Do you Do you (still)(still) love me ?love me ?

A crash course A crash course on on tellingtelling and and recognizingrecognizing lieslies

Michael ZockMichael ZockLIF-CNRS, Marseille

zock@free.fr

2

Lies and some of the reasons behind themLies and some of the reasons behind them

Concerning liesEveryone lies once in a whileProducing lies is at reach for everyone

lies are more than just incorrect information (intention to deceive)

Producing “good” lies is not trivialRecognizing them can be a very hard task

Reasons behind themprotecting yourself or others (white lies)

get some advantage : material or sentimental (e.g. love)

3

Three kind of Three kind of ““liarsliars””

good guys (don’t lie)bad guys (do lie)

smart guys (lie by sticking to the rules, persuade)

The first don’t get very far, the second get into jail (hell), the third get into heaven, i.e. they run our countries

4

End of the End of the very shortvery short course on telling course on telling lieslies

There wonThere won’’t be any course on how to build a liet be any course on how to build a lie--detector either: sorry for that !!!detector either: sorry for that !!!In exchange I may offer some ideas of how to In exchange I may offer some ideas of how to

build a politically correct insult generatorbuild a politically correct insult generatorread and write between the linesread and write between the linesperform subliminal communicationperform subliminal communicationdo LSA and Latent Semantic Synthesis (LSS) do LSA and Latent Semantic Synthesis (LSS)

5

Become a diplomat and learn how to read and write Become a diplomat and learn how to read and write between the lines. We between the lines. We dondon’’tt always communicate always communicate

everything everything explicitelyexplicitely with wordswith words

6

Lies, truth and things in between Lies, truth and things in between IfIf lieslies areare blackblack andand truth truth isis white, white, they are only two the they are only two the extreme values of a continuous realityextreme values of a continuous realityThere are many intermediate shades, and they are not There are many intermediate shades, and they are not necessarily half liesnecessarily half liesGoal of the talk: to show some of these intermediate Goal of the talk: to show some of these intermediate shades, more specifically this talk is a bit aboutshades, more specifically this talk is a bit about

persuasionpersuasion (verbal massaging, reading and writing between the lines)(verbal massaging, reading and writing between the lines)

containerscontainers and and containmentcontainment, or , or formform and and contentcontent..

7

WarningWarning

Very speculativeVery speculativeA number of half baked A number of half baked (crazy, hopefully stimulating (crazy, hopefully stimulating

and useful)and useful) ideasideas

8

OutlineOutline

Some linguistic and rhetorical problemsSome linguistic and rhetorical problemsSome computational approachesSome computational approaches

Pauline (Hovy)Pauline (Hovy)PostGraphe (Lapalme & Fasciano)PostGraphe (Lapalme & Fasciano)

Psychological approachesPsychological approachesHow word access techniques could be used for How word access techniques could be used for subliminal communication ?subliminal communication ?

9

Language as a resourceLanguage as a resource

G. Leech & J. Svartvik (1975)A communicative grammar of English, Longman, pp.135-155

Modal verbs Could, might, shouldInterjections: What a fantastic goalExclamations How interesting!Nuclear stress You do look great!Repetition You are a bad, bad girl.Intensification of questions Why on earth didn’t he tell me?Rhetorical questions: Wasn’t it a great concert?Degree adverbs I realy hoped that he’d make itIntensifying adverbs He’s an absolute saint

10

Style, meaning and formStyle, meaning and form

StyleStyle is is ““the way in which something is said, done, exthe way in which something is said, done, ex--pressed, or performedpressed, or performed””

((The American HeritageThe American Heritage®® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth EditionDictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition ))

StyleStyle is a is a meansmeans towards an towards an endend, hence, together with , hence, together with tonetoneit effects the readersit effects the readers’’ perceptionperception

relative importance of information, focus, point of viewrelative importance of information, focus, point of view

engagingengaging them or putting them to them or putting them to sleepsleep, make them , make them laughlaugh or make or make them them crycry……

11

Paraphrases : Paraphrases : different perceptions of different perceptions of one and the same situationone and the same situation

a)a) The young The young troopstroops that defeated Napoleonthat defeated Napoleon’’s army were s army were freshfresh..b)b) The fresh The fresh troopstroops that defeated Napoleonthat defeated Napoleon’’s army were s army were youngyoung..c)c) The fresh and young The fresh and young troopstroops defeateddefeated NapoleonNapoleon’’s s armyarmy..d)d) The The armyarmy defeated by the fresh young troops defeated by the fresh young troops belongedbelonged to to NapoleonNapoleon

Main ideaMain idea(a)(a) The The troopstroops are are freshfresh; ; (b)(b) The The troopstroops are are youngyoung(c)(c) The The troopstroops defeated the armydefeated the army..(d)(d) The The armyarmy belongsbelongs to to NapoleonNapoleon

12

What do you want to stress?What do you want to stress?

concession prop-2

Napoleon

Hitler

compare

often

indefinite

frequency

Agent

obj-2

obj-1

Hitler

Napoleon

obj-2

obj-1 different

high

number

prop-1

13

Focus onFocus ondifferencesdifferences or or similaritiessimilarities

a) Hitler has often been compared with Napoleon, although there are many differences between the two men.

b) Although there are many differences between Hitler and Napoleon, the two men have often been com-pared.

14

When When alikealike is not quite the is not quite the same.same.

Topicalisations are not innocent

Given some input: x is like yWe could start from either end : x or y

Yet the effect would not be quite the same

Women are like flowers.Flowers are like women.

15

Active Active vs.vs. Passive voicePassive voiceyield different yield different effectseffects, hence serve different , hence serve different goalsgoals

Active voiceActive voice provides for clarity and forceprovides for clarity and force

subjectivesubjective rather than objective, rather than objective, the voice for giving instructionsthe voice for giving instructions

However technical writing is often However technical writing is often objectiveobjective

Passive voicePassive voice slows the pace, shifts slows the pace, shifts emphasisemphasis by changing the by changing the point of viewpoint of view. The . The focusfocusseems to be on the seems to be on the process.process.

The car broke.The car broke.

16

Consider the following sentencesConsider the following sentencesactive vs. passive voice, nominalizationactive vs. passive voice, nominalization

1.1. II’’ve made some big mistakes.ve made some big mistakes.2.2. Big mistakes have been made.Big mistakes have been made.

3.3. Mitterrand decided to nationalize the French banks.Mitterrand decided to nationalize the French banks.4.4. Nationalization of the French banksNationalization of the French banks (newspaper headline)(newspaper headline)

Who was Who was responsibleresponsible for the actions described in (2) and (4)?for the actions described in (2) and (4)?

17

Paint with wordsPaint with words

Example input : “reach out and touch somebody”

Leap out and grab somebody.

Barge out and bump somebody.

Gallop out and kick somebody.

Lumber out and charge somebody.

Pounce out and eat somebody.

Flap out and scare somebody.

Lurch out and squash somebody

18

Feed the readerFeed the reader’’s imaginations imagination

Example input : “reach out and touch somebody”

Slither out and wrap somebody.

Buzz out and sting somebody.

Bounce out and bash somebody.

Swoop down and seize somebody.

Plunge out and ram somebody.

Swing out and squeeze somebody.

19

ImportanceImportance of the of the settingsettingorient the readerorient the reader’’s interpretations interpretation

11°° I I admireadmire Sally Sally Binns.Binns. SheShe’’ss talltall,, thinthin andand walks like a cranewalks like a crane..22°° I I cancan’’t standt stand Sally Sally Binns.Binns. SheShe’’ss talltall,, thinthin andand walks like a cranewalks like a crane..

Interpretations Interpretations

11°° : : gracefulgraceful and and elegant elegant (Sally Binns)(Sally Binns)22°° : : unattractive unattractive (Sally Binns)(Sally Binns)

20

Computational workComputational work

NLG as a NLG as a goalgoal directed activitydirected activity

21

PAULINE PAULINE (Hovy)(Hovy)

take ptake pragmatic factors, ragmatic factors, i.e.i.e.user's user's knowledgeknowledge & & affectaffect into accountinto account

LLinguistic options for the concept inguistic options for the concept ARMED ARMED PERSONPERSON

freedom fighterfreedom fighterterroristterroristgunmangunman

22

The conceptThe concept ARMED PERSONARMED PERSON

is expressed asis expressed as

freedom fighterfreedom fighterif the action is political violenceif the action is political violence

&& if the hearer is interested in political freedomif the hearer is interested in political freedomterroristterrorist

if the action is political violenceif the action is political violence&& if the hearer is interested in maintaining peaceif the hearer is interested in maintaining peace

gunmangunmanin all other casesin all other cases

23

ActorsActors and their and their characteristicscharacteristics

ActorsActors ::IRA terrorist, terrorist's wife, IRA terrorist, terrorist's wife, british soldier, american citizenbritish soldier, american citizen

Characteristics of actorsCharacteristics of actorsinterestsinterests:: British losses, nursing, children, weaponry, politicsBritish losses, nursing, children, weaponry, politicssympathiessympathies:: IRAIRA--British successes,authorities, children, peaceBritish successes,authorities, children, peaceantipathiesantipathies:: anything British, authorities, killing, war, IRA successesanything British, authorities, killing, war, IRA successesemotionemotion:: tense, angry, unhappy, irritated, relaxed, neutraltense, angry, unhappy, irritated, relaxed, neutralknowledgeknowledge:: terrorism in generalterrorism in general--detail, nursing, military action in detaildetail, nursing, military action in detail

24

Concerns of an Concerns of an IRAIRA terroristterrorist

An An IRAIRA terroristterroristinterestsinterests:: British lossesBritish lossessympathiessympathies:: IRA successesIRA successesantipathiesantipathies:: anything British, authoritiesanything British, authoritiesemotionemotion:: tense, angrytense, angryknowledgeknowledge:: terrorism in detailterrorism in detail

25

Concerns of a Concerns of a BritishBritish soldiersoldier

A A BritishBritish soldiersoldierinterestsinterests:: weaponryweaponrysympathiessympathies:: British successes, authoritiesBritish successes, authoritiesantipathiesantipathies:: IRA successesIRA successesemotionemotion:: tense, irritatedtense, irritatedknowledgeknowledge:: military action in detailmilitary action in detail

26

Contextual informationContextual information

interestsinterestssympathysympathyFocusFocus

shootingshootingshootingshootingInput conceptsInput concepts

John BrownJohn BrownSean O'FlanahanSean O'FlanahanHearerHearer

27

Corresponding textCorresponding text

A seventy calibre semiA seventy calibre semi--automatic automatic Belgian rifle was used by two Belgian rifle was used by two GUNMENGUNMEN to shoot and to kill a forty to shoot and to kill a forty year old soldier from Leeds, a city, Bill year old soldier from Leeds, a city, Bill Smith.The rifle was used by them to Smith.The rifle was used by them to shoot and to wound a twelve year old shoot and to wound a twelve year old girl, Mary, yesterday at Belfast Football girl, Mary, yesterday at Belfast Football Stadium. She was taken to Mary Stadium. She was taken to Mary Magdalene Hospital and treated and Magdalene Hospital and treated and discharged. She is an orphan at discharged. She is an orphan at present. The rifle was used by them to present. The rifle was used by them to shoot and to kill a twentyshoot and to kill a twenty--five year old five year old passerby woman, Rosie Areas. She will passerby woman, Rosie Areas. She will be buried in Belfast Cemetary three be buried in Belfast Cemetary three days from now. An Austin car was days from now. An Austin car was used by them to escape.used by them to escape.

An Austin car was used by two An Austin car was used by two FREEDOMFREEDOM--FIGHTERSFIGHTERS to escape to escape from Belfast Football Stadium from Belfast Football Stadium yesterday. A twelve year old girl, Mary, yesterday. A twelve year old girl, Mary, was shot and wounded with a seventy was shot and wounded with a seventy calibre rifle. She was taken to Mary calibre rifle. She was taken to Mary Magdalene Hospital and treated and Magdalene Hospital and treated and discharged. She is an orphan at discharged. She is an orphan at present. A forty year old soldier from present. A forty year old soldier from Leeds, a city, Bill Smith, was shot and Leeds, a city, Bill Smith, was shot and killed. He will be buried tomorrow. A killed. He will be buried tomorrow. A twentytwenty--five year old passerby woman, five year old passerby woman, Rosie Areas, was shot and killed. She Rosie Areas, was shot and killed. She will be buried in Belfast Cemetary will be buried in Belfast Cemetary three days from now.three days from now.

28

PostGraphe:PostGraphe: highlighthighlight what what youyou consider consider as as importantimportant,,

oror cleverclever ways ways of of using using pies, pies, bar bar charts and languagecharts and language

29

PostGraphe PostGraphe ((Lapalme Lapalme & & FascianoFasciano))

30

There is There is no no absolute absolute truthtruth, , there there are but are but points points of of viewview: : increaseincrease vs. vs. decreasedecrease of profitsof profits

GloballyGlobally, , profitsprofits have have decreaseddecreaseddespite despite a a strong increasestrong increase between between 1974 1974 -- 1975.1975.

The The profitsprofits have made a have made a big jumpbig jump 1974 1974 -- 1975 1975 decreasing slightlydecreasing slightly the other the other yearsyears..

Variation of profits

-5

0

5

10

1971

-7219

72-73

1973

-7419

74-75

1975

-7619

76-77

profits

8

10

12

14

16

18

1971

-7219

72-73

1973

-7419

74-75

1975

-7619

76-77

yearyear

31

EvolutionEvolution vs. vs. PositionPosition

GloballyGlobally, profits have , profits have decreaseddecreaseddespite despite a a strong increasestrong increase 1974 1974 -- 1975.1975.

The The profitsprofits have been at their have been at their highesthighest 1975 1975 and 1971. and 1971. TheyThey were at their were at their lowest lowest in in 1974, being worth about half of what they 1974, being worth about half of what they were worth in 1975.were worth in 1975.

profits

year0

6

12

18

1971

1972

19731974

1975 1976profits

year

1971

1975

1976

1972

1973

1974

0 6 12 18

32

There is There is no no absolute absolute truthtruth, , there there are but are but points of points of viewview

GloballyGlobally, , the benefits the benefits have have decreaseddecreased despite despite a a strong strong increaseincrease between between 1974 1974 and and 1975.1975.

profits

8

10

12

14

16

18

1971

-7219

72-73

1973

-7419

74-75

1975

-7619

76-77

year

profits

year0

6

12

18

1971

1972

19731974

1975 1976

See alsoSee also

GibberCawsey, A. (1991). Using plausible inference rules in description planning. 5th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Berlin. pp 119-124.

GeorgetteKölln, M. (1997). Textproduktion als intentionaler, benutzerorientierter Prozess. St. Augustin : Infix: DISKI, 158.

Kölln, M. E.. Employing User Attitudes in Text Planning. In Proceedings of the 5th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation, pp. 163—179

Can we measure Can we measure subjective meaning?subjective meaning?

Psychological approachesPsychological approachesOsgoodOsgood’’s semantic differentials semantic differential

35

Scales+ strong+ beautiful- passive+ hot- unpleasant+ fast+ kind- small- bad+ hard- round+ masculine

weakuglyactivecoldpleasantslowcruellargegoodsoftangularfeminine

(Adapted from Osgood et al. (1957)

36

Dimensions

Evaluative dimension of meaning

Evaluative dimension of meaning

Evaluative dimension of meaning

Evaluative dimension of meaning

Activity

Activity

Activity

Activity

Scales+ strong

+ fast

weak

slow

+ beautiful ugly

- passive active

+ hot cold

- unpleasant pleasant

+ kind cruel

- small large

- bad good

+ hard soft

- round angular

+ masculine feminine

Potency

PotencyPotency

Potency

37

Good Bad

Strong Weak

Fast Slow

Cultural differences between Zuni , Hopi and Navahoconcerning their rating of the concept “coyote”.

(Adapted from Maclay and Ware, 1961)

Z H N

N

NH

H

Z

Z

38

An athleteAn athleteJockJock

A student who studies diligently for long periods of A student who studies diligently for long periods of time ; a periodic time ; a periodic wonkwonk

GrindGrind

Same as Same as lunchlunch, only more physically and , only more physically and intellectually unattractiveintellectually unattractive

MeatballMeatball

A graceless, socially unattractive studentA graceless, socially unattractive studentLunchLunch

A goodA good--looking student who is successful with looking student who is successful with women ; cool and detachedwomen ; cool and detached

StudStud

An introverted studentAn introverted student who studies all the time ; who studies all the time ; generally considered to be physically unattractivegenerally considered to be physically unattractive

WonkWonkDenotative meaningDenotative meaningWordWord

39

The relative position of a word on either of the two scales is estimated by drawing a line from the word perpendicular to the scales.

GOOD SOCIAL

BAD SOCIAL

GOOD INTELLECTUAL

ACADEMIC

BAD INTELLECTUAL

ACADEMIC

warm

happygoodnatured

intelligent

imaginativemodest

shrewdpersistent

practicaldetermined

scientific

industriousgrindunpopular

boringunsociable

jockstudpopular

sociable

Irrespon-sible

unintelligent

dishonestlunch

meatball

wonk

Semantic map of college-related words obtained from college freshmen.

40

Semantic map obtained from college seniors.

GOOD SOCIAL

BAD SOCIAL

GOOD INTELLECTUAL

ACADEMIC

BAD INTELLECTUAL

ACADEMIC

intelligent

imaginative

shrewdpersistent

practical

determined

scientific

unpopular

unsociable

jock

stud

popularsociable

irresponsibleunintelligent

dishonest

lunch

meatball

wonk

41

GOOD SOCIAL

BAD SOCIAL

GOOD INTELLECTUAL

ACADEMIC

BAD INTELLECTUAL

ACADEMIC shrewd

jock

lunch wonk

shrewd

jock

lunch

wonk

42

Can word access techniques help us to Can word access techniques help us to reveal and produce hidden meanings?reveal and produce hidden meanings?

Subliminal communicationSubliminal communicationReading between the linesReading between the lines

43

The three principal stepsThe three principal steps

ideas

Conceptualpreparation

Morphological andphonological encoding

Formulation

Articulation

Semantic andsyntactic encoding

44

The problem of The problem of lexical accesslexical access::one of theone of the major bottlenecks major bottlenecks in real time processingin real time processing

Problem :Problem :not to findnot to find what youwhat you’’re looking forre looking forto get to get drowneddrowned in informationin informationinformation in the information in the wrong orderwrong order

electronic dictionaries built for use by a electronic dictionaries built for use by a machinemachineelectronic dictionaries built to be used by electronic dictionaries built to be used by peoplepeople

45

concept: fruit

What was the name again?

????

46

Work on Work on the the TOTTOT--phenomenonphenomenonrevealingrevealing whatwhat peoplepeople knowknow

1) 1) Parts of the Parts of the meaningmeaning((mochamocha: : coffee beverage flavored with milk, sugar, and coffee beverage flavored with milk, sugar, and cocoacocoa))

2)2) RelationsRelations to other to other conceptsconcepts or or wordswords ((associationsassociations))

eg.: eg.: MochaMocha : town and port in southern Yemen at the red sea: town and port in southern Yemen at the red sea))

StarbucksStarbucks: : place where this beverage is servedplace where this beverage is served))

47

Work on Work on the the TOTTOT--phenomenonphenomenonrevealingrevealing whatwhat peoplepeople knowknow

3) 3) Information concerning the Information concerning the formform of the target wordof the target worda) number ofa) number of syllablessyllables

first and last syllablefirst and last syllable (bathtub effet)(bathtub effet)b)b) grammaticalgrammatical informationinformation

part of speechpart of speechgendergendercolloquial expressioncolloquial expression

c)c) origineorigine (eg. Greek, latin)(eg. Greek, latin)d)d) target wordtarget word : : when presented a list containing the target word they will when presented a list containing the target word they will

recognize it immediately and unmistakinglyrecognize it immediately and unmistakingly

48

FormForm--based based access access

PPitchitchBBitchitchBBeaeach ch (i(i--ea)ea)

PPeacheachMMich ich (p(p--m)m)

49

Word Word accessaccess on the basis of on the basis of meaningmeaning, i.e. via , i.e. via associationsassociations

50

Word Association TestWord Association Test

Generally, a list of words Generally, a list of words (stimuli)(stimuli) is given to is given to subjects and the subjects are asked to respond subjects and the subjects are asked to respond with the first word that comes into their mind.with the first word that comes into their mind.

51

‘‘CatCat’’ stimulatesstimulates

dog dog 49 49 mouse mouse 88black black 4 4 animal animal 2, eyes, gut, kitten, tom 2, 2, eyes, gut, kitten, tom 2, bit, Cheshire, claw, claws, enigma, feline, furry, bit, Cheshire, claw, claws, enigma, feline, furry, hearth, house, kin, kittens, milk, pet, pussy, hearth, house, kin, kittens, milk, pet, pussy, toddtodd 1 1

(of 100 people asked)(of 100 people asked)

52

POMME

FRUIT

CONFITURECOMPOTE

POIRE

JUS

RAISIN

PEPIN

VER

QUARTIER

REINETTE

GOLDEN

POMME D'API

POMMIER

CIDRE

NORMANDIE

SORCIÈRE

NEW YORK

MACINTOSH

ORDINATEUR

EVE

POMME D'ADAM

ADAM

PARADISSERPENT

TOMBER DANS LES POMMES

53

WhatWhat can be associated withcan be associated withwhatwhat??

ideas with ideasideas with ideasideas with wordsideas with wordsideas with soundsideas with sounds

words with wordswords with wordswords with smellswords with smells

etc.etc.

In principle, In principle, anythinganything with with anythinganything ::

We canWe can’’t help it, anything will remind us of something. t help it, anything will remind us of something. Hence letHence let’’s make use of it.s make use of it.

54

Different ways to get the message Different ways to get the message across : across :

TigerTiger’’ss smilesmile forfor NikeNike

figure (here Tiger Wood’s photo)

symbol (here Nike AND Tiger’s smile)

word (eg. Nike)

or a combination

55

Come on, Come on, dondon’’t do t do

the the FosburyFosburyagain !again !

56

(Nearly)(Nearly) All roads are leading to All roads are leading to Rome, or, how to get a cup of Rome, or, how to get a cup of coffee by offering an apple?coffee by offering an apple?

57

Navigation in a huge associative Navigation in a huge associative networknetwork

Input : Input : appleappleDesired output: Desired output: mokka or cappucinomokka or cappucino

AppleApple -->> (fruit, (fruit, MacMac))

MacMac -->> computer hardware/softwarecomputer hardware/software (PC, mouse, printer, Lisp, (PC, mouse, printer, Lisp, JavaJava……))

JavaJava -->> ((island inisland in IndonasiaIndonasia, programming langage, , programming langage, KawaKawa……))

JavaJava -->> ((cafcaféé, Kawa, , Kawa, ……)) rhymerhyme

kawakawa -->> (caf(caféé, , mokkamokka, , ……))

coffeecoffee -->> (cappucino, (cappucino, mokkamokka, , ……))

58

DENTIST

assistant

near-synonym

GYNECOLOGIST

PHYSICIAN

HEALTHINSTITUTION

CLINIC

DOCTOR

SANATORIUM

PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL

MILITARY HOSPITAL

ASYLUM

treat

A OK

take care of

treat

HOSPITAL

PATIENT

INMATE

T IORA

synonym

ISA A OKA OK

A OK

A OK

ISA

ISA ISA

ISA

ISA

T IORA

TIORA

nurse

Internal Representation

links must be interpretableto allow for navigation

59

ShowShow only whatonly what’’s s usefulusefulInternal representationInternal representation AKOAKO

clinicclinicsanatoriumsanatorium

ISAISAmilitary hospitalmilitary hospitalpsychiatric hospitalpsychiatric hospital

ACTORACTORdoctordoctorpatientpatientnursenurse

dentist

assistant ako

near-synonym

nurse

gynecologist

physician

healthinstitution

clinic

patient

sick person

hospital doctor

sanatorium

psychiatric hospital

military hospital

asylum synonym

ako

treat

ako

akoako

isa

isa

isa

i sa

i sa

isa

take care of

treatactor

actor

actor

60

DonDon’’t drown the user: t drown the user: ease ease navigationnavigation

list of potential target words ( LOPTW )

source word

link

link

link

link

link

LOPTW

LOPTW

list of potential target words ( LOPTW )

...

Abstract representation of the search graph

hospital

TIO RA

ISA

AKO clinic, sanatorium, ...

military hospital, psychiatric hospital

inmateSYNONYM

nurse

doctor, ...

patient

...

A concrete example

61

How to build the resource?How to build the resource?the methodthe method

How to mine these How to mine these associationsassociations??

A.A. Take a wellTake a well--balanced corpus (encyclopedia) and extractbalanced corpus (encyclopedia) and extract

patterns patterns andand collocationscollocations

B.B. Type the linksType the links

manually: ask people to qualify the linksmanually: ask people to qualify the links

automatically : via a lexical ontologyautomatically : via a lexical ontology

By reusing part of the sentence in which they occured (By reusing part of the sentence in which they occured (cofeecofee produce produce in in BrazilBrazil))

62

Collocation extractor Collocation extractor (Ferret, 2003)(Ferret, 2003)

63

Use of such a resource as a starting point Use of such a resource as a starting point for subliminal communicationfor subliminal communication

How to read between the lines ?How to read between the lines ?How to insult someone without getting sued?How to insult someone without getting sued?

Knowing which term Knowing which term (source word)(source word) is likely to evoke which other term is likely to evoke which other term (potential target words)(potential target words), we have a candidate set from which we , we have a candidate set from which we (the author)(the author)

can choose:can choose:Chomsky Chomsky --> famous linguist from MIT> famous linguist from MITGeorge Bush George Bush --> president of the US> president of the USidiot idiot --> simple, innocent> simple, innocent

Likewise, one could think of creating titles, brandnames, Likewise, one could think of creating titles, brandnames, ……sound sound --> noise, silence> noise, silence ----> sound of silence> sound of silence

Despite my cheating with the title, by Despite my cheating with the title, by presenting a presenting a ““crashcrasheded coursecourse”” on lies rather on lies rather than a crashthan a crash--course on how to build a liecourse on how to build a lie--detector, I hope nevertheless that youdetector, I hope nevertheless that you’’ve ve

found some of my ideas useful found some of my ideas useful and enjoyed the talk.and enjoyed the talk.