Do an Xl h2s Bang Than Hoat Tinh

8/3/2019 Do an Xl h2s Bang Than Hoat Tinh

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n x l kh thi GVHD : Chu Mnh ng X l H2S bng than hot tnh CNBM: Lm V nh Sn

Nhm II.12

Chng I: TNG QUAN V NHIM KHNG KHV KH THI H2S

I .1 NHIM KHNG KH nhim khng kh l mt vn tng hp,n c xc nh bng s bin i

mi trmg theo hng khng tin nghi,bt li i vi cuc sng ca con ngi,ngvtv thc vt,s nhim lm thay i m h nh,thnh phn ho hc tnh cht vt l vsinh hc ca mi trng khng kh do bt c nguyn nhn no(trc tip hoc gin tip)tc ng.

Theo tiu chun Vit Nam (1966_1995) nhim khng kh l s c mt ca cht kh trong bu kh quyn do cc hot

ng ca con ngi hoc thin nhin v mt nng ln tn ti trong thi gian lunh hng n s thoi mi ca con ngi,ng vt.

I .2 NGUN GC NHIM KHNG KH : I .2.1 NGUN NHIMT NHIN :

Do cc hin tng t nhin gy ra nh l t samc,t trng b ma gi bo mnv tung ln tri,gm bi,t,,thc vt,v.vCc ni la phun ra rt nhiu bi nhamthch cng vi nhiu hi kh trong lngt.Nc bin bc hi cng vi sng bintungbt mang theo bi mui lan truyn vo khng kh.Cc qu trnh hu hoi,thoi rathcvt v ng vt t nhin cng thi ra mt s ho cht nhim mi trng v cui cng lcc phn ng ho hc gia cc cht kh t nhin hnh thnh cc kh sulfat,nitrat,cc loimui axit cacbonic,v.v

Tng lng cht nhim do ngun t nhin gy ra thng l rt ln,nhng n c

c im l phn b u tr n ton th gii,nng ca cc cht nhim khng tp trungti mt im nht nh.Con ngi,ng vt,thc vt dn quen vi nng nhimca cc cht . I .2.2 NGUN NHIM NHN TO:

Do t nhin liu:phng tin giao thng,ng c my n,do t dn dng sinh racc khi:CO2,CO,SOx,CH4.

Cc hot ng sn xut cng nghip cc ngnh ha cht,vt liu xy dng,luynkim,lng thc thc phm,chn nui,thu gom x l rc v mt s ngnh phc v cucsng con ngi( sn,nhum,ty ra)

Tm li cc ngun nhim nhn to ln nht l do qu trnh thiut nhin liu(than ,du kh) sinh ra.

a) tnhin liu: S + O2 SOx C + O2 COx (CO2 , CO)N + O2 NOx


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Nhm II.12

Trong sn phm chy do nhin liu sn sinh ra khi chy c cha nhiu loi khc(nht l qu trnh chy khng hon ton) SO2,CO,CO2,NOx,hydrocacbon v tro bi.

Khi qu trnh chy khng hon ton do thiu oxy hay do khi chy ngn la bnhit ngn la b gim thp,mt s nguyn t cacbon v hydro khng c cp nng lng h nh thnh cc gc t do v cho ra sn phm l CO2 v H2O xy ra sngng tr ccphn ng chy nhng gian on trung gian v dn n cc qu tr nh sau:Pht thi cc nguyn t cacbon vi oxy to thnh COKt hp cc nguyn t cacbon vi hydro to thnh cc hydro nh v nngPht thi cc hydrocacbon oxy ha tng phn (andehit, axit)

b) Hot ng cng nghip: Cng nghip hin nay c rt nhiu ngun thi khc nhau:

+ Ngun im+ Ngun ng+ Ngun mt+ Ngun cao hay thp+ Loi c t chc hay khng c t chc+ Loi n nh thng xuyn hay thi theo chu k + Ngun nng hay ngun thi ngui

Cc cht thi do hot ng cng nghip c c im l nng cht chi cao v tp trung

Qu trnh nhim khng kh do hot ng cng nghip gm 2 qu tr nhchnh

+ Qu trnht ly nhin liu ly nhit+ Qu trnh bc hi r r,tht thot cht c trn dy truyn sn xut

Cc nh my nhit in thng dng nhin liu l than,du mazut,kht,FO,diezen,..

Cht nhm c th pht sinh trn ng vn chuyn hay qu tr nh x lnhin liu

Ngnh ha cht v phn bn thi vo kh quyn nhiu kh chi khcnhau.Cc cht thi kh ca cng nghip ha cht li mang tnh ng nhiti vi nhit thp hn mi trng cho nn sau khi ra ngoi kh pht tnlong ra.Cc thit b cng nghip ha cht thng t ngoi tri nn vicr ra kh quyn l kh kimsot.

Cc nh my sn xut xy dng nh nh Ximng,xng b tng,xngatfan,v.v..cht kh thi ra trong qu tr nht nhin liu than nhCO2,NOx,CO.

c) nhim do bi: Bi l h thng gm 2 pha

+ Pha rn,ri rc+ Pha kh

Phn loi : + Hi khi:c kch thc 0.001 m - 10 m+ Bi lng: C kch thc ln hn 10m c kh nng lng c do

trng lc. + Bi bay ( bi b hp )


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Nhm II.12

510 m c gi li ph qun Nh hn 5m : i n phi

Bi c tnh cht : + Tnh lng ca bi+ Tnh nhim in+ Tnh chy n+ Tnh lng do nhit

Trong cng nghip gang thp nhim ch yu l bi vi c ht rt khcnhau t 10 100 m.Khi nu gm nhng ht bi oxit st rt mn.Bi sinhra ch yu cng on vn chuyn,sn lc v nghin qung

Cng nghip sn xut Ximng cht nhim ch yu l bi.Bi ta ranhiu cng on sy,nung,nghin v tr Clinker.

d) nhim do nhit: nhim nhit dn dng

+ Thp sng+ Nung nu+ Bc x mt tri+ Do con ngi sinh ra.

nhim nhit do cng nghip+ ng c + t chy nhin liu+ Nhit do lm ngui vt nung+ Thp sng.

I. 3 CC CHT NHIM KHNG KH VNH HNG CA CHNGN MI TRNG

Tc nhn nhi m

Tnh ch t Ngu n gc pht sinh Tc ng

1) Kh CO

- Kh khng

mu,khngmi,khng v. -T trng0,967

- Do s chy khng honton ca cc vt liu c

cha Cacbon. - 250 triu tn/nm. Chim t trng ln trongcc cht nhim mitrng khng kh.

- CO tc dng mnh viHemoglobin (Hb),ly oxy ca

Hemoglobin to thnh cacboxyhemoglobin: HbO2 + CO HbCO +O2- Cp tnh:au u, tai,chngmt,bun nn mimt,Nng:hn m,ph phicp. - Mn tnh: Thng b au u


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Nhm II.12

dai dng,chng mt,st cn,mimt. - Thc vt:Nng CO t 1001000 ppm lm rng l,xonqun,cy non cht,chm phttrin.

2) Kh SO2

SO2 khngmu,C vcay,mikh chu.

- SO2 c nhiu cc lluyn gang,l rn,l giacng,nhng l t thanc cha lu hunh. -132 triu tn /nm (t than,s dng xngdu)

- SO2 tc dng vi hi nc tothnh H2SO4 Nng thp:gy thch h hpngi v ng vt. Nng cao:gy bnh tt v bcht. - SO2 vH2SO4 lm thay i tnhnng,mu sc vt liu,n mnkim loi,gim bn sn phmvi la v dng.- i vi thc vt:SO2 tc hi ns sinh trng ca rau qu,l bvng,rng hoc b cht.

3) Kh Cl,HCl

- Trong kh quynkh Clv HCl c nhiu vngnh my ha cht . - Kh t chythan,giy,cht do vnhin liu rn cng tokh Cl v HCl.

- Kh Cl tc dng on tr n cang h hp.Tip xc vi mitrng c nng Cl cao s bxanh xao,vng vt,bnh tt v cthcht. - i vi thc vt:cy chm phttrin v nng cao th cy b cht.

4) Kh NONO2

- Hnh thnh do phnng ha hc Nit viOxy trong kh quyn khit chy nhit cao. H2 + xO2 2NOx - Do hot ng conngi, hng nm c khong 48triutn NO2

- NO v NO2 hnh thnh khiquang hc ( thnh ph,khucng nghip) - Lm phai mu thucnhum,hng vi,han g kim loi. - i vi ngi v ng vt:bnhphi v b my h hp,t vong.


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Nhm II.12

5) Kh H2S

Khngmu,cmi thikh chu

- Sinh ra do cht huc,rau c thi ra,vt ntca ni la, cng rnhv cc hm l khai thcthan,cc ngnh cngnghip hacht tinh luynkim loi c nhang,cng nghip caosu,phn bn.

- Nng thp th khng nguyhim nhng n oxy ha ngay visulfur v sunfur do oxit.- i vi ngi:gy nhcu,mt mi,nu nng cao th sgy hn m,gy kch thch hngv mt,c th cht . - i vi thc vt:rng lcy,gim s sinh trng cytrng.

6) Kh Ozn

- Kh Ozn l sn phmca cc cht chaoxy(SO2,NO2 v andehyt)kh bc x t ngoi camt tri. - Qu trnht chynhin liu,ng c ttrong khng hon thinkhi hot ng thi vokh quyn khi lng lnHydro cacbon v Nit oxit

- Mi trng khng kh c nng Ozn cao hn nng Oznt nhin,ta ni mi trng b nhim Ozn v c tc hi nsc khe con ngi gy kchthch mi v hng,cm thyrt,nguy him i phi. - i vi thc vt:cy b ml,mm kh ho,sinh trngchm v gim nng sut. - Ozn tng b nh lu th c lin bo con ngi v ng vtkhi bc x ca mt tri.

7) Kh CO2

Do t nhin liuthan,ci,v h hp cung vt thi vo kh quyn.

- Lm cho nhit tri t tngln gy hin tngbng tan,nngcao mc nc bin,lm tng cctrn ma,bo,l lt,nggynhiu thit hi. - Hin tng nhit tri ttng cn gi l Hiu ng nhknh

8) Kh NH3

C mikhai

S dng nhiu trong kthut lnh,trong cc nhmy sn xut phnm,sn xut axitnitric,con ngi v ngvt cng l ngun thiNH3.

- L cht c hi cho ngi vng vt do siu vi khun gybnh. - i vi thc vt:cy c th btrng bch,lm m l vhoa,lm gim r cy,lm cythp i,qu b thm tm lmgim t l ht ging ny mm.


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Nhm II.12

9) Kh HydroCacbon

L hp chtdo Hydro vcacbon hpthnh, thnhphn c bnca kh tnhinKhng mumi,kh tnhin ccha Sulfur nn c thc mi.

- Qu trnh nhin liu chykhng hon ton,qu trnhsn xut nh my lc du,sr r ng ng dn kht... sinh ra Hydro cacbon

-i vi thc vt: Etylenlm l cy vng a v gybnh cht hoi. - i vi con ngi:khHydro cacbon lm sng tymng nhy ca phi,lm thuhp cung phi,lm sngty mt

10) Kh HydroXyanit

Khi sinh ra t cc l chbin ha cht,m kim loi.

Gy tc hi i vi t bothn kinh,au u v lmkh hng,m mt

11) Kh Asen

HydruaAsH3

Qu trnh hn ni st,thphoc qu tr nh sn xut quehn c cha axit Asen(Arsenic)

Lm gim hng cu trongmu,tc hi thn,gy,mcbnh vng da

12) Kh Andehyt

T phn ly cc cht dumv glixerin bng phngphp nhit

Gy bun phin,cu gc,nhhng n b my h hpca ngi

13) Kh HydroFlorua

HF

Tinh luyn du kh,khcknh bng axit,sn xutAluminium v phn bn,snxut snh s,gm,thy tinh

Anh hng ti sc khe conngi:gy mt mi ton thn vim da,gy bnhv thn v xng

14) Kh Photgen: Cacbonoxy clorua

Cng nghip ha hc vnhum.

Gy ho,bun phin nguyhim i vi ngi, bnh phi.


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Nhm II.12

I .3.1 KH HYDRO SUNFUA ( H2S) I .3.1.1 Khi nim:

+ Hydro sunfua ( H2S) l mt cht kh khng mu,c mi thi kh chu(mi trng thi)

+ Cu trc phn t ca H2S tng t cu trc phn t nc,H2S b phn cckh nng to thnh lin kt Hydro H2S yu hn H2O.

+ H2S t tan trong nc nhng li tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c.Cc chtin li khng in li trong H2S lng.

+ H2S rt c,n c khng km g HCN. trng thi lng H2S b oxy hamt phn.

H2S H2S SH3+ + SH + Trong Nit n b oxy ha nhiu hn.

H2S HOH OH3+ + SH + Trong dung dch nc n l mt axit yu.

I .3.1.2 Tnh cht ha hc Hydro sunfua c tnh kh mnh v tnh axt yu ( tan trong dugn dch) Tnh kh: Kh H2S l mt hp cht khng bn lm d b phn hy cho lu hunh v

Hydro 3000C H2S H2 + S

Dung dch H2S khng bn, trong k hng kh vn c do c lu hunh ktta.Qu tr nh trn cho php gii thch ti sao H2S khng tch t trong khngkh,mc d hng ngy c bit bao nhiu ngun pht sinh ra n (nh s phnhy anbumin trong cc ng vt,s phn hy mi th rc ri v b thi nhmy )

H2S l mt cht kh mnh ngay dng kh hay trong dung dch. Tnh axit:

Trong dung dch H2S in li theo 2 nc:H2S H+ + HS HS H+ + S

H2S cho hai loi mui:mui sunfua ( trung tnh ) ; mui bisunfua( muiaxit).

15) Trobi,k hi.

T l t mi ngnh cngnghip v ng x kh ca xec

Gy bnh kh thng au mtv c th gy bnh ung th ngi.


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Nhm II.12

Trong H2S hai nguyn t Hydro cng c th ln lt b kim loi thay thcho Bisunfua v Sunfua.

Na S H v Na S Na a s cc mui Sunfua t tan hoc khng tan.Mt s Sunfua khng tan th c mu c trng ( CuS,Bi2,S3 mu en,Sb2S3 da cam )

Mui Bisunfua tan d dng khi c cc kim loi kim v kim th. I .3.1.3 Tnh cht vt l

+ H2S l cht khng mu,mi trngthi c trng,nng hn + Khi lng ring .103( Kg/l) : 1,5392+ Khi lng phn t Kg/Kmol : 34,08 + Nhit nng chy :-85,6oC+ Nhit si :- 60,75oC+ H2S c nht:

( nht .107Ns/m2)

+ Kh nng to lin kt Hydro H2S yu hn H2O+ H2S km bn,d phn hy,t tan trong nc,tan nhiu trong dung mi

I .3.1. 4 Ngun gca) Trong thin nhin

H2S l do cht hu c,rau c thi ra m thnh,c bit l ni nc cn,b bin v sng h nng cn,cc vt nt nila, cc sui,cng r nh,hm l khai thcthan.c lng t mt bin pht ra khong 30 tiu tn H2S mi nm,v t mt t pht rakhong 60-50 triu tn mi nm

b) T rong s n xut cng nghip

H2S sinh ra l do qu trnh s dng nhin liu c cha lu hunh.c lng khH2S sinh ra t sn xut cng nghip l 3 triu tn mi nm.

I .3.1. 5 Tc hii vi thc vt:

Thng tn l cy Rng l Gim sinh trng

i vi con ngi: Nng thp

Gy nhc u Tinh thn mt mi Nng cao

Gy hn m T vong

I. 4 TC HI NHIM KHNG KH. Cc cht nhim hu ht u c hi,chng tn ti di nhiu h nh thc khc

nhau,chng c mt trong c ba mi trng t,nc,khng kh.Cht nhim khng kh

116 00C130 200 C

161 1000

C


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Nhm II.12

m chng ta ang xt n,cng l tc nhn chnh,tc hi trc n con ngi,ng vt,thcvt v nhng cng tr nh vt cht khc ca mi trng.Bao gm cc tc hi sau:

Tc hi i vi sc khe con ngi v ng vt sng trn mt t: nhim khng kh tc ng vo c th con ngi v ng vt,trc ht qua

ng h hp,cng nh tc ng trc tip ln mt v ln mt da ca c th.Chng gy racc bnh nh l ngt th,vim ph phi,ho,hen xuyn,lao phi,ung th phi,gy cay chync mt,v.vNguy him nht l mt s cht gy ung th.Tc ng ca cc cht vong h hp mt phn cn ph thuc vo s ha tan ca chng trong nc.Nu cc cht nhim c tnh cht ha tan trong nc th khi ta ht th khng kh,chng s ha tantrong phn lng ca ng h hp trn v gy tc ng c quan ny.Tnh cht xm nhpvo phi ca nhiu loi cht nhim cn lin quann s c mt ca cc kh dung trongkh qun v ph qun,nhng nh c cc kh dung hp th m c kh nng xm nhp suhn trong phi v cho n tn cc ph nang.

Ni chung ,ng vt c chn nui cng nh ng vt hoang di u nhycm i vi nhim mi trng khng kh ln hn con ngi.Ngi ta bit li dng tnnhy cm pht hin v nh gi nhm mi trng khng kh.

Tc hi i vi thc vt: Hu ht cc cht nhim mi trng khng kh u tc ng xu n thc

vt,gy nh hng n ngh nng v ngh trng vn.Biu hin ca n lm cho cytrng chm pht trin,vng a l,m l,xm l.Nng sut cy trng b gim

Tc hi cp tnh:vi nguy hi th hin r trn phin l mng,thng tc ng ph hy plasmolysit v gn l ca l.S ph hy cc l mng v kh m ta gil Necrosis

Tn hi lu di: l kt qu do s biu hin ko di ca mc nhim thp vthng thy c s i mu dip lc v kh khng th hin r tc hi ca nln c thsin vt.

Trng thi cy:tc hi dng n c th biu hin trong qu tr nh pht trin,s suyyu biu hin kch thc trong tng trng, ngn biu hin dng xon,ph nhto.S trng n hoc tn li ca hoa thng dn n sinh ra d dng,s phttrin khng ng u ca cun l v phin l gy ra hin tng xon l v ddng phin l.

Tc hi i vi vt liu: nhim khng kh c tc dng xu,lm vt liu,kt cu cng nh dng v

thit b chng h hng,cc cng tr nh xy dng tr n mt t,ngnh may,ngnh dt,thytinh u b thit hi ng k. Hu qu:gy gy nhim t s tch ly khi tr n mt t,theo thi gian c th tr nnquan trng lm i mu hoc ha en tt c,gy thit hi kinh tCc cht nhim oxit ng,oxit lu hunh c tc dng xu i vi cc sn phm dt,giyv da.

Anh hng i vi kh hu: nhim mi trng khng kh gynh hng n kh hu ton cu,cbit l gy hng xu n kh hu i phng nh l kh hu vng th.ivi kh hu ton cu nh hng can th hin s h nh thnh hiu ng nhknh ca tng kh CO2 lm tng nhit ton cu,nng cao mt nc bin,lmthng tng ozon.


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Nhm II.12

Tng cao nhit : Nhit ti thiu vng th thng cao hn vng nng thn xung quanh

250C,v nhit trung b nhnm thng cao hn 0,51,30C.Nguyn nhn l do t nhinliu v qu trnh sn xut theo phng php gia cng nhit nn ta lng nhit ln vomi trng khng kh,ng thi din tch b mt nh ca ,ng x,sn bi chimnhiu,chng ht bc x mt tri nhiu hn mt t c nhiu cy xanh nng thn

Gim bc x mt tri v tng my. Cc bi khi,sng m nhim mi trng khng kh th,c tc dng hp

th 10 20 % bc x mt tri v lm gim tm nh n tc l lm gim trong sut cakh quyn.Cc bi,cc sol kh do hot ng sn xut v sinh hot ca con ngi thi vomi trng khng kh c kh nng to ra cc ht nhn ngng ng hi nc trong khquyn.Hi nc kt ta vng th thng ln hn nng thn 5-10%.

Chng II : TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP X L KHTHI HIN NAY

II.1 S PHT TN KH THI VO KH QUYN: S pht cht thi c hi vo kh quyn l qu trnh vt l phc tp.Trong qu

trnh ny,gi,cc hin tng trao i cht trong kh quyn cng nh cc iu kin khhu a phng c ngh a rt ln.

Ngy sau khi thot ra khi ng khi,kh thi chu tc ng ca nhiu yu t nhthnh phn,tnh cht,c im ca chnh cht thi; chiu cao ng khi,h nh dng vkch thc c ng khi;vn tc thi( c ng khi);hng v vntc gi;s phn tngnhit ,mc chy ri v cc ch s trng thi ca kh quyn;ma;nhit v mca khng kh. II.2 CC YU NH HNG LN S PHT TN:

1. Gi Gi l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng nh hng n cht nhim,cht thi. Khi vn tc ginh, dng ct ng khi tng,nhng ct khi gi cu trc dyc lu hn v kh lan truyn i khi ch c s tc ng ca mt m nh qu trnhkhuch tn kh quyn. Khi vn tc gi mnh, dng ct ng khi gim xung gn bng khng nhng

lc ny ngn khi chu s tc ng mnh m ca qu tr nh khuch tn khquyn.Tn ti vn tc gi m khi nng cht nhim t gi tr cc i timt t do mt ngun thi ra.

2. Ma Thc y s loi cht nhim t kh quyn nhng ma loi cht nhim tkh quyn vo t,ngun nc,cy ci v cc cng trnh nhn to.iu cbit l khi ma li cun cc cht n mn.Nc ma tuy chm nhng li phhy tt c nhng g c trn mt t.


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Nhm II.12

S phn tng nhit ca kh quyn xc nh trng thi kh quyn. Trng thi trung ha:lm gim s pht tn mt cch n k. Trng thi n nh:rt c li cho s pht tn. Hin tng lng ng trong lp kh quyn ti mt t xy ra khi sng mdy c lc di.y l yu t kh tng bt li v n gp phn h nh thnhs nghch o nhit v l nguyn nhn ato thnh khi m(hnhp,sng m t nhin v khi thi cng nhip bay(bi,hi..)

3. S nghch o nhit S nghch o nhit :l nhit kh quyn khng gim theo cao nh sphn tng nhit b nh thng ca kh quyn.m khng kh lnh dy c vnng s c gi li tr n mt t.Khi khng kh cha cht nhim ch c ththc hin dao ng nh theo hng thng ng v tn ti trong khong cao 500 n 600 m. Nghch o nhit lun lun nguy him mc du mc nguy him khcnhau.Lp nghch o nhit c th trit tiu hon ton s pht nhim.

4. a h nha h nh khng bng phng c li cho s pht tn cht thi v n to iu kincho s xoy ri kh quyn theo phng thng ng( khi khng c gi v hintng nghch o nhit )

5. Rng cy Rng ng vai tr lc,ngn cn cc s pht tn ht sol kh trong phn thp nht

ca lp kh quyn st mt t. Rng rm,cy cao to iu kin cho s xoy ri khng kh theo phng thngng khi c gi. Tuy nhin vai tr lc ca rng khng cao v rng cn c bo v khi cht nhim.

II.3 M HNH PHT TN KH THI II.3.1 M hnh tnh ton theo hm Gauss i vi ngun im:

H ta l khng gian ba chiu. Gc ta l v tr ngu thi. x l chiu hng theo vt khi. y vung gc vi hng gio. z l chiu thng ng. Cc yu t:

H: chiu cao hiu qu ng khiH = h + h

h: nng cao ( hay cao, ni ) ca trc vt khi. h : chiu cao thc ca ng khi.


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Nhm II.12

Cc gi thit: Lng thicht nhim do ngun thi ra l hng s theo thi gian . Tc gi khng i theo thi gian v theo cao vt khi. Trong vt khi khng c b sung thm nhim cng nh khng xt ntrng hp cht nhim gim i do phn ng ha hp chuyn thnhcht khc.

a h nh khng bng phng,khng c vt cn. Phng tr nh theo m hnh Gauss xc nh nng cht nhim

C mt im c ta x,y,z bt k nh sau:

2

22

2

2

2)(

2)().

2(

...2),,(

Z z y z y

Z H EXP

Z H EXP

y EXP

uF

z y xC

Khi xc nh nng cht nhim gn mt t.

2

2

2

2

.2.

.2.

...),,(

y z z y

y EXP

H EXP

uF

z y xC

, (z=0)

Trng hp n gin nht l khi tnh bin thin nng cht nhim gn mtt theo trcx.

22

.2.

...)(

z z y

H EXPu

F xC

, (y=z=0)

C ( x,y,z) : Nng cht nhim ti im c ta x,y,z ( mg/m3 )C ( x,y,z =0) : Nng cht nhim ti im c ta x,yviz = 0 gn

mt t ( mg/m3 ).C( x): Nng cht nhim ti cc im tr n trc x viy = z = 0( mg/m3 )x : Khong cch ti ngun thi theo phng x,phng gi thi ( m )y : Khong cch t im tnh tr n mt ngang theo chiu vung gc vi trc

vt khi,cch tim vt khi ( m )

z : Chiu cao im tnh ton ( m )F : Lng thi cht nhim t ngun thi ( ming ng khi ) ( mg /s )u : Tc gi trung b nh chiu cao hiu qu (H ) ca ng khi ( m/s )

y : H s ph thuc vo bn vng kh quyn


13/59


Nhm II.12

II.3.2 M hnh tnh ton theo phng php Berlian k thut

xk

y

xk n

H v EXP

xk k n

M y xC

n

..4..)1(

.

..).1(2),(

0

2

12

11

23

01

V1 : Vn tc gi trung b nh cao1mK1,K2 : H sM : Lng cht thi nhim (mg/s)n : S m ca hm s bin thin vn tc gi theochiu cao(n = 0,15 0,2)

Phn b cht c hi tr n mt t c tr s cc iCmax im c to Xmax trn trcx (hng gio).Tr sCmaxvXmaxc xc nh vi iu kin.

0 y

C

x

C

10

1)1(5,1

1

2

...)1(116,0

vk k

H v M n

C n MAX

21

11

max )1(..

32

nk

H v x

n

CTX:

32 ......T V H

nmF M AC m , mg/m

3

A : phn tng kh quyn (160 300)

M: Ti lng nhim (

g/s)

F : H s ph thuc vo loi cht thi Nu kh: F = 1 Nu bi: > 95% F = 2

75% 95% F = 2,5 75% F = 3

H : Chiu cao thc ca ng khi. V ( L ): Th tch lu lngkh thi.

T : lch nhit tTK - txqm : L h s ph thuc vo loi kh thi,ph thuc vo thngs f

T H d v f f

...10 22

3 f 100 m = ( 0,67 + 0,1f 1/2 + 0,34f 1/3) -1f >100 m = ( 1,47f 1/3 ) -1

n : L h s ph thuc vo tc gi hoc ph thuc vo 3 ..65,0 H

T V V m

Vm > 2 n = 1 ; um= Vm ( 1+ 0,12f 1/2)


14/59


Nhm II.12

0,5 Vm 2 n = 0,532Vm2 2,13Vm + 3,13 ; um = Vm Vm< 0,5 n = 4,4 Vm ; um = 0,5 ( m/s)

II.4 PHNG PHP THU HI BI TRONG KH THI: II.4.1 Thit b thu hi bi kh:

Thit b thu hi bi kh hot ng da trn cc c ch khc nhau: Trng lc (cc bung lng bi) Qun tnh (lng bi nh thay i hng chuyn ng ca dng kh hoc vch

ngn) Li tm (cc xicln n, xicln nhm v t hp, cc thit b thu hi bi xoy v

ng) u im:

Ch to v vn hnh n gin, c ng dng ph bin trongcng nghip (nht l

cc xicln) Nhc im: Hiu qu thu hi bi khng phi lc no cng t hiu qu theo yu cu nnchng thng dng trong x l s b.

Bung lng bi: Nguyn l:

y l mt thit b n gin. Trong thi gian kh i qua thit b cc ht bi ditc dng ca lc hp daaxnlawngs xung pha di v ri vo b nh cha hoc a rangoi bng vt ti hay bng ti.

Phn loi: C bung lng bi mt tng v bung lng bi nhiu tng


15/59


Nhm II.12

(a)

(b)

Hnh: Bung lng bi a-bung lng n gin; b-bung lng vch ngn; c- bung lng nhiu tng: 1-thn, 2-bn cha, 3- vch ngn, 4- cc tng.

Tnh ton phng lng bi: S chuyn ng ca ht rn trong phng lng bi v ng lng bi:


16/59


Nhm II.12

Vn tc lng c xc nh theo phng tr nh Stock:

k

k bl

gd v

.18)..(2

b : khi lng ring ca bi, kg/m3 d: ng knh tng ng ca ht bi, m.

k : khi lng ring ca mi trng, , kg/m3 k : nht ng hc, ph thuc vo nhit v xc nh theo gin

nht ng hc. Phng lng bi mt tng:

Din tch mt ct ngang ca phng lng bi:

nvV

H BF . , m3

vn: tc dng kh qua thit b (vn tc thng), m/s. V: lu lng kh i qua phng lng, m3 /s.B: chiu rng phng lng, m. H: chiu cao phng, m.

Sau khi xc nh c tit din F ta t chon phng lng B ( hay chiu caophng lng H ) th tmc chiu cao phng lng H (hay chiu rngphng lng B)

B mt lng cn thit (S):

l

V L BS . , m

3

.

Chiu di phng lng bi:

BS

L hay).( H B

V L lv , m.

VLV : th tch lm vic ca bung lng.


17/59


Nhm II.12

Thi gian lng ca ht bi:

l

H

, s

Th tch lm vic ca bung lng: .V V lv , m

3 Phng lng bi nhiu tng:

Din tch mt ct ngang, chiu cao hay chiu rng ca bung lng, tc lng, b mt cn thit tnh ton tng t nh i vi bung lng bi 1 tng.

Thi gian lng ca ht bi:

n

h

, s

S tng ca phng lng nhiu tng:

h H

n Din tch b mt ca phng lng nhiu tng:

n B LS .. , m2 Chiu di ca mt tng:

.nv L , m Chiu cao phng lng nhiu tng:

.n H H , m : b dy mi tm ngn, m

Chiu di phng lng nhiu tng: L L , m

: chiu di ca dng dn kh b tr hai ph cc tng.

XiclnNguyn l:

Xicln hot ng theo guyn l li dng cc lc qun tnh xut hin khi thay ihng chuyn ng ca lung khng kh cha bi bn.

Khng kh bn cn lm sch c thi vo theo hng tip tuyn vi v h nh trxicln. Khng kh bn s xoy theo thnh v xicln t tr n xung di. Phn di caxicloon nh daanfnhuw h nh phu, do khng kh xoy theo thnh ve to thnh li vdo dng xoy bin i tc nn cc phn t nh (cc ht bi) trong khng kh schuyn ng khng cng vn tc vi lung khng kh. Cc lc kh ng hc, do schnh lch tc gia cc ht bi v khng kh sinh ra s lm cho cc ht bi i lchkhi qu o v khi va ti thnh xiclon th bi c tch ra di tc dng ca lc trngtrng v cc lc kh ng hc khc v cui cng chng s ri xung y xiclon. Khi ngn y xiclon, dng kh bt u quay ngc tr li v chuyn ng ln trn thnh dngxoy trong.


18/59


Nhm II.12

Hnh . Xiclon n. Hnh. Xiclon t hp. 1-ng vo; 2-ng ra; 3-bung h nh tr; 1-thn; 2-bung phn phi; 4-bung h nh chp; 5-bung lng bi. 3-v ng;

. 4-xiclon thnh phnTnh ton xiclon: Bn knhng dn kh ra khi xiclon:

r vV

r .1

, m

V: lng kh i vo ca xiclon (nng sut ca xiclon), m3 /s.r v :tc dng kh i ra khi xiclon, thng ly 4 8 m/s.

Kch thc ca ng vo xiclon:Ong vo t tip tuyn vi thnh thit b v mt ct c dng h nh ch nht, chiu cao

h, chiu rng b v t s thng ly lk, vi k = h / b = 2-4.

Do :V vK

V b

., m

V v : tc kh vo xiclon, thng ly bng 18 20 m/s. Bn knh phn h nh tr ca xiclon:

r r r 112 , m1 :b dyng dn kh ra khi xiclon, m. r: khong cch theo ng knh gia ng ra v thnh thit b, m, thng ly

bng 0,1-0,5mb Tc gc ca dng kh trong xiclon:

tb

tb

r v

,1/s.

tbv : tc kh trung b nh trong xiclon, thng ly nh hn tc ng vao1,4 ln v bng 12-14 m/s.

tbr : bn knh trung bnh ca dng trong xiclon v tnh theo cng thc:


19/59


Nhm II.12

khi 211

2

r r th

11

2

)112

lg.3,2

(

r r

r r r tb , m.

khi 211

2

r r th )(

21 121 r r r tb , m.

Thi gian lu li ca kh trong xiclon:

Khi lng dng:11

222

2

1 log.....10.06,4

r

r

d bk , s

( : nht ca kh, N.S/m2)Khi lng qu v xoy:

lv

r 1 , s

Th tch lm vic ca xiclon: 1. V V lv , m

3 Chiu cao phn h nh tr ca xiclon:

))(( 112

2 r r

V H lvt , m

k: h s d tr, thng ly K= 1,25. Chiu cao phn chp nn:

002 ).( 0 tgr r H n , m.

0r :bn knh l tho, thng ly0r = 0,2-0,5 m.

0 :gc gia bn knh v v ng sinh,0 phi ln hn gc nghing ritwjdo ca vt liu v ly 0 = 50-600. S dng kh quay trong xiclon:

2.1n , vng

: tc gc, 1/s.

Tnh kim tra: ng knh b nht ca ht bi c lng trong xiclon ch lng d

ng:

tbbb r r r

nd

)(....

.32,5 112

, m.

Nng sut ca xiclon: lvF V .0 ,m

3 /s.Din tch b mt xung quanh ca h nh tr c bn knh rtb.

t tb H r F ..20 , m2.


20/59


Nhm II.12

lv : tc lng, m/s.

1

112 )(

r r vl , m/s.

Chiu cao phn h nh tr ca xiclon: 0. H K H t , m.

Vi K= 2-4, H0 chiu cao lp dng kh chuyn ng trong mt vng.

)(..

1120 r r

hbC H , m.

4,1tb

V

v

vC

Xut pht t iu kin thi ginlng bng thi gian lu li ca kh, ta c:

tb

l

vvn

r r

.21

112

, m.

S xiclon thnh phn trong hn hp:

gP

d

V n

k tb ..

.287,02

V: lu lng kh vo xiclon t hp, m3 /sdtp: ng knh xiclon thnh phn, m.

: tng h s tr lc ca xiclon t hp t nh theo tc qui c, gi tr cth t m s tay qu tr nh thit b cng ngh ho chtBng III.10.trang 528

k : khi lng ring ca kh, Kg/m3.P: tr lc ca xiclon t hp, N/m2.

Khi lu lng ca kh ln, ly P= 590-840 N/m2.Khi lu lng kh trung b nh, ly P= 340-590 N/m2.

Chiu di v chiu rng theo mt ct ngang ca t hp: Chiu di: )1).(05.003,0(. 11 nnd L tp , m.Chiu rng: )1).(05,003,0(. 22 nnd B tp , m.

n1: s xiclon thnh phn b tr theo chiu di ca xiclon t hp. n2: s xiclon thnh phn b tr theo chiu rng ca xiclon t hp.

Dn tch mt ct ngang ca xiclon thnh phn:

4. 2tp

tp

d r F , m2.

Tc qui c:


21/59


Nhm II.12

tpq F

V v , m/s.

Sc cn thu lc ca xiclon t hp:

2..

2k qvP , N/m2.

u v nhc im ca xiclon: u im: Khng c phn chuyn ng. C kh nng lm vic nhit cao ( > 500o C ). C kh nng thu hi vt liu mi monfmaf khng cnphi bo v b mt xiclon. Thu hi bi dng kh. Tr lc lm vic hu nh c nh v khng ln ( 250 1500 N/m2). Lm vic tt p sut cao. Ch to n gin. Nng sut cao. R tin. Hiu qu khng ph thuc vo s thay i nng bi.

Nhc im: Hiu qu vn hnh km khi ht bi c kch thc nh hn 5 Mm. Khng th thu hi bi kt dnh.

Thit b lc in: Trong thit b lc in kh c x l bi nh tc dng ca lc in. Cc ht bi

c tch in v di tc dng ca trng in chng chuyn ng n gn v lng tr ncc bn in cc.

S tch in din ra trong trng in qung sng din ra theo hai c ch: di tcdng ca lc in trng ( cc ht bi b bn ph bi cc in chuyn ng theo hngin trng) v bi s khuch tn ca cc in. Trng lc c to ra bi hai in cc:

Mt in cc cc m qung sng tch in cho cc ht. l cc dn dnmnhc b tr mt khong cch ln nht.

in cc thc 2 cc lng c b mt rng hn, h nh dng ca chng rt adng: dng phng v dng li tm, dng gn sng, dng lng mng.

Trong cng nghip ngi ta dng thit b lc in t c ng dng thu hi b,sng cc axit khc.

Hnh. Thit bi lc bi tnhin dng ng.


22/59


Nhm II.12

1-in cc lng; 2-in cc qung sng;3-khung; 4-b phn gi bi; 4-cch in.

Thit b lc bi: Khi cho kh cha bi qua vch ngn xp, cc ht rn c gi li cn kh i xuyn

qua n hon ton.Trong qu trnh lc bi, cc ht bi kh tch t trong cc l xp hoc to thnh lp

bi tr n bmt vch ngn v do chng tr thnh mi trng lc i vi cc ht bin sau.

Tuy nhiu, bi tch t cng nhiu lm cho kch thc l xp chung ca vch ngncng gim. V vy, sau mt thi gian lm vic no cn phi ph v v loi lp bi ra. Nhvy, qu tr nh lc bi phi kt hp vi qu tr nh phc hi vt liu lc.

Trong qu trnh lm sch kh, cc ht bi tin hnh n cc si ht, va chm vichng v lng xung do tc dng ca lc thm thu, qun tnh v ht t nh in.

Thit b dc chia thnh ba loi, ph thuc vo chc nng v nng bi vo, ra: Thit b tinh lc ( hiu qu cao): dng thu hi bi cc nh vi hiu qu rt cao

(>99%) vi nng u vo thp ( 0,5 Mm, vt liu lcthng c phc hi.

II.4.2 THIT B LC BI KIU T Nguyn l:

Da tr n nguyn l tip xc gi dng kh mang bi vi cht lng, bi trong dngkh b g li v thi ra ngoi di dng cn bn.Phng php ny n gin nhng hiu qu rt cao. u im:

D ch to, gi thnh thp, hiu qu cao Lc c bi c kch thc di 0.1 Mm Lm vic vi kh c nhit v m cao Lc c c kh c hi bng qu tr nh hp th, cnc x dng nh thit b

lm ngui v lmm kh.

Nhc im: Bi c thi di dng cn bn _phc tp cho h thng thot nc v x l ncthi

Dng kh thot ra t thit t thit b lc c m cao v c th mang theo cnhng git nc lm hoen r dng ng, ng khi v cc thit b khc pha sauthit b lc khc.


23/59


Nhm II.12

Trng hp kh thi c cha cc cht n mn cn phi bo v thit b v h thngng ng v h thng sn chng r, hn ch thit k nhng ng ng khng rt tin.

Lu y:Cht lng c x dng ph bin nht l nc. Trng hp thit b lc c chc

nng va kh bi va kh kh c hi th cht lng c th l mt loi dung dch no do qu trnh hp thu quyt nh.

Cc lo i thit b lc bi kiu t 1. Bung phun (thng) ra kh rng 2. Thit b lc c lp m bng vt liu rng v c ti t 3. Thit b lc c a sc kh hoc si bt 4. Thit b lc bi vi lp ht h nh cu di ng 5. Thit b lc bi (ra kh) va p qun tnh 6. Thit b lc bi li tm.

BUNG PHUN (THNG) RA KH RNG

Hnh. BUNG PHUN (THNG) RA KH RNG 1-v thit b;2-vi phun nc;3-tm chn nc; 4-b phn hng dng vphn phi kh

Bungphun hoc thng ra kh lng c s dng rt ph bin lc bith trong kh thi ng thi lm ngui kh nh l gia cng bi trc khilc bng in lm gim nng bi ban u, iu chnh in tr sut ban uca bi.


24/59


Nhm II.12

Cu to ca thng ra khrng ng. Nc c phun t tr n xung di cn dng kh c dn t di ln trn cng

c th b tr vi phun t 4 pha xung quanh v phun theo phng ngang vo dng kh.Vn tc dng kh trong thit b vo khong 0.6 1.2 m/s. nu vn tc kh ln hnthnc b mang theo nhiu nc v tm chn nc khng kh nng cn li dngkh phn b u ng tr n ton tit din ngang ca thit b. Ngi ta b tr b phn phnphi kh tit din vo ca dng kh.Ta ch nghin cu qu tr nh thu gia bi din ra trong thit b lc lc bi kiu bung phunthng ng vi dng chy ngc chiu ca nc v kh.

Xt mt lt ct ngang ca bung phun:

dh: B cao v cng bS: y bng tit din ngang ca thit b dn: dng knh ca git nc ( dng knh trung b nh ca tt c git nc) vb: vn tc ht bi

Cc dng kh v nc i vo v i ra khi. Lt ct c th hin h nh Lu lng kh i qua lt ct h nh hp trong n v thi gian l

Sv L k k . , m3 /s.vk: vn tc kh, m/s S: tit din ngang ca ca thit b

Nu th tch tng cng ca nhng git nc trong dng kh ni chung v trong thtch khi h nh hp ni ring l chim mt t l aanpha th lu lng th tch canc i qua th tch trong mt n v thi gian c xc nh theo mt n vbiu thc. Ta c cng thc:


25/59


Nhm II.12

dhv Ldn

v Ldh

v

v

dncdc

nk

bne

k

be ......

23....

.23

Tch phn phng tr nh trn vi cc cp tng ng ta c:

H v Ldnv L

C C

nk

bne ....2 ...3ln 21

H: chiu cao lm vic ca thit b, m nk b vvv : vn tc tng i ca ht bi i vi git nc, m/s.

C1,C2 : nng u v cui ca ht bi trong kh i qua b lc, Kg/m3. Hiu qu lc ca thit b loi ng chuyn ng ngc chiu vi cng thc:

).....

23(1

1

21

nk

bne

v Ldn

v L EXP

C

C C

Bung phun nm ngang:i vi loi bung phun nm ngang nc phun t tr n xung v dng kh i trc

giao ca dng nc, tnh ton dc th hin

Qu trnh tnh ton, biu cng ging nh bung phun kh bui kiu thng ngv c ktqu nh cng thc sau:

).....

23(1

1

21

nk

bne

v Ldn

v L EXP

C

C C

iu khc bit duy nht gia hai kiu bung phun kh bi l nu trong bungphun kh bi kiu ng chuyn ng ngc chiu vn tc bi l vb= vk+vn. Cnbung phun k h bi nm ngang l vb = vk

Trong thit b kh bi phun nc c > 0.1m, qu trnh thu gi bi ca nhnggit nc ch yu l di tc ng qun tnh gi ht bi v git nc do h s

c th xc nh c theo cng thc:

)35,0( 22

tk

tk e

S

S

vi: dn

vS bbtk ..18

.. 2

b :khi lng mt n vu bi. : ng knh ht bi.


26/59


Nhm II.12

: h s nht ng hc ca chi. bv : vn tc bi.

dn:ng knh a qut nc.

Trng hp t l gia lng nc phun v lu lng kh tr n 0.6.10-3

m3

/sH s ng vi Stk = 1-170 cn c xc nh theo cng thc sau: 24,1.15,01 tk e S

Ngoi ra, h s e cnc th hin di dng biu ph thuc vo ngknh qut nc dn v ng knh htbi khi git nc ri di tc ng ca trng lcv kh. Git nc chuyn ng vi gia tc ? trong thp phun li tm.

Cng thcdn theo Nukiyama Tanasawa v ng knh git nc phun ra tthit b phun Venturi c th hin bng cng thc:

5,145,03

).().

.(4,53.10.585k

n

n

n

nnk L

L

vdn

i vi h thng nc khng kh nhit v p sut b nh thng vi vn tcnc tng i thp,cng thctrn cth n gin ho thnh:

5,13

).(94,010.5k

n

nk L

L

vdn

dn: ng knh git nc (m ) vk,n: vn tc tng i gia nc v khng kh ( m/s )

n : khi lng n v ca nc ( kg/m3 ): sc cng b mt ca nc ( N/m ) n: h s nht ng lc ca nc ( Pa.S )

Ln,Lk: lu lng ncvkh ( m3 /s )Sv L nn .. , m

3 /s. Gi thit rng tt c cc git nc phun ra uc ng knh ldn th s lng

git nc cha trong khi h nh hp s l:

3....6

dndhS

M

Mi mt git ncl mt vt cn nhi h nh cu i vi ht bivkh bichuyn ng v pha vt cn vi vn tcvb th mt phn bi s b gi litrn bmt ca git nc dicc tcng nh tipxc,va p qun tnh,khuchtnNu gi Cl nng bi trong kh ( kg/m3 )

e : l hiu qu thu gi bi ca git nc h nh cumb : l khi lng bi b gi li trongkhi h nh cu ( kg/s )

3

22

....6.

4.....

4....

dndhSdn

vC N dn

vC m bebeb

dhdn

SvC m beb .

....23 , Kg/s


27/59


Nhm II.12

Khi lng bi mb b gi li trong khi h nh hp s cho nng bi thay i mt ilngl dC ( dC < 0 )Suy ra :

dhdnS

vC mdcSv bebk ..

.....23

..

THIT B KH BI C LP MBNG VT LIU RNG C TINC

I. nh ngha:Thit b kh bic lp m rng c ti nccn gi l thit b ra kh hoc

Crub gm mt thng tit din tr n hoc ch nhtbn trong c cha mt lp m bngvt liu rngc ti nc khi i t diln trn xuyn qua lp vt liu rng,khi tipxc vi b mt t ca lp vt liu rng bi s bbm li ,cn kh sch thot rangi.Mtphnbi b nc cun tri xungthng cha vc x di dng cnbn.nh k ngi tathu lp vt liu rng. C 2 loi th p phun nc: kiu ngv kiu nm ngang.

A) Kiu ng: Thpphun nc kiu ng chuyn ng ngc chiu ca khvnc.

HNH: Thp ra kh Crub

1: tm c l2: lp vt liu rng. 3: dnng phun nc.

u im:Cho php lm vic vi vn tc ln ( c th t 10m/s ),nh kch thc ca

thit b s c gn nh hn. Nhc im:


28/59


Nhm II.12

Vi vn tc kh cao,thit b kiu ng chuyn ng ngc chiu khng th hotng c do c hin tng sc nc tc b dng kh thi ngc tr ln v c thdng tro vo ng ng thot kh sch.

B) Kiu ngang:

Hnh: THIT B PHUN NC C LP M RNG KIU NM NGANG 1: vi phun.2: v v khung3: h thng ti nc4: phn khng ti nc ca lp m thay cho tm chn nc. 5: b cha cn bn.

6: lp vt liu rng. II. Cc thng s k thut c bn ca lp m rng. 1. ng knh tng ca lp vt liu rng

0

04S

Sd td , m

SO: din tch tit din rng tr n 1m2 tit din ngang ca lp vt liurng ( m2 /m2 ).

2. Sc cn kh ng ca lp vt liu rng.

td

k K

d S

v H P

..2... 2

0

2

: h s sc cn kh ng ca lp vt liu rng.H sph thuc voch chuyn ng ca kh trong thit b thng qua chun sRaynon

ak

k k e

S

v H R

...

khi Re< 80 th 85.0.400K Re


29/59


Nhm II.12

khi 80 < Re 400 th 85.0.

5.16

K Re

k : vn tc kh i qua tit din sng ca lp vt liu rng ( m/s ). H : chiu cao ca lp vt liu rng ( m ).

k: khi lng n v ca kh ( kg/m3)3. Hiu qu lc ca thit b phun nc kh bi c lp m bng vt liu

rng.

tk n

Sd H

qS..

)).(1(exp1

00

: hng s thc nghim ph thuc vo vt liu rng. d0 : ng k nh hoc kch thc c trng ca cc loi khu dng lm

vt liu rng. qn : lng nc b gi li trong lp vt liu rng.

man Sq . , 33

mm

m: b dy ca lp nc lng t b mt tip xc ca lp vt liu rng. Stk: chun s Stokes i vi h s thng kh v bi vi kch thc c

trng do khu ca vt liu rng.

ok

bk sk d

vS

..18

.. 2

Tr sd0 v ca cc loi khu khc nhau. Kt qu: Lng nc phun trong thit b c lp m rng thng nm trong

khong 0,15 0,5 l/m3.Tn tht p sut mt cch tng ng l160 400 Pa v 800 3600 Pa trn 1m b dy ca lp vt liurng.Hiu qu lc t 90% i vi c bi> 2 m.

THIT B LC BI C A CHA NC SI BT. I. Nguyn l:

Nguyn l lm vic ca thit b c a cha nc si bt l nc cp vo a va to mt lp nc c b cao thch hp;dng kh i t di ln trn qua a cl,lm cho lp nc si bt.Bi trong kh tip xc vi b mt ca nhng bong bng ncv b gi li ri theo nc chy xung thng cha. Thit blc bi kiu t si bt c kh nng lc bi c bng hoc tr n 5 m vihiu qu lc tng i cao.


30/59


Nhm II.12

Hnh : LOI GIT NC DP KH.1. v thit b.

2. vi phun nc. 3. a c l.

Hnh :LOI CHY TR N.1. v thit b; 2.a c l;3. hp cha n c cp vo 4.Tm chn chy tr n. 5.Hp x nc tr n.

II. Cc thng s k thut: d0 = 4 8mm : ng knh l tr n ca a c l.( hocb = 4 5 mm rnh

song song b rng) Din tch sng ca a nm trong khong 0,20,25 m2 /m2.( khi s dng

thit b vi mc ch va lc bi va lm ngi kh th din sng ca a cth ln n 0,4 0,5 m2 /m2 ).

V mt sc cn thy lc v kh ng,b dy ca a c l nm trongkhong 80 10 mm.


31/59


Nhm II.12

Thit b lc si bt kiu chy tr n. d0 = 3 8 mm. S0 = 0,15 0,25 m2 /m2 ( din tch sng). k = 5 15 m/s ( vn tc kh qua tit din sng ca a tng ng vi vn

tc kh tr n ton din tit din ngang ca thit b l 1 3 m/s ). Tit din ngang ln nht ca thit b thng khong 58 m2. Lu lng ti cho 1m3 kh 0,2 0,3 l/m3 B cao Hbtca lp bt trn a c l 80100 mm B dy a c l 46 mm

Suy ra sc cn kh ng ca lp bt:

.10.96.1)(8.11

.2.65.1 482.02

0

2

k

bot n

k K bot v

H

S

vP , Pa

Trong cng nghip : Pbot= 300 1000 Pa. Hiu qu lc ca thit b lc bi c a cha nc si bt.

: ph thuc vo cao lp bt trn a c l.C 2 cng thc xc nh 032.0.705.0 bot H 032.0.790.0 bot H

Ngoi ra, cn ph thuc vo thng s vt l ca bi.

Bi d thm t: 04.0

0

2.

005.0

20 ..

..).(

.89.0

d g

v

hhg

Lv

n

k b

p

k k

Bi kh thm t: 235.0

0

2.

005.0

2

0....

).(.89.0

d g

v

hhg

Lv

n

k b

p

nk

Trong : h0 : chiu cao ca l trn a c l ( m )

( b dy ca a )hp : chiu cao ca tm phn x ( m )d0 : ng knh l tr n trna c l ( m )

n : h s nht ng lc ca nc( Pa.S )k :vn tc kh qua tit din sng ca a c l ( m/s )

THIT B LC BI VI LP HT HNH CU DI NG I. Cu to:

Vt liu ch to ht cu l nha,cao su hoc thy tinh.Ht rng hoc c.m bo cho cc ht cu chuyn ng mt cch t do trong hn hp kh nc bn trong


32/59


Nhm II.12

thit b,khi lng n v ca ht cuh ( kg/m3 ) khng c vt qu khi lng nv ca nc n

h < n

Ch thy-kh ng ti u cho s hot ng ca thit b lc bi l khi lp cuc bay ln xo trn u trong khng gian gia 2 tm li chn.

Hnh:THIT B LC BI VI LP HT HNH CU DI NG. 1,3 : tm chn c l hoc li. 2 : ht cu.4 : vi phun nc. 5 : tm chn nc.

II. Cc thng s tnh tonVn tc kh k v ng vi giai on u xo trn ton phn ca lp ht cu cxc nh theo cng thc:

25.0

0 6.12exp... k n

hat

k

L

LSa

d g

v

Trong : dht: ng knh ht cu ( m ). a : h s t l,ph thuc vob

b l b rng khe tr n tm chn lib = 2 mm a = 2,8.103 b > 2 mm a = 4,6.103

Gii hn cho php ca vn tc khk v trn ton tit din ngang ca thit bkhng ph thuc vo b rng ca r nhc xc nh theo cng thc thcnghim:

15.04.0

0 ..9.2

k

nk L

LSv ,m/s

Cc gii hn cho php: Vn tc kh : 5 6 m/s. T l nc kh : 0,50,7 l/m3.


33/59


Nhm II.12

Tit din sng tr n tm li chn :So = 0,4 m2 /m2. B rng ca r nh: 4 6 mm. Khi lc kh c bi dng keo hoc bi c xu hng ng cn,r nh trn tm

chn di c th nhn ln hn.So = 0,5 0,6 m2 /m2. ng knh ca ht cu tha iu kin:

10hat d

D

D : ng knh thit b Thngdh = 20 40 mm v h= 200 300 kg/m3.

Ht nh : chiu cao ti thiu ca lp ht cu tnh hat tinh d H ).85(

ti a: 1 D

H tinh Chiu cao gia 2 tm chn x r nh ca thit b

trongdong H H H Hng: chiu cao ng,tc chiu cao bay ln ca lp ht cu trng

thi ha trn u ha trong dng kh.Htrng: chiu cao khong trng cn li di tm chn tr n.

dongtrong H H ).2.01.0( 93.0

0

6.03.0 ).(..118.0S

v H v H k tinhndong

Sc cn kh ng ca thit b trong vng tip xc gia kh-ncht cunhat chan PPPP

Pchn: sc cn kh ng ca 2 li chn bn di,tr n ( Pa )Pht: sc cn kh ng ca lp ht cu kh v t nh ( Pa ) Pn : sc cn kh ng gy ra do nc bm tr n b mt ht cu ( Pa )

)1.(. 0 tinhhat hat H P , Pa1.092.017.024.0 .....128 hat tinhnk hat H vvgP , Pa

Trong : hat : trng lng n v ca ht cu N/m3.

o : rng ca lp ht h nh cu trng thi tnho = 0,4n : vn tc nc tnh tr n tit din sng ca li chn ( m/s )

Mt dng thit b cng loi nhng c khc bit i cht v nguyn l hot ngso vi cc thit b va nu trn c gi l thit b lc bi vi lp bng cu layng.Trong thit b ny qu bngcu khng bay ln theo dng kh m ch laychm s st vo nhau va t ra sch lp cn bm tr n b mt kh vo thit btrc tin trc khi i vo cc lung phun nc.Sau mi len qua lp bngcu bng thy tinh b cao 155 mm.Sc cn ca thit b khong 1000 1500Pa.khi t l phun nc l 0,25 0,56 l/m3.


34/59


Nhm II.12

Hiu sut lc ca thit b nu trn c th t n 99% vi c ht2 m.).38exp(1 tk

cau

Sd H

THIT B RA KH VA P QUN TNH

Trong thit b ny s tip xc ca kh vi nc c thc hin do s va p ca dngkh ln b mt cht lng v do s thay i hng t ngt ca dng kh.Kt qu ca sva p l cc git lng ng knh 300400 m c to thnh,lm gia tng qu tr nhlng bi.

HNH: Thit b thu hi bi va p qun tinh. Kh vi vn tc ln i vo thp,vn tc kh n gn b mt cht lng khong 15m/s.Khi quay vng 180o din ra s lng bi qun tnh tr n cc git lng. i vi thit b loi ny mc nc c nh ng vai tr quan trng.S thay i nh camc nc cng c th lm gim hiu qu thu hi bi hoc lm tng tr lc thit b. Nh khng c cc l nh phn phi nc v cc b phn chuyn ng nn thit bdng ny c th x l kh c nng bi cao.Dng thit b tr n hnh ( b),c ngdgn rng r i,trong dng kh i vo dngng ng c tng tc u ra nh thuhp ng n 3555 mm/s va p vo b mt cht lng.Mc nc thp hn u ng rakhong 2 3 mm. Hiu qu ca thit b thu hi bi va p qun tnh n 99,5% i vi cc ht bi 3mv ln hn.Tiu hao nc t 0,0050,15 l/m3 kh.Tr lc vo khong 1500 4000N/m2.Nng sut c th t 40000 m3 /h.

THIT B RA KH LY TM Thu hi bi trong thit b ra kh li tm din ra di tc dng ca 2 lc:lc li tmv lc qun tnh.

Cc thit b ra kh li tm c ng dgn trong thc t,theo kt cu c th chia lm 2dng:

1.Thit b,trong dng xoyc thc hin nh cnh qut quay t trunggian.


35/59


Nhm II.12

2.Thit b vi ng kh vo theo phng tip tuyn,nc ra kh chy qua viphun trung tm v chy thnh mng trn thnh thit b.

c imca thit b ra kh li tm l cht lng t b cun theo kh,bi v lc li tm lmlng cc git lng ln thnh thit b.

lm sch khng kh trong h thng iu ha ngi ta ng dng xiclon vimng nc .Nc c a vo thit b ny pha tr n,chy thnh mng trn b mttrong ca thit b.Khng kh nhim bi c a vo di mt gc no vi trcxiclon.Hiu qu thu hi bi c kch thc 25 m 90%,tiu hao nc 0,12 l/m3kh.

THIT B RA KH VN TC CAO ( Thit b ra kh Venturi )

lm sch kh khi bi kch thc 12 m v nh hn,ngi ta ng dng chyu cc thit b ra kh vn tc ln. Nguyn l hot ng:

Dng kh bi chuyn ng vi vn tc 70150 m/s p v nc thnh cc gitcc nh. xoy rt cao ca dng kh v vn tc tng i gia bi v git lng ln thcy qu tr nhy bi tr n cc git lng.

tng tc dng kh ngi ta ng dng cc c cu khc nhau nh ng dn kh cvch ngn,dng chpTuy nhin,a s ngi ta s dgn ng Venturi c co u voca kh on chuyn tip nh h nh tr, kh chuyn ng vi tc ln nht,sau lon ng ph nh to ra, y vn tc gim xung.

Thit b ra kh Venturi c th chia thnh 2 loip sut cao v loi p sutthp.Loi th nht c ng dgn x l bi kch thc vi m v nh hn v ctrng bi ct p ln n 20.00030.000 N/m2.Loi th 2 c s dng iu hakh,tr lc ca chng khng vt qu 500 N/m2.

Cc thit b ra kh Venturi c nng sut ln n 500.000 m3kh/hvn tc kh150 m/s.Tiu hao nc cho tt c cc loi thit b Venturi c nh v bng khang 0,8l/m3kh.

II.5 PHNG PHP HP TH:Nguyn tc : cho dng kh thi tip xc vi pha lng. Trong qu tr nh tip xc,

cc kh nhim c chuyn t pha kh t pha kh vo pha lng nh qu tr nh hp th. C 2 dng hp th:Hp th vt l;Hp th ho hc

A) Hp th vt l:+ Da vo s ho tan ca cu t kh trong pha lng tc l kh nhim ch ho

tan vo trong pha lng. +

Cht hp th thng c s dng l nc hoc dung mi hu c. + C cu ca qu tr ng hp th vt l gm 3 bc: Bc 1: khuch tn cc phn t cht nhim thi khi trong kh thi n b mt cht

lng hp th. Bc 2: thm nhp v ho tan trn b mt cacht hp th. Bc 3: khuch tn cht nhim ho tan trn b mt ngn cch su trong lng khi

cht hp th. B) Hp th ho hc:


36/59


Nhm II.12

+ Tc l gia cht b hp th v cht hp th hoc cu t trong pha lng xy raphn ng ho hc.

+ Thit b hp th kh thi chi thng l cc thp hp th. + Qu trnh hp th c thc hin tr n nhiu thp khc nhau: thp phun, thp

m, thp mm. II.5.1 C S L THUYT:

Khi lm sch cc tp cht ho hc th kh, qu tr nh ho kh trong dichchj thng vai tr quan trng. Lng khho tan trong dicjh th ng vai tr quan trng, lngkh ho tan trong dch th ph thuc vo tnh cht ca kh, dch th v iu kin ho tan:nhit dch th v p sut kh tr n b mt dch th. Ap sut ring hn ca kh cng ln,lng kh c ho tan vo dch th cng nhiu. Quan h ny c gi l nh lut Henryv biu th theo cng thc:

C = H.P (5-1)Trong C: nng cc phn t trong dch th.

P: p sut ring phn ca cu t trong hn hp kh.H: hng s ph thuc vo tnh cht ca kh, dch th v nhit .

Khi nghin cu qu tr nh hp th cn xc nh phng tr nh cn bng lm c s xc nh lng vt cht cn hp th v xc nh cc n nguyn ca thit b (cngsutmy) v tc ho tan xc nh cu to v kch thc ca thit b.

Biu th: G:lu lng khi ca kh. L:lu lng khi ca dch hp th.

X , X : nng kh b hp th cc giai on u v cui trong dch th hpth.

Y , Y : nng kh b hp th giai on u v cui c trong kh cn lmsch. Lng vt cht b hp th c trong kh bng: G(Y1 Y2 )

Lng vt cht ny s b vt th hp th do vy nng vt cht c trong vt th tng lnv phng tr nh cn bng vaath cht sl:

G(Y1 Y2) = L(X2 X1 )

12

21 )( X X

Y Y G L (5-2)

Khi tnh lu lng dch th theo cng thc (5-2) cn lu: nng cui ca vtth cn hp th c trong kh (Y2) c lin quan n nng ca n trong dch th (X2) vtun theo nh lut Henry, nn khi tnh gi tr L cn tnh ng gi tr X2, Y2.

Ngoi ra khi p dng cng thc

(5-2) cn chn ng th nguy

n ca mi tha s.

Lng vt cht b hp th (b ho tan) xc nh theo cng thc:t F PK G ... (5-3)

Trong : K: h s hp th c trng tc ho tan ca cu t kh trong hn hp cho.P:lc chuyn hp th trong b nh hay lc chuyn khi trung b nh.F: b mt tip xc gi kh v vt th. t: thi gian tip xc.


37/59


Nhm II.12

Phng tr nh (5-3) cng ging nh phng tr nh truyn nhit. Khi tnh qu tr nh hp ththng xc nh b mt tip xc gia kh v dch th m bo cht c hp th honton.T phng tr nh (5-2)xc nh c b mt hp th cn thit:

t Pk GF

..(5-4)

Lng vt cht b hp thu tnh theo phng tr nh cn bng, cn thi gian t ctha nhn trong mt gi. II.5.2 THIT B:

1) Thp phun:Trong thp phun, cht lng c phun thnh bi m (sng) t tr n xung, kh

thng i t di ln nhm lmtng din tch tip xc v nng thc t ca cht hpth trong pha kh gim daanftheo chiu t di i ln v nng trong thit b hp thtrong pha lng tng dn theo chiu t tr n xung. Qu tr nh ny rt c li cho vic tng

hiu qu qun l.

Thp hp th phun c th chia lm 3 loi khc nhau: i vi kiu thng rng:

Thit b hp thu kiu thng rng c vi phun sng thng t phia tr n phunxung. Trong trng hp thp hp th c chiu cao ln, ngi ta thng t cc vi phuchia ra cc tng. u im:

n gin, u t thp. Lc cn thu ng nh,

S dng i vi kh thi c nhim cao. Tit kim c cht hp th: do cht lng hp th c th quay vng cho ti khi hpth no mi thi.

Nhc im: Kh thng phn b khng u trongton b thp. Hiu sut x l khng cao. H s chuyn khi thp, v tc dng kh nh.

Thit b phun thun dng tc cao:Thit b kiu ny ph hp vi dng kh thi c vn tc ln (khong 20-30 m/s).

cho nn khi vn hnh cht lng thng b cun theo dng kh sau c tch bra vimt thit b k m theo. Thit b phun thun dng tc d cao. Kh thi vi tc cao i qua

ng tht, cun theo cht lng, t ca ch di dng bi sng v cng i vo vo khuctn rin b phn tch cht lng. Trongvng khuch tn, ng nng ca dng kh chuyn thnh p lc vi mc hao ht l cc tiu. Thit b phun thun dng tc caoc s dng kh ph bin trong x l kh thi.


38/59


Nhm II.12

Hinh: Thit b tch bi khi dng kh dng Venteri. Thit b phun sng kiu c kh:

c s dng trong nhng trng hp c bit, n t c s dng. Tu lu lng, nng v cng ho tan ta chn cc phng php.

Hnh: S hp th kiu vi phun1) Gin phun.2) Bung thit b hp th. 3) Thit b phun. 4) B lng hay phim lc. 5) Bm.

2)Thp m: lm tng din tch tip xc gia hai pha, ngi ta thng nhi cc vt th

lng cng nh c, snh x, vng than cc Khi vn hnh th kh thi i t di ln trn cn cht lng th i t tr n xung. thit b t hiu qu cao th lu lng ca hai pha phi c tnh ton trc.

Khi cht lng chy tr n b mt vt th m, v c bn chng c c trng ca mng chtlng. Tuy nhin v bn cht ca qu tr nh vn hnh, gia thit b hp th mng v thit bth m cs khc nhau.

thit b hp th mng, mng cht lng chuyn ng lin tc theo chiu caoca thp hp th. Cn trong thit b hp thu m th khi mng cht lng chuyn ng tn nguyn ca vt m ny sang n nguyn ca vt m khc th mng c b phrchv mng mi c h nh thnh. Qu trnh nyc lp i lp li trong sut chiu cao ca


39/59


Nhm II.12

thp. Vic ph v l do s chuyn ng ngc chiu ca dng kh. Do vy m thp mphn no c mang tnh cht nh mt thit b hp th si bt.

S chuyn ng thun dng trong thpm c s dng nhng trng hpkhi tc kh thi kh ln (khong 18 m/s) , s b tr thun dng s lm tng qu tr nhtrao i cht, gim tr lc thu ng v gim kch thc ca thit b. Trong trng hp hp th i k m vi phn ng thu phn hoc to kt ta th ngi ta thng dng thp hp th m ni. Cc lp m ni (nhng mnh bt xppolyme hay cc qu cu lng lm bng cht liu do) c treo l lng bi dng kh trong thp va bi cc tm li . Gia cc lp m l k hong trng m bo cho cckt ta khng lm tc nghn s lu thng ca cc dng kh qua cc lp m. Tt nhin y cht hp th lng cng c chuyn ng t trn i xung. u im: lm vic vi tc dng kh ln m khng b tt nghn. Nhc im:kh thot nhit trong qu tr nh hp th. Mun tch nhit phi lm lnh

tun hon.

3) Thp hp th si bt: c s dng trong cc trng hp:

Ti lng cao. Ap sut kh thi lowssn. Qu trnhp th c s ti nhit cn c lm lnh.

Cc kiu hp thsi bt chnh gm: Si bt qua li (hay vt liu xp). Si bt qua cc vt liu chp xen k. Trn c hc kh v cht lng.

Hp th kiu si bt c nhc im ln nht l lun c lp bt chim th

tch kh ln trong thit b. Vic chuyn ng ca cht lnggp tr lc ln. Nhng kiu hp th ny li c u im l h s chuyn ng rt cao. Chiu cao lp cht lng tng s lm tng kh nng hp th song ng thi

cng tng tr lc ca thit b. V vy, thng thng ngi ta khng tnglp cht lng qu 50 mm.


40/59


Nhm II.12

Hnh. Cu to ca thit b si bt

II.6 PHNG PHP HP PH II.6.1 KHI NIM: Qu trnh ht kh bay hi hoc cht ho tan trong cht lng bng cht rn xp gi

l qu trnh hp ph. Cht b ht gi l cht b hp ph. Cht rn xp gi l chthp ph. Hp ph kh hay hi trong hn hp khng kh n gin hn so vi hp ph cht

tan trong dung dch. iu kin b nh thng khi hp ph kh trong hn hp vi khng kh th khng

kh khng b hp ph.Nhng khi hp ph cht ho tan trong dung dch th mitrng c th b hp ph.

II.6.2 PHN LOI CHT HP PH: Hp ph trao i ion: L hp ph c cc k m theo s trao i ion gia cc cht hp ph v dungdch.Qu tr nh ny ch ch xy ra khi hp ph cht tantrong dung dch v cng knh mao qun ca cht hp ph b hn 5A0.

Hp ph ho hc: L hp ph c k m theo phn ng ho hc gia cc cht b hp ph v cht hpph.Qu tr nh ny xy ra c trong mi trng khng kh v mi trng lng,khi


41/59


Nhm II.12

ngknh mao qun ca cht hp ph ln hn 200A0 v thng xy ra nhit cao ln hn 200C0.

Hp ph khng k m theo phn ng ho hc Chia lm hai loi:Hp ph vt l v hp ph kch ng. Hp ph vt l c nhng c im sau:

Lc hp ph l lc Vandevan, tc l lc ht tng h gia cc phn t. Qu trnh hp ph l qu trnh thun nghch hon ton . Nhit to ra khng ng k. C th hp ph mt lp hoc nhiu lp.

Hp ph kch ng c nhng c im sau: To thnh mt lp c bit tr n b mt cht hp ph gi l n phn thay l lp b mt,c khi n phn t ny khng ph kn b mt cht hpph.

Qu trnh ny xy ra chm,cn phi kch thch tng tc ( dng nhsng hay tng nhit ).

Nhit to ra ln tng ng vi nhit phn ng. Trong thc t cc loi hp ph c th xy ra ng thi v tu theo iu kin thc

hin qu tr nh m hp ph loi ny c th chim u th hn loi kia.

II.6.3 CC LOI CHT HP PH: L nhng vt liu rn c cu trc rt xp v din tch b mt ring ln. c trng c bn ca cht hp ph l hot .C 2 loi hot :hot tnh v

hot ng lc. Hot tnh: c c trng bi lng ti a cht b hp ph do 1 n v th tch hay

n v khi lng cht b hp ph ht c mt nhit v nng nht nhca cht b hp ph c trong pha kh(hi) cho n khi t n cn bng. Hot ng lc

c c trng bi lng ti a cht b hp ph do mt n v ht tch haykhi lng cht b hp ph ht c trong khong thi gian tnh t khi bt uhp ph cho n khi xut hin cht b hp ph trong pha kh i ra.

Cc cht hp ph cng nghip c bn l than hot tnh,silicagen,keo nhm( oxit nhm hot ho ) zeolit v ionit ( cht trao i ion ).

a) Than ho t tnh Than hot tnh l mt cht hp ph,rn,xp,khng phn cc v cb mt ringrt ln. V bn cht nguyn t,n thuc nhm graphit,mt dng h nh th ca cacbon

gm cc tinh th nh c cu trc bt trt t nhng khc vi graphit l trong tinh th cathan hot tnh cc vng 6 nguyn t cacbon sp xp km trt t hn.V vy than hottnh c cu to xp hn v to nn nhiu l hng khng ng u v rt phc tp.


42/59


Nhm II.12

Cu trc l xp phc tp v b mt ring khc nhau lm chocc loi than hottnh ny tr nn ckh nng hp th khc nhau.Vic to ara cc loi than khc nhau phthuc ch yu vo cch ch to

Nhn chung,cc lo xp trong than hot tnh c bn knh hiu dng t vi chcn hng chc ngh n A0.V mt cu to,n c cu to kiu ng gm mt h l xp maoqun thng nhau v thng vi mi trng bn ngoi vi cu trc khng gian bachiu.C th chia kch thc l xp theo 3 loi sau:

Dng vi mao qun:Bn knh hiu dng c 10A0,c b mt ring ln nht ( 350 1000m2 /g ) v chim phn ch yu trong than hot tnh.

Dng mao qun trung gian :C bn knh hiu dng trong khong 100 250A0 dng ny c b mt ring khng ln lm,khong 100 m2 /g

Dng mao qun ln:C bn knh hiu dng khong 1000 10000A0,dng nycb mt ring rt nh ,khng qu 2 m2 /g

Cu trc than hot tnh nh ta bit l ph thuc vo kch thc mao qun, theocch khc ta c th chia ra thnh 2 loi cu trc :

Loi 1:L loi than hot tnh hot ho trung b nh,b t chy khng qu50%,loi ny c mao qun tng i nh ,ng knh mao qun nhhn 2.10-6mm.

Loi 2: L loi than hot ho cao,b t chy vt qu 75%.ng knhmao qun t 2.10-6 6.10-6 mm.Gia 2 loi cu trc tr n cn c ccloi than vi t chy trong gii hn t 50%- 75%.

Than hot tnh c tc dng hp ph tt i vi cc cht khng phn cc dngkh v dng lng.T lu than hot tnh c s dng lm mt n phngc,lmsch mi v kh mi cc sn phm du m.Ngy nay trn th gii,than hot tnh ccoi nh l mt cht hp ph ch yu trong cng ngh s l lm sch mi trng baogm cc lnh vc:

Lm sch nc ung,x l nc sinh hot hoc x l nc thi ca cccng trnh c nhim bn thp.Trong nhng trng hp ny than hot tnh s gi licc hp cht hu c ho tan,nht l cht gy mi,gy mu v c vt nhng kim loinng.Than hot tnh c bit c hiu qu x l cao i vi nc b nhim nh cc chtdit tr dch hi .

X l nc thi cng nghip:Ngi ta s dng thanhot tnh trong nhngtrng hp hp ph cc cht k m hoc khng b vi sinh vt phn hy,cc cht gy chi i vi cc vi sinh vt,trong trng hp ny x l chn lc bng than hot tnh ngvai tr nh l qu tr nh tin x l cho cc bc x l sinhhc tip theo. X l cp ba nc thi cng nhip v th.

Khi than hp ph no ( bo ha),n khng cn kh nng hp ph tip tcna.i vi than hot tnh,trong nhng trng hp ny khng phi b i m c th tisinh v s dng li c.i a s cc cht hp ph tr n than hot tnh u c th giihp bng nhit.Khi trong mi trng c nhit cao,cc cht hu c cng nh phnt axit d bay hi tch khi b mt ca than.i vi mi vt cht s c mt nhit


43/59


44/59


Nhm II.12

L cc nhm Silic cha cc oxit kim loi kim. Cng thc ha hc tng qut: Me2/ n Al2O3.xSiO2.7H2O

( Me:kim loi kim ) Zeolit c kh nng hp ph hi cc hp cht phn cc v cc cht c ni itrong phn cc,ngoi ra Zeolit cn c kh nng ln hp ph hi nc. Zeolit gi c hot tnh cao nhit tng i ln 150 2500C. l uim ca Zeolit so vi cc cht hp ph khc. Tuy nhin do th tch l xp ca Zeolit nh v vy lng cht hp ph t hn sovi cc cht hp ph cng nghip khc.

II .6.4 PHNG PHP TI SINH: Cn thit phi ti sinh cht hp ph thu hi cu t hp ph v phc hi kh

nng hp ph ca cht hp ph.Chi ph ti sinh chim t 40% n 70% tng chiph ca qu tr nh lm sch.

Ti sinh bng cch tng nhit ,ht cu t b hp ph bng cht hp ph khc

mnh hn,gim p sut ( bao gm to chn khng ) hoc t hp cc phng phpny. Nh hp ph bng nhit c thc hin bng cch nung cht hp ph bo ha n

nhit xc nh bng tip xc trc tip vi hi nc,khng kh t nng, hoc lm nng qua thnh vi dng kh t thi qua.

Nhit ti sinh than hot tnh,Silicagen,keo nhm vo khong 100 2000C,cni vi Zeolit t 100 4000C.

nh cht hp ph hu c c th dng Dioxit cacbon,Amoniac,nc,mt vicht hu c c kh nng ht chn lc cht cn nh.

Nh hp ph bng cch gim p sut c thc hin theo 2 phng n: Gim p sut nu qu tr nh hp ph din ra p sut d To chn khng nu gian on hp ph c thc hin p sut thng. Qu trnh hp ph c th tin hnh trong lp cht hp ph khng chuyn

ng,tng si v chuyn ng,tuy nhin trn thc t ph bin nht l thit b vilp cht hp ph khng chyn ng c b tr trong thp ng,nm vvng.Thpng c s dng trong dng kh nh.

II .6.5 THIT B HP PH.C rt nhiu thit b lm sch kh bng phng php hp ph.Ta chia thit b

hp ph ra thnh cc loi sau y: Thit b hp ph vi cht hp ph khnmg chuyn ng Thit b hp ph vicht ph chuyn ng Thit b hp ph tng hp.

a ) S cu to ca thit b hp ph vi cht hp ph khng chuynng.

Nguyn l lm vic: Cht hp ph c a trc vo thit b nhiu ngnvi dy lp cht hp ph nht nh.Kh bn c a vo thit b,chng s chui quacc lp cht hp ph, cc kh c hi s b cht hp ph gi li,kh sch nh cc


45/59


Nhm II.12

ng dn c a ra ngoi. tng tnh hp ph,thit b c cung nhit (c th bnghi nc)

Hi nc c ngng t thit b ngng.

HNH.thit b hp ph vi cht hp ph khng chuyn ng

b) S cu to ca thit b hp ph vi cht hp ph chuyn ng Nguyn l lm vic: Cht hp ph c cung cp lin tc t tr n xung v c

lm sch nh b phn lm sch3 ( lm sch bng nc ),nh thit b phn phi 2 cphn phi u trong khu vc hp ph 1.Kh bn c a vo khu vc hp ph 1, ydin ra qu tr nh lm sch kh,kh sch c a ra ngoi,nh van 5 cht hp ph ( c lm sch mt phn ) c x ra ngoi.

1) Khu vc hp ph2) Thit b phn phi3) B phn lm sch4) B phn t nng5) Van

c ) S cu to thit b hp ph tng hp Nguyn l lm vic: loi thit b tng hp,cht hp ph cng c cung cp

lin tc vo thit b nhng nh tm chnvng tr n,chng vn chuyn ng nhng lc khi ( ging nh lp cht hp ph trong thit b hp ph vi lp cht hp ph khngchuyn ng ).V vy hiu sut hp ph loi thit b ny cao hn.

II.6.6 PHNG PHP XC TC NHIT Phng php ny c s dng trong trng hp khi m qu trnh sn xut khngth thu hi hay ti sinh i vi thi,kh thi c th chng c nhng sinh ra cht nhim th cp khng c hi nh l Hydro Cacbon,cc dung mi C ht tin hnh t kh thi trc tip c thu hi nhitv khng thu hi nhit. Thu hi nhit th phi t kh thi trong bung t.Khng thu hi nhit th c tht ngay trong ming ng khi.


46/59


Nhm II.12

Thi gian gn y pht trin phng php thiu hy kiu xc tc.Trong trng hpny nhit oxy ha khng vt qu 250 3000C.Lm sch kh thi theo phngphp xc tc r hn 2-3 ln so vi phng php thiu t bng l nhit cao,v ngim bt tiu hao nng lng v thc hin qu tr nh lin tc. Ngi ta c th dng cc thanh kim loi hoc hp cht kim loi bch kim ,ng vcc kim loi tng t lm cc vt xc tc.Bi v cht chy xc tc l b mt c din tch b mt t kh thi cn c rt nhiu vt xc tc v phi b tr sao chochng c b mt xc tc ln nht.

II.6.7 PHNG PHP SINH HA VI SINH Trong mi trng t nhin ( t,nc,khng kh ) c rt nhiu loi vi sinh vt

sng bng ngun dinh dng gm cc cht hu c v v c.Phng php visinh l li dng cc vi sinh vt phn hy hoc tiu th cc kh thi c hi nhtl cc kh thi t cc nh my thc phm,nh my phn m,phn tng hp huc,cc vi sinh vt s hp th v ng ha cc cht kh thi hu c,v c c hiv thi ra kh N2 v NO2

Thng thng vi sinh vt pht trin mnh cn c iu kin l: nhit 250C 300C, m 95 1000C tc kh lu thng khong 2m/ph.

Nguyn l ca h thng : Bao gm mt h thng cc ng PVC chn su 1 3m di t hoc cht .Mt

dng kh i qua cc lng rng ca t chng s c hp th vo t v ca cht vnhanh chng c Oxy ha bng sinh vt v ha hc.

S hp ph kh vo t ty thuc vo loi t.Thi lu ca kh tng i caotrong t c nhiu khong st v hp cht mn.t cnc gi m v m cho cchot ng ca vi sinh vt din ra thun li.

S b x l kh c hi bng phng php vi sinh1) ng ng phn phi kh2) Lp to ra cc l trng v hng3) Hn hp phn rc4) Mi che5) Gin phu6) Thnh b hp ph

Chng III: TNH TON CNG NGH


47/59


Nhm II.12

III.1.S cng ngh: - Kh thi c tp trung bng chpht v dn qua thp hp ph x l. - H thng gm 1 cp thp hp ph thay phin nhau hot ng. S thay phin nhau ca

hai thp c iu khin bng cc kho c th hin trong h nh v. - Khi thi sau khi x l s c thi ra ngoi rang khi. - Nc thiv sinh thp s c thi ra b cha nc thi.III.2.Tnh ton hp ph: - Ap sut lm vic: P = 1 atm = 760 mmHg. - Nhit lm vic: to = 25oC.- Tnh cht ca than hot tnh: - Khi lng ring xp: k = 500 ( Kg/m3)- ng knh ca ht than:dg = 0,004 (m).- xp lp hp ph: =37%.III.3.Tnh ton cn bng vt cht: - Lu lng kh u vo ca kh H2S l:

) / 2(,21000100

2,0 32 hS H mQ S H

- Phn mol ca H2S trong pha khi u vo:y = )2(,002,01000

2KmolKT

SKmolH

_T skhi lng u vo:

- Phn khi lng u vo :).2(00234,0

29)002,01(34002,034002,0

).1(..

2

2

KgKT SKgH

M y M y M y

yoKtr d S H d

S H d d

) / (2,1 3mmgC cp Tra bng TCVN-2001. khu vc cng nghip. Cng ngh cp A. - Phn mol ca H2S trong pha kh u ra:

)2(10.91,734

10.4,222,1 76

KmolKT SKmolH

yc

- Phn khi lng kh u ra:

).2(10.27,929)10.91,71(3410.91,7

3410.91,7).1(.

. 777

7

2

2

KgKT SKgH

M y M y M y

yoKtr C S H C

S H C c

- T khi lng u ra: ).2(10.27,9

29)10.91,71(3410.91,7

).1(. 7

7

72

KgKT SKgH

M y M y

Y oKtr C

S H C C

)2(,00235,0

29

34)

002,01(

002,0.

1

2

oKgKtr SKgH

M M

y y

Y oKTr

S H

d

d d


48/59


Nhm II.12

- Hiu sut l thuyt:

%9,99%100.00234.0

10.27,900234,0%100.7

d

C d lt Y

Y Y e

_ Khi lng ring kh u vo:) / (2951,1)002,01(

4,2229002,0

4,2234)1.(

4,22.

4,2232 mKgKT y

M y

M d

KK d

S H d

- Khi lng ring kh u ra: - ) / (2946,1)10.91,71(

4,222910.91,7

4,2234)1.(

4,22.

4,22372 mKgKT y

M y

M C

KK C

S H C

Khi lng ring trung bnh trong thit b: ) / (29485,1

2

2946,12951,1

2

3mKgKT C d tb

- Sut lng u vo ca hn hp kh:

) / (1,12952951,11000. hKgKT QG d d d - Lng kh H2S c hp ph trong mt gi:

) / 2(029,3)10.27,900234,0.(1,1295).( 72 hSKgH y yGm C d d S H

- V ng cn bng:

X gH2S/g than hottnh

0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2

P mmHg 0 2 12 42 92Ap sut ring phn cn bng:


49/59


Nhm II.12

)(52,1760002,0. mmHgP yP t d

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

x gH2S/g than

P m m

H g

) / 2(0375,0* KgthanSKgH X

Chn chu tr nh hp ph lm vic trong 8 gi(h): T= 8(h)

- Lng than hp ph trong 8(h): )(187,646

0375,08029,3

*2 Kgthan

X

mm S H than

- Sut lng kh i ra khi thp: ) / 2(072.1292)999,000234,01.(1,1295).1.( hSKgH e yGG

d d C

- Sut lng kh tr i vo: ) / (069.1292)00234,01.(1,1295)1.( hKgKK yGG d d tr

- Sut lng kh trung b nh:

) / (586,12932

072,12921,12952

hKgKT GG

G C d tb - Th tch ca than trong lp hp ph:

)(2924,1500

187,646 3mmV k

than

- Lng kh thi phi x l trong 8h: )(800081000 3mT QV KT - Nng ca H2S trong dng kh vo:

) / 2(00303,02951,100234,0. 3mSKgH yC d d O - Nng ca H2S trong dng kh ra:

) / 2(10.20009,12946,110.27,9. 367 mSKgH yC C C - Xc nh h s b:


50/59


Nhm II.12

9993,0)00303,054,010.20009,11()

.54,01()(

6

OC C

Z

Tra bng Z ng vi b = 2,4

- Nng H2S can bng vi Co: ) / 2(75,185000375,0. 3** mSKgH X a K

- Thi gian hp ph:

yk K G

b H V G

T ..

trong , 12,618800303,0

75,18*

aa

G (v d v bi tp ( tp 10 trang 345))

Bng kim tra thi gian hp ph: Vk H Ky S h0.1 1.1 9.298111692 39595.56963 10.998769340.15 1.2 11.57401494 27889.92669 7.7472018580.15 1.15 11.57401494 26347.1657 7.3186571380.15 1.25 11.57401494 29443.41167 8.1787254630.16 1.26 11.98448978 27627.86057 7.6744057140.16 1.28 11.98448978 28211.03485 7.8363985710.16 1.3 11.98448978 28795.69045 7.9988029040.16 1.4 11.98448978 31740.03988 8.8166777460.2 1.55 13.51919886 28105.17614 7.8069933720.2 1.56 13.51919886 28342.15274 7.8728202070.2 1.57 13.51919886 28579.36113 7.9387114240.2 1.58 13.51919886 28816.79907 8.0046664090.2 1.59 13.51919886 29054.46441 8.0706845570.2 1.6 13.51919886 29292.35499 8.1367652740.25 1.6 15.25043963 22699.24781 6.3053466150.25 1.62 15.25043963 23074.4088 6.4095580.25 1.65 15.25043963 23638.52943 6.5662581750.25 1.7 15.25043963 24582.29817 6.8284161570.3 1.7 16.82829964 19947.80106 5.54105585

Vi v=0,2(m/s) v H= 1,58 th thi gian ca qu tr nh hp ph l T= 8,004664(h), suy raT 8(h).- nht ng hc ca H2S v khng kh c xc nh t phng tr nh:

(*)).1(2

2

KK

KK

S H

S H

hh

hh M y M y M

- ) / (01,29924,28068,0)002,01.(29002,034)1.(.2 molKg y M y M M d KK d S H hh nht tuyt i ca H2S v khng chi 25oC v 1 atm.


51/59


52/59


Nhm II.12

VTT = 8000 m3. vy phi tng ng knh thp: )(1400)(4,1 mmmd

)(336,88624

836002,014,34,1 32 mV LT - Khi lng ca lp vt liu hp ph trong thit b khi chn:

*)*(*. K gV Gg

m )(431,258.14

)4,1(14,3.4

).( 322 m H DV g

t (***) )(5,1215500431,2 KgGg - Lng than s dng trong qu tr nh hp ph:

656,1212)00234,01.(5,1215)1.( d than yGg L ,(kg than/ m) - Chun s Reynolds:

12,5110.565,1004,02,0.

5K

K

e

d v

R - H s ma st ca dng chii qua thp trong thi gian hp ph:

3438,18,012,518,278,08,27

eh R

- ng knh tng ng ca cc khe h ca cc lp vt liu: )(566,1)(00156,0004,0

37,0137,0.

32.

1.

32

mmmd d o

- Vn tc tht ca dng kh:

) / (54,0

37,0

2,0sm

vv K o

- Tr lc ca than:

)2(61876,0)(258,470254,01849,1

00156,058,12.3438,1

2...2..

22

OmmH pav

d H

hP ohho

III.4.Cn bng nng lng: **)*(*

. PKK C G

QT

- Khi lng khng kh i qua trong thp trong thi gian hp ph: )(552,103368069,1292. KgT GG TRKK

- Nhit hp ph: ) / (1119,318012180)2,60273(2180 KmolKJ T q S

- S mol ca kh H2S c hp ph:


53/59


Nhm II.12

)(7127,034

8029,3.2

22 Kmol

M

T mn

S H

S H S H

- Nhit lng sinh ra trong qu tr nh hp ph:

)(6525,226647127,01119,31801. 2 KJ nqQ S H Nhit dung ring cakhng kh:00032,1PC , (KJ/Kg.)

T (****) 19,200032,1552,10336

6525,22664T ().

III.5.Tnh c kh cc thit b thp: III.5.1.Tit din ng dn kh vo, ra khi thp v ng truyn nhit qu tr nh giihp.- Vn tc ca chi c dn vo thit b trong ng ng chn vo= 6 m/s.

ov

V S

3600

vi vo: vn tc kh trong ng (m/s). V: lng kh trong ng dn (m3 /h).

)(046,063600

1000 2mS

chn S = 0,046(m2)- ng knh ng dn kh vo v ra thp;ng thu hi H2S ,ng dn kh c gia nhit:

4. 2v DS

Chn ng knh:Dv = 250(mm)Chn chiu di ng ni dn kh =150(mm)

III.5.2.Chn ca ly than hot tinh ra khi thp: - Tra bng XIII.32- trang 848 S TAY QU TR NH V THIT B (STQTTB) tp 2. Ca tho vt vt liu hp ph dng h nh trn viDt = 300 (mm) - on ng ni:

l=140(mm)- Chn vt liu lm thp: thp hp kim 15XM. - Khi lng ng dn:

321 .2.3 mmmmo vi:

.)..(4

221 l D Dm t n thp Kg(12,114

10.85,715,0)25,0273,0(14,3 322 )

)(24,014,3

4046,04 mS DV


54/59


Nhm II.12

chon m1= 12 (Kg)

.)..(4

222 l D Dm t n thp )(48,1310.85,714,0)3,0325,0.(4

14,3 322 Kg

chn m2 = 14(Kg))(82,2710.85,715,0)4,0436,0.(

4).(

432222

3 Kgl D Dm petht n

chn m3 = 28(Kg))(9228142123 Kgmo

III.5.3.Chn ca v sinh thp cng chnh l ca cho than vo thp:Tra bng XIII.32 TRANG 434- STQTTB tp 2.

Dt = 400 (mm).on ng ni:

L =150(mm)Thp hp kim 15xM

III.5.4.Tnh mt bch ca cc ng ng: III.5.4.1.Bch ni cc ng dn kh chn kiu bch lin: Tra bng XIII. 26 STQTTB tp2- trang 409.- ng knh trong Dt = 250 (mm) - ng knh ngoi Dn = 273 (mm)- ng knh ngoi bch D = 370 (mm)- ng knh bulong db = M16 (mm)- ng knh mp vt Dl = 312 (mm)- ng knh tm bulong )(335 mm D - S bulong Z = 12 ci - Chiu dy bch hbch=24 (mm) - Khi lng bch:

)..(4

22t n D Dm

hbch. thp. )(78,110.85,7024,0)250,0273,0.(414,3 322 Kg

III.5.4.2.Bch ni ca ra than hot tnh Chn kiu bch lin

Tra bng XIII. 26 STQTTB tp2 - ng knh Dt = 300 (mm) - ng knh ngoi Dn = 325 (mm)- ng knh ngoi bch D = 435 (mm)- ng knh bulong db = M20 (mm)- ng knh mp vt Dl = 365 (mm)- ng knh tm bulong 395 D (mm)- S bulong Z = 12 (ci) - Chiu dy bch 24nhibh (mm)- Khi lng bch:


55/59


Nhm II.12

)..(4

22t n D Dm

hbch. thp )(31,210.85,7024,0)3,0325,0.(414,3 322 Kg

III.5.4.3.Bch ni ca v sinh ( ca cho than vo):Tra bng XIII. 26 STQTTB tp2

- ng knhDt = 400 (mm)- ng knh ngoi Dn = 436 (mm)- ng knh ngoi bch D = 535 (mm)- ng knh bulong db = M20 (mm)- ng knh mp vt Dl = 465 (mm)- ng knh tm bulong 495 D (mm)- S bulong Z = 16 (ci) - Chiu dy bch 28nhibh (mm)- Khi lng bch:

)..(422

t n D Dm

hbch. thp )(2,510.85,7028,0)4,0436,0.(414,3 322

Kg - Tng khi lng cc bch:

)(07,112,531,2)78,12( Kgml chn me= 12 (Kg)III.5.5.Thn thp:- Cng thm khong cch trn di 0.15m ( bt bulong)

)(53,23,04,025,058,1215,0 m D D Hvl H yvt chn Ht = 2,5 (m).

- ng sut cho php i vi vt liu hp kim thp 15XM. ) / (7,149 225 mm N

- Chn cng ngh gia cng: Hn tay bng h quang in gip mi hn 2 pha (v D 700(mm) - Chn h s bn mi hn: 95,0h - ng vi ng knh D= 1.4(m)

(tra bng 1-7 trang 25 . sch H L Vin)- B dy ti thiu ca thn tr i vi vt liu bt k :

25.5,5 hP

- Kim tra iu kin chn cng thc tnh b dy ti thiu ca thp tr: 95,0

1

7,149. hP

>25

hP D

s ..2

.

- Chiu di thc ca thn tr vi vt liu thp 15XM lm thp:

C

P Ds

h ..2.

vi 321 C C C C


56/59


Nhm II.12

1C = 0 , v n mn nh. 2C = 0 , (h s n mn) v vn tc chuyn ng ca kh trong thp < 20(m/s). 3C = 1,5 hs b sung qui tr n kch thc.

5,1C )(422,65,1

95,07,149211400

mms

- Chn b dy vt liu lm thp s = 6mm- Kim tra dy: ch tho mn khiiu kin sau tho:

1,01 D

C

)~(1,0400,1

06aoth

- Kim tra p sut tnh ton cho php sau:

278,1)06(1400

)06(17,1492)(

).(..21

1

C s DC s

P h > p (tho)

- Khi lng vt liu lm thn thp:)..(

422

t nnath D Dm H. thp.

(H chiu cao thn thp h = 2,5) vi Dn = Dt + 2.s =1400 +26 = 1412 (mm) mthn. )(847,51910.85,75,2)40,1412,1.(4

14,3 322 Kg

Vy ta chn k hi lng thp cn s dng lm thn thp = 500 (Kg).

- y v np( hnh elp c g) Chn cng loi vt liu vi vt liu thn thp:

v 1

7,149. hP

>25

Cng thc tnh dy ti thiu cc thnh y( np):

ht RPs ..2

.

(vi Rt: bnknh cong bn trong ca nh thp) Tra bng XIII. STQTTB tp2- trang 382 vi Dt = 1400(mm), ht = 350(mm).

)(14003504

1400.4

22

mmh

D R

t

t t

- dy thc ca thnh y ( np).

)(422,65,1

95,07,149214001

..2.

mmC RP

sh

t

chn s = 6 (mm)


57/59


58/59


Nhm II.12

- Khong cch gia cc l: b = 2(mm) - S l trong a: n= 594 (l) - Khi lng a phi chu: m= 1215.5(Kg) - Din tch ca l:

)(10.065,74

)003,0(14,34. 2622 md S ll

- Din tch b mt a sau khi c l:

)(496,1)10.065,7594(473,1. 26 mSnSS lT S - Ti trng a phi chu:

) / (89,3246496,1005,0

002,081,95,1215.

2m N SS

bgmP

sd

- Ti trng a phi chu tnh theo dy:) / (234,16005,08,3246. 2m N SPq d

- Th tch ca a: )(10.345,7005,0469,1. 33 mhSv S - Khi lng ca b phn vt liu hp ph:

)(41,544,740710.345,7.10.345,7 33 Kgm pethd

III.8.Tnh chn :- Tng s lng ton thp khi c lp hp ph: .m(thp) = m(thn) + m(y) + m(np) + m(bch thn) + mo + me

)(066,194.2129241,54656,1212112106500 Kg -

Ti trng ton thp:D = m(thp) g = 2.194,066 9,81 = 21.523,79 (N)- Chn thp 3 chn :

+ Ti trng tr n chn:)(596,7174

379,21523

3N

DG

+ Tra bng XII. 35 STQTTB tp2- trang 437Thp lm chn l thp CT3

L=250(mm)B=180(mm)B1=215(mm)

B2=290(mm)H=350(mm)h =185(mm)s = 16(mm)l = 90(mm)d= 27(mm)

- B mt chn : )(10444 24 mF - Khi lng mt chn:


59/59


)(88,485,7014,010444.. 4 KgSF m P E TH Chn mt chn 5 (Kg) - Suy ra, 3 chn 3* 5= 15 (Kg)- Thit b ph:

Chp ht: c tc dng thu hi chi thi vo h thng x l Qut ht. Bm : dng iu chnh lu lng chi vo thp.Thit b gia nhit: cung cp khng chi sch, kh c gia nhit phc v cho qu

trnh nh hp. Thit b thu hi H2S.Ong khi.

III.9.D on ga thnh:Tin thp lm thp:

)( pathm ng/Kg = 2194,066 x 24000 = 52.657.584( ng)

Tin lm chn: 15 24000 = 360.000 (ng) Tng gi thnh ton b thp: 53.017.584 (ng).

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