Do Now!! What is an atom? Why do we have a periodic table? What information can we find in a periodic table? What is an atom? Why do we have

Do Now!! Do Now!!

What is an atom?

Why do we have a periodic table?

What information can we find in a periodic table?

What is an atom?

Why do we have a periodic table?

What information can we find in a periodic table?

Chapter 6Chapter 6BiochemistryBiochemistry

ObjectivesObjectives

To define an atom.

To determine the make-up of an atom.

To list different elements that can be found on Earth.

To explain what type of information can be gathered from the periodic table.

To define an atom.




Brain-Based LearningBrain-Based Learning

Proton

ElectronNeutron

Name __________________

AtomsAtoms

Smallest particle of matter that still has chemical properties

Matter: anything that takes up space and has mass

Contain 3 parts

Protons: positively charged, contain mass of 1

Neutrons: no charge, contain mass of 1

Electrons: Outside nucleus, negatively charged, insignificant mass

Smallest particle of matter that still has chemical properties

Matter: anything that takes up space and has mass

Contain 3 parts

Protons: positively charged, contain mass of 1

Neutrons: no charge, contain mass of 1

Electrons: Outside nucleus, negatively charged, insignificant mass

+

-

Do Now!! Complete the chart:Do Now!! Complete the chart:

Electron

Neutron

Proton

MassChargePart of Atom





To draw different atoms




To draw different atoms

Atoms make up ElementsAtoms make up Elements

A pure substance that can’t be broken down into other substances by physical or chemical means.

Made up of only 1 type of atom

Contain a unique name and symbol.

A pure substance that can’t be broken down into other substances by physical or chemical means.

Made up of only 1 type of atom

Contain a unique name and symbol.

So… if this is an atom… So… if this is an atom…

What makes atoms different?

How is carbon different from oxygen?

Different numbers of protons

What makes atoms different?

How is carbon different from oxygen?

Different numbers of protons

Periodic Table of ElementsPeriodic Table of Elements

Periods: horizontal rows

Groups: vertical columns:

elements in the same group have similar chemical and physical properties.

Periods: horizontal rows

Groups: vertical columns:

elements in the same group have similar chemical and physical properties.

**Organized based on the # of protons in the nucleus of an atom.**

Periodic Table InformationPeriodic Table Information

Atomic number- tells us the # of protons (and electrons)

Symbol- unique for each element.

Atomic Mass- # of protons and neutrons

Atomic number- tells us the # of protons (and electrons)

Symbol- unique for each element.

Atomic Mass- # of protons and neutrons

CC6

12.02

Lets practice!! Lets practice!!

N7

9.01

4

Ne20.18

C12.02

Complete the missing information and include the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons.


To practice drawing different atoms.

To review parts of the atom by completing a worksheet activity.

To practice drawing different atoms.

To review parts of the atom by completing a worksheet activity.

Neutron Partners…Neutron Partners…

List the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons for the following…

Mg

Ca

Fe

Cl

List the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons for the following…

Mg

Ca

Fe

Cl

Drawing an atom…Drawing an atom…

Things to remember!

Proton # = Electron #

Protons and Neutrons are in the nucleus and add up to the atomic mass.

Electrons are arranged in energy levels

1st energy level holds 2 electrons

2nd energy level holds 8

3rd energy level holds 8

Etc.

Things to remember!

Proton # = Electron #

Protons and Neutrons are in the nucleus and add up to the atomic mass.

Electrons are arranged in energy levels

1st energy level holds 2 electrons

2nd energy level holds 8

3rd energy level holds 8

Etc.

Lets Draw Oxygen!Lets Draw Oxygen!

What is the atomic number of oxygen?What is the atomic number of oxygen?

Let’s Practice…Let’s Practice…

Please work on the worksheet in front of you!

Finish for homework and bring to the next class.

Please work on the worksheet in front of you!

Finish for homework and bring to the next class.

Do Now!! Do Now!!

Let’s draw:

1. He

2. O

3. S

4. C

5. Cl

Let’s draw:

1. He

2. O

3. S

4. C

5. Cl


To discuss isotopes and relate their research to the medical field

To determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons of ions

To identify types of bonds




What is wrong with this picture?What is wrong with this picture?

Carbon

-atomic symbol “C”

-atomic # 6

-atomic mass 12.02

Do Now!! Do Now!!

Let’s draw:

1. Ar

2. Al

3. Na

4. Ne

5. Mg

Let’s draw:

1. Ar

2. Al

3. Na

4. Ne

5. Mg








IsotopesIsotopes Isotopes contain the same # of protons and electrons

as the element, but a different number of neutrons.

Ex: Carbon-14

Contains 6 protons (still carbon)

Also contains 8 neutrons, instead of 6

Isotopes contain the same # of protons and electrons as the element, but a different number of neutrons.

Ex: Carbon-14

Contains 6 protons (still carbon)

Also contains 8 neutrons, instead of 6

Radioactive IsotopesRadioactive Isotopes

What is an isotope again?

Changing the # of neutrons changes the stability of the atom, causes decay in the nucleus or causes it to break apart.

Ex: Carbon-14 is used in carbon-dating. We can tell how old something is by how much carbon is left.

What is an isotope again?

Changing the # of neutrons changes the stability of the atom, causes decay in the nucleus or causes it to break apart.

Ex: Carbon-14 is used in carbon-dating. We can tell how old something is by how much carbon is left.

Radioactive IsotopesRadioactive Isotopes

Ex: Radioactive isotopes are used to help doctors diagnose disease and locate certain types of cancer.

Ex: Radioactive isotopes are used to help doctors diagnose disease and locate certain types of cancer.

What happens if there are different number of ______ than a normal atom?

What happens if there are different number of ______ than a normal atom?

Neutrons?

More protons than electrons?

More electrons than protons?

Neutrons?

More protons than electrons?

More electrons than protons?

“Happy” Atoms“Happy” AtomsAtoms need to have the right number of

electrons around them (happy)

Ions- charged atom or groups of atoms

Ions can lose or gain electrons to be neutral:Lose: form positive ions

Gain: form negative ions

Atoms need to have the right number of electrons around them (happy)

Ions- charged atom or groups of atoms

Ions can lose or gain electrons to be neutral:Lose: form positive ions

Gain: form negative ions

Na Cl

Do Now!! How many electrons does each of the following want to be “happy”?

Do Now!! How many electrons does each of the following want to be “happy”?

Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen

Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen

Do Now!! Do Now!!

Think-Pair-Share:

- If an ion is positively charged, does it gain or lose electrons?

- Negatively charged?

- How many electrons does O3- have?

Think-Pair-Share:

- If an ion is positively charged, does it gain or lose electrons?

- Negatively charged?

- How many electrons does O3- have?


Identify protons, neutrons and electrons in ions.

Identify compounds.

Determine what information can be received from a chemical formula.

Identify protons, neutrons and electrons in ions.

Identify compounds.


Lets Practice!Lets Practice!

List the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in each ion: O-

Na+

N3-

Cl-

F+

Are any of these atoms happy?

List the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in each ion: O-

Na+

N3-

Cl-

F+

Are any of these atoms happy?

More practice…More practice…

Do Now!! Do Now!!

Identify the element and then state if it is a normal atom, an isotope, or an ion.

Identify the element and then state if it is a normal atom, an isotope, or an ion.


Practice identifying components of ions by completing a worksheet

Identify compounds.


Compare and contrast ionic bonding vs. covalent bonding.

Explain what “Vanderwalls interactions” are.

Practice identifying components of ions by completing a worksheet

Identify compounds.




CompoundsCompounds

A pure substance formed when 2 or more elements combine.

Always formed using a specific ratio

Ex: 2 molecules of Hydrogen + 1 molecule of Oxygen will give us water (H2O)

Ex: fuel in cars (hydrocarbons)

Chemically and physically different from the elements that make them up.

Must be broken down CHEMICALLY, not physically

A pure substance formed when 2 or more elements combine.

Always formed using a specific ratio

Ex: 2 molecules of Hydrogen + 1 molecule of Oxygen will give us water (H2O)

Ex: fuel in cars (hydrocarbons)

Chemically and physically different from the elements that make them up.

Must be broken down CHEMICALLY, not physically

Chemical FormulasChemical Formulas

The number before the formula states how many molecules

Ex. 4 H2O = 4 water molecules

The subscript number states how many of that type of atom

Ex. H2O = 2 hydrogen atoms, 1 oxygen atom

The number before the formula states how many molecules

Ex. 4 H2O = 4 water molecules

The subscript number states how many of that type of atom

Ex. H2O = 2 hydrogen atoms, 1 oxygen atom

Let’s try some examples (electron partners)Let’s try some examples (electron partners)

For the following examples list the total number of atoms for each element and how many of each molecule.

1. C6H12O6

2. 3CH4

3. 5CO2

4. 3O3

5. 4HCl


1. C6H12O6

2. 3CH4

3. 5CO2

4. 3O3

5. 4HCl

Do Now!! Do Now!!


1. 2H2SO4

2. 4HNO3

3. 5MgCl2

4. NaOH

5. 4C6H8O7


1. 2H2SO4

2. 4HNO3

3. 5MgCl2

4. NaOH

5. 4C6H8O7




Explain what a chemical reaction is.

Identify reactants and products in a reaction.

Balance an equation.






Review!Review!

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in O2-?

Is Cl a compound or an element?

How do you find the # of neutrons?

Using the formula 3C6H12O6, how many atoms of oxygen are present?

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in O2-?

Is Cl a compound or an element?

How do you find the # of neutrons?

Using the formula 3C6H12O6, how many atoms of oxygen are present?

How do compounds stay together?How do compounds stay together?

Bonds!

2 most common types

1. Covalent- atoms share electrons

2. Ionic- atoms gain or lose electrons to bond

Bonds!

2 most common types

1. Covalent- atoms share electrons

2. Ionic- atoms gain or lose electrons to bond

Covalent BondingCovalent Bonding

Molecule: compound held together by covalent bonds.

Carbon (C) – form 4 bonds (another 4 e)Hydrogen (H) – form one bond (1 e)Nitrogen (N) – form 3 bonds (3 e)Oxygen (O) – form 2 bonds (2 e)

H2O

Molecule: compound held together by covalent bonds.

Carbon (C) – form 4 bonds (another 4 e)Hydrogen (H) – form one bond (1 e)Nitrogen (N) – form 3 bonds (3 e)Oxygen (O) – form 2 bonds (2 e)

H2O

Do Now!! Do Now!!

What are the 2 main types of bonds?

What happens with electrons in each type of bond?

What is a compound?

What are the 2 main types of bonds?

What happens with electrons in each type of bond?

What is a compound?


Define “Van Der Waals” Interactions.




Define “Van Der Waals” Interactions.




Ionic BondIonic Bond

Some atoms tend to donate or accept electrons more easily than other atoms.

Ex. Metals (D) and Non Metals (A)

Some atoms tend to donate or accept electrons more easily than other atoms.

Ex. Metals (D) and Non Metals (A)

Van Der Waals InteractionsVan Der Waals Interactions

When molecules come close together, the attractive forces between slightly positive and negative regions pull on the molecules and hold them together.

The strength of the attraction depends on the size of the molecule, its shape, and its ability to attract electrons.

When molecules come close together, the attractive forces between slightly positive and negative regions pull on the molecules and hold them together.

The strength of the attraction depends on the size of the molecule, its shape, and its ability to attract electrons.

6.2 Chemical Reactions6.2 Chemical Reactions

A chemical reaction -atoms or groups of atoms are reorganized into different substances.

Chemical Reactions:

Production of heat or light,

Formation of a gas, liquid, or solid

A chemical reaction -atoms or groups of atoms are reorganized into different substances.

Chemical Reactions:

Production of heat or light,

Formation of a gas, liquid, or solid

Parts of a ReactionParts of a Reaction

Reaction- Molecules breaking or coming together

Reactants- What goes in the reaction

Products- What comes out of the reaction

Ex: Na+ + Cl- = NaCl

Reaction- Molecules breaking or coming together

Reactants- What goes in the reaction

Products- What comes out of the reaction

Ex: Na+ + Cl- = NaCl

Do Now!! Do Now!!

Glucose and oxygen react to form carbon dioxide and water.

Identify: Products Reactants Is this a balanced equation?

Glucose and oxygen react to form carbon dioxide and water.


+ ATP

(energy)

Do Now!! Do Now!!



H2 + O2 H2O


To balance equations.

To identify types of reactions.

To explain how an enzyme works.

To determine the difference between a solute and a solvent.

To balance equations.




Balancing EquationsBalancing Equations

The law of conservation of mass states matter cannot be created or destroyed

The number and types of atoms must be the SAME on both sides of the equations

Ex. ___ H2 + ___O2 ___H2O

The law of conservation of mass states matter cannot be created or destroyed

The number and types of atoms must be the SAME on both sides of the equations

Ex. ___ H2 + ___O2 ___H2O

Electron Partners!! Electron Partners!! Balance the following equations:

1. ___ H2 + ___ O2 ---> ___ H2O

2. ___ Zn + ___ HCl ---> ___ ZnCl2 + ___ H2

3. ___ SiO2 + ___ HF ---> ___ SiF4 + ___ H2O

4. ___ K + ___ Br2 ---> ___ KBr

5. ___ Al + ___ FeO ---> ___ Al2O3 + ___ Fe

Balance the following equations:

1. ___ H2 + ___ O2 ---> ___ H2O

2. ___ Zn + ___ HCl ---> ___ ZnCl2 + ___ H2

3. ___ SiO2 + ___ HF ---> ___ SiF4 + ___ H2O

4. ___ K + ___ Br2 ---> ___ KBr

5. ___ Al + ___ FeO ---> ___ Al2O3 + ___ Fe





To list the properties of water.





Energy in ReactionsEnergy in Reactions

The activation energy - minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to turn into products

The activation energy - minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to turn into products

Types of ReactionsTypes of Reactions

Exothermic- released heat energy.oThe energy of the

product is lower than the energy of the reactants.

Exothermic- released heat energy.oThe energy of the

product is lower than the energy of the reactants.

Types of ReactionsTypes of Reactions

Endothermic - absorbed heat energy.

The energy of the products is higher than the energy of the reactants.

Endothermic - absorbed heat energy.

The energy of the products is higher than the energy of the reactants.

Demo time!! Demo time!!

Endothermic or Exothermic??

Let’s do some practice!Let’s do some practice!

Get with your neutron partners!! Get with your neutron partners!!

Determine whether or not the following are Exothermic or Endothermic reactions:

1. Combustion reactions of fuels 2. melting ice cubes 3. Nuclear Bomb 4. a candle flame 5. cooking an egg 6. Mixing water with Epsom salt

Determine whether or not the following are Exothermic or Endothermic reactions:

1. Combustion reactions of fuels 2. melting ice cubes 3. Nuclear Bomb 4. a candle flame 5. cooking an egg 6. Mixing water with Epsom salt










What you should know about enzymes!What you should know about enzymes!

-Specialized proteins that act as “catalyst” (speeds up a reaction)

- Usually end in “ase”

-Not consumed in the reaction

-Specialized proteins that act as “catalyst” (speeds up a reaction)

- Usually end in “ase”

-Not consumed in the reaction

What do they do?What do they do?

How do they work?How do they work?

A substrate fits in the active site of an enzyme.

This forms an enzyme substrate complex.

They then break or form bonds.

A substrate fits in the active site of an enzyme.

This forms an enzyme substrate complex.

They then break or form bonds.

Do Now!! Do Now!!

What is the purpose of an enzyme? What was the enzyme used in your liver lab? What is a substrate? What was the substrate in your liver lab??

What is the purpose of an enzyme? What was the enzyme used in your liver lab? What is a substrate? What was the substrate in your liver lab??










How do they work?How do they work?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTUm-75-PL4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTUm-75-PL4

Do Now!! Do Now!!

Determine whether the following substances are heterogeneous or homogenous:Chicken noodle soupLemonadePuddingFruit SaladCole SlawMilk Chipotle Burritos

Determine whether the following substances are heterogeneous or homogenous:Chicken noodle soupLemonadePuddingFruit SaladCole SlawMilk Chipotle Burritos


Review acids and bases.

List the 4 macromolecules of life.

Identify the 3 different types of carbohydrates.

Explain the importance of carbs in the body.

Explain why low-carb diets can be harmful.

Review acids and bases.





6.3 Solutions6.3 Solutions

Solution = Mixture of a solute dissolved in a solvent (ex: iced tea!)

How do things dissolve?

Polar Covalent Bond: Slight Positive and negative charges

Ex. H2O

Non-polar: Do not dissolve in waterEx. Lipids and Fats

Solution = Mixture of a solute dissolved in a solvent (ex: iced tea!)

How do things dissolve?

Polar Covalent Bond: Slight Positive and negative charges

Ex. H2O

Non-polar: Do not dissolve in waterEx. Lipids and Fats

MixturesMixtures

Solute- substance that is dissolved

Solvent- substance that the solute dissolved in.

Ex. Hot chocolate (Water and Coco Powder)

Solute- substance that is dissolved

Solvent- substance that the solute dissolved in.

Ex. Hot chocolate (Water and Coco Powder)

MixturesMixtures

HeterogeneousHeterogeneous

HomogeneousHomogeneous

What is the difference?

MixturesMixtures

Homogeneous- has a uniform composition throughout (a.k.a solutions).

Heterogeneous- components remain distinct.

Homogeneous- has a uniform composition throughout (a.k.a solutions).

Heterogeneous- components remain distinct.

Acids and BasesAcids and Bases Acids- Releases hydrogen ions.

Bases- Releases hydroxide ions.

pH- measure of concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

Acids- Releases hydrogen ions.

Bases- Releases hydroxide ions.

pH- measure of concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

BuffersBuffers

What happens to enzymes in a strong pH?

Buffers are mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a particular range. (We want to keep our body fluids at a pH of 6.5-7.5)

Hemoglobin

What happens to enzymes in a strong pH?

Buffers are mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a particular range. (We want to keep our body fluids at a pH of 6.5-7.5)

Hemoglobin

6.4 Macromolecules of Life6.4 Macromolecules of Life

Organic Chemistry - The element carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules. (Inorganic= no carbon)

Organic Chemistry - The element carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules. (Inorganic= no carbon)

Let’s ReviewLet’s Review

Carbon has _____ electrons in its outermost energy level.

One carbon atom can form _____ covalent bonds with other atoms.

Bonds enable carbon atoms to bond to each other = variety of important organic compounds.

Carbon has _____ electrons in its outermost energy level.

One carbon atom can form _____ covalent bonds with other atoms.

Bonds enable carbon atoms to bond to each other = variety of important organic compounds.

Do Now: Please complete the table! Do Now: Please complete the table!

Chemical/Symbol

Atomic Number

Atomic Mass

Bonds Formed

Carbon – C 6 12 4

Hydrogen – H

1 1 1

Nitrogen – N 7 14 3

Oxygen – O 8 16 2

Phosphorus - P

15 31 5

Sulfur - S 16 32 2






Run our labs!





Run our labs!

MoleculesMolecules

Macromolecules -

large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together.

Are also called Polymers -

molecules made from repeating units of identical (or nearly identical) compounds linked together by covalent bonds.

Macromolecules -

large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together.

Are also called Polymers -

molecules made from repeating units of identical (or nearly identical) compounds linked together by covalent bonds.

Do Now!! Do Now!!

What are the four macromolecules of life?

What are some examples of saturated and unsaturated fats?

What is a trans fat?





To explain how the body uses fats and proteins.

To compare and contrast saturated vs. unsaturated fats.

To discuss proteins and nucleic acids.




CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Sources of energy (ex: glucose)

Ratio of carbon : hydrogen : oxygen of 1:2:1

(CH2O)n

n = # of CH2O in a chain

Sources of energy (ex: glucose)

Ratio of carbon : hydrogen : oxygen of 1:2:1

(CH2O)n

n = # of CH2O in a chain

*Where there’s a corner there’s a carbon!*

Glucose

Do Now!! Do Now!!

- What are carbohydrates composed of?

- Identify the carbohydrates:

1) C6H12O6

2) CH3

3) C4H2O2

4) C24H36O24

- What are carbohydrates composed of?

- Identify the carbohydrates:

1) C6H12O6

2) CH3

3) C4H2O2

4) C24H36O24








CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Monosaccharide- values of n ranging from three to seven (simple sugar)

ex: glucose (n = 6)Disaccharide - Two monosaccharides

joined together

ex: lactose

Polysaccharide- many monosaccharides joined together

ex: glycogen (energy storage in muscle)

Monosaccharide- values of n ranging from three to seven (simple sugar)

ex: glucose (n = 6)Disaccharide - Two monosaccharides

joined together

ex: lactose

Polysaccharide- many monosaccharides joined together

ex: glycogen (energy storage in muscle)

Monosaccharide (glucose)

Disaccharide

Polysaccharide

Do Now!! Do Now!!














LipidsLipids

Fats, oils and waxes

Made mostly of C and H

Used for energy storage and insulation

Fat – solid at room temperature Oil – Liquid at room temperature

Fats, oils and waxes

Made mostly of C and H

Used for energy storage and insulation

Fat – solid at room temperature Oil – Liquid at room temperature

Saturated vs. UnsaturatedSaturated vs. Unsaturated

Saturated Fats -

Only Single bonds between the carbons

Solid at room temperature (typically)

More unhealthy

Unsaturated Fats -

Double bonds between the carbons

Liquid at room temperature (typically)

More healthy

Saturated Fats -

Only Single bonds between the carbons

Solid at room temperature (typically)

More unhealthy

Unsaturated Fats -

Double bonds between the carbons

Liquid at room temperature (typically)

More healthy

ProteinsProteins

Made of small carbon compounds called amino acids Made of small carbon compounds called amino acids

Central Carbon

Atoms that make up Amino Acids:Atoms that make up Amino Acids:

carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

Amino acids are connected together through a PEPTIDE BOND.

carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

Amino acids are connected together through a PEPTIDE BOND.

Proteins in the BodyProteins in the Body

Involved in nearly every function of your body.

structural -

hair, collagen, muscle, skin etc. made of proteins

enzymes –

speed up chemical reactions

Involved in nearly every function of your body.

structural -

hair, collagen, muscle, skin etc. made of proteins

enzymes –

speed up chemical reactions

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Store and transmit genetic information.

Made of smaller repeating subunits called nucleotides

Composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen atoms.

Store and transmit genetic information.

Made of smaller repeating subunits called nucleotides

Composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen atoms.

Think – Pair – ShareLet’s Try TheseThink – Pair – ShareLet’s Try These

Think – Pair - ShareThink – Pair - Share

Try THESE! Try THESE!

Documents

Do Now!! What is an atom? Why do we have a periodic table? What information can we find in a periodic table? What is an atom? Why do we have