Do Now: Copy HW & Take a packet

Put WEATHER REVIEW HW on DESK

Earth Science Text Book HW:

Monday: Read p 300-305 Q’s 1-4

Tuesday: Read p 280 to 282 Q’s 1-5

Wednesday: Test Corrections

Thursday: Ground water practice problems

Friday: Lab Quiz Today, No HW

Extra Help: Thursday Morning & Lunch A days

Water Cycle

The process through which water is continuously circulating between the atmosphere and ground

EvaporationEvaporation

Transpiration

Animal Respiration

runoff

runoff

infiltrationinfiltration

infiltration

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

The Water (Hydrologic) Cycle

-all the ways that water vapor enters the air

Condensation

Groundwater

Water that has infiltrated below the ground surface and is stored in pore spaces.

Water Table

-When precipitation hits the ground it will either infiltrate earth’s surface, run off, or

evaporate.-Infiltration can occur if the surface is permeable and unsaturated, and

if the land is gentle enough.-The rate of infiltration is

determined by the porosity and permeability of the soil.

Elements of the Water Budget

P All the PRECIPITATION that falls in one month

Elements of the Water Budget

PEP

All the PRECIPITATION that falls in one month

The ENERGY available to evaporate water Potential Evapotranspiration

Elements of the Water Budget

PEP

P- EP

All the PRECIPITATION that falls in one month

The ENERGY available to evaporate water

If P-EP > 0, then.... If P-EP < 0, then....There’s water left over There’s energy that can

still evaporate more waterWhen water is left over after evaporation, it can do either of 2 things..... Left over energy can

“look” for more water.....(where?)

Soak into the ground (“infiltrate”)

“Run off” in streams In the soil! (called “Storage”)

Draw this diagram in your notes

Label pore spaces and saturated zone and the zone of aeration, and the water table

Zones of Soil Water

Soil water movement

Porosity

Porosity is the amount of open space between soil particles

Porosity depends on how tightly packed particles are.

It also depends on particle shape and how well they are

sorted

PorosityPercent of open space in a material.

Factors that Effect Porosity

Shape Sorting Packing

Particle size does not effect porosity

Shape

Angular particles have lower porosityRounder particle have higher porosity

Particle Shape

Poro

sity

Sorting

Well sorted particles have higher porosity

Particle sorting

Poro

sity

PackingLoosely packed particles have higher porosity.

Packing

Poro

sity

If shape, sorting and packing are the same for samples with different sizes but

uniform shapes porosity will be the same.

35% 35%35%

Particle Size

Small

Large

Poro

sit

yH

igh

Low

Do Now: Focused Free Write

Consider two uniform samples of round sediments, Sample A are .5cm in diameter and Sample B are 2.0cm in diameter. Both samples are packed evenly, which sample has more porosity? Explain your reasoning.

Permeability

Permeability is the ability of water to pass through the soil.

The more open and interconnected the spaces are

between the particles the greater the permeability rate.

Permeability

Infiltration

Perm

eabili

ty

Permeability

Impermeable soil refers to soil that water CAN NOT Infiltrate

(seep through). If the ground is IMPERMEABLE the water will

become RUNOFF.Rapid = Permeable

No flow = impermeableDepends on interconnectedness of

pore spaces.

Runoff

Water that does not infiltrate the soil.Runoff occurs when the soil is saturated, the slope is steep or the ground is impermeable.

Runoff refers to the water that is not evaporated, and that does not soak into the ground. It is the water we find in streams.

Permeability

Permeability

Runoff

B. Factors Affecting Permeability Size: Large particles have higher permeability.

Clay is nearly impermeable

Hig

h

Particle SizeSmall Large

Perm

eabili

tyLo

w

B. Factors Affecting Permeability Soil Capacity: The amount of water that soil can hold, based on the porosity.

Saturated soil: pore spaces between soil particles are completely filled with water

Unsaturated soil: some pore space between soil particles are filled with air, so there is still room for water to infiltrate

The degree of saturation of the soil: the more saturated the soil already is , the less

infiltration.

B. Factors Affecting Permeability

3. Slope of the land- steeper the slope (gradient) the less infiltration. 

Permeability

Slope of land

Perm

eabili

ty

Permeability and Vegetation

Vegetation Growing on the Soil

Vegetation: any plant life

Plant roots help create pathways for water to flow through into the ground.

Amt of VegPerm

eabili

ty

INFILTRATION

Infiltration refers to water soaking into the ground:

Infiltration rate

Slope

Infiltration rate

Permeability

Infiltration rate

Porosity

Infiltration rate

Soil Storage

Saturation

Do Now:

Take a lab from the Do Now Desk-HW on desk-Read the lab quietly to yourself

Capillary ActionCapillarity- attractive force between water and soil particles that prevents some of the water from moving downward.-The movement of water against the force of gravity The greater the surface area, the greater the capillarity, therefore it always depends on particle size. Smaller particles have more surface area and therefore more capillary action. Capillarity is why some water is retained in the intermediate belt in the diagram below called the capillary fringe.

CapillarityThe ability of water to rise in small

openings of soil or other materials, due to the forces of adhesion and cohesion.

The smaller the particles the greater the capillarity.

Particle SizeSmall Large

Capill

ar i

tyLo

wH

igh

Do Now:

Check board for name, please hand in missing progress reports

Focused free write:Define capillary action, which

particle size has the greatest potential for capillary action? Why?

% P = amount of water poured in (row 3)300 mL

RUNOFF & STREAM

DISCHARGE

RUNOFF & STREAM

DISCHARGE

Streams: Streams:natural channels which allow water to flow downhill

natural channels which allow water to flow downhill

DISCHARGE DISCHARGEVOLUME OF WATER FLOWING PAST A SPOT IN A GIVEN AMOUNT OF TIME

VOLUME OF WATER FLOWING PAST A SPOT IN A GIVEN AMOUNT OF TIME

A. Sources of water for

streams:

1.

2.

precipitationgroundwater

Factors Affecting Runoff and Stream Discharge

Stream discharge- volume of water flowing past a certain spot in a stream in a specific amount of time.

- most runoff gets into streams and as runoff increases, 

discharge increases

Runoff Vs. Discharge

Runoff

Dis

charg

e

B. In moist climates, streams

are fed byGround water

HighWater Table

During dry spells

C. In dry climates, streams lose water to theground

LowWater Table

C. In dry climates, streams lose water to theground

LowWater Table

Factors that determine stream

discharge:A. Rainfall• time lag (between max. rainfall

and max. stream discharge)• takes time for runoff to reach the

stream

B.Vegetation:Increased vegetation blocks overland flow and slows stream response

C. Drainage basin or

Watershed•The land from which the water comes…….

That drains into the stream

•Large drainage basinmore discharge

•Small drainage basinless discharge

D. Type of Surface:

Rapid runoff if …..• ground is paved• impermeable (bedrock)• frozen

FLOODING:• Stream overflows its channel• precipitation rate exceeds

infiltration rate• hurricane- storm surges• impermeable ground (bedrock, frozen, paved, saturated already)

Factors Affecting Runoff and Stream DischargeRunoff occurs when 1. rate of precipitation exceeds the

of the earth’s surface.2. the pore space is3. the slope of the surface is too great to allow

to occur.

permeability rate

saturated

infiltration

Water Pollution

Two main types: point sourcepoint source – pollution from a single point of origin i.e. improper sewage systems, industrial waste.Nonpoint sourceNonpoint source – pollution from widely spread areas i.e. rainwater that carries pesticides and fertilizers, runoff from roads and parking lots.

Delta

1. Fan-shaped sediments deposits at the mouth of rivers and called deltas. The Nile, Amazon and Mississippi rivers have well-developed deltas

Alluvial Fan

1. Alluvial Fans form as the result of sediments being washed down a mountain.