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Do Bystanders and Dialog Participants Differ in Do Bystanders and Dialog Participants Differ in Preferences for Telecommunications Channels?Preferences for Telecommunications Channels?
---- The Effects of Noise and Delay The Effects of Noise and Delay ----
Why?Nigel WardNigel Ward
Anais G. RiveraAnais G. RiveraAlejandro VegaAlejandro Vega
University of Texas at El PasoUniversity of Texas at El Paso
The MysteryThe MysteryMobile telephone conversations are often banned
because they can be annoying to bystanders.
But why are they more annoying than face-to-face conversations?
Is it the volume? Perhaps in part, but cell phone conversations are more annoying even when no louder than face-to-face conversations (Monk et al. 2004a)
Is it the lack of an audible interlocutor, inducing a psychological “need to listen”? Perhaps in part, but this doesn’t explain the annoyance (Monk et al. 2004b)
Is it the Channel?Is it the Channel?
Transmission Rating Factor (ITU-T Rec G.107)R = Ro – Is –Id –Ie-eff + A
Channel properties affect user perceptions.The E-model can predict these, for infrastructure design purposes.
Ro = signal-to-noise ratioIs = simultaneous impairmentId = delay impairment factorIe-eff = equipment impairment factor (e.g. codec)A = advantage factor
But what about bystander preferences?
Potential SignificancePotential Significance
Hypothesis 1:For telecommunication channels, bystanders preferences differ from users preferences
If true, there may be a technological fix to the problem
Today: In a Possible Future:
NO B>70PHONES!
Perceptions of DelayPerceptions of Delay
We know that delay affects talkers’ perceptions
How Line Delay Affects How Line Delay Affects Conversation DynamicsConversation Dynamics
(Emling & Mitchell 1964)
Likely 1st Order Effects: • more awkward silences • more overlaps
Likely 2nd Order Effects: • more explicit turn-taking cues
annoyance
lack of audibleinterlocutor
feeling ofembarrassment
channelproperties
involuntarylistening
• delay• noise• echo
negative attitudes tocell phones
handsetproperties
• lack of sidetone
• low volume
negativeimpressionsof talker
• bossy• show-off• insensitive• etc.
changedspeaking style
• loud• exaggerated
prosody• etc.
differentsituationat remote end
• incongruous speaking styles
• incongruoustopic
• lack of sharedawareness
cognitiveeffects
• uncertaintyabout receipt
• frustration• cognitive load
Likely Effects on BystandersLikely Effects on Bystanders
Hypothesis 2Hypothesis 2
Hypothesis:Bystanders dislike channel delay more than do talkers
where we measure “more” relative to a standard impairment: codec quality
Experiment DesignExperiment DesignTalkers’Perception
Bystanders’Perception
High NoiseLow Delay(Cn)
goodgood
Low NoiseHigh Delay(Cd)
less goodgood
GSM-FR150 ms
G.711350 ms
T Δ = TCn - TCd B Δ = BCn - BCdHypothesis 2:
compared to talkers, bystanders dislike delay morei.e. T Δ < B Δ, i.e. T Δ - B Δ < 0
unfortunately not supported
Software/Hardware ConfigurationSoftware/Hardware Configuration
extra delay (CD) or extra noise (CN) recorder
• channels emulated on Linux machines
• talkers in different rooms
ProceduresProceduresTwo Talkers Two to Eight Bystanders1. welcome2. dialog with Cn or Cd3. questionnaire4. dialog with Cd or Cn5. questionnaire6. debrief
1. welcome2. overhear3. questionnaire4. overhear5. questionnaire6. debrief
usually with same stimuli, different judgessometimes with same judges, different stimuli
(when talkers were later used as bystanders)sometimes with same judges, same stimuli
(when talkers later listened to recordings of themselves)
Experiment Conditions (1)Experiment Conditions (1)Distance from Talker to Bystanders• > 4 meters• ~ 2 meters• ~ 0.5 meters
Distractors• pizza and friends• magazines• none (paying attention)
Dialog Content Cn Cd• multi-digit number exchange• free dialog• single-digit number exchange
Experiment Conditions (2)Experiment Conditions (2)Presentation• live• recorded, played over speakers• matched-content extracts, headphones
Subjects• naive students• experts
Survey Format• forced choice• 4 choices• 11 point scales
ResultsResults
TΔ = talker preference re channel quality (Cn – Cd)BΔ = bystander preference re less-annoying (Cn – Cd)
ResultsResultsOn the last experiment:
Subjects’ preferences for Cn over Cd,as talkers and as bystanders
SummarySummarySummary results for Hypothesis 2:• Across 59 dialog stimulus-pairs, in various conditions
- bystanders seemed to dislike Cn more than did talkers,contrary to hypothesis 2
- however the difference was small and not consistent(averaging 1.42 vs 1.47 on a scale from 0 to 3)
• Even under unrealistically exaggerated conditions, line delay does not consistently impact bystanders
Summary Results for Hypothesis 1: • No evidence that bystanders and dialog participants differ
in preferences
The Mystery Remains
Do Bystanders and Dialog Do Bystanders and Dialog Participants Differ in Preferences Participants Differ in Preferences
for Telecommunications Channels?for Telecommunications Channels?
---- The Effects of Noise and Delay The Effects of Noise and Delay ----
Nigel WardNigel WardAnais G. RiveraAnais G. RiveraAlejandro VegaAlejandro Vega
University of Texas at El PasoUniversity of Texas at El Paso
Do Bystanders and Dialog Participants Differ in Do Bystanders and Dialog Participants Differ in Preferences for Telecommunications Channels?Preferences for Telecommunications Channels?
---- The Effects of Noise and Delay The Effects of Noise and Delay ----
Why?Nigel WardNigel Ward
Anais G. RiveraAnais G. RiveraAlejandro VegaAlejandro Vega
University of Texas at El PasoUniversity of Texas at El Paso
TDialog-Based Evaluation of Mobile Phone Infrastructure
Phase 1
A. Your opinion of the connection you have just been using.(Please place a line crossing the axis at the appropriate point.)
excellentgoodfairpoorbad
108642
0
excellentgoodfairpoorbad
108642
0
firstdialog
seconddialog
B. What differences did you notice between the two connections?
date ___________session ________subject A Brecording# 1 _________recording# 2 _________
C. What do you think affected your ratings of the two connections?
BDialog-Based Evaluation of Mobile Phone Infrastructure
Phase 2 A. Sometimes conversations can be annoying to bystanders, independent of the content, due to the way the the speaker was talking. Considering the potential for annoyance due to the speaking style, please give your opinion of the sample.
(Please place a line crossing the axis at the appropriate point.)
excellentgoodfairpoorbad
108642
0
excellentgoodfairpoorbad
108642
0
firstdialog
seconddialog
B. What differences did you notice between the two samples?
date ___________session ______subject A Brecording# 1 _________recording# 2 _________
C. What do you think affected your ratings of the two samples?
RDialog-Based Evaluation of Mobile Phone Infrastructure
Phase 3 A. Sometimes conversations can be annoying to bystanders, independent of the content, due to the way the the speaker was talking. Considering the potential for annoyance due to the speaking style, please give your opinion of the sample.
(Please place a line crossing the axis at the appropriate point.)
excellentgoodfairpoorbad
108642
0
excellentgoodfairpoorbad
108642
0
firstdialog
seconddialog
B. What differences did you notice between the two samples?
date ___________session ______subject A Brecording# 1 _________recording# 2 _________
C. What do you think affected your ratings of the two samples?
Do Bystanders and Dialog Participants Differ in Preferences for Telecommunications Channels?The MysteryIs it the Channel?Potential SignificancePerceptions of DelayHow Line Delay Affects Conversation DynamicsHypothesis 2Experiment DesignSoftware/Hardware ConfigurationProceduresExperiment Conditions (1)Experiment Conditions (2)ResultsResultsSummaryDo Bystanders and Dialog Participants Differ in Preferences for Telecommunications Channels?Do Bystanders and Dialog Participants Differ in Preferences for Telecommunications Channels?