHeadwaters FundNeighborhood Study Advisory Group,Metropolitan CouncilMinnesota Council of NonprofitsGovernor's Design TeamMinneapolis Planning CoMmissionCensus Awareness Committee, Metro-politan Council

Economic DevelopmentCommon ProfitsWorking Group on Economic Disloca-tionSt. Paul Economic Development StudyTask ForceEconomic Blueprint for Minnesota,Department of Trade and EconomicDevelopment

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Wisconsin Center for Rural Develop-mentCenter for the New West

EnvimnmentDistrict Energy St. Paul, Inc.Water Research Advisory Committee,Minnesota Environmental QualityBoardState Groundwater Advisory Commit-tee, Minnesota Environmental QualitvBoard

Government and CivicBoard of Directors, Citizens LeagueAdvisory committee awarding researchgrants on inter-governmental coopera-tion, League of Minnesota CitiesBoard of Directon, GovernmentTraining Service

HousingMICAH (Metropolitan InterfaithCouncil on Affordable Housing)Alliance of the StreetsMinnesota Fair Housing Center

Human ServicesResearch Committee, Governor's Actionfor Children CommissionCommunity Childhood Hunger Identi-fication Proiect, Urban CoalitionChild Care Workers AlliancePolicy and Planning Committee andResearch Subcommittee, United Wav ofMinneapolisCommunity Resources Program, St.Paul's Human Services AdvisoryCommitteeMinnesota Chapter, National Associa-tion of Social WorkersFamily Investment Plan AdvisoryCommittee, Minnesota Department ofHuman ServicesMinneapolis Task Force on the Home-less, Hennepin County

Laud UseMississippi National River and Recre-ation Area, National Park ServiceSt, Paul Riverfront CommissionRiverfn ,nt Redevelopment CorporationMinnesota ArboretumLand Use Update Committee, Legisla-tive Commission on Minnesota Re-sources

MinoritiesTwin City Tree TrustHispanic Child Care Research Commit-tee, Metropolitan State University andChicano/Latinos Unidos in Seryicos

Photo Credits

Nancy Conroy, pp. 11, 17, and V.Robert Fnedman, pp. 5, 10, 11 15, 22, 25, 27, 29, 31, and 'ghost photo" pp 12, 11Evan Fulton, p. 9 (large) and "ghost photo" pp 20, 21

Judith Martin, p. 9 (small)Joint Ministly Protect, p. 6Judith Weir, pr. 14 and 21

Phil Lundberg, Graphic DesignChris McKee, Louise Duncan, and Pat lones, computer.Will Craig and Greg C'hu, map and figureJudith Weir, editor

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