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Do you agree or disagree with the statement below?
Who I am depends on what I need, where I am, and who I’m with?
What is identity?
Who I think I am. Who everyone else thinks I am. Anything else?
What is a Role?
Why would anyone want to assume a role when writing?
Is this dishonest?
What are the limits?
We assume roles in our writing, by accentuating the reasons that our audience should believe what we say is true. We do this by using Tone and Voice. If you are not directly
identifying yourself in your work, this is what your audience has to get a sense of who you are.
A detectable personality in a piece of writing. A way of making a piece of writing one’s own.
Highly personalized quality of your prose. Your outlines have a lot of information, but your voice
makes your writing your own.
Always consider your target audience when considering what voice you would use.
The author’s attitude toward his writing. The general mood of a work.
The way it feels to read a piece of writing. Formal / Informal
Humorous
Serious
Passionate
Frightened
Questions?
Ways to organize your thoughts so that your audience can easily understand your message and the purpose for which you are writing.
In other words, these are ways to write for specific purposes. For instance, in Argumentative Writing,
these are ways to convince your reader that something is true.
In other words… These are ways to discuss topics within your
essay. Your essays will contain a mixture of these
patterns as appropriate for the audience and purpose of the essay.
“Faith and Diplomacy” Used several patterns of writing: Descriptive-narrative Exemplification
“Once Upon a Quinceañera?” Used several patterns: Descriptive-narrative Exemplification Definition Etc.
Descriptive Narrative Exemplification Analysis by Division Analysis of Process
Informative Directive
Cause and Effect Compare and Contrast Definition
Involves using description to enhance and support narration.
Use dialogue as appropriate. Consistent point of view. Will usually explain a certain idea. We will discuss this at length later this semester.
“Each cell measured about ten feet by ten and was quite bare within except for a plank bed and a pot of drinking water. In some of them brown silent men were squatting at the inner bars, with their blankets draped round them. These were the condemned men, due to be hanged within the next week or two.” (Orwell, “A Hanging”)
“He was a Hindu, a puny wisp of a man, with a shaven head and vague liquid eyes. He had a thick, sprouting moustache, absurdly too big for his body, rather like the moustache of a comic man on the films. Six tall Indian warders were guarding him and getting him ready for the gallows. Two of them stood by with rifles and fixed bayonets, while the others handcuffed him, passed a chain through his handcuffs and fixed it to their belts, and lashed his arms tight to his sides.” (Orwell, “A Hanging”)
Typical academic mode. Uses examples to explain, convince, or amuse. Examples are vivid, specific, and representative. Ties examples clearly to thesis.
Pairwork Activity:Using the assertion given below, think of three examples that support and prove it to be true.
Assertion: Negative stereotypes exist for all groups of people.
This involves breaking something down and looking at each of the parts individually and how they work together.
1. Begin with something that is a unit.2. State the principle by which it can function.3. Divide the unit into parts according to that
principle.4. Discuss each of the parts in relation to the unit.
A manager needs specific qualities to lead.1. Fairness
2. Intelligence
3. Stability
4. Competence in the field
For an engine to start all the parts must work together.1. Ignition
2. Battery
3. Starter
Groupwork:1. Break into your groups.2. Come up with an analysis by division of
something that has many parts or qualities to it.3. You will present your answers to the class.
Decide if you want to be…
Directive: Tells you how to do something.or
Informative: Describes how something is done.
Uses 2nd Person, imperative mood Use the pronoun “you.” As in “you will” As seen in cookbooks and instructions.
This is how you cook an egg.1. Get an egg from the refrigerator.2. Heat up a pan with oil3. Break the egg into the pan4. Watch it for about five minutes
Uses third person Tells us how something is happening.
This is how an earthquake happens1. Pressure builds up from plates moving2. Something breaks in the earth3. Plates slide across each other. 4. Friction makes the earth shake.
Groupwork:1. In groups, decide if you will use a the informative
or directive approach to analysis.2. Describe a process of your choice3. You will present your outline to the class.
Cause: I pushed the ball
Effect: It rolled.
Topic Sentence: Effect1. Cause 2. Cause3. Cause
Topic Sentence: Effect: Global Warming.1. Cause: Greenhouse gasses building2. Cause: Fewer Trees3. Cause: More People
Four P’s Purpose
Points
Patterns
Presentations
Purpose: Decide if you are mostly comparing, contrasting or if it will
be balanced between the two.
Will you be informing or persuading?
Points: What points will you use to compare?
Eliminate irrelevant points
Pattern: Subject-by-Subject
Point-by-Point
Pattern: Subject-by-Subject▪ Example: iphone vs Galaxy S4▪ Battery life
▪ Screen resolution
▪ apps
Point-by-Point▪ Example: Battery life ▪ iphone
▪ Galaxy S4
Presentation: Give each subject or point equal treatment.
Be careful with topic sentences.
Use a combination of: Dictionary definitions
Synonyms & Antonyms
Direct explanations (This is what it is…)
Indirect explanations (This is what it’s not…)
Dividing things into categories or types Involves finding similar characteristics among
somewhat dissimilar subjects and dividing them into groups and subgroups.
Questions?
Chapter I: The Last to See Them Alive
Born in New Orleans, Louisiana At the age of five he taught himself
to read and write. Author, Novelist, and Screenwriter.
Wrote Breakfast at Tiffany’s and In Cold Blood
Known for his smooth, rhythmic, poetic prose.
Writing was an escape “from the realities of my own troubled life, which wasn’t easy. My underlying motivation was a quest for some sense of serenity, some particular kind of affection that I needed and wanted… I never felt like I belonged anywhere.” Truman Capote
Classified as nonfiction, but many critics doubt some of the occurrences in the novel.
Strange emphasis on truth History becomes fiction Capote is unapologetic about turning this event
into a novel Inspired by a very short (300 words) news article
Wealthy Farmer, 3 of Family SlainHolcomb, KA - A wealthy wheat farmer, his wife, and their two young children were found shot to death today in their home. They had been killed by shotgun blasts at close range after being bound and gagged. The father, 48-year-old Herbert W. Clutter, was found in the basement with his son, Kenyon, 15. His wife Bonnie, 45, and a daughter, Nancy, 16, were in their beds. There were no signs of a struggle and nothing had been stolen. The telephone lines had been cut. "This is apparently the case of a psychopathic killer," Sheriff Earl Robinson said. Mr. Clutter was founder of The Kansas Wheat Growers Association. In 1954, President Eisenhower appointed him to the Farm Credit Administration, but he never lived in Washington. The board represents the twelve farm credit districts in the country. Mr. Clutter served from December 1953 until April 1957. He declined a reappointment. He was also a local member of the Agriculture Department's Price Stabilization Board and was active with the Great Plains Wheat Growers Association. The Clutter farm and ranch cover almost 1,000 acres[21] in one of the richest wheat areas. Mr. Clutter, his wife and daughter were clad in pajamas. The boy was wearing blue jeans and a T-shirt. The bodies were discovered by two of Nancy's classmates, Susan Kidwell and Nancy Ewalt. Sheriff Robinson said the last reported communication with Mr. Clutter took place last night about 9:30 PM, when the victim called Gerald Van Vleet, his business partner, who lives near by. Mr. Van Vleet said the conversation had concerned the farm and ranch. Two daughters were away. They are Beverly, a student at the University of Kansas, and Mrs. Donald G. Jarchow of Mount Carroll, Illinois.
Questions to consider: Why did this happen?
Four lives for forty dollars? What is the origin of evil?
Nature vs. Nurture What happens to people when they don’t feel
normal? What is normal in the 1950’s?
Who is the hero? Is there a hero? Is there a bad guy?
Literary Focus• The Crime• Characters
A blend of two types of novels: The Western:
Set in the “Wild West” Law man in pursuit of a bad guy. Asserting a masculine will on a rural landscape Civility = Effeminate
Noir Novel: True Crime Noir means ‘Black’ in French Clear cut motives i.e. a woman/jealousy, etc. Features a self-destructive protagonist that is fighting against some
kind of corrupt system.
Holcomb, Kansas A small town in Kansas where nothing happens.
Idyllic, insular community
▪ Strangers don’t go there by chance.
Capote liked the “western” quality of the town.
Sounds like ‘Wholesome’
Quiz 1
Trouble Spots: Common
Errors in Writing
Trouble Spots
The following are a few of the most
common grammatical errors on your
papers.
Commas
Comma use
Basic Rules:1. Use a comma to separate an introductory dependent clause from an independent clause.
2. Use a comma to separate an introductory phrase from an independent clause.
3. Use a comma to separate two independent clauses that are joined by a coordinating conjunction.
4. Use a comma to separate items in a list.
5. Use a comma to separate two or more coordinate adjectives.
6. Miscellaneous uses include:
1. Nouns of Direct Address
2. Dialogue Guides
3. Exclamations
4. Introductory Adverbs
5. Responding words
7. Enclosing
1. Use a pair of commas to enclose a single non-essential word from the rest of the sentence.
2. Use a pair of commas to enclose a non-essential phrase from the rest of the sentence.
3. Use a pair of commas to enclose a non-essential clause from the rest of the sentence.
Key Terms
Phrase
Clause
Dependent
Independent
Introductory
Conjunction
Non-essential _________
Use a comma to separate an introductory
dependent clause from an independent clause.
Because she was mean, no one liked her.
dependent
Although it rains every day, he never
carried an umbrella.
Use a comma to separate an introductory
phrase from an independent clause.
In the baking summer heat, they drank
lemonade.
Use a comma to separate two independent
clauses that are joined by a coordinating
conjunction.
I ate walnuts, and she ate peanuts.
Coordinating Conjunctions:
For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So
Use a comma to separate items in a list.
The Oxford Comma!!!
Dick, Mary, and Jane ate pizza.
We bought vodka, duct tape, and a shovel.
Use a comma to separate two or more
coordinate adjectives.
She watched the peaceful, glassy pond.
Nouns of Direct Address
Would you hand me that pencil, Steven?
Put that down, Son!
Dialogue Guides
She whispered, “Be quiet.”
Exclamations
Wow, I never would’ve expected that!
Introductory Adverbs
Slowly, he ate the last of the food.
Responding Words
No, I will not marry you.
Use a pair of commas to enclose a single non-
essential word from the rest of the sentence.
I was thinking, then, how I could get there.
Use a pair of commas to enclose a non-essential
phrase from the rest of the sentence.
The rabbit, white and furry, went down
the hole.
Use a pair of commas to enclose a non-
essential clause from the rest of the
sentence.
The cops chased the kid, who stole the purse,
down the street.
Questions
????????
Practice
Either the well was very deep or she fell very slowly for she had plenty of
time as she went down to look about her and to wonder what was going
to happen next. First she tried to look down and make out what she was
coming to but it was too dark to see anything; then she looked at the
sides of the well and noticed that they were filled with cupboards and
book-shelves;
Practice
Either the well was very deep, or she fell very slowly, for she had plenty
of time as she went down to look about her and to wonder what was
going to happen next. First, she tried to look down and make out what
she was coming to, but it was too dark to see anything; then she looked
at the sides of the well, and noticed that they were filled with cupboards
and book-shelves;
Individual Activity
Look over your final draft. See if
you can find any places to add or
delete a comma.
Fragments
What is a Complete Sentence?
A complete sentence is a complete
thought. It has a subject and a
verb.
Fragments
A sentence that is missing either a
subject or a verb.
Missing subject: was eating pizza.
Missing Verb: He going to the store.
Fragment
A sentence that is missing either a subject or a verb.
Missing subject: He was eating pizza.
Missing Verb: He is going to the store.
Fragment
A dependent clause by itself is also
considered a fragment.
While she was asleep.
Fragment
A dependent clause by itself is also
considered a fragment.
While she was asleep.
Fragment
A dependent clause by itself is also
considered a fragment.
While she was asleep. She snored.
Fragment
A dependent clause by itself is also
considered a fragment.
While she was asleep. She snored.
Fragment
A dependent clause by itself is also considered a fragment.
While she was asleep, she snored.
Or
She snored while she was asleep.
Fragment
A dependent clause with a relative
pronoun is also considered a
fragment.
Which was the norm.
Fragment
A dependent clause with a relative
pronoun is also considered a
fragment.
Which was the norm.
Fragment
A dependent clause with a relative pronoun is also considered a fragment.
She ate at noon. Which was the norm.
Fragment
A dependent clause with a relative pronoun is also considered a fragment.
She ate at noon. Which was the norm.
Fragment
A dependent clause with a relative pronoun is also considered a fragment.
She ate at noon, which was the norm.
Fragment
A phrase can also be a fragment.
Fragment
A phrase can also be a fragment.
Under the boardwalk
Crossing the street
Fragment
A phrase can also be a fragment.
Prepositional Phrase: Under the boardwalk
Verb Phrase: Crossing the street
Fragment
A phrase can also be a fragment.
Prepositional Phrase: Under the boardwalk
Verb Phrase: Crossing the street
Fragment
Acceptable fragments are:Interjections
Ouch!
Wow!
Exclamations
How terrible!
That sucks.
Combining Fragments
1. Figure out what’s missing.
Subject
Verb
Independent clause
2. Stick it in there. You might find it in an adjacent sentence.
Examples of Fragments
The 49ers lost the Super Bowl. Because Beyonce’s half time show took up all the electricity.
It’s difficult to find buildings on the PCC campus. For example the library, the DD building, and the bookstore.
The students should have their books by Monday. To keep up with the lesson. Students should also take notes.
Comma Splices
Two independent clauses with only
a comma in between them.
She ate peanuts, he eats walnuts.
Comma Splices
Two independent clauses with only
a comma in between them.
She ate peanuts, he eats walnuts.
Comma Splices
Two independent clauses with only a comma in between them.
She ate peanuts, he eats walnuts.
She ate peanuts, and he eats walnuts.
How to Fix a Comma Splice
1. Use a period
2. Use a comma with a coordinating conjunction
(FANBOYS)
3. Use a semicolon when appropriate
4. Use a dependent word
(because, if, when, although, and after)
Examples of Comma Splices
Cindy doesn’t have a valentine, she’s going to stay home and eat chocolates.
Monopoly replaced its iron playing piece, it is now a cat.
I forgot to do my homework, I got a “0” for the day.
It is raining today, I still want to go on a hike.
Run on
Two independent clauses with
nothing in between them.
She ate peanuts he eats walnuts.
Run on
Two independent clauses with nothing in between them.
She ate peanuts he eats walnuts.
She ate peanuts, and he eats walnuts.
or
She ate peanuts. He eats walnuts.
How to Fix a Run-on
1. Use a period
2. Use a comma with a coordinating conjunction
(FANBOYS)
3. Use a semicolon when appropriate
4. Use a dependent word
(because, if, when, although, and after)
Examples of Run-ons
Hugo was late for our date there was a lot of traffic on the freeway.
Yesterday, the Lakers beat the Nets I was so happy.
I will never play tug-of-war again it’s too dangerous.
Bruno does not like taking baths he enjoys playing fetch.
Questions
????????
Miscellaneous Mistakes
Numbers
Spell a number out if it is less than 10 or it is the first item in a sentence.
It is part of an expression.
Be consistent.
Spell out simple fractions.
When in doubt, use the simplest form for long numbers.
Big Paragraphs
Find natural breaks in your
argument and subdivide long
paragraphs.
No Contractions
I’m
It’s
etcetera
Verb Agreement
Tense
Past, Present, Future
Aspect
Simple, Perfect, Progressive
Number
Transitions
Create a flow of thought.
Jumping around without
transitions makes an idea hard to
follow.
Questions
????????
