DO NOW:DO NOW:

• Describe our sense of hearing, from the Describe our sense of hearing, from the moment a sound a made to when we perceive moment a sound a made to when we perceive it in the brain.it in the brain.

Other SensesOther SensesAP PsychologyAP Psychology

Ms. DesgrosellierMs. Desgrosellier

11.23.200911.23.2009

Objectives:Objectives:

• SWBAT describe the sense of touch.SWBAT describe the sense of touch.

• SWBAT state the purpose of pain, and describe SWBAT state the purpose of pain, and describe the biopsychosocial approach to pain.the biopsychosocial approach to pain.

• SWBAT describe the sense of taste, and explain SWBAT describe the sense of taste, and explain the principle of sensory interaction.the principle of sensory interaction.

• SWBAT describe the sense of smell, and explain SWBAT describe the sense of smell, and explain why specific odors so easily trigger memories.why specific odors so easily trigger memories.

• SWBAT distinguish between kinesthesis and the SWBAT distinguish between kinesthesis and the vestibular sense.vestibular sense.

TouchTouch

• Touch is essential to our Touch is essential to our development.development.

• ““Touch” is actually a combination of Touch” is actually a combination of 4 skin senses:4 skin senses:• pressurepressure• warmthwarmth• coldcold• painpain

TouchTouch

•Certain spots on the skin are Certain spots on the skin are sensitive to each of these senses.sensitive to each of these senses.

•However, there is no simple However, there is no simple relationship between what we feel relationship between what we feel at a given spot and the type of at a given spot and the type of specialized nerve ending found specialized nerve ending found there.there.

TouchTouch

• For example: For example: • stroking adjacent pressure spots creates a stroking adjacent pressure spots creates a

tickletickle• repeated gentle stroking of a pain spot repeated gentle stroking of a pain spot

creates an itching sensationcreates an itching sensation• touching adjacent cold and pressure spots touching adjacent cold and pressure spots

triggers a sense of wetness, which you can triggers a sense of wetness, which you can experience by touching dry, cold metal.experience by touching dry, cold metal.

• stimulating nearby cold and warmth spots stimulating nearby cold and warmth spots produces the sensation of hotproduces the sensation of hot

PainPain

• Pain is your body’s way of telling you something Pain is your body’s way of telling you something has gone wrong.has gone wrong.

• People born without the ability to feel pain are People born without the ability to feel pain are rare, but they may experience a severe injury rare, but they may experience a severe injury without ever being alerted to it by pain.without ever being alerted to it by pain.• They usually die by early adulthood.They usually die by early adulthood.

• More common are people who live with chronic More common are people who live with chronic pain.pain.• hyperalgesiahyperalgesia: extreme sensitivity to something : extreme sensitivity to something

that others would find only mildly painful.that others would find only mildly painful.

Biological, Psychological, and Biological, Psychological, and Social-Cultural Influences on Social-Cultural Influences on

PainPain

• Pain depends on our physiology, experiences Pain depends on our physiology, experiences and attention.and attention.

• phantom limb sensationsphantom limb sensations: feelings of pain : feelings of pain or movement in nonexistent limbs.or movement in nonexistent limbs.• Even people born without a limb sometimes Even people born without a limb sometimes

perceive sensations from the absent arm or perceive sensations from the absent arm or leg.leg.

• The brain comes prepared to anticipate that The brain comes prepared to anticipate that it will be getting information from a body it will be getting information from a body that has limbs.that has limbs.

Biological, Psychological, and Biological, Psychological, and Social-Cultural Influences on Social-Cultural Influences on

PainPain

• tinnitustinnitus: a ringing in the ears sensation with : a ringing in the ears sensation with no sound stimulusno sound stimulus

• phantom sightsphantom sights: people who have lost their : people who have lost their vision to glaucoma, cataracts, diabetes, or vision to glaucoma, cataracts, diabetes, or macular degeneration sometimes see macular degeneration sometimes see nonthreatening hallucinations.nonthreatening hallucinations.

• Nerve damage in the taste system can Nerve damage in the taste system can similarly produce similarly produce taste phantomstaste phantoms, like ice , like ice water seeming very sweet.water seeming very sweet.

Biological, Psychological, and Biological, Psychological, and Social-Cultural Influences on Social-Cultural Influences on

PainPain

• The pain system is not located in a single neural The pain system is not located in a single neural cord running from a sensing device to a definable cord running from a sensing device to a definable area in the brain.area in the brain.

• Also, no one type of stimulus triggers pain and no Also, no one type of stimulus triggers pain and no special pain receptors.special pain receptors.

• gate-control theorygate-control theory: the theory that the spinal : the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain.signals or allows them to pass on to the brain.

• The “gate” is opened by the activity of pain signals The “gate” is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.from the brain.

• Memories of pain are different from other memories Memories of pain are different from other memories as well. We generally overlook a pain’s duration and as well. We generally overlook a pain’s duration and focus on the level of pain at the peak of pain and focus on the level of pain at the peak of pain and the end of the pain.the end of the pain.

Pain ControlPain Control

• If pain is where the body and mind meet, it If pain is where the body and mind meet, it should be treatable in both areas as well.should be treatable in both areas as well.

• Pain control can comes in many forms: drugs, Pain control can comes in many forms: drugs, surgery, acupuncture, electrical stimulation, surgery, acupuncture, electrical stimulation, massage, exercise hypnosis, relaxation massage, exercise hypnosis, relaxation training, thought distraction, etc.training, thought distraction, etc.

TasteTaste

• Taste comes from several basic sensations:Taste comes from several basic sensations:• sweetsweet• soursour• saltysalty• bitterbitter• umami (savory – like meat, cheese and umami (savory – like meat, cheese and

mushrooms)mushrooms)

TasteTaste

• Good tastes attract us to energy-rich Good tastes attract us to energy-rich foods that enabled our ancestors’ foods that enabled our ancestors’ survival.survival.

• Bad tastes help us avoid new foods Bad tastes help us avoid new foods that might be toxic.that might be toxic.

• Taste is a chemical senseTaste is a chemical sense

TasteTaste

• Each bump on your tongue contains 200 + Each bump on your tongue contains 200 + taste buds.taste buds.

• Taste receptors reproduce themselves every Taste receptors reproduce themselves every week or so, but as you get older, the week or so, but as you get older, the number of taste buds decreases, as does number of taste buds decreases, as does taste sensitivity.taste sensitivity.

• Smoking and alcohol use accelerates the Smoking and alcohol use accelerates the decline of taste buds.decline of taste buds.

• Emotional responses to taste are hard-wired Emotional responses to taste are hard-wired – if you give a baby something sour they will – if you give a baby something sour they will make the same face as an adult.make the same face as an adult.

Sensory interactionSensory interaction

• Sensory interactionSensory interaction: the principle that one : the principle that one sense may influence another.sense may influence another.• Smell influences our sense of tasteSmell influences our sense of taste• If we see a speaker saying one syllable while If we see a speaker saying one syllable while

hearing another, we may perceive a third hearing another, we may perceive a third syllable that blends both inputs.syllable that blends both inputs.

• The senses all interact – the brain blends their The senses all interact – the brain blends their inputs.inputs.

• SynesthesiaSynesthesia: one sort of sensation produces : one sort of sensation produces another.another.• e.g. hearing a sound and seeing a color.e.g. hearing a sound and seeing a color.• Seeing the number 3 may cause a person to Seeing the number 3 may cause a person to

see a color or evoke a taste sensation.see a color or evoke a taste sensation.

SmellSmell

• OlfactionOlfaction: the experiences of smell.: the experiences of smell.

• Smell is a chemical sense.Smell is a chemical sense.

• We smell something when molecules of a We smell something when molecules of a substance carried in the air reach a tiny substance carried in the air reach a tiny cluster of 5 million receptor cells at the top of cluster of 5 million receptor cells at the top of each nasal cavity.each nasal cavity.

• An odor cannot be separated into more An odor cannot be separated into more elemental odors (unlike light).elemental odors (unlike light).

SmellSmell

• Odor molecules come in different shapes and Odor molecules come in different shapes and sizes and have individual receptor proteins.sizes and have individual receptor proteins.

• But we do not have a distinct receptor for But we do not have a distinct receptor for each detectable odor – some scents trigger a each detectable odor – some scents trigger a combination of receptors.combination of receptors.• We can detect approximately 10,000 odors.We can detect approximately 10,000 odors.

• This ability peaks in early adulthood and This ability peaks in early adulthood and gradually lessens.gradually lessens.

SmellSmell

• Odors have the power to evoke memories and Odors have the power to evoke memories and feelings.feelings.

• There is a direct line between the olfactory There is a direct line between the olfactory area of the brain and the limbic centers area of the brain and the limbic centers associated with memory and emotion.associated with memory and emotion.

• We have been smelling long before our We have been smelling long before our cerebral cortex had fully evolved.cerebral cortex had fully evolved.

• Odors can provoke both pleasant and Odors can provoke both pleasant and unpleasant memories – even when we can’t unpleasant memories – even when we can’t identify the exact smell, we can usually identify the exact smell, we can usually associate a personal memory with it.associate a personal memory with it.

Body Position and Body Position and MovementMovement

• KinesthesisKinesthesis: the system for sensing : the system for sensing the position and movement of the position and movement of individual body parts.individual body parts.

• We receive input from hundreds of We receive input from hundreds of muscles just to take a single step.muscles just to take a single step.

• Vision interacts with kinesthesis. Vision interacts with kinesthesis.

Body Position and Body Position and MovementMovement

• Vestibular senseVestibular sense: the sense of body : the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of movement and position, including the sense of balance.balance.

• Specifically monitors the position and Specifically monitors the position and movement of the head.movement of the head.

• semicircular canals and vestibular sacs in the semicircular canals and vestibular sacs in the inner ear contain fluid that moves when the inner ear contain fluid that moves when the head rotates or tilts.head rotates or tilts.• This movement stimulates hair-like receptors This movement stimulates hair-like receptors

which send messages to the cerebellum at which send messages to the cerebellum at the back of the brain so you can sense your the back of the brain so you can sense your body position and maintain your balance.body position and maintain your balance.