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Do Now: What are the three roots of prejudice (S…E…C)?
Social
Emotional
Cognitive
Cognitive
1) Categorizing2) Vivid Case Phenomenon3) Just World Phenomenon4) Hindsight Bias
3
Cognitive Roots of Prejudice
One way we simplify our world is to categorize. We categorize people into
groups by stereotyping them.
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Cognitive Roots of Prejudice
In vivid cases terrorists can feed stereotypes or prejudices
Example: 9/11
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Cognitive Roots of Prejudice
Just-world phenomenon The tendency of people to believe the world is just, and
people get what they deserve and deserve what they get ©
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Hindsight Bias
The tendency to believe that we could have predicted an outcome beforehand
How can we reduce prejudice?
• Contact theory- contact between antagonistic groups will reduce hostility if groups work toward superordinate goal
Do Now:
• Video on Aggression Bandura, Road Rage, Intentional Aggression
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5I8OEnNNMY
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWsxfoJEwQQ
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Aggression
Aggression any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.
Aggressive behavior emerges from the interaction of biology and experience.
Two types of Aggression
• Instrumental: act is a means to gain something
• Hostile: emotional and impulsive- typically in response to pain or stress
Aim: What is the cause of aggression?
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The Biology of Aggression
Three biological influences on aggressive behavior are:
1. Genetic Influences2. Neural Influences3. Biochemical
Influences
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Genetic Influences
1) Twin Studies
2) Animal Breeding Studies
3) Y chromosome: Men are much more likely to engage in aggressive behavior
Neural Influences: The limbic system (amygdala) will
increase aggression
The frontal lobe will suppress aggression
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=svP7-L2Zu3M
16
Biochemical Influences1) Castrated animals (low testosterone) become docile2) Animals injected with testosterone= increased aggression 3) Prenatal exposure to testosterone= increased aggression
Alcohol and Aggression
• Alcohol increases aggression
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Frustration-Aggression Principle
Frustration (caused by the blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression.
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Learning that Aggression is Rewarding
When aggression leads to desired outcomes, one learns to be aggressive.
How might viewing violent or sexually violent media lead to
aggression?
Violent media will desensitize people to violence
• Media can create social scripts and use these scripts as guides
25
Observing Models of Aggression
Sexually coercive men are promiscuous
and hostile in their relationships with
women. This coerciveness has increased due to
television viewing of R- and X-rated
movies.
26
Acquiring Social Scripts
The media portrays social scripts and generates mental tapes in the minds of the
viewers.
27
Do Video Games Teach or Release Violence?
The general consensus on violent video games is that, to some extent, they breed violence. Adolescents view the world as
hostile when they get into arguments and receive bad grades after playing such
games.
Summary
• What are three causes of aggression?
• How does our psychology influence aggression?
• How could you study the effects of prejudice on aggressive behaviors?
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Summary