DO NOW: Write 2 Level Two Questions for Chemistry NTK

DO NOW: Write 2 Level Two DO NOW: Write 2 Level Two Questions for Chemistry NTKQuestions for Chemistry NTK

SEPTEMBER 17SEPTEMBER 17PROPERTIES OF WATERPROPERTIES OF WATER

• DO NOW: Homework Check in

• Learning Target: Explain the properties of water that make life on Earth possible

• Lesson: Notes on Water

• Homework: Bozeman Video on water (see Link) and complete water and the fitness of the environment.

Acids, Bases and pHAcids, Bases and pHOne water molecule in 550 million One water molecule in 550 million

naturally dissociates into a naturally dissociates into a Hydrogen Ion (H+) and a Hydroxide Hydrogen Ion (H+) and a Hydroxide Ion (OH-)Ion (OH-)

Hydrogen Ion Hydroxide IonHydrogen Ion Hydroxide Ion Acid Acid BaseBase

H2O H+ + OH-

The pH ScaleThe pH Scale• Indicates the concentration of Hconcentration of H++

ionsions• Ranges from 0 – 140 – 14• pH of 7 is neutral7 is neutral• pH 0 up to 7 is acid 0 up to 7 is acid … H+ • pH above 7 – 14 is babove 7 – 14 is basic… OH- • Each pH unit represents a factor

of 10X 10X change in concentration• pH 3 is 10 x 10 x 10 (1000) pH 3 is 10 x 10 x 10 (1000)

stronger than a pH of 6stronger than a pH of 6

AcidsAcids

• StrongStrong Acids Acids have a have a pH of pH of 1-31-3

• Produce Produce lots of lots of H H+ + ionsions

BasesBases

• Strong Strong Bases Bases have a pH of 11 to 14 11 to 14

• Contain lots of OHlots of OH--

ions ions and fewer H+ ions

BuffersBuffers

• Weak acids or bases that react Weak acids or bases that react with strong acids or bases to with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH (neutralization).in pH (neutralization).

• Produced naturally by the body Produced naturally by the body to maintain homeostasisto maintain homeostasis

Weak AcidWeak Acid Weak BaseWeak Base

http://www.johnkyrk.com/H2O.html

http://www.johnkyrk.com/H2O.html

Chapter 4~Carbon & the Molecular Diversity of Life

Slide shows combined and modified from:http://gbs.glenbrook.k12.il.us/Academics/gbssci/bio/apbio/Lecture/lecture.htm;http://www.explorebiology.com/

• Organic chemistry is the study of CARBON compounds

• Can form FOUR stable covalent

bonds at same time (=tetravalence)• Common partners = O, H, N

4 covalent CARBON BONDS form a shape called a TETRAHEDRON

Tetrahedron modified from: http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/mole1440.htm

Images from: http://www.school-for-champions.com/science/chemhydrocarbon.htm

TETRAVALENCE makes large complex molecules with a variety of shapes possible

http://nrr.georgetown.edu/NRR/struc,actv.html

AP Biology by Campbell and Reese; ©Benjamin Cummings 2005

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons• Only carbon & hydrogen

(Ex: petroleum; lipid ‘tails’)

• Covalent bonding;

• nonpolar

• High energy storage

http://www.world-petroleum.org/education/petref/index.html

Carbon compoundsCarbon compoundsSkeleton may have single or double

bonds

http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/Hughes/tutorial/cellmembranes/

AP Biology by Campbell and Reese; ©Benjamin Cummings 2005

ISOMERS-ISOMERS-compounds that compounds that have the same have the same number of atoms but number of atoms but different structuresdifferent structures

STRUCTURAL isomersSTRUCTURAL isomers differing covalent bonding differing covalent bonding arrangementarrangement

C6H12O6 C6H12O

6

C6H12O6

http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.htmlhttp://217.60.75.10/llt/biokemi/images/galactose.jpghttp://217.60.75.10/llt/biokemi/images/galactose.jpg

GEOMETRIC isomers - GEOMETRIC isomers - differ in differ in

arrangement around a DOUBLE BONDarrangement around a DOUBLE BOND

trans- form cis- formhttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/isomerism/geometric.html

Be Careful! Be Careful! Single bonds can rotate! Single bonds can rotate!

. . . it’s still the same stuff. . . it’s still the same stuff

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/isomerism/geometric.html

ENANTIOMER isomers - ENANTIOMER isomers - differ in arrangement around a differ in arrangement around a ASYMMETRIC carbonASYMMETRIC carbon

. . . Mirror images. . . Mirror imagesAP Biology by Campbell and Reese; ©Benjamin Cummings 2005

Functional GroupsFunctional Groups

• Hydroxyl Group

Ex: alcohols • polar (oxygen);• soluble in water Names typically end in -ol

Ex: Ethanol


•Carbonyl Group

KETONE:within carbon skeletonALDEHYDE:at end of carbon skeleton

GLUCOSE is an ALDEHYDEGLUCOSE is an ALDEHYDEFRUCTOSE is a KETONEFRUCTOSE is a KETONE

http://61039206.sinagirl.com/carbohydate.JPGhttp://web1.caryacademy.org/chemistry/rushin/StudentProjects/CompoundWebSites/1999/Sucrose/sucrose_structure.gif

GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE


•Carboxyl Group

• Ex: carboxylic acids;• polar


• Amino Group

• Called: amines

• Ex: amino acids(have both amino & carboxyl groups)

http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch106-05/common.htm

H |

R -C -COO- |

+NH3


• Amino Group Can act as a base and pick up a H+ ion

• Carboxyl Groupcan act as an acid andgive up a H+ ion

Functional GroupsFunctional Groups• Sulfhydral Group

• Called: thiols•

http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Disulfide_bridge.htm

DISULFIDE BRIDGESDISULFIDE BRIDGES

• Disulfide bridges stabilize protein

structure

http://www.britannica.com/ebc/art-3207/Conformation-of-lysozyme

LYSOZYME


Phosphate Group phosphate ion

• Makes moleculenegatively charged

• Can store & transfer energy ~ ATP


METHYL Group • Makes molecule more

NON-POLAR

• METHYLATION:Adding methyl groups to DNA “turns off” genes

http://students.cis.uab.edu/rmeghana/methylation.html

BUILDING BIOMOLECULESBUILDING BIOMOLECULES

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/biokit/chnops.html

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DO NOW: Write 2 Level Two Questions for Chemistry NTK