THE VERB IT’S WHAT YOU DO!

WHAT’S A VERB •VERB – WORDS THAT NAME ACTIONS

•DANCE, LAUGH, SHOUT, SING

•EVERY COMPLETE SENTENCE NEEDS A

VERB

ACTION VERBS•AN ACTION VERB MAY EXPRESS PHYSICAL ACTION OR MENTAL ACTION

•PHYSICAL ACTION

•JUMP, SHOUT, SEARCH, CARRY, RUN

•MENTAL ACTION

•WORRY, THINK, BELIEVE, IMAGINE, REMEMBER

TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS•A TRANSITIVE VERB IS A VERB THAT EXPRESSES AN ACTION

DIRECTED TOWARDS A PERSON OR THING

•EX: ANDY BORROWED ERIN’S BIKE (THE ACTION OF BORROWED

IS DIRECTED TOWARDS BIKE)

•AN INTRANSITIVE VERB EXPRESSES ACTION (OR TELLS SOMETHING

ABOUT THE SUBJECT) WITHOUT PASSING THE ACTION TO THE RECEIVER

•EX: THE BROKEN CHAIN LAY BESIDE THE FENCE (THE ACTION OF

LAY IS NOT DIRECTED TOWARDS A RECEIVER)

LINKING VERBS•A LINKING VERB LINKS, OR CONNECTS, THE SUBJECT WITH A

NOUN, A PRONOUN, OR AN ADJECTIVE IN THE PREDICATE

•THE WINNER OF THE RACE IS SAMMY (WINNER=SAMMY)

•MAZIE IS ONE OF HER OPPONENTS (MAZIE = OPPONENTS)

•HIS BROTHER LOOKS HAPPY (HAPPY BROTHER)

COMMON LINKING VERBS•FORMS OF “TO BE” – AM, ARE, BE, BEEN,

BEING, IS, WAS, WERE

•OTHER COMMON LINKING VERBS –

APPEAR, BECOME, FEEL, GROW, LOOK, REMAIN, SEEM, SMELL, SOUND, STAY, TASTE, TURN

LINKING VS ACTION VERBS•ALL LINKING VERBS EXCEPT FORMS OF “TO BE” AND

“SEEM” MAY ALSO BE ACTION VERBS.

•IT DEPENDS ON ITS MEANING IN THE SENTENCE

•LINKING – THE TIGER LOOKED TAME

•ACTION – THE TIGER LOOKED FOR SOMETHING TO EAT

HELPING VERBS•A HELPING VERB HELPS THE MAIN VERB TO EXPRESS AN ACTION OR A STATE OF BEING

•SHOULD BE

•MIGHT HAVE WON

•WILL HAVE BEEN TAKEN

•*A VERB PHRASE CONSISTS OF A MAIN VERB PRECEDED BY AT LEAST ONE HELPING VERB*

COMMON HELPING VERBS•FORMS OF BE –

•AM, ARE, BE, BEEN, BEING, IS, WAS, WERE

•FORMS OF DO – •DO, DOES, DID

•FORMS OF HAVE – •HAVE, HAS, HAD

•OTHER HELPING VERBS –• CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, MUST, SHALL ,SHOULD, WILL ,WOULD

PRACTICE•UNDERLINE EACH VERB IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.

•ABOVE EACH VERB IDENTIFY IT AS EITHER AN ACTION VERB OR A LINKING VERB OR HELPING VERB

•FOR EACH ACTION VERB, IDENTIFY AS IT TRANSITIVE OR INTRANSITIVE.

•1. THE GLOWING OF A STREET LAMP LIT UP THE WINDOW

•2. THE LANDLADY DID NOT LOOK STRANGE.

•3. BILLY LOOKED PAST THE GREEN CURTAINS.

•4. SHE COULD HAVE BEEN THE MOTHER OF A FRIEND OF HIS.

•5. HAVE YOU EVER READ A STORY LIKE THIS ONE?

•1. LIT – ACTION, TRANSITIVE

•2. DID LOOK – LINKING

•3. LOOKED – ACTION, INTRANSITIVE

•4. COULD HAVE BEEN – LINKING

•5. HAVE READ – ACTION, TRANSITIVE

VERBALS AND VERB PHRASES • A VERBAL IS A FORM OF A VERB USED AS A NOUN, AN

ADJECTIVE, OR AN ADVERB.

•3 KINDS OF VERBALS

•PARTICIPLE

•GERUND

•INFINITIVE

THE PARTICIPLE •A PARTICIPLE IS A VERB FORM THAT CAN BE USED AS AN ADJECTIVE

•PRESENT PARTICIPLE (ENDS IN –ING)

• THE CREAKING FLOOR BOTHERED ANNE

• MATT’S NEWS WAS ENCOURAGING

•PAST PARTICIPLE (USUALLY ENDS IN –D OR –ED. OTHERS ARE IRREGULAR)

• THE OILED HINGE WORKS SMOOTHLY

THE PARTICIPLE PHRASE•A PARTICIPLE PHRASE CONSISTS OF A PARTICIPLE AND ALL OF

THE WORDS RELATED TO THE PARTICIPLE. THE ENTIRE PHRASE IS USED AS AN ADVERB

•EXAMPLES

•DEFENDING JASMINE STONE, DANIEL PROVED AGAIN THAT HE

WAS A PERSUASIVE SPEAKER

•SMOKEY NOTICED THE FOX RUNNING SWIFTLY ALONGSIDE

THE FENCE.

THE GERUND •A GERUND IS A VERB FORM ENDING IN –ING THAT IS

USED AS A NOUN

•EXAMPLES

•SKATING IS MY FAVORITE OLYMPIC SPORT

•HE ENJOYS SWIMMING

THE GERUND PHRASE•A GERUND PHRASE CONSISTS OF A GERUND AND ALL THE

WORDS RELATED TO THE GERUND

•EXAMPLES:

•MINDING HIS OWN BUSINESS IS RAY’S ONLY RESPONSIBILITY

•THE MURDERER HEARD THE BEATING OF THE OLD MAN’S

HEART

THE INFINITIVE •AN INFINITIVE IS A VERB FORM THAT CAN BE USED AS A NOUN,

AN ADJECTIVE, OR AN ADVERB. AN INFINITIVE USUALLY BEGINS “TO”

•TO WALK

•TO RUN

•TO GROW

•TO READ

INFINITIVE VERBS AS NOUNS

•TO LEARN IS TO GROW – TO LEARN AND TO GROW

ARE CONSIDERED IDEAS IN THIS SENTENCE

•SIMON LIKES TO RUN – TO RUN IS A THING IN THIS

SENTENCE

INFINITIVE VERBS AS ADJECTIVES

•HE ALWAYS HAS TIME TO TALK

•IF YOU LIKE MYSTERY STORIES, “THE INN OF

LOST TIME” IS A TERRIFIC STORY TO READ

INFINITIVE VERBS AS ADVERBS

•THE LANDLADY WAS EAGER TO PLEASE

•TOBY AND ZENTA STOPPED AT THE INN TO REST

THE INFINITIVE PHRASE

•AN INFINITIVE PHRASE CONSISTS OF AN INFINITIVE AND

IT’S MODIFIERS AND COMPLEMENTS

•. THE ENTIRE INFINITIVE PHRASE MAY ACT AS A NOUN,

AN ADJECTIVE, OR AN ADVERB

EXAMPLES OF INFINITIVE PHRASES •TO ESCAPE WITHOUT A TRACE IS NEARLY IMPOSSIBLE

•SINGING TO THEM WAS ONE WAY TO BOOST THEIR

SPIRITS

•The CROWD GREW QUIET TO HEAR PRESIDENT LINCOLN

PRACTICE •EACH OF THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

CONTAINS AT LEAST ONE VERBAL PHRASE.

• UNDERLINE EACH VERBAL PHRASE YOU SEE

AND IDENTIFY IT AS “P” FOR PARTICIPLE, “I” FOR INFINITIVE, AND “G” FOR GERUND

•1. WHO FOUND BABY MOSES FLOATING IN THE RIVER?

•2. SAVED BY THE PHARAOH, MOSES WAS TAKEN TO LIVE AT COURT.

•3. LATER, MOSES WENT TO THE PHARAOH, WARNING HIM OF THE LORD’S ANGER

•4. FOR DECADES, TOILING FOR THE PHARAOH HAD BEEN THE ISRAELITE'S FATE.

•5. TO HEAR THE SONG “GO DOWN MOSES” IS TO FEEL THEIR SORROW.

•1. FLOATING IN THE RIVER – PARTICIPLE PHRASE

•2. SAVED BY THE PHARAOH’S DAUGHTER – PARTICIPLE PHRASE

•2. TO LIVE AT COURT – INFINITIVE PHRASE

•3. WARNING HIM OF THE LORD’S ANGER – PARTICIPLE PHRASE

•4. TOILING FOR THE PHARAOH – GERUND PHRASE

•5. TO HEAR THE SONG “GO DOWN MOSES” – INFINITIVE PHRASE

•5. TO FEEL THEIR SORROW – INFINITIVE PHRASE

“STATE OF BEING” VERBS •NOT EVERY VERB DESCRIBES AN ACTION

•SOME EXPRESS A STATE OF BEING

•CHARLOTTE IS A FAST RUNNER

•EMILE WAS OUT TO LUNCH

SOB VERBS CONTINUED •STATE-OF-BEING VERBS FUNCTION LIKE

AN = SIGN

•CHARLOTTE = FAST RUNNER

•EMILE = SOMEONE WHO IS OUT TO LUNCH

“TO BE” VERBS – THE BASIC SOB VERB•FORMS OF “TO BE”

•Am , Are

•Was, Were

•be,

•being

•been

• is

VERB TENSES

•TELL US WHEN AN ACTION TAKES PLACE

TENSES•PRESENT : I COOK PIZZA EVERY DAY

•PAST: WE COOKED PIZZA YESTERDAY

•FUTURE: WE WILL COOK PIZZA THIS WEEKEND

MORE TENSES •PRESENT PERFECT: LUCY HAS COOKED A

PIZZA EVERY DAY FOR THE LAST MONTH

•PAST PERFECT: LUCY HAD COOKED SO

MANY PIZZAS SHE GREW TIRED OF THEM

•FUTURE PERFECT: THEY ALL WILL HAVE

COOKED A TON OF PIZZAS.

VERBS AND VOICE •VOICE - IS THE FORM A VERB TAKES TO INDICATE WHETHER THE SUBJECT OF THE VERB PERFORMS OR RECEIVES THE ACTION.

•TWO TYPES OF VOICE

•ACTIVE VOICE

•PASSIVE VOICE

ACTIVE VOICE •USED TO SHOW THAT THE SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE IS PERFORMING OR CAUSING THE ACTION.

•EXAMPLES:•LEBRON THREW THE BASKETBALL BEFORE THE BUZZER. •LEBRON SHOT THE BASKETBALL FROM THE FREE THROW LINE.•LEBRON SCORED THREE POINTS.

PASSIVE VOICE •USED WHEN THE SUBJECT IS THE RECIPIENT OF THE ACTION.

•EXAMPLES:•THE BALL WAS THROWN BY LEBRON.•THE BASKET WAS SHOT BY LEBRON.•THE SCORE WAS MADE BY LEBRON.

WHAT’S THE POINT??

•GOOD STRONG WRITING

USES ACTIVE VOICE!!!!

ACTIVE VOICE VS. PASSIVE VOICE

•ACTIVE VOICE IS MORE DIRECT AND CONCISE.

•PASSIVE VOICE IS USUALLY WORDIER.

ACTIVE VOICE VS. PASSIVE VOICE •ACTIVE VOICE IS LIKE WATCHING LEBRON PLAY.

•PASSIVE VOICE IS LIKE WATCHING GUM STUCK

ON THE BLEACHERS IN THE STANDS.

SO . . .

•MOST OF THE TIME YOU WANT TO USE

ACTIVE VOICE

WHEN WOULD YOU USE PASSIVE VOICE•WHEN INTENTIONALLY TRYING TO HIDE THE SUBJECT

OF THE SENTENCE.

•FOR EXAMPLE, A POLITICIAN MIGHT SAY, “THE MISTAKE

WAS MADE BY SOMEONE.” HIDING THE SUBJECT HELPS HIM/HER HIDE THE BLAME.

WHEN TO USE PASSIVE VOICE CONTINUED •WHEN INTENTIONALLY TRYING TO MINIMIZE THE GUILT OF THE

SUBJECT.

•FOR EXAMPLE, A CHEATING BOYFRIEND MIGHT SAY, “CHEATING

WAS COMMITTED BY ME.”

PASSIVE VOICE NEEDS AN EXTRA VERB •THE PASSIVE VOICE REQUIRES A "DOUBLE VERB" AND WILL ALWAYS

CONSIST OF A FORM OF THE VERB "TO BE" AND THE PAST PARTICIPLE (USUALLY THE "EN/ED/T" FORM) OF ANOTHER VERB.

•EXAMPLE:

•ACTIVE: JOHN BAKED THE BREAD.

•PASSIVE: THE BREAD WAS BAKED BY JOHN. (WAS IS A FORM OF THE VERB “BE”.)

FORM OF PASSIVE VOICE VERBS •WRITERS SHOULD BE FAMILIAR WITH THE FORMS OF "TO BE" ,

OFTEN CALLED LINKING VERBS, SO THAT THEY CAN EASILY IDENTIFY THE PASSIVE VOICE IN THEIR WORK.

•REVIEW THE FORMS OF "TO BE":

•AM, IS, ARE, WAS, WERE, BE, BEING, BEEN

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE •EXAMPLES:

•PASSIVE: THE COOKIES WERE EATEN BY THE CHILDREN.

•ACTIVE: THE CHILDREN ATE THE COOKIES.

•PASSIVE: THE TUNNELS ARE DUG BY THE GOPHERS.

•ACTIVE: THE GOPHERS DUG THE TUNNELS.

PRACTICE!!

•LABEL EACH SENTENCE AS ACTIVE

OR PASSIVE

•1. LOUISE MADE THE CHOCOLATE CAKE.

•2. THE CHOCOLATE CAKE WAS MADE BY LOUISE.

•3. THE PACKAGE WAS ADVERTISED BY THE TRAVEL AGENT.

•4. THE TRAVEL AGENT ADVERTISED THE PACKAGE.

•5. THE CHAIN WAS BROKEN BY MY BROTHER.

•6. MY BROTHER BROKE THE CHAIN ON MY BIKE.

•7. I HEMMED THE PROM DRESS.

•8. THE PROM DRESS WAS HEMMED BY ME.

•9. THE PENCIL ON THE FLOOR WAS BROKEN BY HIM.

•10. HE BROKE THE PENCIL ON THE FLOOR.

PRACTICE!

•CHANGE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

TO ACTIVE VOICE

•1, THE STATUE IS BEING VISITED BY HUNDREDS OF TOURISTS

EVERY YEAR.

•2. MY BOOKS WERE STOLEN.

•3. THESE BOOKS HAD BEEN LEFT IN THE CLASSROOM BY A

CARELESS STUDENT.

•4. COFFEE IS RAISED IN MANY PARTS OF HAWAII BY PLANTATION

WORKERS.

•5. THE HOUSE HAD BEEN BROKEN INTO WHILE THE OWNERS

WERE ON VACATION.

MORE PRACTICE!

•REWRITE THE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPH USING

ACTIVE VOICE

•LAST SUMMER OUR HOUSE WAS PAINTED BY ME. FIRST, THE

EXTERIOR WAS WASHED USING WARM WATER AND A MILD DETERGENT. THEN ALL OF THE CHINKS IN THE WALLS WERE SEALED WITH PUTTY. AFTER THE PUTTY HAD HAD A CHANCE TO DRY, THE EXTERIOR COULD BE PAINTED. A LATEX PAINT WAS USED BECAUSE IT IS EASY TO APPLY AND CLEANS UP WITH WATER. A WHOLE WEEK WAS NEEDED TO FINISH THIS PART OF THE JOB. A COLOR WAS USED THAT WAS VERY CLOSE TO THE ORIGINAL COLOR. WHEN THE JOB WAS FINISHED, A GREAT DEAL OF SATISFACTION WAS FELT BY ME. EVEN MY DAD SAID THAT A GOOD JOB WAS DONE.

Verbs have Moods too!

•••••

The “I” moods

Subjunctive Mood

Subjunctive Rule 1

1.2.

Subjunctive Rule 2

1.2.3.4.

Subjunctive Rule 3

•

•

1.

Conditional Mood••

1.2.

Subjunctive vs Conditional••

Practice : Subjunctive or Conditional

Answers

Imperative, Interrogative, Indicative, Conditional, or Subjunctive?1.2.3.4.

5.

Answers1.2.3.4.5.

STOP!!!!

THE SAME 6 TENSES FOR SOB VERBS•PRESENT : IS, ARE, AM

•PAST: WAS WERE

•FUTURE: WILL BE

•PRESENT PERFECT: HAS BEEN, HAVE BEEN

•PAST PERFECT: HAD BEEN

•FUTURE PERFECT: WILL HAVE BEEN

PRESENT / PRESENT PERFECT •PRESENT TENSE

•REFER TO ACTIONS CURRENTLY IN PROGRESS;

•PRESENT PERFECT

•REFER TO ACTIONS OCCURRING AT NO PARTICULAR TIME IN

THE PAST AND THAT MAY STILL BE IN PROGRESS

PRESENT / PRESENT PERFECT •ADAM IS (PRESENT) CAPTAIN OF THE

WRESTLING TEAM AND HAS HELD (PRESENT PERFECT) THE JOB SINCE SOPHOMORE YEAR.

PAST / PAST PERFECT •PAST TENSE

•REFER TO ACTION COMPLETED IN THE PAST

•PAST PERFECT TENSE

• REFER TO ACTIONS COMPLETED BEFORE SOME SPECIFIC

POINT IN TIME OR MOMENT IN THE PAST.

•NEEDED TO INDICATE WHICH ACTION OCCURRED FIRST

PAST / PAST PERFECT

•BEFORE GEORGE ARRIVED (PAST),

LENNY HAD KILLED (PAST PERFECT) THE RABBIT .

FUTURE / FUTURE PERFECT •FUTURE TENSE

•REFERS TO ACTIONS THAT WILL OCCUR IN THE FUTURE

•FUTURE PERFECT

•REFER TO ACTIONS THAT WILL BE COMPLETED AT SOME TIME

IN THE FUTURE, BUT BEFORE SOME OTHER ACTION OR EVENT

FUTURE / FUTURE PERFECT

•EILLIE WILL ARRIVE IN SAN DIEGO ON THE 15TH,

BUT BY THAT TIME, DAVE WILL HAVE BEEN GONE (FUTURE PERFECT) FOR TWO WEEKS

NOT JUST NITPICKING! TENSE AFFECTS THE MEANING OF SENTENCES •BENJAMIN WAS IN THE ARMY FOR TWO YEARS (HE’S NO LONGER IN THE ARMY)

•BENJAMIN HAS BEEN IN THE ARMY FOR TWO YEARS. (HE IS STILL IN THE ARMY)

•DINNER HAD BEEN ON THE TABLE FOR TWO HOURS. (DINNER IS NO LONGER

ON THE TABLE)

•DINNER HAS BEEN ON THE TABLE FOR TWO HOURS. (IT’S STILL ON THE TABLE)

SHIFTING VERB TENSE – WHAT A CRIME•SOMETIMES WHEN WE WRITE WE HAVE

THE TENDENCY TO ACCIDENTALLY BE INCONSTANT WITH OUR VERB TENSES

•ALWAYS STAY WITH THE SAME TENSE

THIS SENTENCE BEGINS IN THE PAST AND THEN SHIFTS TO THE PRESENT

•THEY BIKED (PAST TENSE) TO THE TOP OF

THE MOUNTAIN AND THEN COME (PRESENT TENSE) BACK DOWN IN TIME TO EAT LUNCH

CORRECTED! USING PAST TENSE

•THEY BIKED TO THE TOP OF THE MOUNTAIN AND THEN CAME BACK DOWN IN TIME FOR LUNCH.

ANOTHER SHIFT ERROR

•BY 4 ALL OF THE BUSHES HAD BEEN ( PAST

PERFECT) PRUNED AND THE GRASS WAS (PAST) WATERED.

CORRECTED! USING PAST PERFECT

•BY 4 ALL OF THE BUSHED HAD BEEN

PRUNED AND THE GRASS HAD BEEN WATERED.

VERB CONSISTENCY

•NOT ALL VERBS IN A SENTENCE HAVE TO BE THE

SAME TENSE

•BUT THEY MUST CONVEY THE RELATIVE TIME

THAT THE EVENTS OCCURRED IN

EXAMPLE – THIS IS FINE

•MIKE AND HALLIE HAD DATED (PAST

PERFECT) FOR SIX MONTHS BEFORE THEY TOLD (PAST) THEIR PARENTS

MORE VERB TENSE GUIDELINES •USE PRESENT TENSE FOR TRUE

STATEMENTS

•THANKSGIVING FALLS ON

NOVEMBER 23 THIS YEAR

MORE GUIDELINES•WHEN A SENTENCE OR CLAUSE STARTS WITH IF, USE

THE PAST PERFECT TENSE INSTEAD OF WOULD HAVE TO EXPRESS THE EARLIER OF TWO ACTIONS

•IF LENNY HAD DRIVEN (NOT WOULD HAVE DRIVEN) MORE

SLOWLY, HE WOULD HAVE MADE THE CURSE EASILY.

•THE CEREMONY WOULD HAVE BEEN BETTER IF KIRK HAD

BEEN (PAST PERFECT) THE SPEAKER.

MORE GUIDELINES •GET INTO THE HABIT OF ADJUSTING PARTICIPLES

ACCORDING TO THE TENSE OF THE MAIN VERB. WHEN A PARTICIPLE, WHICH USUALLY ENDS WITH –ING, INDICATES AN ACTION THAT OCCURRED BEFORE THE ACTION NAMED BY THE MAIN VERB, ADD HAVING.

•THEN REVISE THE PARTICIPLE TO THE PRESENT

PERFECT OR PAST PERFECT TENSE.

EXAMPLE •ORIGINAL – WORKING (PARTICPLE) HARD ON

THE ESSAY, JOAN HATED TO REDUCE THE NUMBER OF WORDS.

•REVISED – HAVING WORKED HARD ON THE

ESSAY, JOAN HATED TO REDUCE THE NUMBER OF WORDS.

•WHY DID WE REVISE THIS?

BAAHHHH CUZZZZ

•JOAN WORKED HARD ON THE ESSAY

BEFORE SHE GOT AROUND TO REVISING IT