DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 089 310'1

Cs? 201 114

AUTHOR Copperud, Roy,

H. .

TITLE Handbook for Journalists. Reviied: ,

IaST/TUTION University of Southern California, Ios Angeles.School of Journalism.

PUB-DATE Dec 73NOTE. 48p. .

i

AVAILABLE_PROM University of Southern California, School ofJournalism, University Park, Loelinge

_4.90 e Calif.

/ 90007 ($2.50) ,,:

. EDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS

IDENTIFIERS

MF-$0.75 HC-$1.85 PLUS POSTAGE '

*Editing; Nigher Education; *Journalism; *Layout;(Publications);. *News Oporting; Pfiptegraphy;Printing; *scklooliewspapersCaptions; Headlines; Univeristy of Southern.California

ABSTRACTThis handbook was developed for the'University cf

Southern California uDaily Trojan"." student newspaper staff and theSchool of Journalism. It is a compendium of suggedtions based cmtheproblems that inexperienced reporters, copyreaders, and new staffmembers encounter. Ceontents include-nIn General,".which discusies-censorship, responsibility, and standards on the "Daily Trojan " ;.1,Neporting,H which examines the role of the reporter journalisticaccuracy, and'information gathering;Copyreadingen,.w ich reviews-editing policy and rules; ftPictures,0 which stresses accuracy inoutlines and the importance of cropping; uproofreading,V.which treats,the kinds of corrections that may be Made on proofs; and uStylebook,11which sets down priwAples of style to ensure ccnsiqency. (RE)

\

4

oi

VStVPARIMEN1 OF HEALTH.UCATION4WEEFARE

NA TfONAVINSTJTUTIF OrEOUCATVON

'HIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODuCED fiktLY AS RECEIVED FROMIHE PERSON OR ORGANIZAT,ONokioNAnNo It poINISOVV,ENORIPINIONS

SrATED 00 NOT NECESSAR1Ev RE PRESENT OFFICIAL. NACIONAL INSTeru/E44EoutairioN Fos' TICN OR POLICY

HANDBOOKFOR

JOURNALISTS

byRoy H. Copperud

pehool of JournalismUniversity of Southern California

Y. tFOREWORD 4

Thirlandpook was first published, in mul-tIllthed form, In 1965 for the guldapce ofstaffmem-be'rs of the'Datly Trojan and of sludenta in writing .-and editing classes in the School of Journalism.A revised second edition, in the present format,was published in 100. Valuabi advice and alit-dim .in reparing this was con-tribute y three senior editors title DaikTrojan,Berner Beck, Richard Wistindit, and Peter Wong.This edition was published for the School of Jour-nalism by the University of southern CaliforniaPress und6r the direction If Clarence N. Ander-son, university editor' 1

rV . 1 4

* R.H.C.

June 102Reprinted Dec'ember 1973

444.

e

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1: FOREWORD.

:1N GENERAL.

gibilityCensorshipDiscipline

.CooperationThe.DallyTrojan's Job

Staridardsbr

ResponsibilityEditorialsPubliciiing.-Events

',Writing to Size'Good House-keeping

Keeping PostedReader ComesFirst

I.

. TABLE OF CONTENTS

4tEPORTINQRole of the ReporterGatheringInformatton

LibelTas.Idect4csLeads-Smoothing It

. Out .EditorializingCompletenesCharacterizatipnMofting ElementsQuolationsAltfibution in

v -..Qttotation, Quotations .' Ovtrused\

FragmentaryQuotat!ons

Technical MatterExplain, ExpltrinNamesFalse Titles ,

Omission of ni.iInversionWhich-HuntingTime ElementsConsistencyCheckint withNews Sources

,

1

1010

- 10101111

11

12

1212121313

,1414141415.

( '

Use of the, Telephone

1 Stylebook,

cOPYREADING

2 How to Read Copy.2 Checking2 $ LegiblVity \

. Uie a Feniii2 Headlines

Revision' i3 Unnecessary Changps3. Cutting3 Tests for Headlines

Padding4 . Attribution In4 Headlines

4 SplittingDouble-Checking

4 Demand HeadsRepetition

5 ,Base Heads on LeadsBe Specific

8 Past Tense, Passiire6 Voice

Length of Lines7 ' University Identi-7 nation8 Headlind .8 Names in Headline's9 .Subheads

Intr ucing ErrorsHoldo er Proofs

. Bylin sListkof NamesQuotationsLetters to the

. Editor ...4 Numbers ..

Urging AttendanceChoppy Modifiers

16 Index

'1816

17

17181818181919191920

20,202021212122

2222

41

-

232323242424242425

25262826

2728

PlOu RES .Cropping

PROOFkEADING 29

STYLEBOOK A 1Capitalization 31libbreviations 33Anctuation 35Dashes and Hyphens 33Numbers 36Spelling 38

1..

anyohe Seriouslyintereste*Cip publications orinfoimational work of any kind;working on the Daily trojandnayeasily be the indst valuithleexperience of his tiniverOtycareer. There is no pleparationfor journalism that compareswith actual publication of anewspapet. Students in theSchool of Journalism are for-tunate to lie ab)e to benefit fromansarrangement under whichwork on the Daily Trojan is avail-able in connection with writing

\ and 'editing classes. .

.,.

IN GENEItAL.., x., 4, 1

4, . sk 4 r ' . . ,C ... . i .. ',,

AdvetneenvntThere are about a doz en

salaried positions,on the Daily6 Trojan. The expierience and the

..prpstige to b*g5ltio froti,thesepositions are more Importantthan the "money,..however,s,Advanceident conies to thoiewho show initiative andinterest.v,It is not enough just to report for.

:lab sessions; there is too mucfi. I to learn,Staffmetnbers who,volit,

tinteer their services on damsbesides those when they arerequired to work art the oneslikeliest to advance.

Intelligence and writing obit-ity are great helps, but they arenbt enough hytheniselveg. Inter-

, est, energy, and willingness to

\work dte equally impo(tant, andsometimes more so. Every yearwe haVe good writers whe.getnowhereon the Daily Trojan

, because they have not *tied. themselves to find out What. '".,

, . makes things tick, °End to ma)teNfthemselves as useatpossible.

- : Staff members who ,show ,potentialsnre deliberately ..

,,shifted from one assignment to:**t another with the object of

&looming them for bigger thingsand at the same time giving them- ,

an opportunity to pr ve them-selves. , '.

EligibilityMembership on the staff is

open to any regularly enrolledstudent. it is not necessary to bea major in any journgfism ke-quenee, nor even tollake anyjournalistrrcotirses. In practice ,

however, nearly all staff mem.-bers are enrolled in journalism

.. courses.

sl Students with ambitions toadvance on the Daily Trojan ortkmake careers, in journa'lismcannot starbwork on the staff toosoon. jt is not necessary to waituntil enrolling in a reportingclass to loth the staff; fre,stmenare invited to sign up at once.Similarly, reporters whd aspire

R.

p R .

Pto advance should 'seek expertence in copyreading and idworkat the. University,Press, wherecomposition and page makeupare kne, without walling untilthey are enrolled in thecopyreading class (Journalism .*r.207).

Censorship:

.Altbotigh:the adviser to theDaffy Trojan works closely with 'thp staff, his role extends totechnical matters alonewrit-.

ing, editing, headlines, andmakeup. The..re is no censorshipof the Content of theDaily,Trojancby anyone, faculty or otherwise.The decisions on what is to beprinted, both news andilditori-as, rest with the editor and thestaff mnmberflo whom theeditor delegates this authority.

The labonratory sessions arstpccarried on under. the direct

vsuperVision of theetudente tors. Closacontact with them's maintained by the fact4ty con-cerned, hoWever, to judge the

J quality of work being dpne byeach student so thafit may figureinto the edurse glade'

a

Discipline

The-authority of the editor andhis subordinates is final. Argu-ing with the decisions of theeditors cannot be tolerated, norcan insilbordioation. Staff mem-

. bers damage their chances forpromotion byacquiring reputa-tions for being argumentativeand uncooperative. No onecangive orders who has not firstlearned to take, them.

49

qocvcrtitiolns4

t Among the qualities essentialto advancement on "the DailyTrojan is the ability to, gej along .

--with tiecfple. Beginners should,iticiw'a willingness Ip !Fem.-10takeliptruction, and to followorders. By the same token, staffmembers Who use their first po-sitions of supervision or respon-sibility to be dictatorial orunreasonable' are unlikely to go'any farther. Teamwork ts-asessential he,re'as it 9s in tinycoopprative activity,Arguing,dellancp,.anii insubordinationonly hinder the job digetting outthe paper, and inereaSe,thechances of,error. (n learning towork harmoniously with others,staff members have the oppor-tunity to acquire -a faculty thatwill setve that tngreat advan-tage all throulth life, no matterthat vocation they pursueand(his ability often is more impor'tent to advancement than talent,

Many of the new reporterseach semester' are fOrmer highseho'ol and }tinier collegeeditors'. They do not always dit easy to adjust to suddenly cl-

ing themselves iii subordinatepositioni,Sometimes they think °

they know more than the editorsthey are assigned to work for,and sometimes they may beright, But everyone, must pipe

'himselffrothsctatch on the DailyTrojan.(faking a high-handed orSuperior attitude is no way tomake a good Impression as a,beginner, no matter how muchane knows.

The Daily Trojan',s JobStaff members of the Daily

Trojai: should keep in inindthatthe newspaper serves several

important (Unctions. First, it is, the chiefmedium olommunica-

tion for the university commu-nity, and as such it Is cdh'sideredimportant enough so that it con-tinues to publish etrIng thesummer, though on a reducedbasis, when the population oncampus is relativelymallas alteady,potnted out, it is ,thelaboratory in which Ildure jour-nalists learn and practice their,

Standards of PublicationWe cannot exercise too Mitch

care' in doing as good a Job as 'pbssible. Misspelled names and;words and factual errors reflectdiscredit on the whole staff,.and

. tend to make the paperon objectof mistrust and even ridicule.College dailiestend to be judgedby their readers by much thesame standards' apnifed to pro-

. fessionally,produced papers,`' ;even though they-are being pro-' duced by' tudents, In away

is not fair.. But staff membersshould and do usually regardtht5 as a great challenge. Thefaclis that the typical collegedaily in this,country Is techni-cally sdperior to the average.professional daily, but this isnothing to brag(about. We. must

'aim for thp standards:of theBEST newspapers. '

The Daily Trojan staff has a,responsibilitP to reflect credit

'en the university. This can bedone in many ways. first, bybeing ae careful and accurateand as technically competent aspossalle:.Next, by practicingRESPONSIBLE journalism. Theduty to reflect credit on the uni-versity does not mean abstainingfrom criticism. Criticism can beuseful and constructive, and the

administration has shown nosigns of a desire to squelch oreven hobble criticism. "Repponsibility'

But with heeciOrn must comeresponsibility and 'fairness.News stories that contain criti-cism's of some pefion or activityshould also iticludb a statementof the 'other Bide of the question. )

1, Talk with a ;spokesman for theactivity Criticized anci get HISversion of the matter beforerushing inty'rint. 411.ege jour-nalists 'sometimes go 'off halfRocked. Controversial questions

I do not necessarily'have two..sides; often they have severalsides, and the responsible jour-nalist giveinvttieall a fair hear-

g. Writers ofeditorials and col-umns shoqd also exert everyeffort th inliornf themselves onALL SIDES of the issue tieingdiscussed;The Writer may come

`to either an adveise or a corn;ihendatory conclusion, but hiseditctrial will Ve better bal. -

anced, more considered, and .more persuasive-for havingteken.account of the opposingargument's.

The editor should take greatpains tofal rly reflect community ,

'opinion by publishing letters tothe editor. A special effort mustbe made to `give a hearing to ireaders who are critical of new

, stories, whp djsagre4 witheditorials, or who point out fac-tual errors.

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EditOrialsNo editorial should be based

on a Campus development that,has not bepn reported In the

, news columns. To do otherwise

i

ro.

. .

in effect makes the editorial col-umn the vehicle of repOrting,and that is not its function; its['Unction is analysis, comment,and opinion. An editorial may,of course, appear simultane-ously With a news story on whichit

Publicizing Elients. Although His the duty 'of the

DailiTrojaty to pulpiciie evonts.on the campus, this rhust not bedone at the expense of newsvalues. There have been times.

' example, when unimportantevents were publicized with dis-proPortionate -citsplai head-lines; which !eft rowhere\tVgoWhen an event of the firstimpor-lance came along. Headlinesand 'Vey should be aIsigned. onthe'bash of relative interest andimportance. Editors should also

.gtiard aghinit overplaying,advance announcements of

''events by rtinnipg similarstories dtiy after day-This boresthe reader, detracts from the

2 space .avanabtefor new news,,and in fact defeats the purpose'ofdpublicizing the event..lt tendsto, make the Daily Trojan a dullpaper.'.If an advatxe announcementis lobe repeated at:any length,it should not simplx be° a rear-,rangenient of facts previouslypreseated to the reader. Thesucceeding story, should. have anew angle and preferably awhole new approach. RepetitionWinton-nation in inuchsthe sameform makes aenewspapertake onmuch the 'same character as a'wastebasket, and tends toarouse about as-much intelest

' the reader. The city editor, ift. particular, Should be alert to

ea 1

_what has run, in what form, andvat what length, to prevent undue,repetition.

Writing to SizeIi4tead of hs,iigning a story to

bd,written to a given length sowill,fili a, space of given

size it,is better to iiive the storywha it eserves, and have readyenough 'short (two-Paragraph toso),Itoiles to plug holes. When'a story h'as to Ile *xpandedtwoor awe inches. to fill out a hole

, in the dummy, padding and loss,of Interest result. Shortsselected Nr page one should,,ofcourse, beisomething Of interest.Brief rewrites of News Bureau

'handouts may serve this pur-pose.

Go,od Houseke'epingThe city editor and the news.

editor are responsible for slmingthakthe city room add thecopyreading room are kept in areasonable state of order. Filesshoplci be returned to theirplaies after they are used.Papers and debris of any kind

"should not be allowed toaccumulate on desk or tabletops. Trakatid dishes shoiad bereturned to the dr111. Thisr copy-desk should be cleared off rherikstaff or class members leave thepont

Keeping PostedIt is essential that every

member, of the staff READCAREFULLY through the'DaityTrojan every day. !This. Is a pro-'

fessional responsibility. Thereis no'other way to,aiquirre the .

-inforination'necessary to writeand edit the, news intelligentlyas it developi from ddy to day.

It is a primary responsibilityof the city editor to keep adatebook in which future eventsare noted, so that radvantinotices and coverage may begiven'in an ,orderly manner.Scrupulous care in makingentries in the datebook will lavewasted effort and 'confusion.

Staff members should also. read carefully the critical com-

ments on the content of the Daily'Trojan that die posted on tpe cityroom bulletin board. This is oneof our'prinelpal means of whatindustry calls quality control. Inthis way staff me,.nbers becomeaware of nur errors and Short-comingsso that they may beavoided in the future, to the endof steadily improving the news-paper. Attention to thesecritiques is a required part ofthe instruction in the reportingand news editing courses.

Every staff membei isrequired to master, as soon aspossible, the Stylebook that con-stitutes the last part of this book..

Reader Comes First.

This booklet is a compen4itfmofAuggestIons prompted b?the

problems, that-I nexperiencedreporters and copyreaders often

. 'encounter. It is Wised on-recur-rent,difficulties and is intendedto help new staff members,avoldthem, Remembir, however; thatthere are few,'If any ironcladyulis governing newspapering,except the onb cabling for accu-racy, factual and mechanical. Ifrules get in the way of the clear-est possible, presentitkonthe,form thatvill get the idea grossto the reader most effective-ly they can and must giveway. The best rule, perhaps; is"Lparn the rgles, so that you mayviolate them wisely." The most-important thing to rememberalways is that we are workingFOR THE READER. Shortcutsthat make our ownjob easier areto be avoided if fhek.interferewith clitrity and readability --:.and, generally the sliorOutscommon in Journallstie.writingdo 'interfere. Put yogrselfcOnstantly, in Your imagination,in the place of the reader whoknows nothing about what,Yonare setting out to tell,pini.

Although, for 5onve nience,thematerial in the rest of this book-let has been classified underheadings, all staff membersshould familiarize themselveswith the whole booklet, as soonas possible. Much ofthe materialunder "Reporting' is applicableto copfreading, and vice versa.

A

REPORTING

Reporters are expected to' keep their eyes and ears openat ail, times k for story pos-sibilities.The competent report-

"er does not passively wait for.assignments, but exercisesinitiative and ima4ivation togenerate ideas forstories on his

_own. Reporters are advised,'however, to check (list with thecitl' editor before beginningwork on a story that has not beenassignid, to prevent dupliciitionof effort.There are.limitlesspos-sibtlities for feature stories, forexample, in tellingthe history ofAme campus feature or inttitu-

--" lion or tradition, or in describ-; 5

iing some activity (such as theCaMpus Police) and telling howit. operates.

Role of the RePorter:

The reporter stands as aninterpreter and explainerbetween, the news source andthe reader tThere is no excusefor bis patting down irk a storysome statement he does notundel-stand himself. If the repor-ter does not understand his ownwriting, how can the 'readcr beexpected to make sense Of it?

If the reporter enefunters any-thingln an interview or In a newsrelease that is not completelyclear to him, it is hisresponsibil-

, 6 .

By to ask the questions and geti'4liiforination necessary tomake it clear. -

"That's what my news sourcetold me" or "That's what it said

In the release"-Is no excuse foran incomprehensible statementin a story. It indicates only thatthe reporter has fallen down onhis job.

Before turning in a story to thecity desk, the writer shouictreadthrough it carefully to correcterrors and improve it as mchas poissible. eporters sho idalso notecar fully changes thathaVe been m de in their storiesas they appe r in print, with aview- to lin erstanding thereasons fort e changes.

The assign ent &reporters tobeats offers opportunities forthem to demonstrate eiiergy andinitiative. Reporters Should be"'certain theitecome acquaintedwith and at least occasionallysee the heads of the activities towhich they are, assigned, eventhough someone else may bedesignated as the source ofinformation to be given out. Thenews source must be visitedweekly.' In many initances,reporters might begin with a fea-ture story about what the activitydoes, how it is organized, its size,its history, .and whatever elsemight be of 'interest as a meansof introducing it to readers.

. Gathering Information

Tire competent reporter askshis news source questions aboutevery aspect of the subject athand, and returns with aforeinformation than he will put inthe story. This gives him the,background necessary to

roundedGopd reporting takes Initiativeand imagination on' the part ofthe'reporter; iris not just a mat;ter of passively.serving as areceptacle or conduit for what-ever facts the news source hap-pent to think'of. The reporter

.should pit se himself, in hisimagination, in the place of areader who may to interested inthe subject but knows npthingabout it. The good reporterdevelops an intelligent interestin whatever s'ulijqct he isassigned to write about:

Young, reporters.; are, some-.times reluctant to ask for expls-nations of what they do notunderstand lest they shouldappear ignorant. The moreexperienced the reporter, how-ever,the more questions lie asks.It is seldom that news sourcesare not glad to explain,. It is obvi-ously much better forthe report:

;,.et to ask questions than to havean Incomplete or puzilingstoryappear in the paper.

LibelThis is a large subject, which '

is explored in more appropriate. detail in: journalism courses.

Thesebrief comments areinjended only as a general warn-ing. Do not assume that studentnewspabers and editors cannotbe Sued; they can and have been.Remember, coo, that the univer-

also be held .respolisi-ble.The gteatesttlangersin the stories that appear in the,Daily Trojan haye to/do with'reflections on a perebns abilityto perform'hisjob, or on his men-tal Competence (usually donejokingly but a serious matternonethelessl. A few years egothe paper and the, universitywere threatened with suit bydoctors whom the paper hadcharged with tardy'attention toa student who died-ofa heart ail-ment. This would have been dif-ficult to prove if true, but theworst part about it eras that thepaper had gone off half-cocked,and the charge wes not true, asthe doctors were able to silo*.Fortunately they settled for aret?action..

Great care should be exer-cised in 'statements that implythat ,a prOfestor or anyone elseis incompetent at his job. It rattybe true', but it isdamacagandoften impossible to p:ove. Thepaper is liable for what appears'in'a letter to the editor, eventholigh the damming statementmaybe one \vith which the paperdisagrees: ,

It is also 'very dpverous toimply that someone does not

, have full possession of his' faculties, eveh if this Is dOne asa joke, or that he drinks or was

-drunk on sortie occasion, orunder the inquenee of mari-jhana or drugs. The fact that we,qupte someone as makingalibelous statement does notlplace the reZOonsibility on the

, person who made the statement,f we print it, we are responsible,

and.may beisued; Be wary of. ANY statement that tends to

expdse someone to scorn orridicule. Even if true, such state-ments may not be provable, and

.evejt if both true and provablethey may still be in bad taste orcruel. Editorial and other ctiti-eisms of student offleprs and We .like should be almea at the waythey perform their duties;beware of crib izing the personas an tridividtt . ,.

The fact thP,t a statement is%,made in jeste.no matter howobviously, Ades not exempt.it

' frgnithe dancer of libel. Makingt tun of'people as individuals

requires very deft handling toavoid both libel and bad taste. ,

`Ventures Into satire 0 SoCatf

exhibited

do occasion haveexhibited incredible le,rtleleyagainst the defenseles .

Editors who are/ doubtwhether some stet rnent they

. are eonsideringoPublishing maybe libelous should seek expertadvice on the matter. i,)

Most problems of libel, how- ,

ever, arise not mkt of deliber-atelyeritical statements but outsof carelessnesVwith small facts,such as names and identifica-

btions 0 o; from sloppy writing inwhich ,,the wr.tef actually con-veys somett;ing different, fromwhat.he intended.

Taste,

The-appearance of four-letterwords and occasionally of pic-ttdet that.offend traditionalstandards of propriety has pre-sented problems in the, collegepress in recent!years. The

'University of California had acommittee of nationally known ^.

. newspaper editdrs 'conduct -astudy of this prUcticetT its eam7puses. Serious questio s of con-tinuing support for schoolpapers have arisen at many.schools as tie result of this kind

'4)

of thing, and at Frond supportfor the college paper was withdrawn. Thera have been somedifficulties here on this sefi're:

In these ciretnitstances,-the.School of Journalism and theuniversity administration arecaught in the middle betweenthe complaints Of outraged, par-ents and alumni and the defenseof press freedom for the news-paper. It is daricult to explain

,whla student newspaper shouldbe perniitted to print words thit .the young journalists knovitheY,will not be allowed to use onethey get jobs in 1.$1e outside;world, since none but the so-.abed undetground papers pub- .fish such languagt.

Before permAting the publica-ption of obscenities or virlgar-ities, an editor would do Well toconsider the damagethat may be'done. Serious consequences canfoildw from flouting accepted.standards. For example, thepublication of an indecent pie-

, tture resulted .in the indictmentof a UCLA editor on a ctiarge of )

obscenity. .

MechanicsA reporter writing a story is

required .to type, at the upperleft-hand corner of the firstPage, his own name and thephdne number at which he canbe:reached in the evening.,Thecity editor should turn baa.stories not carrying this infor-mation. .-

Begin the storyabout a quar-ter of the way down th.firstpage, to allow for notations atthe top. Triple-space all copy. DoNOT divide words at the ends oflines; this only raises questionsabout hyphenation fbr the corn-.

r a

r- .

C:Fr"...

. ,

posicptilie'cause the linet'as setin 000 ni vififnot break in the449 places as in the typed ye-

4 slot For example, dividing theworld breakthrough, at the ea ofa line may cause the compositorto wondeVeifit occurs in the mid-dle of a lines as it may wherithesets Re.whether it is'intended tobe Oven break-through. Resolve'

. any doubts about hyphenatiod,and two Aierds, anii the like

4 b tsing the 'dictionary.Do ,tot use any word wh

1 meaning y6u ate not'absolute2, eirtain about. Hit is a Word you

4 . 4 not use every day, even if you/I ! 'are'certain of its meaning, look' it up to cheek the speliing. When

1.-the writer has gone out of his wayto 4se an tintlsUal pr a foreignword and then misspells it hemakes a particular het or him-self.-

4,,,''llever strike over letters; an e': Over an o, for example, or, any-, ; 0 thing else. If you make an error,..

AT.RIKE OUT THE WHOLEW(YRD with X's or M's and start'over so that eve rYthitigstands is clean and perfectly leg-ible.. If a atery_ runs to a succeedingpage, type more at the, bottom ofthe preceding page. Artvays usean end-mark to indicate the endof the story; the cross-hatch (#),centered, is satisfactory for thispurpose.

Leads"',Try to start a lead with some-

thing interesting. Avoid begin-ning with the name of, say, aspeaker unknown to readers, fol-lowed by a longwinded identifi-cation of him, and then, finally,the topic .of his speech (Sexual-,Moralityin the Andes). I n a case;4'

-4like this, the topic is generallythe, most Interesting thing, andshould be placed leftmost. Toavoid making the lead too longor complicated, the speaker'stitle and other inforMationabout him may be sated for the Vsecond paragraph,'/Instead of writing: ..

t'According to Secretary Shir-ley Gibson, the gloat speaker atthe luncheon to be held at theComMons!Rpstaurant Ott, Swillbe Dr: Gerald Smith, districtsuperintendent of sehpols atPasadena"

Make it:"Dr. Gerald Smith, district_

superintendent of .sthools atPa'sadena, .will address -a

. luncheon Oct. 8 at the CommonsRestaurant." .

This.brings the interesting factto the front, a principle thatshould always be followed, hthis case, the identity of thesource is of no importance andsimply clutters the lead, so it hasbeen Omitted. If it is desirableto includesuch informatlen.Putit in the second paragraph oreven later.. Stories about speeehes are\often led ofTin some such deadly '-,,fashion as this:

"Arthur C. Clarke, science fic-tion author, discussed the spaceprogram and the future of anadvanced communications sys- ,

tem yesterday in- RetardAuditorium::

Instead of handling it this Way, '.. twhich probably only repeatsinlormatirtn already given in ' A.announcements of the,speech, APbase the lead on the most inter- ;1esting,,er significant thing thespeakef said: c'''. . ,,

. .."Television sets will be' used ct

for personal communication, av

well as to receive programs,withinn few years. b

"This was'the preilletion ofArthur C. Clarke..."

Do not attempt to get all the 'so-called Ws (whof what, when,*here, why) into the lead. Thismakes for too complkated anintroduction; mote,than the reader can grasp with-out going through it twice, andhe may be in no mood to do this.Concentrate'onf.he what; that is,surnmarize the story in the mostconcise and interesting way Youcan. ome newspapers' placelimits Of 20 or 30 words on leads.Arbitrary limits of this kind areundesirable, bettause they hob-ble thOvriter on tied occasionwhen he may need to exceedthem an can effectively andclearly do sp. put, In gefiOral, a

dead should norexceed three tofive lines. . /SSmoothing

ItrO/

uf,

and the like. Tell whose opiniochitit is; don't make it took hs If it athe Daily TroOn's. Oulnions,of 1the writer and eviffuatIonsbelong in revibws, columns ofcomment, and the editorial col-umns, not in news stories. Do notstate accusations against peoplein such a way as to give theimpression they are fact; alwaysbe certain ,they :are AMU.KITED. A statement, like "Hisneglect of duty resulted in thecharge" isglaringly unobjective;'saying it this way implies thesubject did indeed neglect his,duty. Putting it another way,great care etould be exercisedlest it appear that the pi,,ier is 1"'

' taking sides a controv6rsiatmatter.,

Completeness

.-'- A good test for-reporterslandcopyreaders, for that matter) toapply to writing, to achieve

. smooth, and direct expression,S is: Would,' say it this way if I

were talking instead ofwrit g?Putting things the way e9would naturally be spoken s thewdy to avoid involved construc-tion and other common faults.Reading a sentence aloud is agood test. Ifyou stumble in doingso, you may be surethe readerwill stumble too.

. ,

Editorializing.,

Statements of opinion shouldnotylik given without attributionin news stories any more than inheadlines. This applies to judg-ments of merit, commendations,

Give aft the explanationnecessary so that a story willstand completely on its own feet.Don't assume thalthereader hasmemorized some material factthat appeared in pyint last Week,or.even yesterday. A. long s ,ryon the:announcement by can-didate That he would s k the'student body presiden rie-glected, for eitample,toPoint etathat he was the RM. candidate

. to announce, and also omitted togive the date of the election. Of

, -cOurse, it is impractical torepeat the whplebackground, ofa running Story every day, 12 ut itis easy and-highly advisable to

'summarize it in a paairaph ortwo.

Characterization

Avoid excessive characteriza-tion. After saying in the lea(' thattwo professers of physical

education will attend a conven-.tion, do not refer to them in thenext paragraph as "the two pro=fessors.' Say they. Use pronoupswhenever possible; it makes forsmoother,' uncluttered writing.But be sure the antecedent(whatthe pronoun refers.to) is dearto the reader. Also avoid exces-sive counting, as exemplified byrepeating tuio.

After a person; place, or thing.has once been fully charac-terized or described, refer tohim or it thereafter by the brief-est description possible. If youare writing about a hotel porter,for example, after having mill-tially identified him as such,,,refer to him thenceforth simplyas the porter, rather than the hotelporter.

Use it, not they or who,Ao referto organizations. Some reporterspimp from singular verbs toplural pronouns in the same sen-tence, indicating they do not 'have their wits a bout them: "Theadministration obtaitil adviceon such subjects, but they do notalways follow it." It does notaticaysioliow it, to accord withthe singular verb obtains.

Such misuses gf they and their,411 i h single verbs ("The team isproud of their season") are some-times called "the adolescentthey."

Refer to students of this (orany other) university as men andwomen, not boys and girls.

'Modifying ElementsAvoid starting sentences with

such modifying elements as "ARhgdes Scholar, he..." This is notwrqng but it is overdone innewswriting and has come to bechdracteristie of journalese. Be

'certain, too, that when you dostart a sentence this way, themodifying element has some log-ical connection with the rest of \the sentence. Not "A hodeartierin his youth, the scholar hasmade a specialty of microscopicorganisms."

Qudtations.There is no reason why a story

should not start with a directquotatio5t. Often such a state;mentjudiciously chosen, wiltgive the substance of a speechor an interview better than any-,thing else. Care should be exer-cised, however, not to base thelead (and thus probably, tfieheadline) on some stray fact out eof context, whether a direct quo-tation or something else, thatwill distort/4)r misrepresent thetotal effedt.of what was said.

Attribution in Quotation

it is unnecessary to give morethan one attrillution in a' con-tinuing quotation: .

"This year's activities on thecampus will be spgnsored by thenew organization,' Smith said.

"The purpose of the programis purely informational," headded. He added or any otherform of repeated attribution issuperfluous. The second sen-tence should have read, "Thepurpose of the program is purelyinformational." (Omitting he

added,)On the other hand, beware of

the floating quotaliona directquotation that cfilies not have anydirect attribution whatever.Even though there can be no mis-take about who is talking, it is

11

considered essential to use hesaid (or whateVery

Don't break into a'uotatiuntto soon for the attribution: Thisis a meaningless trick and itannoys the reader. For example:"We must,",pe stated, "run therisk..."

Instead of this; make it, "Wemust run the risk of making mis-takes in order to progress andacquireIthe benefits of a newmethod,' he said.

Don't use according to inattribution; it casts a shadow onthe credibility of the speaker

'(and it is also backhanded).Instead of making it "Somethingwill tome of this, according, toJohn Jones," write "John Jones'said 'something will come ofthis.'

Young reporters fend to over-use expiisined in attributingstatements thht are not reallyexplanations. Don't be'afraidofsaid, nor of repeating it. If youare desperate for variation, it isbetter to use neutral attribnlIveslike observed, remarked, added,continued than inappropriate

' ones like insisted (when there isno insistence) or contended(when there is narguinent).

Said is preferable to stated;stated has a formal tone that isusually inappropriate to quota-%inns in newspapers.

Quotations'Overused

Do not use direct, quotationsfor ,commonplace announce-ments; indirect quotation is pre-ferable here., "A long-time influential and

colorful figure in San Francis-co's upward spiraling artisticwhirl, Kenneth RexrQth willspeak at 11 tm. Thursday inHancock Auditorium," Dean

12

Hombr Jones announced.Apart from the fact that the

statement is a little flossy, directquotation of this kind is not suit-able for the lead, Which shouldhave stated simply that Rexroth

, will speak. lie might have beencharacterized as an influentialliteral), figure, hoWever, To slm-phi)? a lead'of this kind, placpthe name ofthe person announc-ing the speech in the secondparagraph.

,Oragmentary Quotations

Avoid fragmentaryquotations,but when they are used, do notbegin them at an awkward point,separating an article from itsnoun, or a preposition from itsobject, or an auxiliary from themain verb. Avoid quilting singlewords. 9uote only substantialparts ofa statement.

Technical MatterMany speeches and special

lectures on the camptis arespecialized or technical. It is thereporter's job to present themintelligibly to the reader. If aspeech cannot be reported without the use of unintelligibletechnical terms,Iforget H; it Isnot a suitable subject fora news- -`paper. On the other hand,reporters should not hesitate toask news sources what theymean by some unfamiliarexpression or concept. Suchterms should be explained In tlestory.

Be careful to tell WHERE anyevent, including a speech or lec-ture, was held, and under whosesponsorship. This is material

information and the,reader isentitled to it. The sire and reac-tion of the audience also areoften matters of interest thatrepOrters neglect to mention.

If a statement by a professoror someone else is the subjectof a story, tell 'the reader what ,

the circumstances were. If it was .

an interview, SAY SO.When speaking of events, such

as entertainments, not on thecampus, we should stateWHERE they are to be held, give

least the communtty,'and aStreet address if possible.

a When a., building (sueh as atheater) is named without a loca-tion the assumption is that it islocated en the campus. The StopGap Theatre, for example, neednot be identified as on the cam- . ,pus. But build ings'elsewhereshould be identified by address.

Don't use, or ityou are editing,allow to pass in copy a wordwhose meaning or spelling yotiare unsure of. LOOK IT UP.

NimesThe first,time a person is men-

tioned in a ,story, the full namemust be given; Dean MarthaBoaz (NOT Dean Boaz). One Ini-tial is insuificient:Pean MarthaBoaz (NOT Dean M. Boaz). The

. full first name, fist name andmiddle initial, or twqinitiils arereqUired. Use thk style theowner himself uses for his na'tne,except that if he uses one.in'ti al,give his first name (Sol H rok;NOT S. Hurok). ,

It is generally cops' 'eredipapPropriate to Afe to awoman by her last name alone

wa (Jones), without some title suchas Miss, Mrs., Prof., etc., Oven ina headline. This, however; likethe use of Ms., has become a

stylistic matter that, as far as theDaily Trojan Is concerned, is leftto thediscretion of the, editor.

Do not refer to a person by anicharno (e.g.,'"Ilappy".) with-

, out having first identified him byhis full and true name; and donot do so than unless ho is widelyknown by the nickname. Morelatitude in this respect is-per-mitted on the sports pages.

Reporters are required to pen-ell cq, and circle it, over everyname in a story to indicate thatthe,spelling has been checked.Squaring (i.e., enclosing ,thename in a rectangle with a copypencil) may also'be usecifor thisPUrP4e, Copy readers shoulddouble check. Use the CainP4Directory, the student telephonedirectory, the list of studentnames in the student affairsoffice,,the biographical list inthe back of Webster's New Col-legiate Dictionary, and Who's Whoas appropriate. If necessary,callthe library of the Times, or thereference department of the LosAngeles Public Library to check,facts or names. The News ,Bureau is a good source of factsabout the university.

The reference desk in DohenyLibrary, though it does not offerphone service, is another sou_ rceof information.

False ;Titles .

Avoid the use ofso-called falsetitles; this is journalese, andalso causes confusion overcapitalizatien. Instead of"musician Joseph DoakeS,""waitress Susie R6e" make it'Joseph 15oakes;a musician";"Susie Roe, a waitress."

Don't pile up titles or occupa-tional descriptives before aname. It makes for unreadabil-

13

Ry. Use the appositive construe,tion instead, and set appositiveself With commit. Instead of "Oc-eidental College graduate andCouncilman W.O. Thomas,"mike it "Councilman W.O.Thomas, an Occidental Collegegraduate."

Omission of The

Don't leave the off the beginning ofany sentence in the delu-sion you are streamlining yourstyle. This is journalese. Itmakes the copy harder to readand makes it sound like a tele-gra nab

Inversion,

, Avoid standing sentences ontheir heads by starting them"Bringing t\erespace technology,down to earth will be..." or"Performing* the coffee houseis ,.." This kihd of inversion-istiresome and a hallmark ofjour-nalese. Vary sentence structureby starting with subordinate de-merit's, not by inversion. Exam.pie; "After the lecture, ques-tions' were answered"; "To,obtain the data, students were ,

su "rveyed."

Which- Bunting

When you cone to whir); in asentence, put a comma before it,If the comma won't do, changethe which to that. The point ofthis little routine is to help youdetermine the differencebetween restrictive and nonres-trictive clauses. Nonrestrictiveclauses are set off by Commas,.restrictive clauses are not. it is

'714

0

I

edits* unimportant whetherwh)ch or thqt Is used tojntroducea restrictive clause, although

'that is preferred.The same decision, whether

itie.clause is restrictive or non-restrictive, must be made con.cerning clauses that begin withwhere, who, when.'lf you aro,uncertain about the differencebetween a restrictive and a non-restrictive clause, look the sub-

ject up in Words on Paper, A Die-tionsiry of Usage and Style, orWriter's Guide and Initex to Eng-

, Fish, all in the journalism library.The gra& of this, distinction isalentail,Almost without except-tion, a whi.clause following aperson's name is nonrestrictive,and must be set off. This is tKulealso of a which clause followinga proper name ("They saw theSphinx, which Seemed asinscrutable as ever"). g

Remember that appnitivesmust be set off by commas:"William Jonei, a student,received the award"; "Thespeaker, Lucy Barnei;was late."One of the most frequent errorsin both,writing and editing is toleave out either one or both corn- .'mas In ibid. construction,

Time Elements'Do not .put.the time element

after the subject, as in "Dr. Her-bert Harvey, professor Ofpsychology, yestAday warnedstudents'..." It shoultd be"warned students yesterday."This mannerism of journalesesometimes leads to atrocitieslike "Dr. Herman Jones Tuesday,announced ..." in which it maylook.as if Tuesday is the docior'slast name. You would not saysomething like "I today regis-tered for next semester." Don't

4

write it, either; illooks twice asbad as it sounds.

Doliot say of an event that Itwill happen this Sunday or thatit happened iast.Wednesday.This and last are Superfluous.Give the day alone, if is withina week of the time of publica-

lion. lilt is more, give the datealone (Feb. 17), omitting the dayunless there is good reason fcirincluding.remember that, since the

pally Trojan a a morning newS-paper,,'what Is referred to aS

.,today in a story is the Wciter'S,toMorrotp;,.the'Writer must k,

always be looking ahead to "thefact that his story will appear inthe paper the next day after writ-ing (or, in the case of kstory/Ao,appear on Monday, three dayslater), To' prevent contagion,don't use yesterday and tomorrowIn stories: name the day of theweekinstead. Today in a newsstory means, obviously, the dayof publication. o

There is rarely any Ooint ingiving the day of the week onwhich a past,eVent occurred. The .

only reason for doing so in refer-enfe to ajuture event is helpivthe reader decide whethor NO,will be able to participate. Usu-ally the day of tfie week isomitted in both instancesunless, as stated, the 'event fallswithin a week of the day oft:11051i-cation, in which event the date,.is omitted.

Young journalists sometimeshave the idea thattime-elementishc4id be'set DO with coin map.'and write things like "Twelve fa-culty members were named,Wednesday,- as recipients of.aWards" or "The Farm Workers'Theatre will perform today, at 8p.m., in the ,Auditorium." Thecommas are wrong in such con-

structions.110 not say in a lead that some-

thing happened recently; thisadvertises the fact that the storyis an old one) Say-instead,-James Jones, professor ofanthropology, Was been ap-pointed..." (insjead of "wasrecently aopointed ..."), andgive the Ole, of the event,fnecessary, lower in the story.'.When writing a news storyfrom a prey release or ptherhnnouncement about some,future event, check the date

,given for it against the,catendar,especially to see that day and

. date correspond. if they do not,consult the news sourCe.,Double-check your news storyagainst your source material tomake certain you have coded offthe.date of' the event correctly.Copyreaders must be scrupu-lous about seeing Wit that anytime element used Ida headline ,corresponds with what the stall),

. says.

ConsistencyBe careful not to interject

unexplainable or surprising orincongruous elements or facts,.

"into stories without explaining +.

them, For example, this sen-tence appeared in the middle ofa story about a seminar on aero-space fechn'Ology.

"The other two speakers willtalk on waste disposal and ,thehandling of juvenile delin-quents, respectively."

The reader was certain to bebaffled by,the connectionbetween space technology'andjuvenile delinquency. Actually

. there was one, and the storyshould ha% e briefly explainecrit.A copyreader encounteringsomething jarring like this in a

story should see th,at an explana-. lion is added'

Checking withNews Sources

It is a misdukted idea that areporter delheans himself,somehow, by checking his workwith the source of information.This notion, together' with thefact that a part of our staff isalwys inexperienced, cancat^ some colossal' godfs.Checking a story with the source'

'. for factual accuracy is not .the..same thing as suhhiitting it forcensorship.:Thls source shouldnot be perrhitted to Influenceanything but the facts.,

Reporters should check directquotations as given in,newsstories with the source to be cell--tainthey tire accurate. Spak no

. effort to.ensure that your storyis correct, factually and ntechanlcalty.

Use of the Telephone,

Courteous and effective use oftht.telephone is.highly impor-tant; because the Daily Trojaii

, (like newspapers in general)must depend on it so heavily.

Tc begin with,'answer the...phone ';Doi/y' Trojan," not"Hello." Do not insult, dispar-age, or argue with anyone whois helpful enough to telephoneus a story. Regardless of whatyour opinion of it may be, takedown the inform6tion and makesuch use of.it as is directed by

\ the city editor. THANK PEOPLEfor telephoning.

The reasons for ordinary cour-tesy should not have to be given

moil no space be wasted onthem here. But newspapers mustrely on help from outside theirown staffs. A -perso.ji who hasbeen rudely or brusqiielY dealtwith On the telephone is unlikelyto call again. On the other hand,if ho, ha's been courteouslytreated, he will have a friendlyfeeling for the paper and may bethe source of valuable and help-ful information in thb future.

Rudeness on the telephone, asanywhere, is chilillsh andUnprofessional. The DoilyTrojan ,has often been the subject ofcomplaints in thls respect.'City room' telephones are not' °

to be used for pe,rsonal cills.Check with the city 'editor' for

'`the procedure governing long.distance business calls.

Mapery of the Dolly TrojanStylebook is a must for everymember of the staff. The editors 0.

should know every detail of sty14without having to look anything+up. New reporters mustfamiliarize themselves with theStylebook immediately. This canbe done only by, reading throughit carefully at frequent intervals,,

'and by looking up. every dou bt tut ,

point when writing or editing.The city editor should turn baCkto reporters stories that doobtproperly conform to style; nd

.see that the necessary correc-tic... are made by the writer.This is ohe way that new report-ers learn style. This, of course,does not relieve copyreaders ofthe responsibility to edit forstyle.

COPYREADING

The duty of the topyreader isto understand everything thatpasses beneath his pencil. HisJob is to serve as a conduit andan interpreter between the newssource and tho.repol.er, on theone hand, and the reader. on theother. He has no business pass-ing any statement that he doesnot'understand: any More thanthe reporter has writing what hedots Nt understand.

To the competent copyreader,merything that he edits is fairgame. If he finds the structureof a Sentence is clumsy, he rear-ranges it. He approaches nameswith skepticism and checks theirspellin4 Ile verifies dubiousfacts. in essence, the copyreadertakes responsibility for correct-ness and clarity. lie does notpass any word he does not,u nder-stand; he looks it up. to make cer-tain it-is correctly spelled andproperty used. Ile has full free-dom to make changes but he also,has the' responsibility to knowwhat he is doing, and above allmust be careful not to change thesense or effhct, or to introducenew tacit unless he is positive t

of them. 4

Many errors appear in thepaper because the Copyreader

. or the proofreader is uncriticalor inattent ve to his job.Copyreaders nd proofreaders,not to nienti n reporters, oftenmake the wrong assumption thatalthough a given staternbnt.'makes no sense to them, it willprobably be understood byreaders. This is an irrationaland irresponsible idea.

How to Read. Copy

Effective copyreading (and,for that matter, proofreading)

- requires a drastic change in,. reading habits for these pur-

poses. Students, who ordinarilyread with facility, have becomeaccustomed to skimming alongas fast as the difficulty of thematerial will permit: flttlforcopyreading and proofreading itis nrcessary to slow down almostto a dead halt. Not only musteach word be ,examinedindividually; each letter of eachword must be examined toensure'that they arc all there.and in the right order, Punctua-

7

lion, sentence structure, andfacts all must be critically andcarefully scrutinized. Copyread.ing and proofreading are ,farfrom ordinary reading; theymust be done word by word.'

Checking

It is inexcusable to fail to usethe sources ofinformation avail.alole. A copyreader, using apbcket dictionary that listedunionist without the, definition,only as a variant of urfionism,wrote a'tdtally erroneous heaa-

which'a management. spekesinan wasdescribed

unionist. Pocket dictionariesare not very satisfactory exceptfor spellings It is better 'to usethe unabridged dictionary in thecopy rilam. With respect to defi-nitions, it is invaluable in thatIt gives sentences showing howwords are used..

Take nothing for granted:6.slames must alWays be checked.A reporter misspelled Ileifetz asIle iilz because it appeared that

'way'in an old Daily Trojan thathe was using as.a,source of Infos.-illation, When we misspell the

;names %;:)f world-renowned`people, we are advehising, to anaudience that is better edUcatedand more critical than that ofmost newspapers, that we areeither careless or ignorant.

When uncertainty arises over .the spelling of a name or a word,it is better to look it up than toask someone. Peopleoften_mis-takenly thinKiris a disgrace toadmit they 4o not know some-thing, and consequently whenasked will guess at a spelling.Looking it up will also save thetime sometimes wasted in longdebates by copyreaders overcorrect spelling.

Use a PencilWhen editing or correcting

copy, use a soft pencil with athick lead (Eagle Draughting No.314), so that errors can beerased. Do NOT use a pen. Usean art gum eraser, which willremove the pencil markstut not

'the lyptng. Do not use erasabletyping paper to write newsstories.

Legibility

When copyreaders or report-. ers write in a correction on a

piece of copy, they should takepains to do it LEGIBLY. Thisapplies also to the writing oftradlines. Print, if necessary,and be careful to dispnguish'between upper- and t9(wer-caseletters..The typesetter shouldnot have to guess aboXit any long-hand correction or &Volt 4

Whenyou make a ediling cor-rectlon on a piece f copy, de itDECISIVELY; preis on the pen-cil hard enough.,so that'yourmarks are unmistkkable.

If a paragraph! requires con-siderablerevisten in longhand,

'retype it, cut the original versionout'and paste the retyped ver-sion in place. NEVER write cor-frections or-additions vertically.along the margins of the page.

Unnece'ssary Changes

New copyreaders tend tobecome drunk with tower; that

- is, they feel impelled to exercisetheir authority by makingchanges whether necessary ornot. The copyreader must havea good reason for every changehe makes.'Don't rearrangethings just Wile doing some-thing.

Re Wsinn

If a-tfporter ho backed intoa stprydhai is, has Out the impor-

. tent point OFR at the. end of thelead or somewhere else, it is the'copyreader's duty to rewrite the

1 lead. But then be sure the rest ofthe story falls into place. -

CuttingCutting stories Is an art, and

must be one with great care.Preferably, a story should^be cutfrom the bottom, and it shouldbe written in the first place sothat this can be done, that is, byleaving the least Important matter to the end. '

But this not always possible ordesirable to write the story thisway. When cutting must be donefrom the middle, the persondoing the cutting must make cer-tain he is not taking out informaHon on which sot lethIng later inthe story depend t, For example,in one Mory, des_ crtOtion ofthe-part to be taken by some ofthe speakers at a luncheon wascut out The subsequent namingof those people without any indi.cation why then made no sense.If a' story is cut anywhere but atthe end, 'it Must be READTHROUGH afterwards to makecertain it still hangs together.

,6 ideally, euttlrig, should be doneby the writer.. When striking out a word,

.draw a line firmly through it,leaving it, still legible. Do notscribble or scrub over it,because this makes erasure dif-ficult if restoration is desirablelater, is sometimes happens. Donot use;the delete mark incopyreading; this is a proofread-ing mark that Is necessarybecause corrections in reading

6, ,

proof must be made In the maregin.

Douby. theckingNo story should be.settn type

without having been copyreadby someone OTHER THAN THEWRITER, no matter 'what thewriter's position on the staff,Copyreading is done becausewriters, even the best of them,tend to be blinnd to their ownoversights. It provides a doublecheek. .

SimilarlY, no headkine shouldbe set In type without havingbeen checked, in itself andagainst the story, by someoneother than the writer of the head.Preferably such checkingshould beone by the newseditor in charge, who has overallresponsibility. Heads should bechecked again on the page proof ".to be sure they are pertinent andthat they are matched with thecorrect stories. Thi's applies also )to eutlines.

HeadlinesIt is dead-dog journalism to

announce prominently one daythat something is going to hap-pen, aqd,then follow up the nextday by sayipg It did 'happen.Headlines like this indicate, forortp thing, that the copyrea secsare not reading the paper to seehow the,previous day's storieswere ttandled.

For example, another head-line read, "Goldberg LaudsCorps." But there are number-less corps. He ivas.talking aboutthe Peace Corps, and the headshould have said so:

Another h'ead, "Professors inAgreement/On Existing Censor-

19

ship," eonveyed just theopposite or what the writer .

intended it to. The head sa id thatthe professors concur on censor-

. ship, but the story said theyagreed censorship is an evil. Ifthe' teeond lite had read "OnEvil of Censorstip" it wouldhave improved Ratters.

And still another, "USC Busi-ness School/Continues' UniqueNang was too vague. The beadshould have, Oven some Ideawhat this unicjue plat= wasinstead of referring to it ingeneral terms.

Do not use anonymous attribu-tions.in headlines in this fastOion: "University Has Improved

Professor.",This form of head-line is peernissible but only withthe name of a person that is wellenough known to be recognizable

Tests for HeadlinesTwo tests may be applied to

judge a headline. One is that aheadline should be easily

. expandable (like a telegram)into an ordinary sentence bysupplying nonessential words,such as adiclps.

The olher,is that it shoUld notbe necessary to read the story tounderstand what the headlinemeans. The fact that a headlinefits the count assigned does notmake it,acceptable; it must alsomeet other requirements. Ac-ceptability will be decided bythe news editor. Rejected head-lines must be rewritten.

Although some compromisesare, necessary to meet therequirements of small space, thebest headline is one that usesthe same language that would beused in text. Avoid slang in head-lines like nixes, fink out, stickup.

This kindunfavora' mpressipn.,

anguage makes7tin

Padding

Av6id padding headlines; that.is, including words that are-unnecessary or redundant, justto 411 out the line. For example,in "Coed Groups Elect NewSpring ()Ricers," New is obvi.ouslp padding.Now also is oftehPadiding, as in "Plans NoWUnder Way for President's Ball."

lit4adlines should be aspointed, direct, and explicit'as possible. Inexperienceacopyreaders tend to writehulhelbasket or wooden or tent:like heads like "Research Pio-glra m Appreved," or "Experts toGather," which sduld fit any ofa thousand stories. TELL WHATKIND of a research program, orbe specific in some otherrespect. But be certain the headprecisely tits the storythat itsays no more and no less thanthe story does.

Splitting

The rut* against breaking onsense-orsplitting, that'is, ending ,

a line on a preposition on the tto of an infinitive, or on)

*a mod-liter that depends on somethingin the next line, applies only tothe TOP tine of,a headline. Itdoes not apply, that is, tq the sec-ond line of a threeline lead.Decks may spljt on any line;

The rule against splitting isnot observed on the DailyTrdjan, and it is observed inediting,class lab se sions onlylong enough so th t studentslearn what a split, ead is andhow to avoid it.

/

. DeRiand.fieadsWe do noeuse so-calied

demand heads, those that kaclinsubject and start with a verb, in

. the Daily Trojan 'fExample:"Dertounees/Dry, Le?tures/By.Professors").

A deck, howdver, May -start;J With a verb as long as the'

implied subject is the same asthe ipbject thkt has been ex-

, ..pres)led &tithe main headline,Ip the example above,, the

dell( begliis with lope, a verb,.dal its subject viously is

7Cabers, the subject of the mainheed.

Rektition--

A deekmay not restate an idea,repeat O word, nor. containanother form of a word thatappears in a headline.

Example:

Resignntitt (belowl not Only istoo closely related to resigns, butalso causes the I.ast line of thedeck to bQ wasted on restatingaVdea given in the main head.

Base Heads on "pads

The headline should be basedon the .LEAD PARAGRAPH ofthe stay; It should not reachfarther down fdr its, subject. Ifthe reporter has flot placed the*Ain point of the stqry in the ,

lead, it shOuld be rewritten to doso.

This applies to hard -newsstories.'The lead of a feature'need not be based on the most.important fact, nor need it ton-

' stitute a 'summary of the story.It Is a serious error to reachdown into a harnewsstory forsome subsidiary fact,and.basethe headline on it.

rifit.iiie °F

:.Heelth Prpliotqpi"For R06100100,

21

Be SpecificHeadlines sould be specific

and conyey something mealting-N1 in themselves:

(dealing with a poll on reactionsto election results) was inane.Any poll is likely to show a van'.00 of f9elingS. The headlineshould have told what the'pre-doMinant reaction was, namely,,that the respondents ,on thewhole were disappointed withthe way the election turned oUt.Anti olgction poll is reclundant.\PastPassive Voice

News editors and copyreadersshould 'understAnd the _differ:ence between the paOte4se (or-,dinarily not used If headlines)and the passive voice, .

Take, for,example, a storyabout a special program forMusic ccitics. The headfine read

'1.

but it had been rejected because

indeed it was. passive vett init was in the paive voice; which

\a head. is to beavoided t'ittfr .

OA Lit IF AN EQUALLY 6001)HEAD CAN BE WRITTEN IN

4 THE ACTIVE VOICE. Manyheads can be writt n meaning.fully only in the pa ivelf thereis a chqce bety en a passivehead that shys something and an.active head that does ttot, as inthis instape, JUSE THEPASSIVE VOICE. A verb in -theePassive voice is.orie that acts on'the subject. In hdadlitles, theauxiliary that is necessary to puta verb in Passive fortnNin theexample, are) islUsually omitted,.but,may be stated to fill out the

. line.. .

When a headline eontains a -

past-tense time element(such asAugust in the example below)the verb. shbUld be in the past/tense: .

which says little, and worse,wholly omits the distinctivething about the storythat thegrants were made to MUSICCRITICS, .

" It turned out that thecopyreader had written a muchbetter head,

Length alinesA fairly,undorm length of line

is desirable in headlines for thesake of appearance, but do not

\..f lose sight of the-fact That THE,PURPOSE OF ;HE HEADLINEIS TO TELL AHAT IS IN THESTONY AS. SPECIFICALLY ASPOSSIBLE.

Remember, in'writing aheadTHE SENSE MUST COME

. FIRST. A unieOrm count is desir-able, within reason, but this isa mechanital consideration andis secondary. Remember this ,

principleif it is necessary to,setxt thestory to understandwhat the' It adline means, theheadline is no good. A dift;er-,bnce of as much as twe units inthe tenth of lines is allowable. -

lf one of the lines is longer, it' should preferably be the TOP

-LINE. But this Is not absoluteeQher.

Names in Headlines

'Nam6 ofpeopleShouiduot be,used in headlines, except forobitultries, 'unless44' reader ,

can'be expected to reeognIzepleat. This requires the applica-flon of judgment. A good test to ,apply whether.theheaOlinewriter recognizes themarne him-

self.Ifhedoes not, he should not -

expect the reader to. Whatnames are recognizable de-pends.0.11 the audience a tfewl-paper reaches,

The name Hoover becamesomewhat ambiguous for head,/line purposes because thirewere two extremely well-known,'Hoovers, Herbert and J. Edgar.Even -in _an.Qbituary headline, acharafterization !nigh; well bepreferable to a namek for exam-pie, "Retired professor" would

n "). Willardtell more tFrothinkhan

The general rule for the `useof abbreviations in headlines isthat they !pay. be used only thesame way as in text. Names ofdays (Tues.', Wed.) may notibeabbreviated; nor may names ofmonths (Jan., Feb.) unless fol-lowed by a date. L.A., S.F.,and U.S. are permissible, how-ever. Headline Writers mayfreely switch between figuresand words, disregaling the rulethat governs text.

R

Attribution in HeadlinesIf a headline is based on a

speech, or 'statement' thatt-COn-.1titutes a prediction, evaluation,or other form oft:10110n, it mustbe attributed, That is, the head-line,must clearly indicate that!'the'statement is omeone else'sIdeV. Stating opinion .flatlyin a headline, common error,gives the reade he impressionthat It is fact, or that the DailyTrojan believes it to be fah.

Subheads

Subherts shotild be placed4

between paragraphs at regularintervals about 15 lines apart,-o ad should always be more thanone word. 'the best subhead islike a headline; it contains a sub-ject and a verb ( "New TestsNeeded") but it may be a label,("New Addition") and unlike aheadline, it may begin with averb o'tarns Degrees;')."Subheads* are Written by the 'copyreader est he edits the copy,If, when a story is 61aced in thepate, it wraps in such a way that3' subhead comes to near thebottom or the top of the segrrientof the story in a given eoiumn,the subhead' should be struckout. The subbead preferably ,

should be based on .the Infra.graph immediately beneath,rather than on something lowerdown.

The purpose of subheads is tobreak up a story and make itmore attractive to the reader by -giving it a more open. appear-ance. Subheads shoUld notexpresS opinions or points oCview without attribution, any'more than headlines or text.Csual:y quotation marks takecatte of this (Witness Lied").

0 .

University Identiticationlathe Daily Trojan, we Can usu-

ally assume that people andactivities are part of the univer-sity unless otherwise identified.Example: a headline that read,"USC Dean Sees/Cultural,Changes." Not only was (SCunnecessary, but it used upspace that could have made theheadlino more specific..Thereare many deans at USC, but thiswas th'e dean of the School of

. Music, and thus the headlinewould have beat improved if ithad said "Music Dean..."

Checking Headlines

Every headline in the papermust be checked by the newseditor in charge to see that it

accurately reflects the slob, andthat it is typographically correct.This is one 'of the news editor'sprincipal responsibilities.

no headline shouldbe set In type without hayingbeen checked, In itself' and.against the story, by someone

it other than th ....writer of the head.Preferbbl) such 'checkingshould be' done by the newseditor in charge, who has overallresponsibility. Reads should bechecked again on the page proofto be sure they arepertinent andthat they are mt,t1hed with the.correct stories: /his applies alsoto cutlines.

Introducing ErrorsSome of the errors in the Daily

Trojan would not have appearedif the stories had not beencopyread. That is, copyreaders

24

often INTRODUCE errors, b9,careless ess or ineptitUde Ormisdirec ed zeal.

Abov all, copyreaders mustSTAY ALERT. We once had aheadline that read,'"Comparty/To honor/Two Coeds." But the-coeds' " names, as given in thestory, were Carl Burnett and WU:Liam Barraclough.

Holdover Proofsholdover copy (copy that is

still alive but did not get into the,paper) must be read drefullyfor several reasons: first, todecide whether it is still good ormast he killed: second, to cor-rect time:elements, and third, to

correet ptofreading errors thatmay not have been caught.

flylines'-

Editors should exercise carein giving bylines. Theee are, ingeneral, two reasons for 6ylines,One is to reward &reporter fora superior, performance. Theother is to identify the writer asthe author of opinion expressed'in special columns and 'inreviews of performances. Indis-criminate use of bylinesdevalues them. Bylines may beawarded C'd'rly by' the editor orthose to whom the authority todo so has been delegated. .

tists of NamesWhen publishing tong lists of

names, break them into,,pargraphs of three or four lineseach, and simply continue thelisting, ending each paragraphwith a period. Do NOT begin suc-cessive paragraphs in such a listwith such devices as "21150 ..." or"Others named..." or something

4

of thiS kind. These devices oftesuggest that the people namedare being ranked or classified,or that some are more irnportanthan others.

In publishing such lists, as forexample the Dean's List, specialcare should be taken at everystage to be curtain none of thenames have been omitted. Suchlists are usually divided accord-ingtolettersofthealpipbetand'

4s, some segments may be left outowing to carelessness.

QuotationsCopyreaders should NEVER

- transform indirect quotations incopy into direct quotations,thisleads to misstatements and tojuikified indignatiorton the partonheterson being quoted. Thewriter ofthe story is the only onewho knows exactly what thespeaker said and what he him-self has paraphrased. Whendirect quotes are shortened,great caresmust be taken not todistort or give a misleadingimpression of what was said. Ingeneral, compressing directquotes is a dangerous business,

Obvious lapses in grammarshould be corrected. Iran impor-tant factual misstatement ismade in a direct quotation, thetrue state of affairs may bepointed out by the reporter in asucceeding, perhaps paren-thesized, statement, or by aneditor's note.

Copyreaders and proofread.ers should doublecheck to en-sure that quotations both openand close; that is, that the quo-tation marks are not left off ei-ther end.

Do not repeat attributions of'a speaker in a continuing directquotation. After once specifyingDr. Jones said, simply continue

withithk4uotation. If the samequol'ati runs to more than oneparagraph, lesve' the quotationmarks off the arias of all but thelast paragraph;but use them atthe tieginningof each paragraphoof the contipuing quotation.

9

Leuers.to the Editor

Everything that appears itithepaper requires editing for con-

. formity to style (except, ofcourse, direct quotations frombooks and otheePhblications).This applies to contributed columns and letters to the editor.letters that are gibberish (bfwhich we have printed anumber) should,'be rejectedentirety. Return them' to theauthor with a polite note askinghim if/iv. can restate his ideasmore clearly (or more briefly, asthe case may bey

USQ a standard format andty pography for the signatures(JOSEPH BLOW, Senior, Econo-mics). When a letter refers tosomethingin a'previous edition,look the material up'and insertthe date of the issue (DailyTrojan, Oct. 4) after the referencein the letter.Letters should have misspell-ings corrected as well as stylisticdeviations. There Is a tendencyto let letters run too long. Theysho-uld be cut in accordance withtheir interest.

Do not allow letter writers torefer mistakenly to a cplumn ora news story as an "editorial."Correct the identification,

Do not carry letters over thename of an organization (e.g.,Trojan Knights); require thename of someone acting andidentified as a''spokesman forthe organization.

25

Do not permit a letter Writerto address some person orOrganization directly by saying"you"; change it to the third per-On, e.g., "the marching band,""it," "he." The only exception isa comment directed at the editorhlinself, since of cotiNe letters

the editor pre letters to theitor.It is best, as in ordinary head-

lineS, to avoid stating an accusaLion or a controversial concluMon taken from a letter in theheading over the letter. Suchstatements, as in ordinary head-lines, require attribution, e.g.,"University Going to Dogs" vs."UniversityCritleized," By flatlystating an opinion I4n a letterh7tuding the newspaper takes ameasure of responsibility for it,or appearto concur in it.

s

NumbersStories containing numberS

require particular care. ICa totalis broken doss!) into figures thatadd up to it, the reporter -andcopyreader should carefullycheck and see that the figuresactuplly do make that total. If aperson's age and year of birthare both given in a ittiry, thedates should be checked at allstageswriting, copyreading,proofreadingto ensure thatthey correspond properly. Per-

26

centages should be worked outto ensure that they are accurate.Don't take anythIngsfe)r granted;mistakes are very common.

Urging AttendanceSuch statements as "All

interested are urged to attend"or "All students and facultymembers interested areinvited" sholild be edited. Ifpeople are interested, they willattend. Say simplP; The publicis invited"; or "Faculty andstudents are inved." The DailyTrojan should ,ot put Rid!' inthe position of urgingattendance.

Nor, ordinarily, should thereader be addressed directly("You can.get the informationfrom ..."). Similarly, n2vsstories do not call for the use ofwe ("We can vote as we please"),referring to the readers of thepaper, or referring to the UnitedStates ("We took the positionthat..."). Be impersonal in newsstories.

Choppy Modifiers"The woman, unmarried,lived

alone," illustrateichoppy inser-f'tion of a modifier. itie sentenceis too abrkipt and condensed

Better; "The woman, who wasunmarried, lived alone?!'

PICTURE§

The only way to prevent errorsand inconsistencies-A, cutlinesis for the writer to have fullknowledge of the story the pic-ture accroMpanies,, Preferably,cutlines should be done by thewriter of the story. If this is notfeasible, the writer of the cut-lines must rmi the accompany-ing story. Errors in cutlinetoften result when they are writ-ten in the office after the accom-panyincopy has been sent tocomposition, and the informa-tion available about the pictdreis sketchy and inadequate.

A reporter should be sent outwith a photographer on everyassignment to get the identifica-tion of the people in the picture.The reporter should then writethe cutlines, with the assistanceas necessary of 2. copyreader oreditor. If a storyraccoMpa'niesthe picture,,breferably thereporter writing the story shouldget the-identifications. Thereporter is responsible for thecorrect spelling and correctsequence of the names. Picturesattract a great deal of attention;and accuracy here is of theutmost importance.

Ishotographers not accom-panied by reporters must beintructed to get full qnd correctidentifications of the people inthe pictures they take.

Photographers should beinstricted NOT TO REVERSEpictures when making pririts.This leads to reversing the Iden.tiftcations, which usually Prenoted down when the picture istaken. Every print must beexamined by a responsibleeditor before the plate is madeto ensure that. the order of theidentifications in the cutlines iscorrect,'

Every identifiable person in apicture MUST BE IDENTIFIED

' in the cutlines. Be certain theorder Is correct and that thenames are spelled right. Cut-lines must be checked carefullyat every stage of the publicationprocess, all the way through tothe page prbot

Remember that if cutlines arewritten from a negative, theorder of the figures in the plc-lure is the opposite of what theywill be when the picture appearsin the paper;thatis, what is leftto right in the negative willbecome rightp left in the paper.

27

When writing eutlines,say**frOrn left or at left; not (I) or (1.0.

. When some people in a picture'are seated and others are stand-ing, it is well to iclentiry them bythis fact ("from left, seatedrather than by saying bottthtt andtop. bottom and top are moreappropriate when there arethree rows or more: "bottomrow, from left ..; middle tor sec-ond) row ...; top row ..."

Do pot mix up present-tenseverbs and past time-elements inthe same sentence in cutlines;

.* Example: "Mary Smith oflare-mont tosses a snowball while13111 Jones scoops up a handfulof snow as they frelic on Mt.Baldy yesterday." Either changethe tosses and scoops to tossed andscooped, or put yesterday in thenext sentence, where it will notconflict with verbs in the pre-sent tense.

When writing run-ins for cut- 1lines, do not repeat what is inthe headline. Soinetimes we get,thp same idea served up in thesame words in headline, cut-lines, and lead.

No picture should bereproduced in a large sizeunless it is of excellent quality.By blowing up-poor pictures we

28

unnecpssarily rail attention totheir low quality.Creipitig

Pictures should be cropped(that is; trimmed) to eliminateunessentials and to fOcus atten-lion,on the subject. Cut out deadand meaningless expanses ofskyor foregroulid Don't leave some-one's shoulders or the back ofhis head protruding into the pic-ture; cut into the sIdaof the nextfigure, if necessary, to eliminatepeople you do not want to depict.If the cropping Inust be done bythe photographer In making theprint, he should be fully in-stiucted on this point, and hiscropping should be byan editor before the print from*which the plate will bb made isdeveloped. ,

When mug (or head) shots arerun side by side, the head sizesshould be the same,-or as nearlythe same as,possible. Disparatehead'tizes create a poor effect.Further, the'heads should bepositioned similarly within thepicture. Leave a little spaceabove the head in cropping a. mug shot. A mug shot, usuallyshould be no more than one col-

,

umn wide.

PROOFREADING

.Sometimes there is uncer-tainly about what kihd of correc-tions may be made on proofs.,Editing, involving choice of .

4 words, changing construction ofsentences, and the like should.be performed ON THE COPY,not oh rrodfs.

Technically, onlymistakesmade in setting the type shouldbe corrected in reading proof.But as-a practical matter anyerror such as a misspelled wordor name, SHOULD `BE OA.RECTED,on proofs evbn if theerror was not caught in editing,the copy. Do. not make correc-tions involving changes in ,sen,fence structure on the proof,

Ordinarily, do NOT correctstyle errorsabbi.eviations,capitalizationon prooe-Thisshould be done on the copybefore the type is set. The ruleto apply in this case is do not cor-reit unless the error is of a kindth %t vould be noticed by thereader. .

Proofreaders should remem-,;ber that when an erroi is marked 'on proof, the compositor resetshot just the wrong letter or word,but the wholelipe, or, if addi-

I .

. tjorial words are introduced, asmuch its the whole paragraph.

ConseOtte ntly, it is possible forthe compositor to,Correct theerror, but at the same time toMake, a new error in anotherword. When.corrected proofs arebeing checked, therefore, it isnot enough to check jdst theerig-inal error, lt,is necessary to readthe whole paragraph in whichthe error occurred. A checkshould alio be made to ensurethat, corrected lines have beenput in the right place, and thatnothing has been omitted.,

When. pagb -proofs arechecked, the end of every storymust be checked to see that thelast .sentence ends, and that aline has not been dropped:

Jumps must be checked to seethat they leer to the right pageand also that they read acrossfrom the front page to the jumppage.

When a story wraps from onecolumn to the next,'a careful

'reheeksbould be made on pageproof to ensucelhat the text fol-lows properly from the bottomof one column to the top of thenext. All'too often lines.areomittesiat.this point. .

29

Cuttirses thould be reatwordfor word on page proofs as a finalcheek to see that-they arematched with the right pictures,and also to sefethat they cor-rectly identify the people pic-tured.

One of the things proofreader(and copyreaders) should keepsharp watch for is quotationsthat open and fail to close, orclose and fail to open.

Division of words at the ends- oflines is done by the computer,

30

, sometimes iiitorreetly. If wordsare inceXrectly divided,CORRECTIONS MUST BEMADE.If there is any doubtwhere the word divides,CONSULT THE incrtraity.For example, achVevemmer and executive ore incorre t

;divisions. Correctly, achieve -,merit, form -er, exec-utive (or ex.ecurive). Division into syllablesIn diction entries isindicated by h yy dots.

STY

All staff members, beginningwith reporters, are expected tomaster these principles jind tofollow them scrupulously inwriting and editing copy for theDaily Trojan and also for class-work:

The aim has been to make, thestylebook a%simple and consis-tent as possible, The purpose ofa stylebook Is not to impose a far-raigo of arbitrary aid superflu-ous rules on staff members, butrather to simplify the Job ofwrit-ing and "editing, and to ensureconsistency in such things ascapitalization and.abbrevlation.This helps to give our readersthe impression $4,v4cnow what weare doing.

This stylebook does not go intogrammatical questions. If onearises, consult Perrin's Writer'sGuide and Index to English, whichwill:be found in the JournalismLibrary. It Is a good book, Inci-dentally, for anyone In journal-ism, public ielations, or relatedfields of study to own, togetherwith a desk dictionary, such asWebster's Seventh New CollegiateDictionary, the American CollegeDictionary, or the New WorldDictionary. Pocket, dictionariesare virtually useless except for

E110,0Ki

spelling.To make this stylebook easy; to

consult on specific points, eachparagraph has been numbered.In the index at the end of thishandbOok, entries referring tothese paragraphs are given Anparentheses. Numbers not inparenthetes refer to pages.

Capitalization

Capitalize:(1) All formal and official titles

standing before a name: Pres'.dent Hubbard, SuperintendentMaloy, Sheriff Armbruster, prof.Caldwell, Coach Wilson.

() DO NOT capitalize titlesthat appear AFTER a name, orthat stand alone, or as apposi-tines: George MaloY, superinten-den t ofschools: Arthur Wilson, pro-lessor of history. Legislatorsshould be Identified by partyand constituency in this manner:Sen. Edward Brooke (D-Mass.);Assemblyman Alan Sieroty (DBeverly Bills).

(3) There are some exceptionsto the rule of not capitalizingtitles when they stand alone:President and Chief Executive Inreference to the President of the

United Sates are uniformlyeap. ,

itallzed. Capitalize First glidy,but not presidential.

(4) Coach and chairman are. consideted titles and are,

capitalized when they stand assuch before the name: ClutchJoseph Blow; Chairman RenaRowe,

(5) DO NOT use nor capitalizeso-call&I occupational pr falsetitles: actress Candice Bergen;steeluiorker Herman Armstrong.Place such designationsBEHIND the name, as apposi-tives: Candice Bergen, the actress;Herman Armstrong, a steetworker.

Avoid the hybrid of false titleand appositive that is even,worse than the false title:4"Summer courses will be taughtby visiting lecturb(, HarveyJones." Correct: "will be taught1:7 a visiting teclurer, HarveyJones." (or by Harvey lanes, a vis-iting lecturer).

Do not use such illiterate con-structions as Ile was sitcom-panied by wife Louise" ("by hiswife, Louise"); "They were metby old friend Herman Aardvark"("by their old friend, HermanAarrivark").

(6) In general, we use the upstyle fot capitalization, whichmeans that we capitalize thegeneric term as well as thespecific proper name'. Worn-pier, Mississippi River, RoovvettSchool (not Mississippi liver,Roosevelt school).,Thit3 ptinCipleapplies to names addifesigna-lions of all kindscommittees,buildings,geographical features(Stonewall Mountain); and figura-tive appellations (Trojan Horse,the Cardinal and Gold,. Old

el) Otherwise, we follow gener-.pity accepted practice in'tizapitalization. If you 'are indolt) about some term, took it

up In the diCtionary (there Is aWebsteri Unabridged In thenewsroom), and if the term Isdescribed as usu. cap. (usuallycapitalized), CAPITALIZE it,Capitalize subdivisions of thegovernment: Congress, House,Senate, Legislature, Assembly,Depirtment of Commerce.SuperiorCourt, etc.

(8) Therd are two problems ofcapitalization that give par.fibular trouble on a universitycpmpus. One relates to thenames of studies or r curses.They, are. NOT capitalizedUNLESS they are languages:journalism, mathernatics,politicalscience,French,English,Greek; orfinless the course number,appears with them: Philosophy , j;110. In other instances when a J:wont Modifies a number, ,Scapitalize the word: Boom 110;Division 8, No, po notcapitalize names of degreeswhen spelled out: dactor ofphilosophy, master of artsalthough ordinarily,these are Iabbreviated (Ph.D., M.A., etc.):*

(9) The other problem relatedto names or aubdivisions`of tluniversity. In cbnforMity withour general rule, wecapitallethese uniformly: School ofJeUr-nalisni, English Depailmeni,College of Letters,Arfs, and Sci-eilees, Division of humanities.(10) Some localisnis are

capitalized: the Raw,,. otithernCalifornia. But not utt,lVerSjillstanding alone, in reference tothis or any triversity, Capitalize .

Judicial in reference tn.Men's (or.Women's) Judicial. Make it VonKleinSmid Center (VgC- should be "-used In heacliknes only); bUt Dr.(or Chancellor) Rufus ft. von(small v) KleinSmicl.*ake it BayArea, Southland, Make it Daily ,

Trojan. in text (DT in headlines

only). Caltech may be used afterCalifornia Institute of Technologyhas been named in full, Make itBlack Students Union (no apos-trophe),

(11) We capitalize these terms,which sometimes cause uncer-tainty: North, South, tast, West(and Northwest, etc.) in referenteto sections of the coubtry, as wellas adjectives derived from them:Northern abolitionists, Southerncooking. Make it East Coast, WestCoast. Also capitalize the Westill reference to the non-Communist world; the'East inreference to the Orient, Butsouthern Los Angeles, easternMorning. Other terms: Negrd,Black (in:reference to race),Chicano, Red in the senseCommunist. Make it Vietnam,Vietnamese. Capitalize SelectiveService,Social Security, Medicare,Communist (in reference to the'party or a member thereof, butCOIrttrittttiStri, the philosophy;similarly, Democratic, 'per-taining to the party, butdemixralic in the philotophicalsense); Army, Air Force, Navy,Marine Corps; but a marine, asailor, a soldier,

(MIa) We DO NOT CAPI-TALIZE these terms; adminis-tratipn, the churth, federal,federal government, nation,mass, communion (services),names of seasons (spring, fall,spring semester, fall semester),not these designations unlessthey stand before the name astitles: pope, pontiff, king; queen,any more than any other titlestanding alone,

Abbreviations

(12) ADDRESSES areabbreviated in this style: 11 E.72nd SC Abbreviate St., Ave., ,

Blvd., Rd., Ter., andbr. in addres-ses; spell out Point, Port, Circle,',Plaza, Place, Lane. In referencesito a street other than in anaddress with a street number,spell-out the generic term t,(street, etc.) (We drove alongSunset Boulevard (NOT SunsetBlvd.); a crowctgathered at MainStreet and 3rd Avenue (NOTMain St...and 3rd Ave.)

(13)Omit the periods in upper-case abbreviations like FHA .1

-and CIA. DO NOT coin suchabbreviations, for example, bycondensing English Communici-Hon P rogramfor Foreign Studentsto ECPFS, or the (UCLA) Boardof Governors to BOG. SuchabbreviatiOns are unreadable.Call the ECPFS the program andthe. Board bf Governors theboard. This kind of abbreviationhas kecome a fad in newspapers,but it is something to avoid, notto copy. Obviously familiar

t abbreviations like USC (this isthe accepted form, not SC), FHA,and UCLA are acceptable.

(14) Use the forms OK, OK's,OK'd. These wilt ordinarilyoccur only in headlines and notin text except in quoted matter.

(15) Use periods with lower-c'ase abbreviations if theabbreviations form words,otherwise not c.o.d., f.o.b., butmph, mm. Lower-case and useperiods with a.m. and p,m.

(16) Abbreviate the names ofstates ONLY when they followthe names of cities: Fullerton,

Calif; but the state of Califortita,(NOT state of Calif.). Note thatCalif. is the form ofthe abbrevia-tion. If you are uncertain of theform of any other abbreviation,LOOK IT UP. Don't guess. Spellout United States as a noun; U.S.is OK as a modifier (U.S. foreignpolicy).

(17) DO NOT use abbreviationsto designate buildings on thecampus or its' adjuncts. This uni-versity is too big for that; theabbreviatiofts only confusereaders and force thent to lookup what they riteatr'SAC may beused for Student Activities Centerin htildfinf's only. Make it Stu.

, dent.d4ctivities Center patio: Acomplete list of university build-ings and abbreviations !Ito befound in the Campus Directory.In campus bullAttlgs, rooms areidentified it thil style: VonKieinSrn(d Center 200; Adminis-tration (not Bovard) 349. ButRoom 400, City Hall.

(18) Academic degrees occur. in our columns frequently. Usethern,in this style: B.A. (or A.B.),M.D M.A., Ph.D., LL.M, etc,

(19) Abbreviate company withitie name of the company: theMay Co. likewite corporation(Corp.) and association (Assn.) T''

(20) .. Abbreviate tit ea'uniformly WHEN TREY ST DBEFORE THE NAME: Sen..Georgt Roberts, Sen. Roberts,Prof. Andrews, Gen. McTavish.Commonly occurring titles andtheir abbreviations: Sen., ReP.,Prof., Gen., Lt., Capt., Maj., CoL,Adni., Comdr., Gov., Lt. Gov.,Strpt Atty Gen. Abbreviate_,,. ..... ,..,

titles with both full name andwith last name alone.

Do douse fir, except for medi-'cal (physicians, dentists,veteri dans). Make itily,aliqm..

34

Jones, professor of anthropology;on first mention; thereafter,Jones/ Do not give profesprialrank (assistant professor, as-sociate professor, professor) un-less necessary. Often reportersget it wrong. Simply refer to aprofessor of any rank as Prof.(Smith). When it is necessary togive the rank, check it first in theCampus Directory.

Prof standing atone is OK in, headtines but not in text. Avoid

instructor as a synonym for,teacher or professor; instructor isa rank in the teaching hierarchy,next below assistant professor.

(21) Do not abbreviate Presi-dent as a title. Preaident (NOTPres.) Roosevelt.

(22) Do not abbreviate any titlethat comes after a name, or isused as an appositiverRoger.Jones, professor of history (NOTprof, of history); William Ander.son, executive assistant (NOT

'executive usst.).(23) The title Rev. is eschirce

of endless misuse. Let us sim-plify matters by applying WI°Protestant clerymeri only with

. Aleut ion .of the full name: Xev.(or the Rev.) John Jories. There-after, make it Atr..10130.1 (with lastname alone). Designate priestsrather, rabbis Rabbi. NEVERrefer to a priest Or a rabbi as Mr.'.

(24) The use of Mr. is anothersource of connision. We do notrefer to anyone as gr. with thefollowing exceptioifs: a clergy-man, as described above;'thePresident of the United States;the subject of an obituary; andsuch designations as Mr. and Mrs.Richard Rqe.

Whether the designation Ms. isused in the Daily Trojan,%,erwhether women are referred to 'by their last names alone, is left

to the discretioa of the 'editor.(25),Names of months are

abbreviated when dates aregiven, WI' NOT OTaltRVVISE:Dec. 24, 1964 but lett Decemberwe went... (NOT last Dec. we'went...). Do not abbreviateMarch, April, May, June, or July.Do not give the current year ina date unless a distinction isnecessary. ,

(26) Days of the week are notabbreviated in ordinary text or,,headlines: next Wednesday, notnext Wed.

Punctuation(27)Thislection will deal only

with a few points that causerecurrent trouble. General prin-ciples of punctuation areexpounded at length in Perrin'sWriter's Guide and Index to Eng-lish, a book in the JournalismLibrarY.

(28) Quotation marks go out-. side periods and commas, end'Inside colons and semicolons.This is a matter.of Americanprinting praptice. `British prac-tice puts the quotes insideperiods and-commas.

(29) When quoted materialruns into More than one para-graph, leave quotes ()tithe endsof all paragraphs exceptThe last,

begin each succeedingparagraph withmarks. (This applieso. to theuse of parentheseS in extended.Parenthetical material.)

(30) Use quotation marksaround:

Direct quotations (the exactwords of the speaker), and titlesof speeches or lectures or pro-grams. Use italics (indicated byunderlining) for titles of books,movies, TV programs, plays,poems,'musical compositions,periodicals, 'and foreign words.

Using italics correctly with dienames of classical compositions

is a tricky business, and requiressome acquaintance with music.Qv not italicize Beethoven'sSymphon No. 5 (there are manysymphonies, as there are manystring.quartets, sonatas, concer-tos, and other standard' forms).if in doubt, call up someone whoknows; in this case, someone ip

' the School of Music.(31) Excessive usp of quotation

marks is one of the worst vices.of journalistic writing. Don'tapologize for slang or for col-loquialisms by Putting 'quotesaround them; if the terms fit thecontext or suit the needs of thestory, use them without apology.

(32) Avoid the so-called fra46mentary qupte; that is, quotinga word or two of what a speakerhas said. Do not put single wordin quotakion Marks 35 directquotes; there is no way for thereader to tell whether the quoteis direct 6n apologetic. When youquote someone in a story, evenfragmentarily, do so at least tothe extent of a half-dozen wordsor more, and preferably in acomplete sentence.

(33) Direct quotations addinterest to'a story, but do notquote just for the sake of quot-ing. That is, be certain that whatis quoted has some special inter-est. It is stupid, for example, todirectly quote soreeone on thetime whena meeting will beheldor some other commonplacefact. Use indirect quotation an_dattribution instead.

Dashes and 141110-is

(34) The dbsh is formed oathetypewriter by striking thehyphen twice: The dashseparates; the hyfihen joins. Ifyou do not know the differencebetween the hyphen and the

35

dash, learn it. The common error'is to misuse, the hyphen fot thedash, especially in headlines'.

(35) Many common prefixesand suffikes are not hyphenated.This question can be solved byconsulting the dictionary. i'10this before jamming in anunnecessary hyphen.

OM The following prefixes areset solid (no hyphen):

a, ante, anti, bi, by, co, cou nter,down, electro, extra, hydro,hyper, in, infra, mai, mid, multi,non, out, over, pan, post, pre, re,semi, sesqui, sub, super, supra,trans, it'', ultra, under, up.(There is a uniforni exceptionwhen a capitalized\word followsan ordinarily solid Orefix: non-Cominunist, post-Victorian)

(37) The following prefixes arehyphenated:

all-, exl, no-, off-, self:, vice-.(38) Th4 following suffixes are '

down, told, goer, less, like,over,' wide, wise.

(39) The following suffixes arehyphenated:

.-designate, -elect, -in, -odd,'-off, -on, -to, -up.(4/) The hyphens are wrong in

such constructions as "Tkebdilding cost $12-milllon";','Theboy was 12-years:old." But: "A$124tillion building9;.'"A 12-year -old bay." 'Make it from 2 to4 p.m. (not from° 2,4 p.m.); butApril 6-0 (that is, April 6 through9).

N tint be rs

(41)Alrept as noted below, usefigures far the numbers 10 and rs

larger; spell out smajler num-bers, both cardinals and Ordi-nals. Niimbers combined withfxsictiOns (51/4, 9%) are alwaysgiven in figures, regardless of

.

si , and this is true also of de-mats: 7.3, 2.64. Scores, votes,

h use, street, and phone num-bers are always given in figlires,regardless of size. If two min,-bers In a sentence cross the di-Acting line (e.g., 9 or lb) use fig-ures for both. These rules do notapply to headlines, where lig-ures and words 'may be inter-changed freely to make lines fit. 'Never start a sentence with afigure, regardless 'of its size;awl' it out (Sixty -six students'will ...). If the figure Is large, usesome such device as 11A total of960 students-..." (rather than,_

: "960students" qr"Nlrie hundredand sixty students").

f shibn: $2 billion,(42) ksumsotid large sums of

money in this$18.millicin. D npt combine .words and figures for numbersbelow the million mark: 400,000,30,000, NOT 400 thousand, 30

thousand. Use the percent sym-bol (%) in preference taper centor percent, dive sums of moneyand time of &Win this style: $10,50 cents, 9 a_ .m. (NOT$10.00, $.50,9:00,a.m.). Make-it 8 p.m. today(not tonight, which iaredundant)or at 8 tonight.

(43) Use the canma with fourdigit numbers and lifter: 1,215(not 175). ,.

Spelling

(44) There is only one princi-ple to apply W spelling, and thatis; Either you are 'absolutely cer-tain a word is correctly spelled,OR YOU LOOK IT UP: Nothingcasts discredit on a newspaperlike rnisspellings quality,ofwriting, the enterprise in report-ing, the artistic sense and newsjudgment shown in makeup allgo for nothing if the paper con-tains misspelled words, which

36

'strike the reader as an indica-tion of igriorance to general.

(45) Spelling is the responsi-bility of the' reporter in the firstinstance, but-it should bechecked all along the line; par-

; ticularly names and words thatare unusual. A reporter shouldnever take down a name, eventhe commonest withOut alkinghow it is spelled There are vari-ous ways of sp ling some ofthem, for exempt Katherine,Kathryn, Catherine; nn, Anne;Linda, Lynda. Avoid referring topeople by nicknames or clipped

'forms: Mike, Al.(46) Names of the members of

the staff of the university MUSTBE CRICKED in the CainpusDirectory, the red-bound phonebook a copy of which is avallable,7in the city room. Some namesthat frequently appear give spe-cial trouble:

kir ,Dr. Totton J. Anderson (NOTTotten).

ne Rufus von KI-61nSmid(precisbly in this form).

Dr.'Carl Q. Christol (NOT Cris-, tol).

Dr. Edward N.p'Neil (NOTO'Neill)., Dean Joan Schaefer (NOT.,

Schaeffer, Schaffer, Shaffer).Childs (NOT Child's) Way.Sen. Fulbright (NOT

Fullbright).NEVER allow a name to

appear with one initial (J.Doakes); use full first name(John Doakes), first name andmiddle initial (John W. Doakes),three full names (John WilsonDoakes) or two initials (J.W.Doakes). The form chosenshould he that used by the ownerf the name.In general, delete-rnidaie

tials and middle names rroa the `names of, students as given in

press releates an& the like, butnot from the names of nonstu-dents. Names of university staff,members should follow theforms given in the Campus Di-rectory.

'the University Senate is nokinger In existence; it' has beensuperseded by:the FACULTYSENATE, I's the School 5fJour.nalism, NOT Journalism De-

. partment,(17) Name of students should

'be checked in the student diree-tory or the bound books of IBMregistration sheets that arereadily available in the office ofthe vice president of student'affairs In the Student Union.

(48) Be certain titles of staff,reembeits are correctly given.Students should generally beidentified by class and major'Joseph Blow, economicssenior). /

(49) TI)checking of spelling,especially of unusual names orterms, should extend all.the wayto proofreading.

(50) In general, we use tradi-tional ortonventional spellingswhen there, is a choice: cigarette(not cigaret), employee (notemploye). Make It theater ,ingeneral references; but Slop GOTheatre.

(51) Alumnus is male, alumnaandaturnnae(pluraDare female,Us alumni for males or for a!nix roup.

(52) Misspellings and Confu-sions.

The following list of misspell-ed and confused words shouldbe mastered. The brief defini-

' lions given here are intended toillustrate distinc(,ions, not tosubstitute for the fuller exposi--tion in a dictionary.

accept, except. To accept is to'

receive ("accept an ap-pointment"); to except is toexclude ("freshmen were

I excepted froth the rule").oaccorn moda te (not acconto-

,date).achieve (not acheive).

( adviser (preferred spelling;not

affect. Often 'contused witheffeFt: /Wee( is always a verb,except !for a specialiied use as.a noun in piychology that israrely found in writing aimed ata general audience. Affect, then,means to ipflitene: "the moonafTects f;:jject, as a verb,means-to accomplish: "effect acompromise; effect a solution."effect as a noun means influence,residt: "the scolding' had no'effect on him; the effect was con;fusion"- Never affect in this eomnection.

allege (not aliedge).all right.(not alright; though

this form is now recognized byWebster Ill, the two-word formgreatly predominatesand is thusstill preferable).

slnpint, (not annoint).asioliae (not assinine) though

ass (donkey, jackass, blockhead)and asinine are related.

as far as. Requires completionby is concerned or goes: "as faras the money is concerned."

barbiturate (not !whit wife).bass-. The musical term: bass

viol, bass part. Often confusedwith base, meaning low,depraved: base conduct.

boundary (not botidry).calendar (not calendor).capital, capita The capital is

the city ("The capital of California is Sacramento");the capitolis the building ("thevdome of thecapitol").

chaise longue (not chaise

lounge,,though this form is rec-ognized by some dictionaries.Chaise longue was ol iginallyFrench for long chair.)

herds. See cords, chords.141E; See sight,Compliment, complement. To

compliment is to praise. ("Ilicomplimented me on my Frenchaccent." )._To complement is toconiplete or fill out. ("The tansweater complemented her out-fit").

congratulate. Invariably mis-pronounced cony radutate, forsome mysterious reason, overthe air, and therefore sometimesthus misspelled.

consensus. Usually misspel-.led coi-7-icerisus,

cords chords. Most often con-fusiTThIFFexpression vocalcords (not ehords, the musicalterm( for a harmonious patternof tones).

idtsauSLcieigrless. The form ofthe expression, long since acliche; could careless reverses itssense.

dairy. A place wheremilk isprocessed; often confused withdiary,a personal record of dailydoings.

develo (not developer thoughWe stet fi recognizes this var-iant).

diminution (not climinition, anerror prompte# by the influ-ence, apparently, of diminish) ordimunition.ail at (not dispel).ecstasy (not eestacy).effect See affect.ace] (not excell).excy_pt_. See accept, except.eitra_t4 (not exhihrate).existence (Flot existance; also

existent, nonieristent).exorbitant (not exhorbitunt).extol (not e.r4P1).

.ettyberant (not exhuberant).fictitious (not Act icions).firatcane... The ekpression is

"first, come, first served"; not"first come, first serve," which ismeaningless;

Rau ;Often, confused withflout, To flaunt is to displayostentatiously.("He flaunted hislearning"). To flout is to defy.("He flouted the la* by speed.ing").

fluorenent (not flourescent;the word is detived from

fluorine). . .

$ra.minar (not grammer).Frisly, Often confused with

grizzly. Grisly means horrible:"the dead were 'a grisly. sight."Grizzly is an adjective meaninggray, though the usual form Isgrizzled. '

harass (not harass).height, (not heighth,'an error

that is probably traceable tomistironunciation).

hoard, horde. Sometimes con-fused. A hoard is a hjdden sup-ply or something stored up ("ahoard of gold"); as a verb, theword means to make such anaccumulation. A horde is athrong or swarm ("a horde ofinsects").

hypocrisy (not hypoc racy).idiosyncrasy (not idinsyncra-

cy).imply, infer. Often confused.

To imply is to suggest, hint at:("He implied we were dishon-es(.Y) To infer is to draw a con-clusion: ("We inferred that hedid not trust us.") Only thespeaker can imply, only thehearer can infer,

inasmuch as (not in as muchas).

infer. See imply, infer.inoculate (not intioculate)._interfere4 (not interferred).irregardtess. Generally consi-

dered an error for regardless,though recognizedkby Webster

its, it's. Perhaps the common-est, as well as the most ignorantof confusions. Its means belong-ing to it. ( "The cat was licking itsfur"). It's tlfe,contraction forit 'is ("It's a fine day").

fudgment (preferred spelling;not judgement).

kick off. A wornout ktereotypeforbegin,open, Leave it to foot-ball.

la. .v Past tense of lie ("We layon the grass"not laid).

lead; Led Lead (pronouncedteed):: a verb meaning conduct,direct ("Lead me to your takttrr"Lead us nbt into temptation");as a noun (pronounced led), it isthe name of a metal. Led is thepast teose of lead, the verb ("Ledout ofelhe darkness"). Thus thepast of mislead is misled.

mate(not legitamate).kg= (not liason).libel, liable. There is no

excuse for journalists to confusethese terms. Liable means subjectto ( "lie was ilableqo'arrest").Libel is khe basis of suit fordefamation.

marshal (not ma rshall, thoughthis form is recognized by Webs-ter III).

media, The plural of medium;thus, the niedintare (not is). Thereis no such word as inedias. ''Amedium of communication";"MI media were represented."

memento (not montento).Islearl,misled. See lead, led.

missile (not missle).n)eket (not nickle, though this

form is recognized by WebsterIII).

occasionlnot occassion). ,

oscillate Often confused witho,ctitate. To oscillate is to moveto and fro; a fan may oscillate.To osculate is to kiss:

Philippines (not Philtippines).pore, pour. Often confused. To

39

pore (over) is .to examinestudiously; one may pore over abook. To pour. is to tip otft of acontainer ("Pour the water fromthe etcher ").

precede. Often confused with,,proceed. to precede is to goahead of:("The bishop precedesthe priests"). To proceed is to goforward: "Let us proceed".There is no such word as procedeor preceed.pipet pal rinci 'le. Principal,

leaTtlieans leading,chief ("the principal reason"); asa noun, it, means a chief figure("the principal of a school") ora such of money on which'inter.est is calculkted("princepal andInterest"). Principle is a nounmeaning a general or ftindamen- /tal truth or a rule of conduct. 1),,

prhalege (not priviledge). /ipt74164, prophesy. Prophecy/

(rhymes with see) islhe noun)("He uttered a prophecr).Prophesy (rhymes with sigh) is theverb: ("They'prophesy rain").

quandary (not quandry).reseLe (not redeye).refute. To refute an argument

is to demolish it, not merely torebut or contradict it.

reign, rein. Often confused. Areign- 717ipffiod,of rule ("QueenVictoria's reign was a peacefuland prosperous era"). A rein isa line used to control a horse.The confusion oftenest arises inthe expression free rein (notreign).

renown (not reknown).resistant (not resistence).

40

rhythm (riot rythm).oleo roll. Often confuled, A

44 is a part that is played. ("Hetook the role of Scrooge"); A rollis list, in the sense oftenestco ('Used: welfare rolls, not roles.

s crile sous (not sacreligious).orate (not seperate; one of

commonest of errors).e (not seige),

Often confused with cite,As ght Is something seen("iily sight"), To cite means tomon, quote ("He Was citedspeeding; The professor

sitgrisufodied Shakespeare"). A siteis ayeation ("the site of the build.

ding").similar (not simular)."species. Often confused with

speeiT7X-species is a specificclassificatibn of animal: thehuman species; Specie is coin("payment in Specie").

stationary, stationery. Station-ary means standing still ("astationary engine "). Stationery iswriting paper ("pink and bluestationery").

statue. A sculpted image;sometimes confused withstatute, a law.

spcerutsed e (not superce ).

vicious. visc'o means .not flowing readily; oil is vis-cous. Vicious means, depraved,immoral.

weird (not wierd).who's, whose. Who's is the con-

traction for who is; whose meansbelonging to whom ("Who's incharge here?"; "The rose whosebloom has fled").

Calendar (52)Calif 05)California Institute of .

Technology, Caltech (10) 33capital, capitot (52) 38capitailzatibn t1)-(11) 13, 29, 31.33

courses (8) 32degrees (8)localisms (10) 32

unnecessary 19degrees (8) 32 .` characterization 10-11, 12headlines 20 checking copy 18months (25) 20, 34-35 chicane) (11) 33titles (20) -(22) . ,34 chairman (4) 32

academic rank (20) 34chaise tongue ( 1Chief Executive ) 31

38academic degrees (18) "34

accept (52) . 37. choppy modif) S' 25accommodate (52) 37 chords (52) ir t 38'according to 12 church, thelila)' 33 .accusations ., 10 cigarette ( )4 37addresses (12) 33 38administration (11a) 33 cite

(52'city ed 5

advance announcements , '4 res bility of . 5advance notices S coat 4 32adviser (52) 37 ,. c.o. ) , . 33

Affect (52) .37-38 comt5..colt isms (31) 35role of 2

Air Force (11) 33 w th 0 bers (43) ,38allege (52) 38 comment IQall right (52) 38 COM 'Inc comptement. (52) 38alumni, alumna, alumnae, con tut (52)'alumnus (51) 37 6 15, 31

a.m. (15) 33consis ii,:( A-1.

anoint (52) 37 controversi uestionscontribu , (

325

antecedent 11 communloni. a) 33appositives (5) (22) 13-14, 32, 34 Communist/ onntunism (11) 133

punctuation.with 14 compan0 C . (19) 34Army, soldier (11) 33as far as (52) 38

cooperalfpcopy re der 17, 24-

asinine (52) 38 duff 0 of 17association, Assn. (19) 34 copy, reading 1, 2, 13, 18, 17.28attendance, urging 2b cords (52) . *6408attribution 10-12, 20 corporation, Corp. (19)

in headlines , 20 corrected proofs 29in quotation 11 corrections 18, 29inappropriate 12 couldn't care less (52) 38repeated 11 counting , .use of according to 12 excessive use of II

' courses, ,

B.A. 1)8) 34 capitalization of (8) 32 I'backing into stories 19 courtesy 15barbiturate (52) ' 37 ego 13base (52) 38 criticism 3

B(52) 38 criti,ques 5Bay Area (10) 32 cropping 28beats 8 cutlines 20, 27, 28, 30black studies (11) 33 cutting 19

Standtudents Union` (101 33sy (52) . . 38building designations 13 Daily Trojan (10) I, 2, 3, 7, 32buildings (17) 34 functions of 2.3bylines 24 liability of

. 7authority for 1 24 dairy 52) 38

dash ((34)

33-38use of 24date book 3'

38 dates34 checking of

Calendar (52)Calif 05)California Institute of .

Technology, Caltech (10) 33capital, capitot (52) 38capitailzatibn t1)-(11) 13, 29, 31.33

courses (8) 32degrees (8)localisms (10) 32

15, 2526

days of the week 15,.20. 33decks 20, 21degrees, academic (8), (18) 32, 34

abbreviation of (8) 32capitalization of (8) 32

delete mark 19demand head- 21

15, 2526

days of the week 15,.20. 33decks 20, 21degrees, academic (8), (18) 32, 34

abbreviation of (8) 32capitalization of (8) 32

delete mark 19demand head- 21

Democratic, democratic (II) 33develop

(52J38...

iary (52) 38dictionaries 31dictionaries, pocket 18diminution, (52) 38diphtheria (52) 38direct address . 26direct quotations (30), (33) 11, 16,

shortening ofdisciplinedispel (52)division of words

correction of,tYr (10)

,,East (11)ecstasy (52)editing

for styleeditor

authority' ofletters to the

'editorializingeditorialseffect (52)employee (50)end -murkerasuresexcept (52)exhilarate (52)existence (52) .

exorbitant (52)

extolexplanation

(52)exuberant (52)

10,

25.3525 5 ,

388

3032

3238

16, 25, 2916, 25

2, 25-282

25-2810

3-437-38

379

18'37-38

3838

s 3812-13, 15

3838

Fairness 3fall

alSe titOlio 33fles (5) 13-14, 32

Father (23) ` 34Tederal (11a) 33feature stories 6fictitious (52) 38PHA (13) .-- 33figures (41), (42) 38

in headlines (41) 20, 36rounding off (42) 36

First Lady (3) 32first name 13flaunt (52) 38floating quotation 11flout (52) 38fluorescent (52) 38f.o.b. (15) 33foreign words 9fragmentary quotations (32) 12, 35freedom, press 8frequentty confused words (52) 37-40

Gtneric terms (8), (12)good housekeepinggovernment subdivisions,

capitalization of (7)grtninzdr (52)grisly (52)

Harass (52)headlines 4,

abbreviations inacceptability ofattributip in

11,

32, 334

323838

3818-2024

20

mous attributionsdouble- checking 20

23

names in 23.24rejectedtests for -19uniform count 22-23

'height (52) 38hoard, horde (52) 38-39holdover proofshyphenation (35840) 8-9, itthypocrisy (52) 39

Identification ''. 9, 27in leads , 9order of 27

idiosyncrasy (52) 39impersonality 44 28imPlY (52) . 39inappropriate attribution 12inastnuc has (52) 39fndirect quotation 12, 25infer (52) 39

,Information,' gathering of /initials (40) 13, 87inoculate (52) 39instructor (20) 34interfered (52) ' 39inversion 14irregardless (52) " 39italics, for titles (30) 35its, it's (52) - 39

> :'lournalesg-- 11,ournalivir; School of (46) ,

judgment , (52)Judicial (10)jumps

Keeping postedKick off (52)king (11a)

13, 1473

393229

, 4-539.33

Laboratory sessions 3fay, lie, laid (52) 39lead, led (52) 39leads 9-11, 21

length of '- 9ilmits on 10

J preferred length 10use of the %rein 20

legibility 9, 1.11

legislators,'identification of (2) 31

legitimate (52) 39letters to the editor 3, 7, 25-26

cutting of 25editing of 25,headings for . 28liability for 7rejection of 25use of third person 25-28

liaison (52) - 39libel 7-8libel, liable (52) 39 ,lists of names 24-25

checking- 25division of 25

LLD. (111)s 34localisms,

capitalization of (10) 32-33

.locations 13long-distance calls 16

M.A. (18) 34Marine Corps., marine (11) 33

' marshal (52) - 37mass (11a) 33materia facts 10, 12M.D. (18l) 34media, medium (52) 39Medicare fll) 33memento (52) 39mislead,

iss

Misled (52) 39mssmissile (52) 39

(44), (52) 18, 25, 29,36, 37.40

mocorr(1ection on proof 29n 5) 33

modifying elements 11, 28money (42) 36months, abbreviation of (25) 20, 3435in h (15) 33

13, 3434

28

Mr, (23), (24)'Ms. (24) ,mug shotsmusical compositions,

titles of (30) 35

Names , 13, 18, 212.5, 37. Checking 13

clipped forms (45) 37inclipped

23.24lists of , 24-25nicknames (45) 37of staff members (46) 37of students (47) k37style '113suse of co) 13with initials (46) , 3?

nation (11a)- 33Navy, sailor (11) '. 33Negro (11) 33News Bureau 4, 13news editor , 5, 20, 24news source, 6, 7, 15-18nickel (52) 39nicknames (45) 13, 3?nonrestrictive clauses 14North (11) 33numbers,(41)-(43) 26, 36

with comma (43) 38

Obituitis 23objectivity 10

A:, . obscenity 8occasion (52) a 39occupational descriptjves 13occupat ional titles (5) 32OK. (4) 33'opinion,

'statements of 10orga nizations,

refevence tooscillate (52)

paddingpage proofsPassive voicePast tensepencilpercent, per cent (42)percent symbol (42)percentages .

periods,in abbreviations (13), (15)

ph.D, (48)Philippines (52)photographspictures--

blow-upscroppingidentification inmug shotsreversing

p,in. (15)pocket dictionariespontiff (11a)pope (1110pore, pour (52)pprefixrecedee,

s (proceed (52)

President (3)abbreviation of (21)

presidentiU (3)press fre.Nlompress releasesprincipal, principte (5k)privilege (52)Prof, professor (20)pronouns, use ofproofreadersproofreadingproofs

corrections onpage

prophecy, prophesy (52)proprietypublicitypunctuation (27)33)

63439

27.28'28242827,282733

33

3939

36313432

81539.393411

_2529-30

.29-3029

29, 3039

84

35

Qu.andri (52) 40-queen (11a) 33quotati6n, of single words . 12quotation marks (28)-(33) .5. 30, 35

at beginning of paragraph (29) 35at end of paragraph (29) 35excessive use of (31) ,,/ '35with colons and semicolons (28) 35with direct quotations (30) . 35with periods and cqmmas (28) 35with titles (30) 35

quotations 11.12, 25attribution in 11, 25breaking into IIdirect 11. 16, 25floating 11fragmentary (32) 12, 35grammar in 25indirectmisstatements in

12: g

overuse of ,12

6.

Rabbi (23)11 racial identification (II)39 rank academic (20),20

reading copy(

29, 30 Redreceive

(ll)52)

2.2 refute (52)22 regardless (52)18 reign, rein (52)

38re town (52)

36 repeated attribution26 reputation

343334

17184033ao39409110

4, 21

reporterresponsibility ofrole of .

.reportingresetting typeresistance (52)responsibility'restrictive clausesRev. (23)reviewsrevisionrhythm (52)role, roll, (52)Row, thf (10)rules governing newspaneringrun-ins

66

6-162940

3143410

18, 19

Sacrilegious (52)salaried positignsSC (13)School of Journalism (46)seasons, names of (118)

- Selective Service (11)separate (52)shortcutssiege (52)sight, site (52)signatUres, standardstNilar (52)Sititg (31)SoCal magazineSocial Security (II)South. (11)Southland (10)spacing copy

'species, specie (52)speeches, announcements of

40

3240

.28

401

3337333340

a4040

format4025

19, 35a

333332

840a

stories about 9spelling (44)452) 3, 9, 13, 27, 36-40

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