Do Now - Homework Review:1. Why was the Roman Church able to gain power during the Middle

Ages?2. What role did the Church play in medieval life?3. What is meant by "monastic culture?" Describe hermit, communal, and

Benedictine monasticism.4. Describe the doctrine of papal supremacy and its impact.

1. Why was the Roman Church able to gain power during the Middle Ages?

2. What role did the Church play in medieval life?• Church officials filled vacuum of authority caused by crumbling

of empire and imperial posts• Church center of urban life• Pope took control of Rome as emperors died out• Church gave meaning to life at most challenging time• United people through sacraments and rituals breaking barriers

of class, education and gender• Church officials were the best educated

1. What is meant by "monastic culture?" Describe hermit, communal, and Benedictine monasticism.o Monastic Culture- strength of church during Middle Ageso Hermit Monks-

first monks, withdrew from society: upheld ideal of self denial; embraced biblical counsels of perfection - chastity, poverty &

obedienceo Communal Monasticism:

Monks engaged in social services; caring for orphans, widows and sick in community

o Benedictine Monasticism: Benedict of Nursia, est monastery at Monte Cassino, Italy Rules established regimented and regulated mnks life religious devotion & study combined with manual labor promoted physical and emotional well being of monks

Describe the doctrine of papal supremacy and its impact.• Eastern churches made church part of the state to maintain royal

authority• Western church officials opposed royal intervention/ control of the

churcho imperial weakness enabled church to take powero Developed Doctrine of Papal Supremacy-

made Roman clergy supreme within church established secular claims led to continual conflicts between church and state - power

struggle

Ancient Rome & The Origin of Christianity

Byzantium: The New Rome

Byzantium: The New Rome Setting the Stage

• Germanic invasions caused collapse of Western Roman Empire• Byzantium empire continued to thrive and build upon Roman

foundations for nearly 1,000 years after Rome’s collapse

Byzantium

Byzantium: The New RomeWhy was Byzantium called The New Rome?

• Simple: It was Roman• Had Roman emperors, architecture, culture, and Christianity• Emperors ruled with absolute power & served as head of church• Spoke Greek - not Latin

Byzantium: The New RomeWhy Byzantium was Wealthier

• Geographically located in middle of several trade routes - enabled prosperity

• Wasn’t prone to German attacks like West

Byzantium: The New RomeEmperor Justinian Overview

o Takes control 527 ADo Set up Justinian Code

• uniform laws created from outdated Roman laws

o Built many churches including Hagia Sophia • most splendid church in Christian world

o Plagues and attacks cause Byzantine Empire to decline after death of Justinian

The Hagia Sophia

• 527 A.D. Justinian sought to make Byzantine Empire as great as Roman Empire • strong army enabled conquering of

many lands Rome lost

The Justinian Code• Justinian chose ten men to review

1,600 books of Roman Law (Twelve Tables) o created simpler legal code-

Justinian Code over 4,000 laws. laws recorded in four books.

• Many laws in Justinian’s Code reflect point of view of wife, Theodora.

Empress Theodora• Encouraged Justinian to make laws

more fair to women • Laws enabled:

o Parents to leave property to daughters

o Improved women’s rightso Innocent until proven guilty

• Theodora assisted Justinian in choosing government leaders.

• She believed jobs given should be based on ability not social class.

Empress Theodora• Theodora’s early life spent at Hippodrome, or

circus.• Her father - a bear keeper • She was a circus performer

o left circus in her 20s.• Most empresses from noble families.

o Theodora’s early life gave prospective of life as an ordinary citizen.

o Justinian also from a poor family.

Hippodrome

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The Silk Road & Chinese Silk Trade• Chinese kept silk making a secret for about 3,000 years.

• Put to death if told secret of silk making

• Traded silk along "Silk Road"o connected China with Westo Bandits & thieves often traveled silk road

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Byzantine Economy• Taxes collected from

trade & industry used for building program to make Constantinople the New Rome o Example: Church of

Holy Wisdom, or Hagia Sophia

o Dome of church forms circle of 40 windows

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Division of Christendom

• Disputes over religious beliefs & traditions caused conflicts between east and west.o Division partly resulting from linguistic & cultural

differences b/t East & Westo Similar church structure b/t East & Westo Combination of Greek, Roman and Asian elements made

eastern church more mystical and focused on hereafter o Eastern church patriarchs submitted more passively to

royal intervention than western patriarchs

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Division of Christendom• Three Major Factors Causing Break Between Eastern & Western Church:

1. Question of Doctrinal Authority Eastern church stressed authority of Bible than in bishops of Rome's

counsel and decrees2. Filioque Clause to the Nicene Creed

Western belief Christ fully one essence w/ God & the Father and not a lesser being

3. Iconoclastic Controversy of 8th Century Byzantine emperor, Leo III, attempted to force western popes to abolish

use of images met fierce resistance & simultaneous to threat to Rome from Lombards

of N. Italy Pope Stephen allied w/ Frank ruler, Pepin III causing alliance against

Lombards and Eastern church created new western church and empire

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Iconoclastic Controversy

•Orthodox Christians, • Eastern Christians - or those who held strict religious

beliefs, thought the use of icons (pictures of Christ) was forbidden in the Ten Commandments.

• Orthodox Christians thought this was a form of worshipping idols.

• Western Christians - where few could read & write, church leaders believed use of icons was a good way to teach about Christianity.

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The Great Schism of 1054• In 1054 the Christian Church split because of

disagreements over religious issues.• Two branches of Christianity form:

o Eastern Greek Orthodox Churcho Roman Catholic Church

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The Great Schism of 1054•Eastern Greek Orthodox Church

•Based in Constantinople•Official language – Greek•Church led by a Patriarch referred to as a Bishop•Bishops couldn’t marry.•Priests could marry.•Scriptures were the final authority on all matters.•Emperor or political ruler was above the Bishop.•Rejected the use of icons.

•Roman Catholic Church•Based in Rome•Official language – Latin•Church led by a Pope referred to as Father.•Church leaders could not marry.•Only Pope and Bishops could interpret the scriptures.•The Pope was the Supreme head of Church - above any political ruler.•Religious icons accepted.

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Byzantium: The New RomeA Christian Empire

o Christianity spread since the height of the Roman Empireo Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan that made

Christianity legalo The Church Divides in 1054

• Roman Catholicism in the West• Services conducted in Latin• The Pope has authority of all other bishops• Priests cannot marry

Byzantium: The New RomeEastern Orthodox Church in the East • Services conducted in Greek or local languages• The Patriarch and other bishop head the Church as

a group• Priests may be married

Byzantium: The New Rome• Result:

• The Roman Empire dwindled into oblivion allowing the Middle Ages to begin.

• The east Byzantium held on for a few more centuries, which resulted in a split in Christianity and eventually would set up a bigger conflict: • Christianity vs. Islam.

Byzantium: The New Rome• Did the Byzantine Empire Benefit from the Rule of Justinian and Theodora?o Hook - states topic of papero Opposition/ Proposition Viewso 3 Point Thesis State