RESEARCH, 2014

RESEARCH2014

HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL DOCTORAL PROGRAMS

RESEARCH, 2014

ACCOUNTING AND MANAGEMENTBrochet, Francois, and Kyle Travis Welch. “Top Executive Background and Financial Reporting Choice.” HBS Working Paper 11-088, 2011.

Cheng, Beiting, Suraj Srinivasan and Gwen Yu. “Securities Litigation Risk for Foreign Compa-nies Listed in the U.S.” HBS Working Paper 13-036, 2012.

Eccles, Robert G., Beiting Cheng, and Daniela Saltz-man, eds. The Landscape of Integrated Reporting. Boston: Harvard Business School, 2010.

Eccles, Robert G., George Serafeim, Shelley Xin Li, and Alan Knight. “Allied Electronics Corporation Ltd: Linking Compensation to Sustainability Met-rics.” HBS No. 412-075, Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2011. (Revised 2013.)

Eccles, Robert G., George Serafeim, and Shelley Xin Li. “Dow Chemical: Innovating for Sustainability.” HBS No. 112-064, Boston: Harvard Business

School Publishing, 2012. (Revised 2013.)

Eccles, Robert G., Ioannis Ioannou, Shelley Xin Li, and George Serafeim. “Pay for Environmental Per-formance: The Effect of Incentive Provision on Car-bon Emissions.” HBS Working Paper 13-043, 2012.

Eyring, Henry C. “Unexploited Efficiencies in Higher Education.” Contemporary Issues in Education Re-search 4, no. 7 (July 2011): 1–18.

Eyring, Henry C., and Renee Hopkins Callahan. “Let Disruption Fix Education.” Strategy & Innovation 6, no. 6 (September 2008): 1–6.

Gow, Ian D., Sa-Pyung Sean Shin, Suraj Srinivasan. “Consequences to Directors of Shareholder Activ-ism.” HBS Working Paper 14-071, 2014.

Welch, Kyle Travis. “Private Equity’s Diversification Illusion: Economic Comovement and Fair Value Re-porting.” Working Paper, 2014.

ABSTRACT

The Doctoral Programs at Harvard Business School educate scholars who make a difference in the world through rigorous research that influences practice.

More than 140 strong, HBS doctoral students represent diverse back-grounds, degrees, undergraduate schools, and disciplines —including economics, engineering, mathematics, physics, psychology and sociol-ogy. They examine the most critical issues in business management through rigorous research, creating and disseminating new knowledge as the next generation of thought leaders. By the time they graduate, students will have co-authored publications with faculty members, who often become important mentors, colleagues, and collaborators.

HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL DOCTORAL PROGRAMS

Gow, Ian D., Sa-Pyung Sean Shin, Suraj Srinivasan. “Consequences to Directors of Shareholder Activism.” HBS Working Paper 14-071, 2014.

We examine how shareholder activ-ist campaigns affect the careers of directors of the targeted firms. Using a comprehensive sample of shareholder activism between 2004 and 2011, we find that directors are almost twice as likely to leave over a two-year period if the firm is the subject of a shareholder activist campaign. While it has been ar-gued that proxy contests are an ineffective mecha-nism for replacing directors, as they rarely succeed in getting a majority of shareholder support, our re-sults suggest that director turnover takes place fol-lowing shareholder activism even without sharehold-er activists engaging in, let alone winning, proxy contests. Performance-sensitivity of director turn-over is also higher in the presence of shareholder activism. We also find that director election results matter for director retention: directors are more like-ly to leave in the year following activism when they receive lower shareholder support. Contrary to con-sequences on the targeted firm’s board, we find no evidence that directors lose seats on other boards, a proxy for reputational consequences, as a result of shareholder activism.

ABSTRACT

Welch, Kyle Travis. “Private Equity’s Diversification Illusion: Economic Comovement and Fair Value Report-ing.” Working Paper, 2014.

This study examines how financial re-porting practices have shaped private equity’s claims to diversifIcation. Despite research showing that pri-vate equity lacks unique economic exposure, pri-vate equity firms and trade associations continue to promote private equity’s diversification as a key in-vestment benefit. I show that returns based on pri-or methods of valuation understate the economic comovement of private equity with the market, cre-ating a diversification illusion. As private equity valu-ation methodologies have changed, I show increased market beta and increased correlations. Private eq-uity firms also encounter higher – not lower – costs when accessing capital, a finding at odds with pub-lic market research.

BUSINESS ECONOMICSAgarwal, Nikhil, Susan Athey, and David C. Yang. “Skewed Bidding in Pay-per-Action Auctions for Online Advertising.” American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings 99, no. 2 (May 2009): 441–447.

Allcott, Hunt, Sendhil Mullainathan, and Dmitry Taubinsky. “Energy Policy with Externalities and Internalities”. Journal of Public Economics 112 (2014): 72-88.

Ashcraft, Adam, Paul Goldsmith-Pinkham, Peter Hull, and James Vickery. “Credit Ratings and Secu-rity Prices in the Subprime MBS Market.” The Amer-ican Economic Review 101, no. 3 (2011): 115-119.

Ashcraft, Adam, Paul Goldsmith-Pinkham, and James Vickery. “MBS Ratings and the Mortgage Credit Boom” Journal of Finance (Revise and Re-submit).

Ashlagi, Itai, Duncan S. Gilchrist, Alvin E. Roth, and Michael A. Rees. “NEAD Chains in Transplantation.” American Journal of Transplantation 11 (December 2011): 2780-2781.

Ashlagi, Itai, Duncan S. Gilchrist, Alvin E. Roth, and Michael A. Rees. “Nonsimultaneous Chains and Dominos in Kidney Paired Donation—Revisit-ed.” American Journal of Transplantation 11, no. 5 (May 2011): 984–994.

Asquith, Paul, Andrea S. Au, Thomas R. Covert, and Parag A. Pathak. “The Market for Borrowing Corpo-rate Bonds.” Journal of Financial Economics [Inter-net]. 2013;107(1):155-182.

Benjamin, Daniel J. David Cesarini, Christopher F. Chabris, Edward L. Glaeser, David I. Laibson, Vil-mundur Guðnason, Tamara B. Harris, Lenore J. Launer, Shaun Purcell, Albert Vernon Smith, Mag-nus Johannesson, Patrik K.E. Magnusson, Jonathan P. Beauchamp, Nicholas A. Christakis, Craig S. At-wood, Benjamin Hébert, Jeremy Freese, Robert M. Hauser, Taissa S. Hauser, Alexander Grankvist, Christina M. Hultman, and Paul Lichtenstein. The Promise and Pitfalls of Genoeconomics.” Annual Re-view of Economics 4 (July 2012): 627-662.

Chabris, Christopher F., Benjamin M. Hébert, Dan-iel J. Benjamin, Jonathan Beauchamp, David Cesa-rini, Matthijs van der Loos, Magnus Johannesson, Patrik K. E. Magnusson, Paul Lichtenstein, Craig S. Atwood, Jeremy Freese, Taissa S. Hauser, Robert M. Hauser, Nicholas Christakis, and David Laibson. “Most Reported Genetic Associations with General Intelligence Are Probably False Positives.” Psycho-logical Science (September 2012).

Chabris, Christopher F., Carrie L. Morris, Dmitry Taubinsky, David Laibson, and Jonathon P. Schuldt. “The Allocation of Time in Decision-Making.” Jour-

RESEARCH, 2014

nal of the European Economic Association 7, no. 2 (April 2009): 628-637.

Chabris, Christopher, David Laibson, Carrie Morris, Jonathon Schuldt, and Dmitry Taubinsky. “Individu-al Laboratory-Measured Discount Rates Predict Field Behavior.” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 37, no. 2 (December 2008): 237-269.

Chernyakov, Alexander, and Samuel Kruger. “Is Real Interest Rate Risk Priced? Theory and Empiri-cal Evidence.” Working Paper, 2014.

Coles, Peter, and Ran Shorrer. “Optimal Truncation in Matching Markets.” Games and Economics Be-havior (forthcoming).

Donaldson, Dave, Richard Hornbeck, and James Lee. “Railroads and Resources: the Development of American Manufacturing in the Latter Half of the 19th Century.” Working Paper, 2014.

Dragusanu, Raluca. “Firm-to-Firm Matching along the Global Supply Chain.” Working Paper, 2014.

Dragusanu, Raluca, and Nathan Nunn. “The Im-pacts of Fair Trade Certification: Evidence from Cof-fee Producers in Costa Rica” Working Paper, 2013.

Dragusanu, Raluca, Daniele Giovannucci and Na-than Nunn. “The Economics of Fair Trade” Journal of Economics Perspectives. (forthcoming.)

Edelman, Benjamin G. and Duncan S. Gilchrist. “Advertising Disclosures: Measuring Labeling Al-ternatives in Internet Search Engines.” Information Economics and Policy, 24, (January 2012): 75-89.

Foley, C. Fritz, Paul Goldsmith-Pinkham, Jonathan Greenstein, and Eric Zwick. “Opting Out of Good Governance.” NBER Working Paper Series, No. 19953, March 2014.

Ferraz, Claudio, Fred Finan, and Diana Moreira. “Corrupting Learning: Evidence from Missing Feder-al Education Funds in Brazil.” Journal of Public Eco-nomics 96, nos. 9–10 (October 2012): 712–726.

Frick, Mira, and Yuhta Ishii. “Innovation Adoption under Forward-Looking Social Learning.” Working Paper, 2013.

Frick, Mira. “Monotone Threshold Representations.” Working Paper, 2013.

Frick, Mira, and Ryota Iijima. “A Warring Selves Model of Random Choice and Delay.” Working Paper, 2014.

Frick, Mira, and Assaf Romm. “Rational Behavior under Correlated Uncertainty.” Working Paper, 2014 (submitted).

Fuster, Andreas, Benjamin Hébert, and David I. Laibson. “Natural Expectations, Macroeconomic Dy-namics, and Asset Pricing.” NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2011, 26 (2011): 1-48.

Fuster, Andreas, Benjamin Hébert, and David I. Laibson. “Investment Dynamics with Natural Expec-

tations.” International Journal of Central Banking, (January 2012): 243-264.

Garbarino, Ellen, Robert Slonim, and Carmen Wang. “The Multidimensional Effects of a Small Gift: Evi-dence from a Natural Field Experiment.” Economic Letters 120, no. 1 (July 2013): 83–86.

Gilchrist, Duncan S., and Emily G. Sands. “A Pref-erence for Shared Experience: Network Externali-ties in Movie Consumption.” Working paper, March 13, 2014.

Gilchrist, Duncan S., Michael Luca, and Deepak Mal-hotra. “When 3+1>4: Gift Structure and Reciproci-ty in the Field.” HBS Working Paper 14-030, 2013.

Goldsmith-Pinkham, Paul, and Guido W. Imbens. “Social networks and the identification of peer ef-fects.” Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 31, no. 3 (2013): 253-264.

Hassidim, Avinatan and Assaf Romm. “An Approx-imate ‘’Law of One Price’’ in Random Assignment Games.” February 2014. Mimeo.

Hébert, Benjamin M. “Moral Hazard and the Opti-mality of Debt.” Working Paper, 2014.

Kruger, Samuel. “The Effect of Mortgage Securiti-zation on Foreclosure and Modification.” Working Paper, 2014.

Kruger, Samuel. “Disagreement and Liquidity.” Working Paper, 2013.

Kullgren, Jeffrey, Andrea Troxel, George Loewen-stein, Laurie Norton, Dana Gatto, Yuanyuan Tao, Jingsan Zhu, Heather Schofield, Judy Shea, Da-vid Asch, Thomas Pellathy, Jay Driggers, and Kevin Volpp. “A Randomized Controlled Trial of Employ-er Matching of Deposit Contracts to Promote Weight Loss.” Working Paper, 2013.

Lee, James. “Changes in US Manufacturing Agglom-eration, 1880-1980.” Working Paper, 2014.

Lee, James, and Oren Ziv. “The Denser the Bet-ter? Manufacturing Productivity and Urban Growth during US Zoning Law Expansion, 1910-1940.” Working Paper, 2014.

Lee, James. “Endowment Effects? Local Economic Impacts from the Shale Gas and Oil Boom.” Work-ing Paper, 2014.

Lee, James. “Human Capital for the Long Run: the

HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL DOCTORAL PROGRAMS

Working Paper 12-063, 2012. Journal of Public Economics. (Revise and Resubmit).

Nathanson, Charles G., and Eric Zwick. “Arrested Development: Theory and Evidence of Supply-Side Speculation in the Housing Market.” Working Pa-per, 2014.

Oster, Emily, and M. Bryce Millett. “Do Call Centers Promote School Enrollment? Evidence from India.” NBER Working Paper Series No. 15922 (2010).

Powers, Thomas. “Financial Constraints and Risk-Taking: Evidence from the Film Industry.” Working Paper 2014.

Romm, Assaf. “Implications of Capacity Reduction and Entry in Many-to-One Stable Matching.” Social Choice and Welfare (forthcoming).

Romm, Assaf. “Building Reputation at the Edge of the Cliff.” March 2014. Mimeo.

Shorrer, Ran I. “Solution to Exchanges 10.2 Puz-zle: Borrowing in the Limit as Our Nerdiness Goes to Infinity.” SIGecom Exchanges 11, no. 1 (June 2012): 39–41.

Slonim, Robert, Carmen Wang, Ellen Garbarino, and Danielle Merrett. “Opting-in: Participation Biases in Economic Experiments.” Journal of Economic Be-havior and Organization 90 (June 2013): 43–70.

Sweeney, Richard, and Thomas Wollmann. “Two-pe-riod Approximations for Estimating Dynamic Games.” Working Paper, 2014.

Tabakovic, Haris, and Thomas Wollmann. “Rose Bowl to Research Budget: Measuring Returns to University R&D Using College Football.” Working Paper, 2014.

Taubinsky, Dmitry. “Network Architecture and the Left-Right Spectrum.” B.E. Journals of Theoretical Economics: Contributions to Theoretical Economics 11, no. 1 (2011): 1-23.

Wollmann, Thomas. “Trucks Without Bailouts: Equi-librium Product Characteristics for Commercial Vehi-cles.” Working Paper, 2014.

Yang, David C. “Derivatives and Disagreement.” Working Paper, 2014.

Yang, David C. “Firesales and Primary vs Secondary Market Interventions.” Working Paper, 2013.

Yang, David C., and Fan Zhang. “Do Options Impact the Stock Market?”. Working Paper, 2013.

Yang, David C., and Fan Zhang. “Can the Equity Risk Premium be Negative?” Working Paper, 2013.

Zwick, Eric, and James Mahon. “Do Financial Fric-tions Amplify Fiscal Policy? Evidence from Business Investment Stimulus.” Working Paper, 2014.

Zwick, Eric. “Regulators vs. Zombies: Loss Over-hang and Lending in a Long Slump” (forthcoming).

ABSTRACT

Coles, Peter, and Ran Shorrer. “Op-timal Truncation in Matching Mar-kets.” Games and Economics Behav-ior (forthcoming).

Since no stable matching mecha-nism can induce truth-telling as a dominant strate-gy for all participants, there is often room in match-ing markets for strategic misrepresentation (Roth). In this paper we study a natural form of strategic misrepresentation: reporting a truncation of one’s true preference list. Roth and Rothblum prove an important but abstract result: in certain symmetric, incomplete information settings, agents on one side of the market (“the women”) optimally submit some truncation of their true preference lists. In this pa-per we put structure on this truncation, both in sym-metric and general settings, when agents must sub-mit preference lists to the Men-Proposing Deferred Acceptance Algorithm. We first characterize each woman’s truncation payoffs in an incomplete infor-mation setting in terms of the distribution of her achievable mates. The optimal degree of truncation can be substantial: we prove that in a uniform set-ting, the optimal degree of truncation for an indi-vidual woman goes to 100% of her list as the mar-ket size grows large, when other women are truthful. In this setting, we demonstrate the existence of an equilibrium where all agents use truncation strate-gies. Compared to truthful reporting, in any equilibri-um in truncation strategies, welfare diverges for men and women: women prefer the truncation equilibri-um, while men would prefer that participants truth-fully report. In a general environment, we show that the less risk averse a player, the greater the degree of her optimal truncation. Finally, when correlation in preferences increases, players should truncate less. While several recent papers have focused on the limits of strategic manipulation, our results serve as a reminder that without the pre-conditions ensur-ing truthful reporting, even in settings where agents have little information, the potential for manipula-tion can be significant.

ABSTRACT

Hassidim, Avinatan, and Assaf Romm. “An Approximate ‘’Law of One Price’’ in Random Assignment Games.” February 2014. Mimeo.

Assignment games represent a trac-table yet versatile model of two-sided markets with transfers. We study the likely properties of the core of randomly generated assignment games. If the joint productivities of every firm and worker are i.i.d bounded random variables, then with high probabil-ity all workers are paid roughly equal wages, and all firms make similar profits. This implies that core al-locations vary significantly in balanced markets, but

RESEARCH, 2014

that there is core convergence in even slightly un-balanced markets. We provide a tight bound for the workers’ share of the surplus under the firm- optimal core allocation. We present simulation results sug-gesting that the phenomena analyzed appear even in medium-sized markets. Finally, we briefly discuss the effects of unbounded distributions and the ways in which they may affect wage dispersion.

ABSTRACT

Dragusanu, Raluca. “Firm-to-Firm Matching along the Global Supply Chain.” Working Paper, 2014.

Despite its importance for interna-tional trade, our understanding of

the matching process between importing and ex-porting firms remains limited. To shed light on this question, I use confidential U.S. customs data to match firm-level information of Indian manufactur-ing exporters from the CMIE-Prowess database with firm-level information of their U.S. importers from the Census Longitudinal Business Database. I devel-op a model of sequential production in which buyers (importers) engage in costly search for suppliers (ex-porters) to control a production stage and optimal-ly decide the amount of investment in search. The model shows that the marginal benefit of assigning a high-productivity supplier to a given stage increas-es with the downstreamness of the stage of produc-tion, and relatively more when the final product is less differentiated. Focusing on firm size as a proxy for firm performance, the matched data highlights three key facts that are consistent with the mod-el predictions and are robust to different empirical strategies. First, there is positive assortative match-ing between U.S. buyers and their Indian suppliers. The elasticity of average buyer size with respect to Indian firm size is around 0.2. Second, the strength of positive matching increases with the proximity to final use of the product traded. The magnitude of the buyer size elasticity is 0.5 when Indian firms supply final products to U.S. firms, and close to zero when they supply intermediate products. Finally, match-ing is stronger—and more sensitive to downstream-ness—when the demand elasticity faced by the U.S. buyer is high.

HEALTH POLICY MANAGEMENTDavid, G., Gunnarsson, C., Philip Saynisch, Chaw-la, R., & Nigam, S. “Do Patient-Centered Medical Homes Reduce Emergency Department Visits?” De-cember, 2013. (under review.)

Ellner, Andrew, Christine Pace, Scott S. Lee, Jon-athan Weigel, and Paul Farmer. “Embracing Com-plexity: Towards Integrated Biosocial Platforms for Health Service Delivery,” In Structural Approach-es to Public Health, edited by Marni Sommer, and Richard Parker. New York: Routledge Press, 2013.

Huckman, Robert S., Hummy Song, and Jason R. Barro. “Cohort Turnover and Productivity: The July Phenomenon in Teaching Hospitals.” Working Pa-per, 2014.

Jung, Olivia S., Julia Kite, Wei Jiang, Dante Conley, Mathew V. Kiang, Lyen Huang, Ashley Kay Childers, Lizabeth Edmondson, William R. Berry, and Sara J. Singer. “Factors Associated with Successful Imple-mentation of Delivery System Innovations: Lessons From Safe Surgery 2015.” Working Paper, 2014.

Lee, Scott S. “Awards Unbundled: Evidence from a Natural Field Experiment,” with Nava Ashraf and Oriana Bandiera. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization (forthcoming).

Lee, Scott S, Nava Ashraf and Oriana Bandiera. “Do-gooders and Ladder-climbers: Career Incen-tives, Selection, and Performance in Public Service Delivery.” Working Paper, 2014.

Lee, Scott S. “Intrinsic Incentives: A Field Exper-iment on Leveraging Intrinsic Motivation in Public Service Delivery.” Working Paper, 2014.

Porter, Michael E., Scott S. Lee, Joseph Rhatigan and Jim Yong Kim. “Partners in Health: HIV Care in Rwanda.” HBS No. 709-474, Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2009. (Revised 2010).

Song, Hummy, Alyna T. Chien, Josephine Fisher, Julia Martin, Antoinette S. Peters, Karen Hacker, Meredith B. Rosenthal, and Sara J. Singer. “Team Dynamics, Work Satisfaction, and Patient Care Co-ordination among Primary Care Providers.” Working Paper, 2014.

Song, Hummy, Anita L. Tucker, and Karen L. Mur-rell. “The Diseconomies of Queue Pooling: An Em-pirical Investigation of Emergency Department Length of Stay.” Management Science (Revise and Resubmit).

Song, Hummy, Alyna T. Chien, Josephine Fish-er, Julia Martin, Antoinette S. Peters, Karen Hack-er, Meredith B. Rosenthal, and Sara J. Singer. “De-velopment and Validation of the Primary Care Team Dynamics Survey.” Health Services Research (Re-vise and Resubmit).

HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL DOCTORAL PROGRAMS

ABSTRACTS

Lee, Scott S. “Intrinsic Incentives: A Field Experiment on Leveraging In-trinsic Motivation in Public Service Delivery.” Working Paper, 2014.

Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation like-ly jointly explain the effort of many agents engaged in public service delivery. In the context of a mater-nal health program in rural India, I develop a mo-bile phone-based “intrinsic incentive” technology designed to increase agents’ intrinsic returns to ef-fort. In a randomized experiment, I test one version designed to have a larger effect on intrinsic utility against another designed to be less powerful. After one year, the experiment reveals that demand for both technologies is high, but is higher for the high-pow-ered incentive in a manner that interacts positive-ly with health workers’ intrinsic motivation. Similarly regarding performance, although average treatment effects are muted, the high-powered intrinsic incen-tive is most effective when it leverages pre-existing intrinsic motivation; it produces a 38.4% increase in performance in the top tercile of intrinsically motivat-ed workers. This effect appears to be mediated pure-ly by making effort more intrinsically rewarding, and not by other mechanisms such as providing implic-it extrinsic incentives and facilitating social visibility.

ABSTRACT

Song, Hummy, Anita L. Tucker, and Karen L. Murrell. “The Diseconomies of Queue Pooling: An Empirical In-vestigation of Emergency Depart-ment Length of Stay.” Management

Science (revise and resubmit).

We conduct an empirical investigation of the impact of two different queue management systems on through-put times. Using an Emergency Department’s (ED) pa-tient-level data (N = 231,081) from 2007 to 2010, we find that patients’ lengths of stay (LOS) were lon-ger when physicians were assigned patients under a pooled queuing system, compared to when each phy-sician operated under a dedicated queuing system. The dedicated queuing system resulted in a 10 percent de-crease in LOS—a 32-minute reduction in LOS for an average patient of medium severity in this ED. We pro-pose that the dedicated queuing system yielded shorter throughput times because it provided physicians with greater ability and incentive to manage their patients’ flow through the ED from arrival to discharge. Consis-tent with social loafing theory, our analysis shows that patients were treated and discharged at a faster rate in the dedicated queuing system than in the pooled queu-ing system. We conduct additional analyses to rule out alternate explanations, such as stinting on care and decreased quality of care. Our paper has implications for health care organizations and others seeking to re-duce throughput time, resource utilization, and costs.

MANAGEMENTAltman, Elizabeth J., Frank Nagle, and Michael Tushman. “Technology and Innovation Manage-ment.” In Oxford Bibliographies: Management, ed-ited by Ricky W. Griffin. New York: Oxford Universi-ty Press, 2013.

Altman, Elizabeth J., and Mary Tripsas. “Product to Platform Transitions: Implications of Organizational Identity.” In Oxford Handbook of Creativity, Innova-tion, and Entrepreneurship: Multilevel Linkages, ed-ited C. Shalley, M. Hitt & J. Zhou. Oxford, UK: Ox-ford University Press, forthcoming.

Altman, Elizabeth J., Frank Nagle, and Michael Tush-man. “Innovating without Information Constraints: Or-ganization, Communities, and Innovation when Infor-mation Costs Approach Zero.” In Oxford Handbook of Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship: Multilev-el Linkages, edited by C. Shalley, M. Hitt & J. Zhou. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, forthcoming.

Battilana, Julie, Matthew Lee, Cheryl Dorsey and John Walker. “In Search of the Hybrid Ideal.” Stanford So-cial Innovation Review, Summer 2012: 51-55.

Hagiu, Andrei, and Elizabeth J. Altman. “Intuit QuickBooks: From Product to Platform.” HBS Teach-ing Note 714-477, 2014.

Hagiu, Andrei, and Elizabeth J. Altman. “Intuit QuickBooks: From Product to Platform.” HBS No. 714-433. Boston: Harvard Business School Pub-lishing, 2013.

Lakhani, Karim R., Hila Lifshitz-Assaf, and Mi-chael Tushman. “Open Innovation and Organiza-tional Boundaries: Task Decomposition, Knowledge Distribution and the Locus of Innovation.” In Hand-book of Economic Organization: Integrating Econom-ic and Organization Theory, edited by Anna Grandori, 355–382. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publish-ing, 2013.

Lee, Matthew. “Mission and Markets? The Organi-zational Viability of Hybrid Social Ventures.” (Job market paper).

Lee, Matthew, and Christopher Marquis. “Large Cor-porations, Social Capital and Community Social Wel-fare: Evidence from Organized Community Philan-thropy, 1948-1997.” Academy of Management Journal (Revise and Resubmit).

Lee, Matthew, and Julie Battilana. “How the Zebra Got its Stripes: Imprinting of Individuals and Hybrid Social Ventures.” HBS Working Paper, No. 14-005, 2013. (under review, Organization Science.)

Lifshitz-Assaf, Hila, Michael Tushman, and Karim R. Lakhani. “Innovating How to Innovate: Evolution-ary Model of Dynamic R&D Paths with Shifting Loci of Innovation.” Working Paper, 2013.

Lifshitz-Assaf, Hila. “Found in Translation: Decoupling

RESEARCH, 2014

Problem Formulation from Problem Solving and Open-ing the Solution Space.” Working Paper, 2013.

Lifshitz-Assaf, Hila. “From Problem Solvers to Solu-tion Seekers: The Co-evolving Knowledge Boundary and Professional Identity Work of R&D Organization-al Members at NASA.” Working Paper, 2013. (Job market paper, in preparation for submission to Ad-ministrative Science Quarterly.)

Neeley, Tsedal, Patricia Satterstrom, and Michael I. Norton. “When (Talking) Less is More: Decreas-ing Communication in the Face of Language Bar-riers Improves Team Performance.” Working Paper, 2014 (under review).

Satterstrom, Patricia, Jeffrey Polzer, and Robert Wei. “Reframing Hierarchical Interactions as Nego-tiations to Promote Change in Health Care Systems.” Handbook of Conflict Management (forthcoming).

Tadmor, Carmit, Patricia Satterstrom, Sujin Jang, and Jeffrey Polzer. “Beyond Individual Creativity: The Superadditive Benefits of Multicultural Expe-rience for Collective Creativity in Culturally Diverse Teams.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 43, no. 3 (April 2012): 384–392.

ABSTRACT

Lee, Matthew. “Mission and Mar-kets? The Organizational Viability of Hybrid Social Ventures.” (Job market paper).

This paper investigates the conse-quences of commercialization for early-stage so-cial ventures. When such ventures solve social prob-lems by incorporating aspects of the business form, they introduce ambivalence of goals and depart from well-accepted templates of organization. They conse-quently risk being undervalued by external resource providers, while also creating conditions for the emer-gence of internal conflict. Using a novel, longitudinal dataset of nascent social ventures, I examine the im-pact of commercialization on the achievement of im-portant entrepreneurial milestones. I find that com-mercialization reduces the rate at which ventures reach these milestones, including the acquisition of external capital, hiring of the first employee, and at-tainment of legal status. However, results also sug-gest that these effects are mitigated for ventures in which the social mission is achieved through integrat-ed practices that simultaneously advance the goals of both business and charitable forms.

ABSTRACT

Lifshitz-Assaf, Hila. “From Problem Solvers to Solution Seekers: The Co-evolving Knowledge Boundary and Professional Identity Work of R&D Organizational Members at

NASA.” Working Paper, 2013. (Job market paper, in preparation for submission to Administrative Sci-ence Quarterly.)

Scholars have long examined the organizational knowledge creation processes related to innovation. Many of these studies have investigated the relation-ship between knowledge boundary crossing mecha-nisms and innovation outcomes. A separate group of scholars have studied how innovation outcomes are shaped by identity of organizational members. Based on an in-depth longitudinal field study of NASA’s experimentation with opening knowledge boundar-ies through Web platforms and communities, I il-lustrate the co-evolving relationship between knowl-edge boundary work, identity work, and innovation. The opening of knowledge boundaries produced im-portant scientific breakthroughs rapidly and with few resources. This opening of knowledge boundar-ies, however, challenged both the fundamental way these engineers and scientists worked as well as their professional identity. Prior literature on knowl-edge boundary work and professionalism predicts a boundary protection reaction to such a challenge; I observe this reaction but I also find a powerful con-trasting reaction: boundary dismantling. Indeed some organizational members did act to protect their knowledge boundaries and professional identity as “problem solvers,” but others deliberately disman-tled their knowledge boundaries and reconstructed their professional identity from “problem solvers” to “solutions seekers.” This was a significant transfor-mation both in the R&D knowledge creation process and the members’ professional identity and capabil-ities. I discuss implications of these findings for the-ories on knowledge and innovation and suggest di-rections for future research.

HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL DOCTORAL PROGRAMS

MARKETINGBaucells, M., and Silvia Bellezza. “Temporal Pro-files of Instant Utility during Anticipation and Re-call.” In preparation for submission at Management Science.

Bellezza, Silvia, and Joshua M. Ackerman. “’Be Careless with That!’ Availability of Product Upgrades Increases Cavalier Behavior toward Possessions.” Journal of Consumer Research (revise and resubmit).

Bellezza, Silvia, Francesca Gino, and Anat Keinan. “The Red Sneakers Effect: Inferring Status and Com-petence from Signals of Non-conformity.” Journal of Consumer Research 41 (June 2014).

Bellezza, Silvia, Anat Keinan, and Neeru Paharia. “Conspicuous Consumption of Time: When Busy-ness Becomes a Status Symbol.” In preparation for submission at the Journal of Consumer Research.

Bellezza, Silvia, and Anat Keinan. “Brand Tourists: How Non-Core Users Enhance the Brand Image by Eliciting Pride.” Journal of Consumer Research 42 (August 2014).

Bellezza, Silvia, Francesca Gino, and Anat Keinan. “The Surprising Benefits of Nonconformity.” MIT Sloan Management Review (Spring 2014).

Buell, Ryan W., Tami Kim, and Chia-Jung Tsay. “Creating Value Through Reciprocal Transparency.” Working Paper, 2013.

Davin, Joseph P., Sunil Gupta, and Mikolaj Jan Pis-korski. “Separating Homophily and Peer Influence with Latent Space.” HBS Working Paper, No. 14-053, 2014.

Elberse, Anita, Clarence Lee, and Lingling Zhang. “Viral Videos: The Dynamics of Online Video Adver-tising Campaigns.” (Revise and Resubmit at Mar-keting Science.)

Kim, Tami, Leslie John, Todd Rogers, and Michael Norton. “What Voting Begets: Understanding and Managing the Unintended Consequences of Empow-erment.” Working Paper, 2013.

Kireyev, Pavel, Koen Pauwels, and Sunil Gupta. “Do Display Ads Influence Search? Attribution and Dy-namics in Online Advertising.” HBS Working Paper 13–070, 2013.

Lee, Clarence, Elie Ofek, and Thomas Steenburgh. “Where do the Most Active Customers Originate and How Can Firms Keep Them Engaged?” Working Pa-per, 2013. (Revise and Resubmit at Management Science.)

Lee, Clarence, Vineet Kumar, and Sunil Gupta. “De-signing Freemium: a Model of Consumer Usage, Up-grade, and Referral Dynamics.” (Job Market Paper.)

Mohan, Bhavya, Ryan Buell, and Leslie John. “Lift-ing the Veil: Cost Transparency as Intimate Firm Dis-

closure.” Working Paper, 2013.

Mohan, Bhavya, Pierre Chandon, and Jason Riis. “Improving Consumer Evaluation of Marketing Of-fers Framed in Terms of Percentage Changes in Cost vs. Benefit: The Role of the Availability and Type of Rate Information.” Working Paper, 2013.

Zhang, Lingling, and Anita Elberse. “Blurred Lines: Do Live-Music Sales Drive Recorded-Music Sales?” Working Paper, 2014.

Zhang, Ting, Tami Kim, Alison Wood Brooks, Fran-cesca Gino, and Michael Norton. “A Present for the Future: The Unexpected Value of Rediscovery.” Psy-chological Science (Revise and Resubmit).

ABSTRACT

Bellezza, Silvia, Francesca Gino, and Anat Keinan. “The Red Sneakers Ef-fect: Inferring Status and Competence from Signals of Non-conformity.” Jour-nal of Consumer Research 41 (2014).

This research examines how people react to noncon-forming behaviors, such as entering a luxury bou-tique wearing gym clothes rather than an elegant outfit or wearing red sneakers in a professional set-ting. Nonconforming behaviors, as costly and visible signals, can act as a particular form of conspicuous consumption and lead to positive inferences of sta-tus and competence in the eyes of others. A series of studies demonstrates that people confer higher sta-tus and competence to nonconforming rather than conforming individuals. These positive inferences derived from signals of nonconformity are mediated by perceived autonomy and moderated by individu-al differences in need for uniqueness in the observ-ers. An investigation of boundary conditions demon-strates that the positive inferences disappear when the observer is unfamiliar with the environment, when the nonconforming behavior is depicted as un-intentional, and in the absence of expected norms and shared standards of formal conduct.

ABSTRACT

Davin, Joseph P., Sunil Gupta, and Mi-kolaj Jan Piskorski. “Separating Ho-mophily and Peer Influence with Latent Space.” HBS Working Paper, No. 14-053, 2014.

We study the impact of peer behavior on the adop-tion of mobile apps in a social network. To identify social influence properly, we introduce latent space as an approach to control for latent homophily, the idea that “birds of a feather flock together.” In a se-ries of simulations, we show that latent space coor-dinates significantly reduce bias in the estimate of social influence. The intuition is that latent coordi-nates act as proxy variables for hidden traits that give

RESEARCH, 2014

rise to latent homophily. The approach outperforms existing methods such as including observed covari-ates, random effects, or fixed effects. We then apply the latent space approach to identify social influence on installation of mobile apps in a social network. We find that peer influence accounts for 27% of mobile app adoptions, and that latent homophily inflates this estimate by 40% (to 38%). In some samples, ignoring latent homophily can result in overestima-tion of social effects by over 100%.

ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIORAnteby, Michel and Curtis K. Chan. “Invisible Work.” In Sociology of Work: An Encyclopedia, edit-ed by V. Smith. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publica-tions, 2013.

Beljean, Stefan, and Curtis K. Chan. “At the Cutting Edge of Comparative Cultural Sociology: A Mini-Con-ference Report from the 2013 Eastern Sociological Society Annual Meeting”. Culture: American Socio-logical Association Section on the Sociology of Cul-ture Newsletter 26, no. 1 (2013): 15.

Chan, Curtis K. “Book Review: Money At Work: On the Job with Priests, Poker Players, and Hedge Fund Traders, by Kevin J. Delaney.” Work & Occupations. 40, no. 2 (2013): 326-328.

Chua, Roy Y.J., Shaohui Chen, and Lisa Kwan. “CDG: Managing in China’s Economic Transforma-tion.” HBS No. 411-067. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2010.

Cuddy, Amy J.C., Caroline A. Wilmuth, J. Yap, and Dana R. Carney. Preparatory Power Posing Af-fects Nonverbal Presence and Job Interview Perfor-mance. Journal of Applied Psychology (Revise and resubmit).

Cuddy, Amy J.C., and Elizabeth Baily Wolf. Punish-ment and Prescribed Overcompensation for “Deviant Moms”: How Race and Work Status Affect Judgments of Moms. In Gender and Work: Challenging Conven-tional Wisdom, edited by Robin Ely, and Amy J.C. Cud-dy. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2013.

Fernandes, Catarina R., and Jeffrey T. Polzer. “Di-versity in Groups.” In Emerging Trends in the So-cial and Behavioral Sciences, edited by Robert A. Scott, and Stephen M. Kosslyn. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons, Inc (under review).

Gardner, Heidi K., and Lisa B. Kwan. “Expertise Dis-sensus: A Multi-level Model of Teams’ Differing Per-ceptions about Member Expertise.” HBS Working Paper 12-070, 2012.

Gibson, Jane Whitney, Wei Chen, Erin L. Henry, John Humphreys, and Yunshan Lian. “Mary Park-er Follett: Examining Her Work Through Critical Bi-ography.” Journal of Management History 19, no. 4 (2013): 441-458.

Gibson, Jane Whitney, Russell Clayton, Jack Deem, Jacqueline Einstein, and Erin L. Henry. “Viewing the Work of Lillian M. Gilbreth Through the Lens of Crit-ical Biography,” Journal of Management History (re-vise and resubmit).

Gulati, Ranjay, Franz Wohlgezogen, and Pavel Zhel-yazkov. “The Two Facets of Collaboration: Coopera-tion and Coordination in Strategic Alliances.” Acad-emy of Management Annals 6 (2012): 531–583.

Hansen, Elizabeth. “Diving into the Garbage Can:

HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL DOCTORAL PROGRAMS

Organizational Identity and Social Defenses Against Decision-Making in a High-Technology Firm.” Work-ing Paper, 2014.

Hansen, Elizabeth, and Melissa Mazmanian. “Work, Technology and the Expressive Value of Temporal Re-sources.” Working Paper, 2014.

Henderson, Rebecca, Erin L. Henry, and Ian McK-own Cornell, “EPB: Energizing Chattanooga,” HBS No. N9-313-097. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2013.

Henry, Erin L. “Not Just Keeping the Lights On: Stakeholder Engagement for Mutual Gain at a Utili-ty.” Working Paper, 2014.

Jang, Sujin. “Bringing Worlds Together: Cultural Bro-kerage in Multicultural Teams.” Working Paper, 2013.

Jang, Sujin, and Roy Chua. “Building Intercultural Trust at the Negotiating Table.” In Negotiation Ex-cellence: Successful Deal Making, edited by Michael Benoliel. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific Publish-ing Company, 2011.

Jang, Sujin, and George Alvarez. “From Seeing Dots to Perceiving Social Cues: Mapping the Relationship between Visual Processing and Social Perceptive-ness.” Working Paper, 2012.

Jang, Sujin, Justin Monticello, Sam Ten Cate, and J. Richard Hackman. “We’re Halfway There? The Ef-fects of Time on Group Processes and Outcomes.” Working Paper, 2012.

Jang, Sujin, Lakshmi Ramarajan, and Jeffrey T. Pol-zer. “You Are Who You Befriend: How Online Social Networks Shape Perceptions.” Working Paper, 2012.

Manning, Ryann. “FollowMe.IntDev.Com: Interna-tional Development in the Blogosphere.” In Popu-lar Representations of Development: Insights from Novels, Films, Television, and Social Media, edited by David Lewis, Dennis Rodgers, and Michael Wool-cock. New York: Routledge. 2013.

Manning, Ryann, Julie Battilana, and Lakshmi Ra-marajan. “Communicating Change: When Identity Becomes a Source of Vulnerability for Institution-al Challengers.” Academy of Management Review; and Best Paper Proceedings of the 2014 Academy of Management Meeting. (Revise and Resubmit).

Manning, Ryann. “A Place for Emotion: How Space Structures Nurse-Parent Interactions in West African Pediatric Wards.” American Sociological Review; and Best Paper Proceedings of the 2014 Academy of Management Meeting. (Revise and Resubmit).

Neeley, Tsedal, Fon Wiruchnipawan, and Jeffrey T. Polzer. “Global Language Mandates Create Status Differences for Nonnative Speakers.” Working Pa-per, 2013.

Perlow, Leslie, Melissa Mazmanian and Elizabeth Hansen. “Team Time: Collective Temporal Resourc-

es and the Recreation of Work in a Professional Ser-vice Firm.” Working Paper, 2014.

Polzer, Jeffrey T., and Lisa Kwan. “When Identi-ties, Interests, and Information Collide: How Sub-groups Create Hidden Profiles in Teams.” In Looking Back, Moving Forward: A Review of Group and Team-Based Research (Research on Managing Groups and Teams, Volume 15), edited by Margaret A. Neale and Elizabeth A. Mannix. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing, 2012.

Polzer, Jeffrey T., Patricia Satterstrom, Lisa Kwan, and Fon Wiruchnipawan. “Thin Slices of Teams.” Working Paper, 2013.

Rashid, Faaiza, Amy C. Edmondson, and Herman B. Leonard. “Leadership Lessons from the Chilean Mine Rescue.” Harvard Business Review 91, nos. 7/8 (July–August 2013): 113–119.

Rashid, Faaiza, and Amy C. Edmondson. “Risky Trust: How Multi-entity Teams Develop Trust in a High Risk Endeavor.” HBS Working Paper 11-089, 2011.

Rashid, Faaiza, and Amy C. Edmondson. “Risky Trust: How Teams Develop Trust in High-Risk En-deavours,” Rotman Magazine, (Spring 2012).

Rashid, Faaiza, and Amy C. Edmondson. “Risky Trust: How Multi-entity Teams Develop Trust in High Risk Endeavors.” In Restoring Trust: Challenges and Prospects Restoring Trust in Organizations and Lead-ers: Enduring Challenges and Emerging Answers, edited by Roderick Kramer and Todd Pittinsky, New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.

Rashid, Faaiza. “Self-Organizing Networks.” In En-cyclopedia of Social Networks, edited by George Bar-nett. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2011.

Rashid, Faaiza. “Collective Action and Social Move-ments.” In Encyclopedia of Social Networks, edited by George Barnett. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Pub-lications, 2011.

Rashid, Faaiza. “Developing a Case Study for Inter-active Learning: Purpose, Form and Methodology.” In The Owner’s Dilemma: Driving Success and Inno-vation in the Design and Construction Industry, edit-ed by Barbara Bryson and Canan Yetmen. Norcross, GA: Greenway Communications, 2010.

Sezer, Ovul, Ting Zhang, and Max Bazerman. “Overcoming the Outcome Bias: Making Process Matter.” Academy of Management Proceedings (January 2013).

Tadmor, Carmit, Patricia Satterstrom, Sujin Jang, and Jeffrey T. Polzer. “Beyond Individual Creativity: The Superadditive Benefits of Multicultural Experi-ence for Collective Creativity in Culturally Diverse Teams.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 43, no.3 (April 2012): 384-392.

Tadmor, Carmit T., Ying-yi Hong, Melody M. Chao,

RESEARCH, 2014

tient deaths with public displays of anger and frus-tration toward the parents of their patients than to comfort or reassure them. Combining literatures on emotion management and on the impact of place and space on social life, I show that two features of these hospital wards – the absence of private, back stage areas and the presence of visibility without control – shape nurse-parent interactions and influ-ence how nurses express and manage emotions. My findings address important gaps in our understand-ing of the spatiality of emotion and extend our knowl-edge of workplace emotion management to a new so-cial, cultural, and organizational environment – one which provides little space for processing emotions behind the scenes, but does provide a place for an-ger and frustration.

ABSTRACT

Zhelyazkov, Pavel. “When Does the Glue of Social Ties Dissolve? Syndica-tion Ties and Performance Cues in Withdrawals from Venture Capital Syn-dicates, 1985-2009.” Academy of

Management Best Paper Proceedings (forthcoming).

The present study integrates the economic and so-cial perspectives on the stability of collaboration by exploring how performance cues interact with in-terorganizational embeddedness in affecting firms’ withdrawals from venture capital coinvestment syn-dicates. It finds that higher embeddedness decreas-es the probability of withdrawal, especially in the face of negative general performance cues; howev-er, the effect disappears in cases of negative collab-oration-specific cues. The findings demonstrate the limits to the power of embeddedness to increase the stability of interorganizational collaboration.

Fon Wiruchnipawan, and Wei Wang. “Multicultural Experiences Reduce Intergroup Bias through Epis-temic Unfreezing.” Journal of Personality and So-cial Psychology 103(2012): 750–772.

Wilmuth, Caroline A., and A.J. Yap. “Variations in the Memory Accuracy-confidence Relationship: The Effects of Context, Quantity, Modality, and Complex-ity of Information.” (forthcoming).

Wiruchnipawan, Fon, and Roy Y.J. Chua. “Intercul-tural Relationships and Creativity: Existing Research and Future Directions.” In Handbook of Culture and Creativity: Basic Processes and Applied Innovations, edited by A. Leung, L. Y-Y. Kwan and S. Liou. Ox-ford: U.K.: Oxford University Press, (forthcoming).

Wiruchnipawan, Fon. “Involuntary Distractions: Cognitive Stimulation or Disruption for Creativity.” Working Paper, 2014.

Wiruchnipawan, Fon, and Roy Y.J. Chua. “Unlock-ing the Power of Dialectical Thinking: Moderating Ef-fects of Supervisor Leadership Styles on Creativity.” Working Paper, 2013.

Wiruchnipawan, Fon, Jeffrey T. Polzer. “Does Help Matter? When and How Receiving Help Affects Work Performance.” Working Paper, 2013.

Zhang, Ting, Francesca Gino, and Max H. Bazerman. “Morality Rebooted: Exploring Simple Fixes to Our Moral Bugs.” HBS Working Paper 14-105, 2014.

Zhang, Ting, and Max H. Bazerman. “Managerial Decision Biases.” In Encyclopedia of Management Theory, edited by E. H. Kessler. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2013.

Zhelyazkov, Pavel. “When Does the Glue of Social Ties Dissolve? Syndication Ties and Performance Cues in Withdrawals from Venture Capital Syndicates, 1985-2009.” Best Paper Proceedings of the 2014 Academy of Management Meeting (forthcoming).

ABSTRACT

Manning, Ryann. “A Place for Emo-t ion : How Space St ruc tu res Nurse-Parent Interactions in West Af-rican Pediatric Wards.” American So-ciological Review; and Best Paper

Proceedings of the 2014 Academy of Management Meeting. (Revise and Resubmit).

Workers who regularly confront the realities of life and death, including health workers in high mortality settings, are often expected, by themselves and oth-ers, to be experts at emotion management – to align their own emotions with organizationally- or profes-sionally-defined feeling rules while deftly managing the emotions of patients or clients. Using observa-tional and interview data from three pediatric hospi-tal wards in West Africa, however, I find that nurses are twice as likely to respond to emergencies and pa-

HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL DOCTORAL PROGRAMS

STRATEGYAlusi, Annissa, Robert G. Eccles, Amy C. Edmond-son, and Tiona Zuzul. “Sustainable Cities: Oxymo-ron or the Shape of the Future?” Harvard Business School Working Paper 11-062, 2010 (revised 2011).

Edmondson, Amy C., Tiona Zuzul, and Robert Ec-cles. “Learning from Sustainable Community Experi-ments.” Early Ecocities. Economist: The Ideas Econ-omy (blog), January 10, 2011.

Edmondson, Amy C., and Tiona Zuzul. “Blending Quantitative and Qualitative Methods in Organiza-tional Research.” In Palgrave Encyclopedia of Stra-tegic Management, edited by David J. Teece and Mie Augier. Palgrave Macmillan (forthcoming).

Eccles, Robert G., Annissa Alusi, Amy C. Edmond-son, and Tiona Zuzul. “Sustainable Cities: Oxymo-ron or the Shape of the Future?” In Infrastructure Sustainability and Design, edited by Spiro Pollalis, Andreas Georgoulias, Stephen Ramos, and Daniel Schodek. New York: Routledge, 2012.

Hugill, Andrea, and Jordan Siegel. “Which Does More to Determine the Quality of Corporate Governance in Emerging Economies, Firms or Countries?” HBS Work-ing Paper 13–055.

Short, Jodi L., Michael W. Toffel, and Andrea Hugill. “What Shapes the Gatekeepers? Evidence from Global Supply Chain Auditors.” HBS Working Paper 14-032, 2013.

Zuzul, Tiona, and Amy C. Edmondson. “The Down-side of Legitimacy Building for a New Firm in a Na-scent Industry.” HBS Working Paper 11-099, 2011 (revised 2013).

ABSTRACT

Short, Jodi L., Michael W. Toffel, and Andrea R. Hugill. “Monitoring the Monitors: How Social Factors Influ-ence Supply Chain Auditors.” HBS Working Paper 14-032, 2013 (re-

vised 2014. Previously titled “What Shapes the Gatekeepers? Evidence from Global Supply Chain Auditors.”)

Supply chain auditors provide companies with stra-tegic information about the practices of suppliers, yet little is known of what influences auditors’ abil-ity to identify and report dangerous, illegal, and un-ethical behavior at factories. Drawing on insights from the literatures on street-level bureaucracy and on regulatory and audit design, we theorize and in-vestigate the factors that shape the practices of pri-vate supply chain auditors. We find evidence that their reporting practices are shaped by an array of so-cial factors, including an auditor’s experience, gen-der, and professional training; ongoing relationships between auditors and audited factories; and gender

diversity on audit teams. By providing the first com-prehensive and systematic findings on supply chain auditing practices, our study suggests strategies for designing more credible monitoring regimes.

TECHNOLOGY & OPERATIONS MANAGEMENTAltman, Elizabeth J., Frank Nagle, and Michael L. Tushman. “Innovating without Information Constraints: Organization, Communities, and Innovation when Infor-mation Costs Approach Zero.” In Oxford Handbook of Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship: Multilev-el Linkages, edited by C. Shalley, M. Hitt & J. Zhou. Ox-ford, UK: Oxford University Press, forthcoming.

Altman, Elizabeth J., Frank Nagle, and Michael L. Tushman. “Technology and Innovation Manage-ment.” In Oxford Bibliographies in Management, ed-ited by Ricky W. Griffin. New York: Oxford Universi-ty Press, 2013.

Berry Jaeker, Jillian, Anita L. Tucker, and Michael H. Lee. “Increased Speed Equals Increased Wait: The Impact of a Reduction in Emergency Department Ul-trasound Order Processing Time.” HBS Working Pa-per 14-033, 2013.

Berry Jaeker, Jillian, and Anita Tucker. “An Empirical Study of the Spillover Effects of Workload on Patient Length of Stay.” HBS Working Paper, No. 13-052, 2012 (revised 2013).

Craig, Nathan, and Ananth Raman. “Improving Store Liquidation.” Working Paper, 2013 (under revision).

Craig, Nathan, Nicole DeHoratius, and Ananth Ra-man. “The Impact of Supplier Reliability on Retail-er Demand.” Working Paper, 2013 (under revision).

Craig, Nathan, Nicole DeHoratius, Yan Jiang, and Diego Klabjan. “Inventory Management with Pur-chase Order Errors and Rework.” Working Paper, 2013 (under review).

Doshi, Anil R., Glenn W. S. Dowell, and Michael W. Toffel. “How firms respond to mandatory informa-tion disclosure.” Strategic Management Journal 34 no. 10 (2013): 1209-1231.

Doshi, Anil R. “Superstar Effects on Platforms.” Working Paper, 2014.

Greenstein, Shane, and Frank Nagle. “Digital Dark Matter and the Economics of Apache.” Research Policy 43 (4) (May 2014): 623-631.

Ibanez, Maria, and Anthony Pennington-Cross. “Com-mercial Property Rent Dynamics in U.S. Metropolitan Areas: An Examination of Office, Industrial, Flex and Retail Space.” Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 46, no. 2 (February 2013): 232–259.

McElheran, Kristina, Frank Nagle, and Steven Kahl. “Supply- Chain Based Network Effects in Informa-tion Technology Adoption.” Working Paper, 2013.

RESEARCH, 2014

Nagle, Frank, and Christopher Riedl. “Online Word of Mouth and Product Quality Disagreement.” HBS Working Paper 13-091, May 2013 (revised Janu-ary 2014) (re-submitted to Management Science).

Nagle, Frank, and Christopher Riedl. “Online Word of Mouth and Product Quality Disagreement.” Best Paper Proceedings of the 2014 Academy of Manage-ment Meeting, forthcoming.

Nagle, Frank. “Public Digital Goods and Firm Pro-ductivity.” Working Paper, 2014.

Nagle, Frank. “Stock Market Prediction via Social Media: The Importance of Competitors.” Working Paper, 2013.

ABSTRACT

Greenstein, Shane and Frank Nagle. “Digital Dark Matter and the Eco-nomics of Apache.” Research Policy 43 (4) (May 2014): 623-631.

Researchers have long hypothesized that research outputs from government, universi-ty, and private company R&D contribute to econom-ic growth, but these contributions may be difficult to measure when they take a non-pecuniary form. The growth of networking devices and the Internet in the 1990s and 2000s magnified these challeng-es, as illustrated by the deployment of the descen-dent of the NCSA HTTPd server, otherwise known as Apache. This study asks whether this experience could produce measurement issues in standard pro-ductivity analysis, specifically, omission and attri-bution issues, and, if so, whether the magnitude is large enough to matter. The study develops and an-alyzes a novel data set consisting of a 1% sample of all outward-facing web servers used in the Unit-ed States. We find that use of Apache potentially ac-counts for a mismeasurement of somewhere between $2 billion and $12 billion, which equates to between 1.3% and 8.7% of the stock of prepackaged software in private fixed investment in the United States and a very high rate of return to the original federal invest-ment in the Internet. We argue that these findings point to a large potential undercounting of the rate of return from IT spillovers from the invention of the Internet. The findings also suggest a large potential undercounting of “digital dark matter” in general.

ABSTRACT

Ibanez, Maria, and Anthony Pen-nington-Cross. “Commercial Property Rent Dynamics in U.S. Metropolitan Areas: An Examination of Office, In-dustrial, Flex and Retail Space.”

Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 46, no. 2 (February 2013): 232–259.

This paper is concerned with the market rental rate

for space offered by commercial property and how that rental rate evolves over time. Rental rates re-flect the value of the services provided by the proper-ty and can have a significant impact on the ability of its owners to make monthly debt obligations. We in-vestigate commercial property rent dynamics for 34 large metropolitan areas in the U.S. The dynamics are studied from the second quarter of 1990 through the second quarter of 2009 and the results are com-pared across four property types or uses (office, in-dustrial, flex, and retail). There is substantial hetero-geneity in both the long and short run responses to changing demand and supply conditions. In gener-al, the office market is the slowest to adjust back to-wards equilibrium while industrial and flex markets adjust back to the long run equilibrium very quickly. For industrial and office types, the speed of adjust-ment is substantially faster within quality segments and is strongest for grade A properties.

HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL DOCTORAL PROGRAMS

HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL

DOCTORAL PROGRAMS

WYSS HOUSE

BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 02163

WWW.HBS.EDU / DOCTORAL