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Do Now
List as many words as you can think of to describe a body of water (example: ocean)
CommunicationLinguistics and the
Arts
What do the following words mean?
Whalers Crisps Pop Trousers Sucker Billfold Thermals Kleenex
Linguistics
The essential function of language is communication
Language is the medium for the transition of culture
Human communication is no limited to spoken language
Cognition
Not all people process the world in the same way. Cognition is based on both language and culture, as well as biology
Non-human communication
Systems of communication are not unique to humans
Other animals communicate through sound, odor, and body movement
The ability of gorillas and chimpanzees to learn sign language suggests symbolic communication is not unique to humans
Vervet Monkeys
Human Communication
SymbolicArbitrary in meaningOpen
Symbolic
Language has meaning even when its referent in not present
Arbitrary in meaning
There is no “natural” word for a thing. We “make-up” what to call it.
Do Now:
See handout
Open
Language is governed by complex rules about how sounds and sequences of sounds can be combined to produce an infinite variety of meanings
Descriptive Linguistics
Also known as structural linguistics
Seeks to determine the rules of:– Phonology– Morphology– Syntax
Phones
Phones are soundsPhonology is the study of the rules
that predict how sounds are made and used
Phonemes- a sound or set of sounds that makes a difference in meaning
Morphs
The smallest unit of language that has meaning is a morph
Morphology is the study of how sound sequences convey meaning
Morphemes- one or more morphs with the same meaning
Syntax
How words are strung together to form phases or sentences
Lexicon
A list of a languages morphs and meanings
Closure
Exit Ticket: Write down 3 things you learned about parts of speech.
Do NowIf you could learn to speak another language which one would you learn? Why? (3 Sentences)
Historical Linguistics
Historic linguistics seek to determine the origins and changes in languages over time
Dialects
Variations on a language spoken in an area by several groups
Origins of Language
Linguists study the origins of languages by comparing common elements in languages
Cognates-words that have the same meaning in multiple languages
Protolanguages
Are presumed languages from which other languages originate
Proto-Indo European (about 50% of world languages)
Sino-TibetanBantuNative America Amarid
Dyen List
A list of Proto Indo-European cognates
English
English is an Indo-European language
English is a Germanic language
Nearly 1/3 of English words are French in origin (1066 Norman invasion of England)
During the Renaissance Latin and Greek words are added to English
Language Divergence
Both isolation and contact lead to the evolution of new languages
The isolation of the German Angles, Saxons, and Jutes on an island =English
European colonization in the 1400-1700 = the spread of Spanish, English, and French
The spread of Islam = spread of Arabic
Closure
Do you think the world is becoming more unilingual or multilingual? Why?
Do Now
What other words can you use that mean the same thing as “kill”? (3 Sentences)
Writing
Writing developed c.5KYA to keep track of planting cycles
Calendars were the first form of writing
Writing evolved along the following lines– Ideograms- image = idea– Pictograms- image = what it is a
picture of– Phonograms- image = a sound
Alphabet
Our alphabet was originally developed by the Phoenicians
The Greeks adopted and modified the Phoenician alphabet
The Romans adopted and modified the alphabet further
The alphabet was further changed by the Germans after the fall of Rome
Exit Ticket
Is it right for the military to use other words to describe killing? What effect might this have on our society?
Do Now
Type 1- 4 Lines- What will a girl or guy do to show they like you?
Exit Ticket
Why do you think people pick up on non-verbal communication clues so easily?
Hieroglyphs
An Egyptian phonographic writing system
Rosetta Stone- important archaeological find that allowed for the translation of hieroglyphs
Khipu
Also spelled quipu, an Incan writing method that uses knots to record information. In some ways it is similar to the binary code of computers
Language and CultureThe way society views the world
around it can be reflected in its language
More complex societies have larger vocabularies
Core Vocabulary- non-specialist vocabulary
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Language also influences culture
Studies show societies whose languages have more gender emphasis developed gender concepts earlier
Ethnography of Speaking
Speech can reveal social statusLower class individuals generally
speak heterogeneously, while high classes speak homogenously (Grammar)
Age, social standing, occupation can all be reflected in speech
Ethnography of Speaking
Gender differences and biases are often seen in language
Directs vs. Indirect commands (How to Give Orders Like a Man) (Eastern vs. Western Cultures)
Sociolinguistics
The study of culture and subculture patterns of speaking in different social contexts:
Codeswitching
Changing languages in the course of a conversation
Diglosia
A situation where there is more than one language spoken
There is almost always a language hierarchy
Language Planning
MSA- Modern Standard Arabic
The Arts
Art, like language, is a cultural universal It is an expressive form of communication It stimulates senses, affects emotions, it
has cultural meaning, it is produced in a culturally patterned way, and some people are thought to be better at it than others
Body Art
All societies decorate or adorn the body
Examples include:– Scaring– Piercing– Tattoos– Branding
Visual Art
A cultures’ technology and materials are the two restraining limits on art
Two aspects reveled in a societies art are items of importance and social stratification
Music
Cultural complexity reveals itself in a cultures’ music
Cross-culture studies suggest links between music style and child rearing, gender stratification, and social stratification
Folklore
Folklore includes myths, legends, folktales, ballads, riddles, proverbs, and superstations
Cross-culture research suggests aggression in folklore mirrors aggression in society
Folklore
Folklore reveals cultural norms and rules
Folklore is traditional transmitted orally
Arabic Art
The Quran forbids images of Allah or Mohamed
As such Islamic art tends to focus less on individuals and more on complex geometric patters.
Art is always changing
Cultural contact has profound impact on art
Commercialization affects art as well