Do Now Why is it important to learn about DNA and how can DNA be used to help people? NUA Notebook Check Today Why is it important to learn about

Do NowDo Now

Why is it important to learn about DNA and how can DNA be used to help people?

NUA Notebook Check Today

Why is it important to learn about DNA and how can DNA be used to help people?

NUA Notebook Check Today

Unit 4 GeneticsUnit 4 Genetics

Ch. 12 DNA & RNACh. 12 DNA & RNA

Topic: The Components & Structure of DNA

Topic: The Components & Structure of DNA

Genes were known to do 3 specific things: Carry info. from 1 generation to the

next Put that info. to work by determining

heritable characteristics of organisms Be easily copied, since all of a cell’s

genetic info. is replicated every time a cell divides

Genes were known to do 3 specific things: Carry info. from 1 generation to the

next Put that info. to work by determining

heritable characteristics of organisms Be easily copied, since all of a cell’s

genetic info. is replicated every time a cell divides

The Components & Structure of DNA


DNA is a long molecule made up of units called nucleotides

Nucleotides - made up of 3 parts: A sugar A phosphate group A nitrogenous base

DNA is a long molecule made up of units called nucleotides

Nucleotides - made up of 3 parts: A sugar A phosphate group A nitrogenous base



Watson & Crick developed the model of DNA, a double helix, where 2 strands were wound around each other

Watson & Crick developed the model of DNA, a double helix, where 2 strands were wound around each other



The 2 strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds

Those bonds only link adenine (A) & thymine (T), & guanine (G) & cytosine (C)

Base-pairing rule - A - T, G - C

The 2 strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds

Those bonds only link adenine (A) & thymine (T), & guanine (G) & cytosine (C)

Base-pairing rule - A - T, G - C

Structure of DNAStructure of DNA

BUILD A DNA MOLECULEBUILD A DNA MOLECULE USING THE COLORED STICKS

CREATE A DNA MOLECULE USING THE BASE PAIRING RULES. EACH STICK HAS A NUCLEOTIDE LETTER WRITTEN ON ONE SIDE OF THE STICK.

A = TC = G

ATGC = ORIGINAL STRAND CREATE NEW STRAND

USING THE COLORED STICKS CREATE A DNA MOLECULE USING THE BASE PAIRING RULES. EACH STICK HAS A NUCLEOTIDE LETTER WRITTEN ON ONE SIDE OF THE STICK.

A = TC = G

ATGC = ORIGINAL STRAND CREATE NEW STRAND

COMPLETE WORKSHEETCOMPLETE WORKSHEET

DNA AND RNA 12-1 WORKSHEET PAGE 287 TO

294(textbook required)

DNA AND RNA 12-1 WORKSHEET PAGE 287 TO

294(textbook required)

HomeworkChapter 12Vocabulary: Pages 287 and 295Use online textbook or internet to

complete

HomeworkChapter 12Vocabulary: Pages 287 and 295Use online textbook or internet to

complete

DO NOWDO NOW

WHAT ARE THE COMPLIMENTARY DNA BASES TO THE THIS GENETIC CODE?

HINT: USE NITROGEN BASE PAIRING RULES

A-T-T-G-G-C-A

WHAT ARE THE COMPLIMENTARY DNA BASES TO THE THIS GENETIC CODE?

HINT: USE NITROGEN BASE PAIRING RULES

A-T-T-G-G-C-A

DNA & ChromosomesDNA & Chromosomes

Most prokaryotes have a single circular DNA molecule in their cytoplasm

Most prokaryotes have a single circular DNA molecule in their cytoplasm


Eukaryotic DNA is located in the nucleus, in the form of a # of chromosomes

The chromosome # varies from 1 species to another

Eukaryotic DNA is located in the nucleus, in the form of a # of chromosomes

The chromosome # varies from 1 species to another


Eukaryotic chromosomes have both DNA & protein, packed tightly together to form chromatin

Chromatin - DNA that is tightly coiled around proteins (histones)

Eukaryotic chromosomes have both DNA & protein, packed tightly together to form chromatin

Chromatin - DNA that is tightly coiled around proteins (histones)


From largest to smallest, genetic information is arranged the following way: Chromosomes Genes (found on chromosomes) DNA (makes up genes)

From largest to smallest, genetic information is arranged the following way: Chromosomes Genes (found on chromosomes) DNA (makes up genes)

DNA ReplicationDNA Replication

Each strand of DNA could be used to make the other strand, they compliment each other

Replication - when a cell’s DNA is copied

Each strand of DNA could be used to make the other strand, they compliment each other

Replication - when a cell’s DNA is copied


During DNA replication, the DNA molecule separates into 2 strands, then produces 2 new complimentary strands following base pairing rules

Each strand of the double helix serves as a template, or model, for the new strand

During DNA replication, the DNA molecule separates into 2 strands, then produces 2 new complimentary strands following base pairing rules

Each strand of the double helix serves as a template, or model, for the new strand


DNA polymerase - enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule

It also proofreads each new DNA strand, to help prevent errors in copying the DNA

DNA polymerase - enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule

It also proofreads each new DNA strand, to help prevent errors in copying the DNA


AGENDA COMPLETE DNA REPLICATION

WORKSHEET. (QUIZ) FINISH WORKSHEET FROM

YESTERDAY

HOMEWORKVOCABULARY ON PAGE 300

AGENDA COMPLETE DNA REPLICATION

WORKSHEET. (QUIZ) FINISH WORKSHEET FROM

YESTERDAY

HOMEWORKVOCABULARY ON PAGE 300

RNA & Protein SynthesisRNA & Protein Synthesis

Genes - coded DNA instruct. that control the production of proteins within the cell

The 1st step in decoding the genetic messages is to copy part of the nucleotide sequence from DNA into RNA

Genes - coded DNA instruct. that control the production of proteins within the cell

The 1st step in decoding the genetic messages is to copy part of the nucleotide sequence from DNA into RNA

Do Now (Replication)Do Now (Replication)

Using the genetic code given, separate the two original strands and create two molecules of DNA. Use the base pairing rules. (hint: what you did on your quiz)

A-T-C-C-G-T-A-C-GT-A-G-G-C-A-T-G-C

Using the genetic code given, separate the two original strands and create two molecules of DNA. Use the base pairing rules. (hint: what you did on your quiz)

A-T-C-C-G-T-A-C-GT-A-G-G-C-A-T-G-C

The Structure of RNAThe Structure of RNA

There are 3 main differences between RNA & DNA: The sugar is a ribose, instead of

deoxyribose RNA is single-stranded RNA contains the nitrogenous base

uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)

There are 3 main differences between RNA & DNA: The sugar is a ribose, instead of

deoxyribose RNA is single-stranded RNA contains the nitrogenous base

uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)

Types of RNATypes of RNA

There are 3 main types of RNA: Messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA

There are 3 main types of RNA: Messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA


Messenger RNA - (mRNA) - RNA molecules that carry copies of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins They serve as “messengers” from

DNA to the rest of the cell

Messenger RNA - (mRNA) - RNA molecules that carry copies of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins They serve as “messengers” from

DNA to the rest of the cell


Ribosomal RNA - (rRNA) - form of RNA that combines with proteins to make a ribosome

Ribosomal RNA - (rRNA) - form of RNA that combines with proteins to make a ribosome


Transfer RNA - (tRNA) - RNA molecule that transfers each amino acid to the ribosome as it is specified by coded messages in mRNA

Transfer RNA - (tRNA) - RNA molecule that transfers each amino acid to the ribosome as it is specified by coded messages in mRNA

AgendaAgenda

Complete worksheet on 12-2 (use textbook)

12-2 Assessment page 299 questions 1 through 5

HomeworkCompare and contrast the three

types of RNA (Venn Diagram)

Complete worksheet on 12-2 (use textbook)

12-2 Assessment page 299 questions 1 through 5

HomeworkCompare and contrast the three

types of RNA (Venn Diagram)

Do NowDo Now

What do all forms of RNA have in common?

mRNA rRNA tRNA

PAGE 300 TEXTBOOK

What do all forms of RNA have in common?

mRNA rRNA tRNA

PAGE 300 TEXTBOOK


Transcription - process of producing RNA molecules by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complimentary sequence of RNA

RNA polymerase - enzyme that works similarly to DNA polymerase

Transcription - process of producing RNA molecules by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complimentary sequence of RNA

RNA polymerase - enzyme that works similarly to DNA polymerase


During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA & separates the DNA strands

RNA polymerase then uses 1 strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into a strand of RNA

During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA & separates the DNA strands

RNA polymerase then uses 1 strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into a strand of RNA

TranscriptionTranscription

The Genetic CodeThe Genetic Code

Proteins are made by joining amino acids into long chains - polypeptides

Each polypeptide has a combination of any 20 different amino acids

Proteins are made by joining amino acids into long chains - polypeptides

Each polypeptide has a combination of any 20 different amino acids


Codon - 3 consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid to be added to the polypeptide

Codon - 3 consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid to be added to the polypeptide


For ex.: UCGCACGGU Read 3 at a time:

UCG-CAC-GGU Which represents amino acids:

Serine-Histidine-Glycine

For ex.: UCGCACGGU Read 3 at a time:

UCG-CAC-GGU Which represents amino acids:

Serine-Histidine-Glycine


AgendaAgenda

• Quick Lab page 303 How does a cell interpret DNA?

• Complete worksheet on 12-3 Homework: Vocabulary 307

Chapter 12 Test on Thursday

Do NowDo Now

Using your textbook page 303 (genetic code) the mRNA codons from left to right, write the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide translated from the mRNA.

GATCCTTCCAACATC

TranslationTranslation

Translation - (protein synthesis) -decoding an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (protein)

It takes place on ribosomes Before translation occurs, mRNA is

transcribed (re-written) from DNA in the nucleus & released in the cytoplasm

Translation - (protein synthesis) -decoding an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (protein)

It takes place on ribosomes Before translation occurs, mRNA is

transcribed (re-written) from DNA in the nucleus & released in the cytoplasm


Each tRNA molecule has an anticodon - 3 nitrogenous bases that are complimentary to 1 mRNA codon

The ribosome attaches 1 amino acid to another, forming the polypeptide chain, until it reaches the “stop” codon

Each tRNA molecule has an anticodon - 3 nitrogenous bases that are complimentary to 1 mRNA codon

The ribosome attaches 1 amino acid to another, forming the polypeptide chain, until it reaches the “stop” codon


After the amino acid is attached, the tRNA molecule that brought it into the ribosome, is released back into the cytoplasm

The result is a protein

After the amino acid is attached, the tRNA molecule that brought it into the ribosome, is released back into the cytoplasm

The result is a protein



Summary: Role of RNA & DNA

Summary: Role of RNA & DNA

Start with a single strand of DNA That DNA is transcribed into RNA The RNA is separated into codons The codons code for amino acids,

which form a polypeptide chain

Start with a single strand of DNA That DNA is transcribed into RNA The RNA is separated into codons The codons code for amino acids,

which form a polypeptide chain

MutationsMutations

Mutations - a mistake in the DNA base sequence, may occur during copying the DNA

Changes in the genetic material

Mutations - a mistake in the DNA base sequence, may occur during copying the DNA

Changes in the genetic material

Kinds of MutationsKinds of Mutations

Gene mutations are changes in a single gene

Chromosomal mutations are changes in the whole chromosome

Gene mutations are changes in a single gene

Chromosomal mutations are changes in the whole chromosome

Gene MutationsGene Mutations

Point mutations - change in 1 or a few nucleotides, they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence

Frameshift mutations - adding or deleting a nucleotide, shifts the “reading frame” of the

genetic message

Point mutations - change in 1 or a few nucleotides, they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence

Frameshift mutations - adding or deleting a nucleotide, shifts the “reading frame” of the

genetic message

Chromosomal MutationsChromosomal Mutations

There are 4 types of chromosomal mutations: deletions, duplications, inversions, & translocations

Deletions involve the loss of all or part of a chromosome

Duplications produce extra copies of parts of a chromosome

There are 4 types of chromosomal mutations: deletions, duplications, inversions, & translocations

Deletions involve the loss of all or part of a chromosome

Duplications produce extra copies of parts of a chromosome

AgendaAgenda

Worksheet (complete both sides) use textbook page 303 genetic code to write amino acid sequence.

12-3 Section Assessment 1 through 4

Vocabulary page 309

Worksheet (complete both sides) use textbook page 303 genetic code to write amino acid sequence.

12-3 Section Assessment 1 through 4

Vocabulary page 309

Chromosomal MutationsChromosomal Mutations

Inversions reverse the direction of parts of

chromosomes Translocations occur when

part of one chromosome breaks off & attaches

to another

Inversions reverse the direction of parts of

chromosomes Translocations occur when

part of one chromosome breaks off & attaches

to another

Significance of MutationsSignificance of Mutations

Mutations cause changes in protein structure or gene activity

They are the cause of many genetic disorders

Some are associated with many types of cancer

Mutations cause changes in protein structure or gene activity

They are the cause of many genetic disorders

Some are associated with many types of cancer

Eukaryotic Gene Regulation

Eukaryotic Gene Regulation

Genes that code for liver enzymes are not expressed in nerve cells

Cell specialization requires genetic specialization, but all cells in a multicellular organism carry the complete genetic code in their nucleus

Genes that code for liver enzymes are not expressed in nerve cells

Cell specialization requires genetic specialization, but all cells in a multicellular organism carry the complete genetic code in their nucleus

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Do Now Why is it important to learn about DNA and how can DNA be used to help people? NUA Notebook Check Today Why is it important to learn about