Do you remember those Helping Verbs?Last week we looked at helping verbs that:• Help mark the tense of the main verb• Always proceed the main verbThey are:• Used to make questions• Used to make sentences negative

HV MV HV MV

We will leave at noon. Do you want a ride?

Some helping verbs change form to indicate tense:

• Forms of do: do, ____, ___• Forms of have: have, ___, ___• Forms of be: be, __, __, ___, ___, ____, _____,

____

Do you remember the other forms?

Good Work!

• Forms of do: do, does, did• Forms of have: have, has, had• Forms of be: be, am, is, are, was, were, being,

been

Since helping verbs are used to make sentences negative, to make questions and to mark tenses, what are some examples?

• To make this sentence negative, what form of do should I use?*

She ______ have a ticket.• To make this sentence a question, what form

of have should I use?

___ he gone to the store yet?• To mark this sentence as past tense, what

form of be should I use?

They ____ here yesterday.

* Don’t forget that you can use conjunctions!do not = don’t, have not = haven’t

• To make this sentence negative, what form of do should I use?

She doesn’t have a ticket.• To make this sentence a question, what form

of have should I use?

___ he gone to the store yet?• To make this sentence a question, what form

of be should I use?

They ____ here yesterday.

* Don’t forget that you can use conjunctions!do not = don’t, have not = haven’t

• To make this sentence negative, what form of do should I use?

She doesn’t have a ticket.• To make this sentence a question, what form

of have should I use?

Has he gone to the store yet?• To make this sentence a question, what form

of be should I use?

They ____ here yesterday.

* Don’t forget that you can use conjunctions!do not = don’t, have not = haven’t

• To make this sentence negative, what form of do should I use?

She doesn’t have a ticket.• To make this sentence a question, what form

of have should I use?

Has he gone to the store yet?• To make this sentence a question, what form

of be should I use?

They were here yesterday.

* Don’t forget that you can use conjunctions!do not = don’t, have not = haven’t

Now we will move on to another type of helping verb. One that is used to express ideas and give advice!

So let’s try some examples …

Put the following sentences in order from strongest to weakest.

1)You should go to the concert.

2)You could go to the soccer game.

3)You ought to attend the ceremony.

4)You had better go to the wedding.

Strongest

4)You had better go to the wedding.

1)You should go to the concert.

3)You ought to attend the ceremony.

2)You could go to the soccer game.

weakest…So what did we use to vary the

degree of the sentences?

The type of helping verbs we have just used are called modals. They are used to express ideas and give advice; which is what we will be working on today.

But the GOLDENGOLDEN rule of modals is that they are always followed by the BASE FORM of the verb.

MODAL + Base FormMODAL + Base FormModals for giving advice are:

1) should

2) ought to

3) had better

4) could

*Past Tense = modal, base form of “have” and Past Participle (PP)

Modals should always befollowed by the

base form of the verb.

Type of Modal Past Present Future

Advice should (not) have + PP

ought to have + PP

could have + PP

should (not)

ought to

could

had better (not)

should (not)

ought to

could

had better (not)

Error Correction for Advice Modals• Example of Error: You should studied more before the test.

Correction for Present/Future Time: You should study more before the test.

Correction for Past Time: You should have studied more before the test.

• Example of Error: Alex had better will attend the meeting tonight.

Correction for Present/Future Time: Alex had better attend the meeting tonight.

• Example of Error: Maybe you shouldn’t stayed up so late last night.

Correction for Past Time: Maybe you shouldn’t have stayed up so late last night.

* You can also use conjunctions with modals!should not = shouldn’t