Do Now•Please get out something to write with•I will be passing back your folders so we can put our unit cover sheet inside

Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-imposed nonage. Nonage is the inability to use one's own understanding without another's guidance. This nonage is self-imposed if it cause lies not in lack of understanding but in indecision and lack of courage to use one's own mind without another's guidance. “Dare to know! Have the courage to use your own understanding," is therefore the motto of the enlightenment.

• Immanuel Kant

The Enlightenment• Change in outlook among educated Europeans during the

1600s

• From Scientific Revolution – where reason was used to find laws that governed physical world

•Why not use reason to discover natural laws? (laws that governed human nature)

• Put great emphasis in reason as the key to human progress

Enlightenment Thinkers• Stressed reason over

authority and questioned the basis of religion, morality and government.

• Thomas Hobbes• John Locke• Baron do Montesquieu• Voltaire• Jean-Jacques Rousseau•Mary Wollstonecraft

Thomas Hobbes• People are naturally cruel, greedy and selfish. If not

controlled, they would oppress one another

• Life in a state of nature – without laws or control – would be nasty, brutish and short

• People must enter into a social contract - agreement giving up life in a state of nature to live in organized society ruled by powerful government

John Locke• people are basically reasonable and moral

• People have natural rights, belong to them from birth

• Form governments to protect natural rights. Government has duty to protect people it governs. If government fails to protect or violates natural rights, people have right to alter or abolish government.

Baron de Montesquieu• Concerned with how to protect political liberty

• Divide power among three branches of government (Executive, legislative, judicial)

• Separation of powers - branches would be separate, but equal so no branch would become too powerful

Voltaire• Defended tolerance and freedom of speech and thought

• Religious tolerance – allowing people to express religion in their own way

• “I do not agree with a word that you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”

Jean-Jacques Rousseau• People in natural state are basically good

• Innocence is corrupted by evils of society, especially unequal distribution of property

• Believed in general will, best conscience of people. People should act as a community and place needs of all above individual interest

Mary Wollstonecraft• A woman should be able to decide what is in her own

interest, instead of depending on husband

• Believed in equal education for girls and boys

• Only education can give women power and tools they need to participate equally with men in society

Quick activity…•Which philosopher do you agree with the most? Explain.

•Which philosopher do you agree with the least? Explain.

Whooooo Thought It?!

Who thought that….

only education could give women the tools they needed to participate equally with men in public life.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Who thought that…

the good of the community as a whole, he said, should be placed above individual interests.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Who thought that…the people must enterinto a social contract,an agreement giving uplife in a state of nature,to live in an organizedsociety ruled by apowerful government.

Thomas Hobbes

Who thought that…

there should beseparation of powers,where branches would beseparate, but equal so nobranch would become toopowerful.

Baron de Montesquieu

Who thought that…

people have certain natural rights that they are born with. Rights such as life, liberty, and property.

John Locke

Who…

defended toleranceand freedom ofspeech and thought.

Voltaire