2 Foreword

Green Line Oberstufe Vokabellernheft is the perfect companion for learning, revising and expanding your vocabulary. It provides you with important key words and phrases for 21 topics relevant for Oberstufe, Abitur and beyond. Whether you want to prepare for written or oral exams, write an essay, give a presentation or take part in a discussion – practise with Green Line Oberstufe Vokabellernheft and you will always have the words you need. It is the ideal accompaniment to your Green Line Oberstufe student’s book, but the Vokabellernheft can be used with other textbooks as well, or on its own.

Each topic has different sections to help you find the necessary words for a particular aspect. It’s up to you whether you want to revise the topic as a whole or focus on just one aspect. The vocabulary is organised in three columns, with the words listed in alphabetical order. In the left-hand column you will find the word or phrase to be learned and in the middle column the German translation. Relevant information in the right-hand column helps you remember the word or phrase and how to use it, e. g.:• example sentences and collocations• paraphrases, synonyms, antonyms• words from the same word family• hints on pronunciation, false friends and

common mistakes.

A variety of tips will help you to improve your intercultural competence and avoid mistakes in writing and conversation, as well as giving additional information you might find interesting.

When preparing for tests or exams, consult the section Useful phrases for exams. It contains a wide range of phrases suitable for answering typical exam tasks such

as analysing different text types, talking about visuals, interacting in monologue and dialogue situations and many more.

Finally, learning words is a very personal thing, so use the strategies you find best. The following suggestions may give you some new ideas to try.

1. Learning new words effectivelyLearning vocabulary doesn’t just mean memorising as many words as possible. Knowing how and when to use them (i.e. context and register) and how to form collocations and phrases correctly is equally important! These techniques will help you to weave a better “vocabulary web”:• Structure new words with mind maps,

word trees, word forks, tables, …• Create your personal thesaurus:

Note down synonyms, antonyms and paraphrases. Paraphrasing is especially important when you don’t know a word you need but it is also an effective memorising technique!

• Make the words active: Write a short text, use them in class, email a friend …

• Choose the media you feel most comfortable with: Use learning software, smartphone apps, online dictionaries, file cards, sticky notes etc.

2. Guessing techniquesHere is a list of guessing techniques that can be applied to texts containing new words. There will always be some words you don’t know, but this should not prevent you from understanding the most important points from the texts. Guessable words:• words that are similar to words you

know from German or other languages: boycott, capital, dignified, lyrical, mural, to renounce, to suspend, … – but watch out for false friends!

Dear student,

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3Vorwort

• compounds of words you already know: knowledge-based, postcolonial, …

• words from a word family you already know: applicant (→ to apply), beneficial (→ benefit), …

• words whose meaning you can guess from the context: “The riots were about giving the despised representatives of authority a taste of their own medicine”. → Despised must be a negative adjective (despised = hated).

3. Working with a dictionaryUse the information on word category, register, collocations and usage given in dictionaries to find the word that fits the context best. An English–German, German–English dictionary is best suited for the purpose of translation, whereas an English–English dictionary helps you get to know the usage of words.

Careful!= synonym↔ antonym→ word familyadj adjectiveAE American English

BE British Englishf femininefml formalinfml informalm masculinen noun

nt neuterpl pluralsb somebody sg singularsth somethingv verb

AbbREVIATIONs/AbKüRzUNGEN

Here is an example from the Cambridge Advanced Learner ’s Dictionary:

• pronunciation

• word category/part of speech

• grammatical details ([I] = intransitive verb)

• different meanings with definitions and examples showing typical usage

• style/usage

• idioms

• frequency (information on the relative importance of a word: E = Essential; I = Improver; A = Advanced)

• collocations

deckchair /"dek.tSe@r//-tSer/"noun [C] a folding chairfor use outside, especiallyon the beach, on a ship orin a park, with a longstrip of material whichforms a low seat whenthe chair is open

deckhand /"dek.h&nd/noun [C] a person, usuallyunskilled, who works ona ship, but who does notserve the passengers or work in the engine room

decking /"dek.IN/ noun [U] a floor outside made of wood,or the long pieces of wood used to make this floor

declaim /dI"kleIm/ verb [I or T] formal to express some-thing with strong feeling, especially in a loud voice orwith forceful language: [+ speech] "The end of theworld isat hand!" the poster declaimed. * She declaimed againstthe evils of capitalism. . declamatory /dI"kl&m.@.t@r.i//-tO;r-/ adjective a declamatory style

declamation /%dek.l@"meI.S@n/ noun [C or U] formal astrong statement or when you express something witha lot of feeling:He subjected us to half an hour of impas-sioned declamation against the new motorway. * Decla-mations against the press are common enough.

declaration /%dek.l@"reI.S@n/ noun [C] announcementk1.A an announcement, often one that is written andofficial:Members of Parliament mustmake a declarationof their business interests. * As witnesses to the accident,we were asked to make written declarations of what wehad seen. * The company made a declaration of intent tofollow an equal opportunities policy. cricketk 2 incricket, when a team stops batting (= hitting the ball)because they think they already have enough runs(= points) to win: a cleverly timed declaration

declare /dI"kle@r/ /-"kler/"verb expressk 1 .I [T] to announce somethingclearly, firmly, publicly or officially: They declaredtheir support for the proposal * [+ (that)] She declared(that) it was the best chocolate cake she had ever tasted.* [+ obj + (to be) + noun/adj] They declared themselves (tobe) bankrupt. * [+ speech] "I won’t do it!" he declared.* America declared war on Japan in 1941 (= announcedofficially that it was at war). * figurative The govern-ment have declared war on (= publicly announced theiropposition to) the drug dealers. * The country declaredindependence in 1952 (= announced that it was nolonger under the control of another country). 2 [T] toofficially tell someone the value of goods you havebought, or the amount of money you have earnedbecause you might have to pay tax: Nothing to declare.* Goods to declare. cricketk 3 [I] If a cricket teamdeclares, they stop batting (= hitting the ball) becausethey think they already have enough runs (= points) towin: Pakistan declared at 350 for 7, leaving Australia tomake an unlikely 5 runs an over to win."idiom I declare old-fashioned used to express surprise:Well, I declare!"phrasal verb declare for/against sth to give/not givesomeone or something your public support: Shedeclared for the new airport plan.

declared /dI"kle@d/ /-"klerd/ adjectiveAdeclared fact isone that someone has publicly said or admitted:He is adeclared supporter of the scheme.* It has always beenmydeclared intention to sail round the world.

declassify /%di;"kl&s.I.faI/ verb [T] to say officially thatespecially political or military information is no longersecret: Many government documents are declassifiedafter 50 years. . declassification /%di;.kl&s.I.fI"keI.S@n/noun [U]

declension /dI"klen.tS@n/ noun 1 [C] a group of nouns oradjectives that decline in the same way: How manydeclensions are there in German? * Rex is in the thirddeclension 2 [U] when or how you decline a wordcCompare conjugate

decline /dI"klaIn/"verb go downk 1.A [I] to gradually become less,worse, or lower: His interest in the project declinedafter his wife died. * The party’s popularity has declinedin the opinion polls. * formal The land declines sharplyaway from the house. refusek 2.A [I or T] formal torefuse: I invited him to the meeting but he declined. * Hedeclined my offer. * [+ to infinitive] They declined to tellme how they had got my address. grammark 3 [I or T]specialized If a noun, pronoun or adjective declines, ithas different forms depending on whether it is the sub-ject or object, etc. of a verb and whether it is singular orplural, etc. If you decline such a word, you list itsvarious forms.: In Latin we learnt how to decline nouns."idiom sb’s declining years the last years of someone’slife: He became very forgetful in his declining years."noun [S or U].I when something becomes less inamount, importance, quality or strength: industrialdecline * Home cooking seems to be on the/in decline(= not so many people are doing it). * a decline in thenumber of unemployed* She seemed to be recovering andthen she went into a decline.

decode /di;"k@Ud/ /-"koUd/ verb 1 [T] to discover themeaning of information given in a secret or compli-cated way: Decoding the paintings is not difficult onceyou know what the component parts symbolise. cCom-pare encode 2 [I or T] specialized to understand themeaning of a word or phrase in a foreign language inthe correctway:Grammatical information helps learnersto decode sentences.

decoder /di;"k@Ud.@r/ /-"koUd. / noun [C] specialized apiece of equipment that allows you to receive particulartelevision signals

decolletage /%deI.kQl.I"tA;Z/ /-%kA;.l@"tA;Z/ noun [C or U](the shoulders and chest of a woman’s body shown by)the low top edge of a dress

decolonization, uk usually decolonisation /di;%kQl.@.naI-"zeI.S@n/ noun [U] the giving of political independenceto a country that was previously a colony (= controlledby another country)

decommission /%di;.k@"mIS.@n/ verb [T] to take equip-ment or weapons out of use: The government hasdecided to decommission two battleships. * It wouldcost $300 million to decommission the nuclear installa-tion.

decompose /%di;.k@m"p@Uz/ /-"poUz/ verb [I or T] 1 todecay, or to cause something to decay: The body musthave been decomposing for several weeks. 2 specialized tobreak, or to break something, into smaller parts:Microbes decompose organic waste into a mixture ofmethane and carbon dioxide. . decomposition /%di;.-kQm.p@"zIS.@n/ /-kA;m-/ noun [U] The corpse was inan advanced stage of decomposition.

decomposer /%di;.k@m"p@Uz.@r/ /"poUz. / noun [C] spe-cialized an organism such as a bacterium or fungusthat makes dead plant and animal material decay

decompress /%di;.k@m"pres/ verb 1 [I or T] to return to theoriginal size or air pressure, or to cause something to dothis: If a plane window breaks, the cabin will rapidlydecompress. . decompression /%di;.k@m"preS.@n/ noun[U]

decomLpression Kchamber noun [C] a small room inwhich a very high air pressure is reduced slowly tothe normal level to prevent or treat decompressionsickness

decomLpression Ksickness noun [U] specialized thebends (= a serious medical condition caused by return-

deckchair Important words to learn:.E Essential.I Improver.A Advanced. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

362

We wish you every success! Your Green Line Oberstufe team

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The arts6 Visual art and music

8 Performing art

Ecological challenges9 Consequences of the exploitation

of natural resources

12 Responsibility to preserve nature

The Englishes13 English – a timeline

15 The Englishes

16 English as a global lingua franca

Faith and religion18 Religion in Great Britain

19 Religion in the United States of America

Gender issues21 The optimists’ view

23 The pessimists’ view

Globalisation25 Globalisation – a basic definition

26 People, cultures and lifestyles

28 A network of products

31 The communication network

Growing up32 Family and relationships

33 Education

India35 Colonisation and Independence

37 A sense of place

39 Population

40 Hinduism: The main religion in India

The individual and society42 What is social class?

43 Social class in the US

44 The generations

46 The Millennials

47 Generation Z

International relations48 The EU – a growing

supranational organisation

Ireland51 A brief Anglo-Irish history

53 From Celtic Tiger to Bailout Kitten

The media54 Media in the twentieth century

56 The changing face of the media

58 Social media and politics

59 Advertising

Migration and diversity61 Embracing diversity

63 Migration worldwide

66 Immigration to the US

68 Immigration to the UK

Political systems69 The political system of the

United States

72 The political system of the United Kingdom

Regional identities75 Factors defining regional identity

77 Regional identities in the UK and the US

4 Contents

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5Inhaltsverzeichnis

Science and utopia79 Science vs. technology

80 Challenges of the 21st century

82 Utopia and dystopia

83 Science fiction and fantasy

84 Genetics – the essentials

85 Genetic engineering

Shakespeare87 The Renaissance

88 The Elizabethan Age

90 Shakespeare: an extraordinary life

91 All the world’s a stage …

The United Kingdom94 The Kingdom unites

(and disunites?)

95 A ‘disunited’ England? – the North-South divide

96 The gap between the rich and the poor

97 Empire and Commonwealth

99 The United Kingdom as part of a United States of Europe?

Urban & rural lifestyles100 City life

101 Rural life

The US then and now103 Independence

105 Equality and freedom

107 Immigration

108 The American Dream

The world of work110 From an agrarian to a post-

industrial society

113 Expanding social security

114 The changing workplace

117 Equality at work

Useful phrases for exams118 S4.2 Analysing non-fictional

texts

118 S5.2 Analysing narrative texts

119 S6.1 Analysing poetry

119 S7 Characterisation

120 S8 Narrative perspectives

120 S10.2 Stylistic devices

120 S13 Summary

120 S14 Essay

121 S14.2 Comment

121 S15 Speech

122 S16 Review

122 S18.1 Writing a formal letter/letter to the editor

123 S19.3 Quoting

123 S21 Listening comprehension

123 S22 Presentation

124 S23 Dialogue

124 S24.2 Chairing a discussion or talk show

125 S25 Interview

126 S27 Statistics, diagrams and maps

127 S28 Pictures

127 S28.2 Cartoons

128 S29.2 Analysing films

128 S31.2 Working with advertisements

128 S33 Peer evaluation

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