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LI M U
T r o n g c n g c u c i m i, x y d n g v p h t t r i n c a t n c t a , n g y c n g c t r n h x y d n g , n h m y m c l n n n g c a o i s n g v t c h t v t in h t h n c h o n h n u i c a t h i n n h i n c h o c o n n g i c n g k m t h e o s k h c n g h i t c a n . T r o n g t n g t n h i n c t h g y n g u y h i m n t n h m n g c o n n g i v t i s n . V v y , n g c c c n g trn h c h n g ta c n p h i c b i n p h p b o v tr n h c th i t h i d o s t g N m 1 7 5 2 n h b c h c n g i M l B e n ja m in F r a n k lin k h m p h r a n g u y n t v i c p h n g c h n g s t t r c t i p l d n g c t n h n ( k im F r a n k lin ) t h u s t v d n s t cc cng trnh xy dng. T u y n h i n , k im F r a n k lin c n g c n h t i m l p h m v i b o v h p , l m v i c k h k h n g h i u q u . N g y n a y , v i s p h t t r i n c a K H K T , c c n h k h o a h c n g h i n c c c t h i t b t h u s t h i u q u h n . T r o n g t p k u n n n y x in t r n h b y c c l lu c c p h n g p h p p h n g c h n g s t tr c ti p s d n g c n g n g h m i b a o g m n i d u Tng quan v st v cc phng php phng chng st trc tip. G i i t h i u h t h n g c h n g s t S y s t e m 3 0 0 0 ( c a h n g G L T U c ) v c c p h quan. T h i t k h th n g c h n g s t tr c ti p c h o tr n g H S P h m K T h u t T P
S in h vin th c hin
CAO MINH TRIT
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CH NG : TNG QUAN V ST V CC PHNG PHP IPHNG CHNG ST .
A. TNG QUAN:
N c V i t N a m t a t h u c v n g k h h u n h i t i, n n g v m t h u n l i c h o v i c h n v s t . N g y n a y , k h i n n k in h t t n c p h t t r i n t n h h n h x y d n g c n g p h t t t o c a o c , k h u c n g n g h i p r a i, d o v i c p h n g c h n g s t l m t v n c n t h i t k c h t h n g c h n g s t c h o m t c n g t r n h c n p h i c s h i u b i t c q u y n , c c h i n t n g p h n g i n t r o n g k h q u y n ( c n g n h c c h i n t n g p h n g vi mt t). 1/ Qu trnh phng in ca st :
1.1/ S hnh thnh my dng v st :
D n g l h i n t n g x y r a c h y u v o m a h li n q u a n n s p h t t r i n m n n h i t v c c n h i u n g k h q u y n . D n g c t t r n g b i s x u t h i n n h n g m m y tc h v (C u m u lo n im b u s ) c d yK t ,1tc h t m t l n g n c v t o r a n h n g 16 m 0 th cc mnh. T r o n g th c t s h n h th n h c c c n d n g g n li n v i s x u t h i n c a n h n g lu n k h n g l t m t t b c l n . C c lu n g k h n g k h n y c h n h t h n h d o s t n n m t t r i, c b i t c c v n g c a o ( d n g n h i t ) h o c d o s g p n h a u c a n h n g lu n g m v i k h n g k h l n h ( d n g F r o n t ) . S a u k h i t c c a o n h t n h ( k h o n g v v n g n h i t m ) , lu n g k h n g k h m n y b l n h i h i n c n g n g t t h n h n hay cc tinh th bng v to thnh nhng m my dng. t l u n g i t a k h n g n h v n g u n t o r a i n t r n g g i a c c m m y d c h n h l n h n g i n t c h t c h t t r n c c h t n c li t i v c c t in h t h b n g c a c c d Q u a n h i u l n o t th c n g h i m , n g i ta th y r 9 0 % hpohnng d80 i c c m m y ng k d n g c h y u c h a i n t c h m , t c m n g t r n m t t n h n g i n t c h d n g nn mt t in khng kh khng l.
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Hnh 1.1: S phn b in tch gia cc m m y v m t t. H n h t r n ( h n h 1 .1 ) c h o t a t h y s p h n b i n t c h t r o n g m t m m y v t r p h n d i c a m m y m a n g i n t c h m b h t v p h a m y m a n g i n t c h d n n o t r n m t t c n g c a o t h k h o n g c c h g i a v t v m m y c n g n h v l p k h g i a v t v m y c n g n h c n g n h l p n g n c c h c c i n t c h t r i d u c n g m n g s t d n h x u n g m t t . K h i n g n n h c a o , c y c a o t h m y d n g m a n g i n t t c h d n g l m c h o c h n g t p t r u n g l i m t i m c a o n h t : t r n m i n h , n g n c y n g m i n h n ) . N u i n t c h m y l n t h t r n m i n h , n g n c y , c n g t p t r u n g m n m t m c n o l n c a c c i n t c h t r i d u n i t r n s t o n n m t s t h n h t h n g l p k h n g k h n g n c c h n v i m t t ( c n g i n t r n g k h o n g 2 53 0 k V /c m ), l c n y x y ra h i n t n g p h n g i n g i a m m y d n g v m
Hnh 2.1 : S pht sinh ca st trong m my dng.
S t t h c c h t l m t d n g p h n g t ia l a i n t r o n g k h n g k h v i k h o n g p h n g d i t r u n g b n h c a k n h s t k h 5 n g tP 3 n l n c h i u d i p h t t r i n t r o n g m m o Km . h d n g . Q u t r n h p h n g i n c a s t t n g t q u t r n h p h n g i n t ia l a t r o n g i n ng nht vi khong cch phng in ln.
1.2/ Cc giai on phng in ca st :
B a n u x u t p h t t m y d n g m t d i s n g m k o d i t n g t g i n o n v i t c tru n g b n h k h o5n1 01m /s , l g ia i o n p h n g i n ti n o th e o t n g g6 0 K n h ti n o l m t d n g P la s m a m t i n tc h k h n g c 31 01 4 m n /m oM tg 1 0 1 a o l io , k 3. n h p h n i n t c h m c a m y d n g t r n v o k n h v p h n b t n g i u d c t h e o c (Hnh 1.3a).
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T h i g ia n p h t t r i n c a k n h t i n o m i t k o d i k h o n g 1 s ( m i t k n d i t h m t r u n g b n h v i c h c m t ) . T h i g ia n t m n g n g p h t t r i n g i a h a i t li n 90 m.
a. b. c. d.
H n h 3 .1 : C c g ia i o n p h n g i n s t v b i n th i n c a d n g i n s t th e o t Giai on phng in tin o. Tin o n gn mt t hnh thnh khu vc ion ho mnh lit. Giai on phng in ngc hay phng in ch yu. Phng in ch yu kt thc.
in tch m tng t my trn vo knh tin o bng: Q = .L Vi: l mt in tch. L l chiu di knh. i n t c h n y t h n g c h i m k h o n g 1 0 % l n g i n t c h c h y v o t t r o n g m s t . D i t c d n g c a i n t r n g t o n n b i i n t c h c a m y d n g v i n t c h s c s t p t r u n g i n t c h t r i d u ( t h n g l i n t c h d n g ) t r n v n g m t t p d n g . N u v n g t p h a d i b n g p h n g v c i n d n n g n h t t h n i i n t c h s n m t r c t i p d i k n h t i n o . N u v n g t p h a d i c i n d n k h c n h a u t r u n g c h y u v n g k c n , n i c i n d n c a o n h v n g q u n g k im lo i, v n g n g i, v n g n c n g m , k t c u k im lo i c c n h c a o t n g , c t i n , c y c a o b t , ni b ca st. C n g i n t r n g u k n h t i n o t r o n g p h n l n g ia i o n p h t t r i n c d n g ) c x c n h b i i n t c h b n t h n c a k n h v c a i n t c h t c h t m4
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k n h t i n o n y k h n g p h t h u c v o t n h t r n g c a m t t . C h k h i k n h t i n m t c a o n h h n g n o t h m i t h y r d n n h h n g s t p t r u n g i n t c h c c v t t h d n i n n h k h i m t t v i h n g p h t t r i n t i p t c c a k n h t h e o h in trng ln nht. n h n g n i v t d n c c a o (n h c a o t n g , c t n g te n , i p h t th a n h , ) t i n t c h t r i d u t p t r u n g n h i u s n g t h i x u t h i n io n h a t o n n d n g t i n h n g l n m m y d n g . C h i u d i c a k n h t i n o t d i l n t r n t n g t h e o to iu kin d dng cho s nh hng ca st vo vt dn . K h i k n h t i n o x u t p h t t m y d n g t i p c n m t t h a y t i p c n k n h t i n t h b t u g ia i o n p h n g i n n g c l i h a y p h n g i n c h y u ( t n g t n h c i n n g c t r o n g c h t k h i n t r n g k h n g n g n h t ( H n h 1 .3 b ) . T r o n g k h o n g g i a u k n h t i n o v m t t , c n g i n t r n g t n g c a o g y n n io n h a h n h th n h m t d n g P la s m a c m t 6 n 0 9 io n /m1 0 o h n n h i u s o v i m t 1 i 1 tc h t 3 c a 1 i n t c h c a t ia t i n o , i n d n c a n t n g l n h n g t r m l n i n t c h c m n g v o d n g n g c v t h c t u d n g m a n g i n t h c a t l m c h o c n g t r n l n g y io n h a m n h li t v c n h v y d n g P la s m a i n d n c a o t i p t c p h t t r i t h e o n g c h n s n c a k n h t i n o . T c p h t t r i n c a k n h t i n o p h n g k h o n g 0 ,5 .1 1 ,5 .1 8m /s (b n g 0 ,0 5 ,5 l n v n t c n h s n g ) t c l n h a n h g p tr n 7 0 0 0 t r m l n t c p h t t r i n c a k n h t i n o h n g x u n g . V m t i n t c h c a o n n t ia p h n g i n c h y u s n g c h i c n g i l c h p . t i m q u a n t r n g n h t c a yu l cng dng in ln. G i V l t c c a p h nl m i t , i n t c h t h d n g i n s t s t g i t r c a o n h g n (Hnh 1.3c): is = V. K h i k n h p h n g i n c h y u l n t i m m y t h s i n t c h c n l i c a m y s i n c h y x u n g t v c n g t o n n c h s t n h m t d n g i n c t r s n h t tng ng vi phn ui sng (Hnh 1.3d). K t q u q u a n t r c s t c h o t h y p h n g i n s t t h n g x y r a n h i u l n k t c n h 3 l n , n h i u n h t c t h n v i c h c l n ) . C c l n p h n g i n s a u c d n g t i n o ( k h n g t h e o t n g t n h l n u ) , k h n g p h n n h n h v t h e o n g q u o c a l n cao hn (2.106m/s). Q u a n g h i n c u v s t , n g i t a l g i i c s p h n g i n n h i u l n c a s t n h m y d n g c t h c n h i u t r u n g t m i n t c h k h c n h a u c h n h th n h d o n h n g x o y . L n p h n g i n u c x y r a g i a t v t r u n g t m i n t c h c c n g n h t . T r o n g g ia i o n p h n g i n t i n o t h h i u i n t h g i a c c t r u n g t m i n t m i n tc h u t i n t h c t k h n g t h a y i v t c n h h n g q u a l i v i n h a u . N p h n g i n c h y u l n n m y t h t r u n g t m i n t c h u t i n c a m m y t h t h c a t l m c h o h i u i n t h g i a t r u n g t m p h n g v i t r u n g t m i n t c h l c t h d n n p h n g i n v i n h a u . K h i t h k n h p h n g i n c v n c n m t i d o s k h io n c h a h o n t o n n n p h n g i n t i n o l n s a u t h e o n g q u o tc cao hn ln u.5
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a.
Hnh 4.1: Qu trnh pht trin ca phng in st. Hnh dng quang hc ; b. th dng in.
2/ Cc thng s ca st : D n g i n s t c x e m n h m t s n g x u n g c d n g n g c o n g (H n h 5 .1 ). T h v i b s d n g i n t n g n h a n h n t r s c c i t o t h n h p h n u s n g , s a u g i a 100 s to nn phn ui sng. - Cc tham s ch yu: + Bin dng st: l gi tr ln nht ca dng in st. + Th i gia n u s ngs ): l th i gia n m d ng st t n g t 0 n gi tr cc i. ( + dc dng in st: a = dis/dt. + d i d n g s ): ( th i g ia n t u d n g s t n k h i d n b itng m s t l g s i .
Hnh 5.1: Dng sng dng in st.
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2.1/ Bin dng st v xc sut xut hin :D n g i n s t c t r s l n n h t v o l c k n h p h n g i n c h y u n t r u n g t m my dng. Xc sut xut hin dng in st c th tnh gn ng theo cng thc: + Cho vng ng bng: VI = e-is/60 = 10-is/60, hay lgVI = -is/60 (ng cong1). + Cho vng ni cao: VI = 10-is/30 , hay lgVI = -is/30 (ng cong 2) (VI l xc sut xut hin dng in st, c bin ln hn hoc). s bng i Chng hn, xc sut phng in st c bin dng st is 60KA : lgVI = -60/60 = -1 VI = 0,1 = 10%. C n g h a l t r o n g t n g s l n s t n h c h c 1 0 % s l n s t c b i n d n g i n ln.
2.2/ d o c u sng d o ng in st v xc sut xut hin:
o d c d n g i n s t n g i t a d n g m t k h u n g b n g d y d n n i v o m t h n h v o c t t h u s t v i d c a t h t r o n g k h u n g s c m n g l ns/m t (tMs c i n n g d l h s h cm gia dy dn dng in st ca ct thu st vi khung). in p u ra ca khung: U = M(dis/dt)max. dc ln nht ca dng in st chy qua ct: a = (di max, (KA/s). s/dt) * Xc sut xut hin dc c th tnh theo: + Cho vng ng bng: Va = e-a/15,7 = 10-a/36 + Cho vng ni cao: Va = 10-a/18
2.3/ Cng hot ng ca st :
C n g h o t n g c a d n g s t c x c n h b n g s n g y d n g t r o n g m t n s t r u n g b n h q u a n h i u n m q u a n s t v o t n h n g a p h n g k h c n h a u . S thay i trong mt ngy. T h e o t i li u H n g d n t h i t k b o v c h n g s t c h o n h v c n g t r n h C H L i n X c , s l n s t n h t r o n g m t n m v o c n g t r n h ( k h i c h a c h t h n g b o c xc nh theo cng thc sau: (S + 3hx)(L + 3hx)n N= 106
trong : S chiu rng ca nh(cng trnh) , m. L chiu di ca nh(cng trnh), m. hx chiu cao tnh ton ca nh(cng trnh), m. n s l n s t n h t ru n g b n h2 t r n g K m t n m x y r a a p h n g x y d n o 1m nh(cng trnh). * S ln st nh trung bnh trn 1Km2 trong mt nm:7
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Bng 1.1:S gi dng trong nm. 20 40 40 60 60 80 80 100 > - 100 S l n s t n h Trung bnh. 2,5 3,8 5 6,3 7,5
* S n g y d n g t r u n g b n h t r o n g n m m t s a p h n g c a V i t N a m ( t h e o s li tng thy vn thng k):
Bng 2.1 : TT a phng d n g / n TT a phng d n g /n 88,4 37,6 71,7 76,0 75,2 87,1 72,4 104,1 105,5 126,3 53,8 99,0 93,9 123,8 118,1 88,2 83,6 57,3 52,3 104,1 111,9 95,8 111,3 110,3 90,8
1 ra - Vng tu 77,8 2 t h i - T h i n g u y n 96,9 c h nh - Qui nhn 52,1 3 h th u n - P h a n th i80,7 t 4 bng 93,7 5 lc 112,2 6 n g th p - C a o l n h129,9 c lai - Pleiku 96,8 7 bc - Bc giang 101,3 8 giang 103,1 9 ni - Lng 93,6 10 ty (Sn ty) 87,2 11 tnh 92,8 12 hng - Hi dng 72,3 13 ng yn 78,6 14 H Ch Minh 78,6 15 h a - N h a tra n g 45,0 16 n giang - Rch gi 110,4 17 quc 99,4 18 chu 97,0 1 9 sn g 89,5 20 cai 77,6 21 ng - lt 89,8 22 hi - C mau 118,9 23 h - Nam nh 72,2 m
26 h an - Vinh 2 7 yn - Tuy ha 28 bnh - ng hi 29 nam - nng 30 ngi 31 ninh - Hn gai 32 tr - ng h 33 b - Phc long 34n la 35 ninh 36 bnh 37 ha 38 thin - Hu 3 9 giang - M tho n vinh - Cng long 40 n quang 41 bi 4 2 o n ng sa 4 3 lin n ng ci 44 o 4 5 th 46 n bin 47 a m8
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3/ Tc hi ca dng in st: - K h i m t c n g t r n h b s t n h t r c t i p d n g s t s g y t c h i v c , n h i - N u c c c n g t r n h n i li n v i c c v t d n i n k o d i n h : n g d y i t h o i, n g r y , n g n c g a s b n g k im lo i, .. . n h n g v t d n y c t h m a n g i n khi chng b st nh, gy nguy him cho ngi v cc thit b ni vi n. - C n c h l i n p c t h c m n g t r n c c v t d n ( c m n g t n h i n , i n t o t h n h n h n g m c h v n g c m n g i n t ) . K h i c p h n g i n s t g n i n hng chc kV v do rt nguy him. N h v y , s t c t h g y n g u y h i m t r c t i p v g i n t i p c n p h i c c c p h p h n g c h n g s t tr c ti p v g i n ti p h u h i u , g i m th i u c c r i ro d o s t g y ra .
B. CC PHNG PHP PHNG CHNG ST TRC TIP :
1/ Khi nim chung : c h n g s t n h t r c t i p c h o n n a y t h n g d n g h t h n g t h u s t b n v i c c t a n h c n g n g h i p , t r m , k i n t r c c a o t n g , . . . b p h n t h u s t c t h d n l i t h u s t . Y u c u c a v i c c h n g s t l t o n b c n g t r n h c b o v c n p h i b o v c a h t h n g t h u s t , h t h n g n y c t h n m n g a y t r n k t c u c n g t r n h t h u c v o h o n c n h v i u k i n c t h . S o n g s o n g v i v i c c h n l a h t h n g t h u v n n i t c h n g s t, n i t b o v v n i t c h n g s t c m n g . P h n g n c p h i c h i u q a c h n g s t c a o , c h i p h u t x y d n g t n h t v y u t m q u a n c xt. H t h n g c h n g s t c b n g m c c c i n c c ( k im t h u s t ) c n i v i d y d n x u n g l i c n i v i l i t i p t . V a i t r c a c c i n c c t r t h n h i m n h . M n g d y d n x u n g s t r u y n n n g l n g s t x u n g t , c n l i t i p t c lng st vo trong t. 2/ Chng st theo phng php c in :
- V o n m 1 7 5 2 n h k h o a h c n g i M B e n ja m in F r a n k lin p h t h i n r a c c n s t c b n n y . C c i n c c F ra n k lin c c a o t h a y i t 2 m n 3 m h o c c a o h F r a n k lin n y c t n h i u i m t r n n c n h h o c n h c t c a o . C t t h u s t c n nhau, v cu to bao gm cc b phn sau: + Kim thu st (1) + Ct gn kim thu st (2) + Dy dn truyn nng lng st xung t (3) + B phn ni t (4).
2.1. Kim thu st Franklin
:
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Hnh 6.1: Ct thu st.
K im th u c l m b n g th p c n v i n h i u lo i t i t d i n k h c n h a u , n h k im k 1 0 0 m 2m N u t h p d p b d y k h n g c n h h n 3 ,5 m m . N u t h p n g b d y t h n . n h h n 3 m m . C h i u d i h i u d n g c a k im k h n g c n h h n 2 0 0 m m . K im th u c thic, sn dn in. N u c t l m b n g k im lo i c t h d n g t h n c t l m d y d n s t , c t l m t h p c t h d n g t h p t r o n g c t l m d y d n s t , v i v i n h n g n h , c n g t r n h c b n g t h p h o c b t n g c t t h p t h c t h d n g c c p h n k im lo i c a c u k i n s t . T r o n g c c t r n g h p t r n , p h n k im l o i d n g v o v i c t r u y n d n d n g i n s 100mm tr ln (vi thp) v phi bo m lin tc v mt dn in.
2.2. ai v li thu st :
a i v l i t h u s t d n g c h n g s t n h t h n g c t h l m b n g t h p d p t i t d i n k h n g c n h h2 n a i5 h om c l i c h o p h p t b n d i l p c h n g t h m h a . 3 m cch nhit ca n. C n g c t h t k t h p k im n g n l n l i t h u s t , k h o n g c c h t r u n g b n h l i t 1 2 m (v i n th e o c h u v i m i), k im d n g th 6 m m nc 1 2c h i u c a o k h o n g 0 ,5 m . 6 1 p tr
Hnh 7.1: Li thu st.
2.3. Dy thu st :
D y t h u s t c d n g b o v c h o n h n g c n g t r n h c d n g h p v k o cc ng dy dn in trn khng, c chiu di ng k. D y th u s t c n g c th k t h p v i c t th u s t b o v c h o c c tr m p h D y t h u s t p h i l m b n g t h p , t i t d i n d y k h n g 2vc knhhn g n c m m h n h 5 0 l n 75mm2 (theo TCN - 46 - 71).
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Hnh 8.1: Dy thu st.
2.4. Cch xc nh vng bo v: + Phng php qu cu ln:
G i a i n t c h v c n g i n t r n g t i m i t i n o s t c n g n h g i a d n g s t c m t m i q u a n h . T m i q u a n h n y m t p h n g p h p c a ra 7 0 n h m x c n h i m s t n h d a t r n c s c a d i k h o n g c c h p h n g i n p h p Q u c u l n v p h n g p h p n y c a v o ti u c h u n c a U c A S 1 7 6 N g i t a g i t h i t m i t i n o s t i m g i a ( t m ) m t q u c u c b n k c a k h o n g c c h p h n g i n , n h v y s c n h n g i m b m t q u c u c h m v i m p h n t r n b m t t , n h n g i m c h m c t h l n h n g i m s t n h , c n g c qu cu khng th chm n, iu ny c minh ha trn hnh 9.1 Q u c u n y c b n k n h k h o n g 4 5 m i v i m c b o v t i u c h u n ( d n g i 1 0 K A v h n n a ) . i v i c c c n g t r n h q u a n t r n g ( d c h y , n ) , n g i t a t h i t k knh 20m. V n g b m t c u k h n g c h m t i c c th n g n c n s t g i l v n g b o v K h o n g c c h p h n g i n D s ( d i c n s t ) p h t h u c v o b i n d n g s bng cng thc : Ds = 6,7.I0,8 ,m Vi I : l bin dng st (KA) ph thuc vo mc bo v.
11
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Hnh 9.1 : M t vng bo v theo phng php qu cu ln.
+ Phng php hnh nn: a. Phm vi bo v ca ct thu st
P h m v i b o v c a m t c t t h u s t l m t h n h n n t r n x o a y c n g s in h c tit din ngang l nhng hnh trn vi bn knh rx c xc nh: h - hx rx = 1,6h p. h + hx Vi p = 1 khi h 30m 30 p= = 5,5 1
h h Khi 30m < h < 100m
Hnh 10.1 : Phm vi bo v ca ct thu st
n g i n t r o n g t h i t k n g i t a t h n g t h a y t h n g c o n g b c h a i ( n g s in h xoay ny bng mt on ng gy khc v cc phng trnh n gin sau: 2 - ca o hx h th : 3 phm vi bo v c xc nh: hx rx = 1,5h (1 - ) p 0,8h12
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2 - cao hx > h th: 3 hx rx = 0,75h(1 - ) p h
H nh 11.1 : Phm vi bo v ca ct thu st vi cch v n gin ha T h c n g h i m c h o t h y l n n d n g n h i u c t v i c a o k h n g l n b o v t h a c a o l n ; p h m v i b o v c a 2 c t t h u s t c k c h t h c l n h n n h i u s o v i t n v ca 2 ct n.
Hnh 12.1: Phm vi bo v ca 2 ct thu st c cao bng nhau.
K h i 2 c t th u s t t c c h n h a u m t k h o n g a = 7 h th b t k i m n o tr n m t r o n g k h o n g g i a 2 c t s k h n g b s t n h , t s u y r a n u 2 c t t h u s t t c c khong a < 7h th s bo v c cao ho xc nh bi: a ho = a - oh 7
h - ho = 7 8
C c p h n b n n g o i g i n g n h t r n g h p 1 c t , c n p h n b n t r o n g c g i i h i q u a 3 i m : 2 n h c t v m t i m og ioa c c ecm on h c a o c a c t t h u s t , (h x a h gi tng nm gia 2 ct).13
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rox = 1,6ho
ho - hx p ho+ hx
- N u 2 c t t h u s t c c a o k h c n < ah p h d :v h b o v g i a 2 c t c c b n g 1h 2 , v m u i c c h n i h n h 2 cngt ahn g c t n g s in h 1ctai mt t h i m , i m n y x e m n h l n h c a c c thu st gi tng . h1 = 2 v k h u v c b o v g i a v c1 tc c h n h a u a c t r n h b y n h 2 c t th u c h 2 2 h h cao bng nhau.
H nh13.1: Phm vi bo v ca 2 ct thu st c cao khng bng nhau
K h i c n g t r n h c n c b o v c p h m v i r n g l n s d n g n h i u c t p h i h p b n g o i c a p h m v i b o v c x c n h n h c a t n g i c t . C n p h i k i m t r a i t o n c h o t o n d i n t c h c n c b o v .s V ntc r n g ov n g c b o v n u t h a x m t o ca h mn iu kin : D 8(h - hx) vi h 30m D 8(h - hx)p vi h > 30m
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Hnh 14.1: Phm vi bo v ca 3 ct thu st .
Hnh 15.1: Phm vi bo v ca 4 ct thu st.
b. Pha m vi bo v ca dy chng st (DCS) :
D y c h n g s t t h n g d n g b o v c h o n g d y t i i n t r n k h n g . ta tre o d y c h n g s t tr n to n b tu y n n g d y . T y th e o c c h b tr d y d i tr h a y 2 d y c h n g s t s a o c h o d y d n i n c a 3 p h a u n m tro n g p h m v i b o v - Di bo v bx ca ct treo 1 DCS c tnh theo cng thc: + cao hx > 2/3 h th: bx = 0,6h (1-hx/h) p + cao hx < 2/3 h th: bx = 1,2h (1-hx/0,8h) p
Hnh 16.1: Phm vi bo v ca 1 dy chng st.
- Phm vi bo v ca 2 DCS :15
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K h i 2 D C S t c c h n h a u m t k h o n g S = 2 B = 4 h t h m i i m tr n m t t n m s c b o v a n t o n v n u S < 4 h t h c t h b o v c h o c c i m ( g i a 2 d y ) c ho = h - S/4p.
Hnh 17.1: Phm vi bo v ca 2 dy chng st K h i d y d n b t r n g a n g t h i u k i n d y n D D gi a b io v cl ok h o n g m c v a cch S gia 2 DCS phi tha iu kin : S < 4p (hDCS - hDD) G i i h n p h m v i b o v p h a n g o i 2 D C S c n g g i n g n h t n g D C S r i n g l v gia 2 DCS c gii hn bi cung trn v qua 2 im , gia c cao h o. - Phm vi bo v ca DCS trong thc t: t r e o t r u n g b n h c a d y d n t h n g h n 2 h /3 , d o t r o n g t r n g h p x c n h n g g c l o v(: g c t o b i n g t h n g n i li n i m t r e o d y C S v i d b v n g t h n g g c v i m t t q u a i m tr e oc n gS b( nhh 1 c s u t s t n h v o DC h t x 8 .1 ) , DD cng b. Trng hp gii hn hDD = 2hDCS/3 th gh = 31o (tggh = 0,6) t n g m c a n to n (g i m x c s u t s t n h v n g q u a D C S v o D D 2 5h n g c h n = 2 o ) .To 0 cho cc ng dy ti in quan trng .
Hnh:18.1
3. Chng st theo phng php hin i : T r o n g n h n g t h p n i n v a q u a n h i u c u c n g h i n c u v t h n g h i m c n i t r n t h g i i n h U c , P h p , M .. . n h m t o r a m t u t h u c b i t c c t n h16
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s t t h n g t h n g v c p h m v i b o v r n g h n . V o n m 1 9 1 4 n h v t l n g i H u r a c u h i n u c t F r a n k lin c c c i ti n h a y k h n g k h i t h m v t li u p h n g x t s t h u h t c a s t ? V i v t li u p h n g x c d n g l U r a n iu m v T h y r a d iu m , c li u p h n g x c g i i h n l 1 m ili C u r ie l m c a n to n i v i c o n n g i. N g o i r a x u t v i c d n g t ia L a z e p h n g i n v o c c m m y d n g , n c t h c h n m t i n o p h t t r i n h n g x u n g t . T i a L a z e c t c d n g n h m t d y d n t m th c b n g m t d y d n x u n g v n i v i m t h th n g n i t. V m t s p h n g p h n h i n n h i u c u c t r a n h lu n v t h n g h i m x o a y q u a n h c c t i i t i m t k t c tng kh m thc hin c v kh m chng m inh c tnh hiu qu ca n. Q u a q u a n s t 3 0 n m t r l i y , c c c lo i i n c c t h u s t c c i t i n phng x, loi in cc pht x sm c ng dng vo thc tin. T r n t h t r n g V i t N a m h i n n a y a n g d n g c c lo i u t h u p h t x s m P r e v e c tr o n c a h n g In d e le c (P h p ), E F c a h n g E F C a rric h S y s te m (T h y S ), D y n a ca hng Global (Uc) ...
3.1. Kim thu st pht x sm :
V c bn thit b chng st to tia tin o bao gm: - K im t h u s t t r u n g t m b n g n g i n p h n h o c t h p , h p k im k h n g r . d n g t o m t n g d n d n g s t li n t c t tia ti n o v d n x u n g t t h e o d y - T h i t b t o io n , g i i p h n g io n v t o t ia t i n o . y l t n h n n g c b i s t p h t x s m . N h t h i t b n y m u t h u s t c t h t o r a v n g b o v r n g l n to n ca o . V n g u y n t c h o t n g t r o n g t r n g h p d n g b o x y r a i n t r n g k h k h o n g v i n g n V n / m t , u t h u s t s t h u n n g l n g i n t r n g k h q u y n , n n t c h t r t r o n g t h i t b io n h a . T r c k h i x y r a h i n t n g p h n g i n s t c m t s c h n g v t n g t c a i n t r n g k h q u y n , n h h n g n y t c n g l m t h i t b i n n g l n g t c h l y d i d n g io n t o r a m t n g d n t i n o v p h a t r n , c h - Qu trnh ion ha c c trng bi: + T h i t b io n h a c h o p h p io n p h t r a t r o n g k h o n g t h i g ia n r t n g n v t i t h i b i t , c h v i p h n c a g i y t r c k h i c p h n g i n s t , d o m b o d n s t k p t h + S x u t h i n m t s l n g l n c c e le c t r o n t i n o c n g v i s g ia t n g c a i n dng rt ngn thi gian to hiu ng Corona. + u t h u E S E p h t r a m t n g d n s t c h n g v p h a t r n n h a n h h n b t c .
3.2 . Ca c h xc nh vng bo v :
T y t h e o c n g n g h c h t o c a t n g lo i u t h u m c c n h s n x u t a tnh ton phm vi bo v. + Phm vi bo v ca kim thu Prevectron c tnh theo cng thc: Rp = h(2D - h) + L(2D +L)] [ (vi h>5m )
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Trong : L = 106.T ,
(m)
vi T : li v thi gian ca tng u kim. h : chiu cao thc kim thu tnh t mt bng bo v . D = 20m vi cp bo v cao nht. D = 45m vi cp bo v trung bnh. D = 60m vi cp bo v tiu chun. ch thch: vi h 5m tra theo bng ca nh sn xut.
Hnh 19.1 : Vng bo v ca u thu Prevectron + P h m v i b o v c a u th u D y n a s p h e re c x y d n g tr n p h n g p h Volume ca tin s A.J.Eriksow.Phng php ny c m t nh sau: i n t c h Q p h n b d c t h e o lu n g i n p h n g x u n g g y s t n g n h a n h n v i m t i p t . K h i t n g i t r i n t r n g t i h n , i m t i p t p h n g m l n t r n . K h o n g c c h n i x y r a s k i n n y g i l k h o n g c c h s t n h . i n t h u c v o c i n t c h p h n g x u n g v c k h o n g c c h n i m t i p t . H n h 2 0 .1 t h n h b n c u k h o n g c c h s t x u n g q u a n h m t i m t i p t n c , i n t c h p h k h o n g c c h n y c n g l n . N u lu n g p h n g x u n g g n n c h u v i c a h n h c u , v m a n g n t i n n t r c t i p n h n m t lu n g i n p h n g l n k h c . N h v y , c t h lu n g i n p h n g x u n g i v o t r o n g b n c u p h n g s t m k h n g c s t i p n h n ( t ia t i n o n i m p h n g l n k h c , n h h n t t ia ti n o n i m a n g x t ) . m t h n h P a r a b o l g i i h n c t t r n b n c u . n g P a r a b o l n y c h n h t h n v n t c v h o n c h n h t h t c h t h u ( C o lle c t io n V o lu m e ) . V y c h n c s t i p n h n b t r n m t . n h 2 0 .1 c n g c h o t h y t h t c h t h u t r n n r n g h n v i s t n g i n t c h H t n i r n g lu n g p h n g x u n g i v o m t t h t c h n h t h t h v l t h u y t c h c p h n g l dng in st cng ln th tch thu cng ln.18
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Hnh 20.1: Vng thu st,bn cu c bao bi m t parabola gii hn
M t c h n g trn h m y tn h B E N JI d o L ig h tn in g P ro te c tio n In te rn a tio n a l P ly L td x y t o n m t i n t r n g t n g n g m i g ia i o n v s o s n h s g ia t n g i n t r d i n ( c c g c v c n h t a n h , n g t e n , t h i t b .. .) . S a u c h n g t r n h t n h r a i m h n g l n u t i n g p t i n o h n g x u n g . S p h n g i n c h n h p h n g t r l i t h e phng ln / phng xung. C th tnh ton bn knh thu cho m i im thch ng. C c u t h u c a h n g G lo b a l c h n g m in h k h n n g t o r a n h i u t h t c h Franklin.
Hnh 21.1
M t h a y n h i u u t h u n h v y c t t r n c u t r c c n b o v c c t h ch ng ph l p trn c c th tch thu nh t n hin c c im nh ra ca c u trc. P h n g p h p n y t r a t h u n t i n v h p d n c h o c c c h u y n v i n p d n g chng st. 4. Dy thot st: C n h i m v d n d n g s t t u t h u s t n h t h n g n i t . D y d n s c h n h l d p , t r n h a y b n n h i u s i. T i t d i n t h c c a c h n g p h i l n h n h o c b n theo iu kin mi trng v cng trnh m cc loi dy dn c chn : - Dy ng trn in phn m thic c tnh dn tt. - Dy thp khng r dng trong mi trng n mn cao. - Dy nhm gn trn b mt cng trnh bng nhm.
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C t h d n g c t t h p t r o n g c u k i n b t n g c t t h p c a c n g t r n h , c c v b b n n g o i c n g t r n h , c c n g k im lo i, . . . l m d y d n s t ( i v i c n g t r n h c b 2, 3 ) G n y , c n d n g m t d y x u n g c b c c c h i n ( d y E r ic o r e ) . T h u n l v t d n n y c h o p h p n g i t h i t k h n g d c g n g ihvyn c q u ,a c p n y c t h i cn v st n g m n g m b n t r o n g c a k t c u c n g t r n h . T r o n g h u h t t r n g h p c h c n m t d y d 5 . H thng ni t :
5.1 .Ni t chng st
T h i t b n i t t h n g l c c c c , t h a n h b n g k im l a i h a y b n g n g p h n v k c h t h c k h c n h a u c h n t r o n g t . C c t h n g c c h t o b n g c c lo i t h thp gc.Thanh c ch to bng cc bng thp dt, thp trn . H t h n g n t p h i m b o y u c u c h i p h k im lo i n h n h t , b o m m v chng n mn khi t trong t. C t h x d n g c c k t c u k im lo i c a c n g t r n h l m n i t t n h i n d n n c b n g k im lo i c h n t r o n g t , v c p n g m ,...n h m m c c h g i m g a t h thng ni t cho cng trnh. T r s i n t r n i t c n g b t c d n g t n d n g i n s t c n g c a o . i v d n i n x u c t h d n g m u i, t h a n c i t h i n d n i n c a t . H i n n a y n g cht ci to t lm gim in tr sut ca t. T r o n g h th n g n i t c n c c c b p h n k h c v i m c c h k i m tra v a + N i k i m t r a : d n g t c h r i n g d y d n x u n g v h t h n g n i t , n h chnh xc in tr h thng ni t. + H p q u a n s t : d n g k i m t r a s k t n i g i a d y d n x u n g v h t h + n g b o v : b o v k h o n g d y d n x u n g n i k i m t r a v m t t t r n h chm c th gy h hng cho dy dn xung. + M y m s t : m n h n g c s t t h c s x y r a c h o m t k i n tr c h a y thng dy dn xung.
5.2. Ni t ng th:
K h i d n g i n s t i q u a d y d n s t , c m t s c h n h l c h i n t h g i a d c c c u t r c k im lo i t n i t b n c n h . S p h n g i n n g u y h i m c t h x y r a g nhng b phn kim loi ny. T y t h u c v o k h o n g c c h g i a d y d n s t v i n h n g b p h n k im lo i n i n i n g t h c n h a y k h n g c n t h i t . K h o n g c c h t i t h i u k h n g x y r a s p h n g l k h o n g c c h a n t o n . K h o n g c c h n y p h t h u c v o c p b o v , s d y d n s t im ni t n cc b phn kim loi ... S p h n g i n n g u y h i m s k h n g x y r a k h i k h o n g c c h d g i a c c b p h t h n g c h n g s t v i c c c u t r c k im lo i n i t k h c l n h n g i t r S . V i S l k h o v c tnh : S = n. (KI/Km). l Trong : + n : l h s ph thuc vo s dy dn st ca kim thu st.20
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n = 1 : khi c 1 dy dn st. n = 0,6 : khi c 2 dy dn st. n = 0,4 : khi c 3 hay nhiu hn dy dn st. + KI : l h s ph thuc vo vng bo v. KI = 0,1 i vi cng trnh c cp an ton cao nht. KI = 0,075 i vi cng trnh c cp an ton trung bnh. KI = 0,05 i vi cng trnh c cp an ton tiu chun. + K : l h s p h t h u c v o v t li u g i a d y d n s t v c c p h n k im lo i n i m Km = 1 khi gia chng l khng kh. Km = 0,5 khi gia chng l vt liu cng (khng phi l kim loi). + l : l c h i u d i d c t h e o d y d n s t t i m t n h k h o n g c c h n i m n i nht.
Ch :
- K h i p h n k im lo i b n c n h h t h n g c h n g s t k h n g n i t t h k h n g n h t t h th chng vi dy dn st. - T r o n g t r n g h p c n g t r n h c c u t r c t h p t n g c n g h o c h t h n g m y u c u c n b n g th g i a h th n g c h n g s t v i c c c u tr c k im lo i lu n t T h n g t h n g r t k h k h n t r o n g k h i t h c h i n v i c m b o k h o n g c c h p h n k im lo i n y v i d y d n s t . D o l a c h n p h n g n n i n g t h c h n g v l u v i t h n . N i n g t h l y u c u c c k q u a n t r n g i v i c c h t h n g c h n b p h n li n k t n o u c t h d n n p h h y t h i t b v g y n g u y h i m c h o c o n t n g q u s t . N g u y h i m d o c h n h l c h i n t h t h n g x y r a d o c c t i p t c i n l c , t i p t c h o c c m y t n h v c c t h i t b v i n t h n g t r o n g t a n h v c n bit nhau. V i c n i n g t h k h n g c th c h i n v i lo i n g d n c c c h t g y c h y
6. So snh cc loi u thu st:
Bng 3.1:Loi in cc S3000 ESE Phng x Thng thng cn mt in cc c n m t i n c c n h n g i u i n c c t r n n c t h v n y h i n n a y c m d n g u nc c n m t i n c c b o v S3000. Tuy nhin b h o n h c b o v . K h ng c c n b g m n h v c c v u h t s t c n b n g h i c c h o c c v n g c th h v cn g m quan ng S3000 ng c m quan do c nh trn mi nh21
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n h i u h i u q u v s gd g h l i t h i , b c m d numq u d o p d n g c n g h i g ngh mi c t tr c n m 1 7 6 3 p h h s o v i c c h ph va phi tp th t v khc n g c c c n n g , c c p h n n g , c n g u thn cgui i h n d o c c t h ph i khng gii hn b n t r o n g , c n g u n np h n m n h o c b p h h o b c c c t i n c n t h a y k h n g b o q u n i n c c khng c hiu qu l p t , c h c n m t ngyS3000 d d n h i u d y d n x u n g . ng (dy ERICORE) m th e o c h u v i n h c n m t d xung E R IC O R E i tr c dn xung c, k lo n d n x u n g th n g t h b i n g y c h t n g n g t i n t i n b n g E R IC O R E hiu qu i, ng c g thit b l p t , k h n g t n k m ,S3000 ng d k h l p t , t t i n , y d x u n g k h n g g y tr ngoi khng c m quan, h t bn trong ha c u b o d n g t i k i m t r a h n g n m h k h n g t h b o d n b m n g u n p h n g x k h nngh ghm t h n g t r o n g i u k n M t v i i n c c c vic ngu g c p r i n g i h i b o d h a y th th n g x u y n thit b m st ng c thit b m ng c thit b m d n S 3 0 0 0 k h c h h h h n g k h n g c C A c h t h n g k h n g c C A D c h c D dng m t CAD chng c b n k n h t h u s t h k x c n h s b tr c C h v i c t n h t o n b cn ckh n g m i n h b n g c c sc vnl i c c d y d n x u s t c a D y n a s p h e r eanh c h o c n g h i n c tu k b n g t a y , m t t h i g ha . n g , d d n g , c h n h x c . tin
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CH N G :
H THNG CHNG ST SYSTEM 3000 (GTL) V CC PHN MM LIN QUAN.
A. H THNG CHNG ST SYSTEM 3000:
G L T ( G lo b a l L ig h t n in g T e c h n o lo g ie s P t y .L td .) l c n g t y c h u y n c h t o c c h n g u c a U c . G L T t h n h l p v o n m 1 9 7 8 t i n t h n l v i n c h n g s t ( L P I) t h 1955 1. Nhng thnh phn c bn ca lp t chng st : u t h u : s t u t h u s t t r n k h n g c k h n n g t h u h t lu n g s t v n h n l p h n d khc ca kin tr c cn bo v. V n g bo v rn g th cn n nh iu u th u hn . D y t h u : l i y t h u l i d n d n g s t x u n g t m k h n g c n g u y c p h n g i n b i n D t a n h . P h n g i n b i n l t d n g m t d n g s t r i k h i d y t h u l i v p h n g v . T i p : H t h n g t i p t p h i c t r k h n g t h p p h n t n d n g s t c a n t o t l i t i p t t h a y i t c n g t r n h n y n c n g t r n h k h c t y t h e o a h n h c a c n h i u v n g c t h d n g c t n g s u c h o m t t i p t h i u q u . v n g t , u r qut. 2. H thng chng st 3000 :
2.1. Gii thiu h thng chng st 3000:
H t h n g c h n g s t S 3 0 0 0 l m t t i n b t r o n g v i c p h n g c h n g s t . H t h k t h u s t t m t t h t c h v n g t h u c q u y t n h t r c v d n d n g s t x u n g ton. H thng chng st gm cc b phn sau: - u t h u s t D y n a s p irm u t i n b t s t n h v o c u t r c m n b : l h e e
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D y n a s p h e r e h o n t o n c c h i n k h i c u t r c v c n i v i d y t h u l i cp mt h thng cch in ton din. - T h a n h c h n g ( k t c u g : g n u D y n a s p h e r e v l m D y n a s p h e r e c c h dn ) cu trc. - D y d n x u n g ( E Rt ICi O i E ) x u n g t k h n g l m i n h a c u t r c c n b R n : V i c n y m b o a n t o n c h o n g i v c h o t h i t b . D y d n lo i b r i r o p h n g i truyn in trung tm c che chn khi cc vt khc. - Thit b m st : theo di s ln u Dynasphere thu st - H t h n g n :i g m c c c c t , b n g n g v h a c h t l m g i m i n t r t V i c t h i t k c c b p h n c n g h i n c u t h e o d i t r o n g p h n g t h n g h ngoi t nhin.
2.2. u Dynasphere : 2.2.1. Quan im thit k :
T l t h u y t v t h c n g h i m c h o b i t k h o n g t h i g ia n m i m n h n c t h s in h r a m t k h o n g i n t c h n g a y t r n n . S h i n d i n c a k h o n g i n t c h s t r n g n h v g y k h k h n c h o i u k i n p h n g i n t d u y t r h a y n i c c h k h sinh ra tia phng ln. M hnh ca c ch ny nh sau: - My dng tin n in trng tng. - H i n t n g v n g q u a n g ( v n g c o r o n a ) b t u b a o q u a n h n h c t k h i i ct vt mc nh thng khng kh. - i n t c h v n g q u a n g x e n v o g i a c t n h n v i n t c h t r u n g t m m y quang lm thay i in trng nh ct. - T ia t i n o p h n g x u n g , i n t r n g t n g , v n g q u a n g t n g , i n t r n g in trng gn nh khng tng tuyn tnh vi in trng trung gian xa hn. - Q u t r n h t i p t c c h o n k h i t ia p h n g x u n g t r n n k h g n n l c n mt tia phng ln dng tnh (xut pht t cc thanh dng). - Tia phng ln vt qua vng in quang tm n tia phng xung. V i n t r n g g n n h c t b h i u c h n h t r o n g t n h h u n g t r n , m t t ia s n khong vi mi mt trc khi c s pht ra tia i ln t ct thu li. T c d n g t r n c t h g i i t h c h c h o h i n t n g , s t i v n g q u a c t t h u l i trc bn di C c th n g h i m m h n h ( s ta n d le r R R e s p o n s e o f e le v a te d c o n d u c to rs to t h e s is N e w M e x ic o In s titu te o f te c h n o lo g y a p r il 1 9 7 5 ) a ra n h n x t k h o n g i n l m c h o s p h n g i n x u y n q u a c t h i g ia n t r sh. o i u n 5 00 n s x u t n l n y n a d n g h n h h c c a c c u t i p i n t r n k h n g c m t h i u q u q u a n t r n g k h i c c t r n c u t r c c n g c g n g c h o r a n g t h i m t t ia p h n g l n . C c n g h i n c u t p h i n t r n g c h o t h y i n t r n g t r u n g g ia n g i a t ia p h n g x u n g v m t t k h o n t h i t c h o t i n t r n h i l n c a t ia p h n g l n . D n g i l n m c u i c n g s m r n g h n g x u n g i h i s p h t s in h i n tr n g g n b n g 3 M V /m m t i m tr n m
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T h o lu n t r n d n n v i c x e m x t m t u t h u l t n g s c c t i u h a t n h ( k h i c h a c s x u t h i n c a t ia t i n o ) n h n g l m t n g s t p t r u n g i n t r n g x y r a t r o n g k h i c m t t ia p h n g x u n g l m c h o n c l i t h i g ia n t o v p h a tr n c a u th u s o v i c c lo i kim th u s t th n g th n g tron g c n g i u k i Ba iu kin c bn phi t c vi mt u thu l: - Cng in trng ca u thu : 3MV/m phng ln m t dng. - C c i n t t d o v t m c 1 0 8 e le c t r o n / s e c i m n i t m b o m i n t . i n t r n g t r u n g g ia n g i a u t h u v i m p h n g x u n g v t m c 4 0 0 K V /m t kch ( Self Propagation) im phng ln sau m u thc.
2.2.2. Vt liu v kch thc :
Hnh 1.2 Vt liu ca u D ynasphere khng b n m n trong khng kh bnh thng - u ti p t c ti t d i n 3 0 0 m c l m b n g v t liu kh ng ch a s t. 2 m - Q u c u b c b n n g o i u ti p t c l m b n g n h m a n o d h a c k c Di (L) x Rng(R) = 335mm x 280mm - Trng lng ton b ca Dynasphere trn 4kg. 2.2.3. c im k thut :
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- i n c c s p h n n g m t c c h n g h c v i s x u t h i n c a lu n g s t b c c i n t t d o v h i n t n g q u a n g io n h a g i a b m t q u c u v m i n h n c a - V n g q u a n g c h x y r a k h i c s n g n c a t ia c h p . V n g q u a n g k h n g x t n h i n c a c n d n g p h a tr n tr k h i c s h o t n g c a lu n g i n p h n g tr o - u t h u k h n g g y r a n h i u s n g v t u y n t n s c a o , n g o i t r k h o n g m n ca tia tin o. - u thu khng phng x nn khng cn xin giy php s dng. - H n g d n g b n n g o i c a u t h u n h m g i m n h s h n h t h n h v n g q u a tnh in ca cn dng. - u t h u k h n g c n p in h a y n g u n c p n n g l n g n o b n n g o i c h o b t ca n hot ng. u thu khng cha phn ng. - u t h u c l m b n g v t li u k h n g b n m n t r o n g i u k i n k h q u y - u t h u c c c h i n k h i c u t r c b o v . T h t c h v n g t h u v b n k n u th u , c a r a t th n g k v n h n g n g h i n c u v s t c c h p n h n v b i - u thu c t ti thiu 10m t mt t. - u th u p h i c l p t n g h i m ng t th e o h ng d n c a n h s n x u t - V n g b o v c q u i n h b i i n c c p h i t h c h h p v i i m s t n h c h o t t v t q u b i n c a d n g i n s t x x K A t h e o m c b o v y y . T h i t k p h i t n h t o m t tia i l n c a c c i m c n h tra n h (m i n h n , g m i...) t c n g trn h c n b o v
Bng 1.2D n g s t ( x x ) M c b o v (y y )K h 3KA Rt cao 6KA Cao 10KA Trung bng 15KA Chun 20KA Thp n n g x u t h i n 99% 98% 93% 85% 75%
2..2.4. Nguyn l hot ng : d n g n g i n D y n a s p h e r e g m m t t h a n h k im lo i n h n u c n cu kim loi bc ly thanh. Mt tr khng cao ni qu cu v thanh nhn. T r o n g i n t r n g t n g i n n h x y r a d i m t c n d n g . D y n a s p h b t h n g . T r o n g t r n g t n h i n n y q u c u c n i t q u a t r k h n g v g y do dng hnh hc ca n. T r o n g t r n g i n n g , k h i c s g ia t n g n h a n h c h n g v t n g t c a i n t r n g t r n h q a x y r a ,v i c t i p c n m t tia p h n g x u n g t o t h n h m t i n d u n g g h xung v mt cu. M t c u s p h n n g l i s t n g n h a n h i n t r n g b n g c c h t n g t h d o h d i t o b i k n h t n h t r k h n g c a o . M t k h e p h n g i n c h n h t h n h d o s c h n
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q u c u v t h a n h . T c n g n y l m t h i t b g i i p h n g n n g l n g t c h lu d i mt ng dn tin o v pha trn ch ng dn st. Hnh 2.2
2.2.5. Nguyn l xc nh vng bo v : V n g b o v c x y d n g t m t b n c u p h n g i n v m t p a r a b o l . T y t h e o m c b o v c n g t r n h , t n g n g v i i n l n g h a y c n g s t , c vng bo v khc nhau . K im t h u s t D y n a s p h e r e c t t r n c n g t r n h s a o c h o v n g b o v c v n g t h u s t c a c c i m c n h t r a n h c a c u t r c ( n h n h n n h r a , g c n h n , g c c h k h c b n k n h v n g b b c a vD yR a s p h e r e p h i b a o t r m b n k n h v tncg a n h t r a n h v o n c c cc im cnh tranh . B n k n h v n g b o v t y t h u c v o c a o c n g t r n h , c a o t h a n h v
Bng 2.2 :
n g s t (k A ) 6 10 15
nlng (C) 0,5 1 1,5
c bo v n trm bo v cao 98 Trung bnh 93 Tiu chun 85
2.2.6. Kim tra nh gi u thu : M c c h c a c u c t h n g h i m n y k i m tr a t n h h i u q u c a D y n a s p h e t h i t b t h n g , n h g i k h n n g c a n k h i c n h t r a n h v i c t F r a n k lin v s o s ng dn tin o so vi kim thu st thng thng. V i m c c h c h a i lo i d n s t ( t o t ia t i n o v t h n g t h n g ) kim nghim trong cng mt iu kin.
a. Th nghim trong phng:
M p h n g q u t r n h p h n g i n s t t r o n g t n h i n p h n g t h n g h i m l vn c th c tm tt nh sau: - i n tr n g c m t k h i c s t tro n g t2 0 K Vn l tro n g p h n g th n g h i m n h i /m 5 trng 500KV/m l cn thit m u mt s phng in. - C c tia p h n g l n d i5 1 0 0 tr c k h i c h n m t tia p h n g x u n g . T ro n g p h 0 m nghim khong cch phng ch c th t c vi mt. - T r c k h i c s p h n g i n t n h i n x y r a , t n t i m t i n t r n g g y r a c c c p h n h n h h c v g c n h n . M p h n g p h n g t h n g h i m c a h i u n g n y l ra trng c th b my pht xung ph hy.
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S o s n h c h t l n g c a m t u t h u t h n g h i m v i c t F r a n k lin i c h n t o l m t l i k im lo i n m n g a n g t i t d i n 5 x 5 m . N m t r n u t h u t h n g h i m v chng c ni t v c cng cao. M t m y p h t p h n c c D C c n i v o m m y n h n t o q u a i n t r v. Mt my pht xung cng c ni vo m my nhn to. D n g s n g x u n g c c h n t n g i c h m , c th i g ia n t n g 2 0 0 m ic ro g i g n g i n g v i t n g i n tr n g n h n c k h i m t i m p h n g ti s c n t . D n p thng c dng biu din dng sng qu in p kh quyn. D o k h o n g c c h p h n g i n r t n g n t r o n g p h n g t h n g h i m c n t o x u n g chc thng tm s khc bit gia cc u thu th nghim v i chng. T h n g h i m 2 1D y n a s p h e r e c t c c v t r t h n g h i m . M c c h c a t h : x e m x t m t D y n a s p h e r e t c h c c c u i m g h n m t t h i t b t h n g . o n g c c v t h n g m k h n g p h i t h a y i b t k t h n g s v t l n o . K t q u l y t r u n loi b cc mu thun trong s th nghim vt l. T r c k h i t h n g h i m m t c h u i i n t c h c t o r a n h g i n g n g p p n p 6 5 ,7 K V x p x m t x u n g p 1 3 1 4 K V , m 7 0 % , p su t 1 0 1 2 m C ., n h i t 3 o B
Kt qu:Th nghim u th u tch cc u t h u th n g Khng phng A 15 6 9 B 6 5 9 o n g c c c u th u Tng cng 21 11 18 Qu cu tch cc chng t hiu qu gn gp i qu cu th ng.
Th nghim 2: T r o n g t h n g h i m n y , D y n a s p h e r e c s o s n h v i c h t l n g c a m t c F r a n k lin c d n g l c c th a n h n h n u l i c a D y n a s p h e r e k h n g c s th a y F r a n k lin k h i q u c u c g n v o , c h u i p h n g i n h n g v o 2 c t F r a n k lin x q u h n . S a u q u c u c g n v o c t F r a n k lin k m h i u q u h n , n h g i lng. Cc iu kin kh quyn: m 67% , p sut 1012m B, nhitC 30 o
Kt qu:
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Th nghim Ct A 2 ct Franklin 8 t F r a n k lin ( A ) q u c u c 4 t vo ct B
Ct B 2 6
H i u q u c t B 20% 60%
V i c th m q u c u v o c t F ra n k lin l m v i c k m (B ) c i th i n 4 0 % h i u q u b. Th nghim ngoi t nhin: H ai dng th nghim c coi l ph hp cho nh gi cht lng u thu - D n g t h n h t b a o g m t h n g h i m t h n g k l u d i, b n g c c h x e n k c c n g h i m v c c c t F r a n k lin t h e o d n g 1 c n h n g a n t e n .M i v t d n x u n g c t h i in v bin dng nh ca chng. - D n g th 2 : b a o g m th n g h i m s o s n h t c c a o . Y u t q u a n tr n g n h l n g h i u q u c a m t u t h u l k h n n g b t u v la n t r u y n c c d n g p h n g c h n g c h t l n g t n g i c h c t h t c b n g v i c o t h i g ia n p h t t r i n v vi mt tiu chun i chng. - V s t x u t h i n n g u n h i n v th i g ia n p h n g l n v o c m ic r o g i y . N h i l n g t h n g l g p k h k h n . H n n a n u s n g n c h n ( T ia p h n g l n n l y tia d n g s t t r v c t h c b i n 1 0 0 K A s p h h y t h i t b o . T u y n h i n n h t h i t quay video hin i m khng nht thit phi ghi nhn m t c st nh trc tip. - V t i c h n g l c t F r a n k lin c s o s n h v i m t u t h u t h n g h i m c n D y t h u l i c t i p t q u a m t i n t r , m t d n g i n g h i n h n c t i c h n t i truyn ti my bin i in A/D (Analoque / Digital). N g u n i n t x a n m y A / D c c u n g c p b i p in m t t r i. D y c p b n g s i q u a n g h c c d n g t r u y n t i t h n g t in n m t b s h a c a o t c l u t r t h n g t in t r 2 5 6 K B . S a u th n g tin b i n i c tr u y n n m t m y tn h IB M c a c n g 3 0 M c a c c c t l 6 m v t c c h 2 0 m m b o k h n g c n h i u i n t r n g d o t c d K t q u s b c h o t h y t h i g ia n b t u t ia p h n g l n c a m t c t F r a n k lin t h n g h i m l 5 0 m ic r o g i y v d n g p h n g l n c a q u c u l n h n 2 - 3 l n t i m i l c m u . 2..2.7. u im ca u thu : - Tnh ch ng to ng dn st: T t c c c c u t r c t r n c n g t r n h u c k h n n g t o r a k n h d n v n h i n , v n t h i g ia n t o r a c h n g m i l q u a n t r n g . M t u t h u s t t o t ia t i n n g d n s t v p h a t r n s m h n m t k h o nv t hlo ig k im t h u s t t h n g t h n g . T s o g i i ia n l n g n y c x c n h t r o n g p h n g t h n g h i m c a o p v n g o i h i n t r n g g i a m tia tin o v mt kim thu st thng thng trong cng mt iu kin. T = TSR - TD TS R : l th i g ia n t o r a n g d n s t v p h a t r n c a m t k im th u s t th n TD : l thi gian to ra ng dn st v pha trn ca u thu D ynasphere.
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- d i c a k n h d n v p h a t r n s o v i k im t h u s t t h n g t h n g , u t h t h t o r a n g d n t i n o s m h n m T kv o n g th i o ianm m t n g d n t i n t h do t gs o L(m) = V (m/Ms). T(Ms)
D L
Hnh 3.2 D: Khong cch phng in ph thuc vo yu cu bo v. 2.2.8. Chn cp bo v: C c d li u c t h u t h p t c c k t q u n g h i n c u t r n t o n t h g i i t n h c h n h g i p c h o v i c t h i t k c h n g s t t h i u q u k in h t , k t h u t c a o . S p h k cc c tnh chnh ca st c trnh by trong bng 3.2.
Bng 3.2: phn b cc c tnh chnh ca st nh xung t:
c tnh n v ca st 1 S st lp 12
T l % cc kh nng tr s c tnh c t x y ra l n h n g i tr sa u y 99 90 75 50 2 1 1 2 3
K h o n g th i g ia n 10 0 400 ms gia cc st Dng st u 5
25
35
55
9
1230
20
30
5
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130 KA tin, Imax 6 10 15 Bin dng st 3 40 KA tip theo dc st u 6 10 15 25 70 GA/s tin (dI /dt)max dc st tip 6 15 25 45 0 200 GA/s theo (dI /dt)max 3 6 15 Tng in tch 1 200 C a xung in tch dng 6 10 20 30 100 C mt chiu Dng mt chiu 30 50 80 100 0 400 A Imax Tng thi gian 50 100 250 400 0 1.500 ms ko di ca st 5x103 Sut nng lng 2 10 3x102 103 5 5x105 A2.s
2
3
8
4
4
15
60
3x10
M c 3 t r o n g b n g c d n g x c n h c c m c b o v , c c c p b o v li n d n g p h n g I v in tch ti n o Q t n g n g . M t m i li n h th c ng h i m c c I = 10,6.Q0,7 Vi I o bng KA, Q o bng Coulombs M t d n g s t c b i n 6 ,5 K A s n g v i m t i n tc h ti n o x p x 0 ,5 C T n h t o n v n g o i s u y k h c t b n g 1 , c m i q u a n h m c b o v v i b in tch tin onh )trnhti n trong h n n g x u t h i nC p b o v i n tc h ti n o (Q n g by o (I)K bng 4.2. D B n g 4 .2Q u an h m c b o v vi bin d n g s t v in tch ti n o s t : 0,5C 6,5KA 98% Cao 0,9C 1,5C 10KA 16KA 93% 85% Trung bnh Chun
N h v y t b n g 4 .2 c t h x c n h m c b o v th e o c c c t n h t h n g k31
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T y t h u c v o t m q u a n t r n g c a c n g t r n h x y d n g q u y t n h c h n m hp trong thit k chng st. 2.2.9. Bn knh bo v: (Bn knh vng thu): V n g t h u s t l v n g k h n g g ia n t r n u t h u m k h i c m t t ia s t i v o mt tia phng ln n ly(Phng php tnh th hp thu). V n g th u s t c x y d n g t m t b n c u k h o n g c c h p h n g (b n c u c k h o n g c c h p h n g l n m t tia ti n o c a u th u ) v m t p a ra b o l g i i h n b n cb mt qa cu
H n h 7 .2 ch o th y c ch x c b n kn h b o v R a c a u th u t th tch v n g t B n k n h b o v c a D y n a s p h e r e t h e o c c t h a m s v n g t n g ok tnhhayn i t h thh e tn c g g d u ng s t , c t h t h a y i t h e o c p b o v , c h i u c a o c ntgr o n g gb rnn h5 ,..2 .)(.t r n h a cn t by . gkh nng h
Ra
Ra
Hnh 4.2
B n g 5 . 2 : B n k n h t h u h t s t c a i n c c p h t x s m D y n a s p h e r ecao g trnh, m 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 cao m 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 cao n k n h t h u h t s t ( m ) t h e o m c b o v nasphere, 8% 93% 85% m 10 35 47 60 15 45 60 77 20 48 66 84 25 55 75 97 30 60 83 107 35 62 86 112 45 67 95 120 55 69 100 120 65 71 100 120 75 73 100 120 85 73 100 120 95 73 100 120 105 73 100 120
2.2.10. Xc nh v tr t u thu :
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u t h u s t D y n a s p h e r e c l p t c a o 5 m t r n i m c a o n h t c a c bo v.v c cao cch mt t ti thiu l 10m. M t h a y n h i u u t h u D y n a s p h e r e c t t r n c n g t r n h s a o c h o v n g l p c c v n g t h u c a c c i m c n h t r a n h c a c u t r c ( n h n h r a , g c n h n , g m k h c b n k n h v n g t h u c a D y n a s p h e r e p h i b a o t r m c c b n k n h v n g t h u c a c
Hnh 5.2
2.3. Gi u dynasphere
:
- Gi c m t ng hnh tr si thy tinh cch in. cao ti thiu 1,15m . - n g p h i c b d y t h n h t i t h i u 4 m m v n g k n h c h o p h p l p v a u t h s i bn trong ng. - G i p h i s i t c h t v o c u t r c k h c c d y b u c n i c n t h i t g i c h o k h n g v h t h n g c t n g v n g v i v n t c g i t i a t r o n g v n g . S l p t g i b o l c h t i a c a u t h u d i i u k i n v n t c g i c c m n h s k h n g q u 1 0 g i p h i c t n s r u n g t n h i n b a n u v i v n t c g i t n h t 2 l n v n t c g i cho vng.
2.4. Dy Ericore:
K t h u t g n y n h t t r o n g v i c d n n n g l n g s t x u n g t l d n g m b c c c h i n . D y E r ic o r e c t h i t k v i 2 m n g c h n v m t m n g b c d n i li u k h n g d n i n c c h n l c k m b o s c c h i n d i i u k i n x u n g i 2.4.1. Cu to dy Ericore: G m m t d y d n c n g g i a b a o b c b n g l i n h a . L p t h 2 l m t d c , t i t d i n h i u d n g l 0l pm n d n g c h n h , c c c h i n s c p b a o b c . B n g b 2 5 m d b n g n g b c b n n g o i c c h i n s c p v n c c c h i n t h c p b a o b c . C c m t l k im lo i b a o b c m b n n g o i c v b c d n i n . N u b p h n g i a ging nh mt vt dn trung th. n g k n h n g o i c a d y E ric o re n h h n 4 0 m m . i n p x u n g d n g s s gia cc lp dn in khng nh hn 250KV. L p d n i n c h n h c n i t r c t i p v i u c a m t u t i p i n t r n33
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3 m c u i t i p t d y t h u l i c t t r o n g n g b o v P V C d y t i t h i u 3 m m t r l m t n g a n t o n c h o c o n n g i. D y t h u l i c l p t t h e o s c h d n c a n h k n h u n c o n g c h o p h p k h n g c n h h n 0 ,5 m . D y d n x u n g c g n c h t v dng bng cc kp kim loi, khong cch gia cc kp t nht l 2m.
Hnh 6.2
2.4.2. c tnh k thut : D y E r ic o r e l m t t i n b q u a n t r n g t r o n g k t h u t c h n g s t . C k i li u c c h i n c t h k h n g c h u c i n p d o p h n g i n s t p t . T u y n h i n c t n g i n g i n c h o t h y i n d u n g g h p g i a v t d n v k i n t r c l m c h o v t d p t r n k i n t r c . i u n y l m g i m h i u i n t h v t p n h h n v o v t c c h g i t r k t h u t c a d y n y c n n l i n h n g v n li n q u a n v i d y d n s t t h n thy s t cm ca mt dy dn st thng gy ra in th rt cao. E = IR + Ldi/dt Dng in st : I = 30 KA L =1,6H/m dt = 1s Suy ra : E = 195 + 48000 = 48195V/m
60 m dy ng 35 mm2
Hnh 7.2 : Anh hng ca L vi mt dy dn st G i t r t c m 1/ ,6 c x e m l r t n h . T u y n h i n k h i d n g i n b k c h n H m t n g l n v i v n t c 1 0 1 0 A / s , n h h n g c a s t c m n y t r n n q u a n t r n g . V d 60m s tng ln n gi tr hn m t triu Volt vi m t s phng in trung bnh. V l d o t h m m , i u n y d n n v i c d y d n s t c n h n g g c b c o g ia t n g d o n h n g g c b c o n g l m t n g i n t h d n n c t i n h a y s p h n g i trong hnh 8.2. Ta nh lun b in ha v tn ti nguy c phng in bin.
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Hnh 8.2: Nhng nguy him i vi dy thu li thng thng M t d y E r ic o r e k h c p h c c c c h i m h a t r n v h n n a c n c h o p t r o n g t a n h . h i u c i u n y x y r a n h t h n o c n s o s n h h i u n g i n thu li thng v dy Ericore lc phng st.
Hnh 9.2 :C ch phng in bin ca dy dn thng
H n h 9 .2 c h o t h y i u k i n v i n t r c k h i s t n h v t r o n g k h i t r u y t . K h i d n d n g s t d y t h u l i t n h i n b k c h t h c h v i m t i n c c t r i d u v n y g y n n i n t r n g m n h g i a d y d n , h t h n g i n v t a n h , n h n g c i n in bin bn hng. T r n g h p d y d n E ric o re c b i u th tro n g h n h 1 0 .2 c th th y l p h o t n g n h m t l c h n c h o n h n g v t k h c v s n g u y h i m v n t i n h o n t o b. N h lp v ngoi E ricore ta c th i dy bn trong cng trnh m vn an ton .
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Hnh 10.2 :Dy Ericore cc tiu ha phng in bin
2.4.3. u im ca dy Ericore: - Dn dng xung st xung t an ton . - Ch cn mt dy dn. - La chn c ng dn st, i ngm bn trong cng trnh. - Kn o v thm m. - Kh nng phng in bin c loi b. - K h n g c n n i c b i t, tr i v i th p x y d n g n i v i ti p a c h n g s - S l p t d y d n E r ic o r e v i h t h n g t i p t n c c h i p h t h p h n b chng st no ca k thut c in.
2.5. Thit b m st :
T h i t b m s t l m t m y g h i c h c g i m s t b n g i n t n h m g h i l i c h o m i l n s t t i i m o . M t c u n d y T o r o id a l c b i t c l p t n g i n t r ca dy Ericore, cm ng vi nng lng st v tc ng mch m. T h i t b k h n g c n p in , h t h n g t c p n n g l n g , r n c h c , k h n g t h m t. V i c h i p h v a p h i t h i t b c u n g c p n h n g t h n g ttin v h n h kv c g i r t ng y c h n g m in h t n h h i u q u c a h t h n g c h n g s t , t h i t b c t h l p t c h o c c h khc. Thng s k thut : - Dng in vn hnh ti thiu : 1.500A trn mt xung in 8/20 s - Ngun in : t cp. - M c h i n : M i t r n g t h i n g v i b m c i n t g h i n h n n 9 9 9 9 . - T h n h p h n : C u n T o r o id a l c c u n t r n . n g k n h l b n tr o n g 4 5 m lp bn trong cun dy. - P h n g p h p n i: B p h n m t r t t r n d y t h u l i E r ic o r e t r c k h i n i tin hn b phn m c th c t ngay trn cc tip t.
2.6. Tip t :
L p t s t i p t l m t y u t c t h t h a y i n h t t r o n g v i c c u n g c p m c h n g s t . V i c n y c n c v o m t d i r n g c c lo i t , m i lo i c t n h c h t i n la chn m t k thut tip t duy nht ty thuc vo c t v kinh t.
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M t s c g n li n v i s t r u y n m t d n g x u n g i n v o t l n g y r a s t n g i m s t n h . i n t h g i m t h e o k h o n g c c h t i m s t n h v t o r a i n t h c h o c o n n g i v t h i t b . i n t h c a o c a h t h n g t i p t c n g g y r i r o p h v in. 2.6.1.Hp cht ci to t V i h p c h t t i p t L P 1 , n h i u k h k h n v s l p t t i p t c t h c i t h i n H p c h t b a o g m m t d u n g d c h h a c h t c d n i n t t - K h i c t r n v i q u a n h i n c c ti p t, tr n n m t k h i s t - h n h th n h p h n c h n h c a h th n g H p c h t t i p t L P I g m h a i g i 5 K g ,d u n g d c h n g m t g i v m t h n h p n gip to trng thi keo vi phn kia. u i m l n n h t c a h p c h t l s k h n g b r a t r i i n h p h n l n c c h n h t khc. Nh vy, khng cn b sung li sau 2 hay 3 nm. K i m t r a i n t r n g c h o t h y s c i t h i n n g k v i n t r t k h i h p c h t n t ct vi lp t st mt vi mt di mt t. Khi thm n vo loi t st nhng ci tin ng k cng t c. T h c t , i n tr b a n u c n g ca o , v i c s d ng h p c h t tip t LP 1 c ng t t. N h m t t r c , h p c h t x u t h i n n g u y n b . L y d u n g d c h 1 ( m u v n g ) n c . T r n d u n g d c h 2 (m u x a n h d n g ) v i 1 0 lt n c . N c m t n g c n g h d u n g d c h n y . L n g c n t h c t t c i n t r t h c h h p t h a y i t h e o t h n h T h d: T r o n g t s t h a y c t t h , t a c t h t c i n t r t h c h h p k h i s d n g b, tc l 2 n 5 Kg mi phn ca b hp cht. K h i n g c c n g h o c l i th p m n g . o m t l s u 5 0 0 m m , n g k n h 2 2Kg m i phn ca b hp cht. 30 pht cho hp cht c li v o in tr. N u i n tr k h n g t, o m t r n h s u 5 0 0 m m , r n g 2 0 0 m m , d i 5 m . t m i t r o n g n v d n g 3 K g m i lo i c a b h p c h t . T h i g ia n c l i c n g n h t r c c c h n y c h o n k h i t c i n t r m o n g m u n . M i m n h n n t g c h p l nhau cng tt v d nhin c ni t an ton vi cc tip t nguyn thy. C c h b t r c a v t li u t i p t t h a y i v i lo i t v k h o n g k h n g g ia n c s tr c ch trong phn m t mu. V i c s d n g c c ti p t l i t h p m n g h a y n g v i n g k n h 1 3 m m h o c k h u y n k h c h s d n g . C h i u s u n g c c th a y i t h e o v i c s d n g v t y v o lo T ro n g t / t s t k t q u t t n h t t c b n g c c h o m t r n h g n s u v 2 0 0 m m r n g . t v t li u t i p t v o y v p h l n g n b n g 1 0 0 m m t dung dch 1 v khi n c thm ht, dung dch 2 . Lp rnh y li N u c n i n t r t t c h o v n g c n g h a y s t n n g , m t l k h o a n g n b n g 2 .5 0 0 m m s u . N h t v o m t c t n g . T r n d u n g d ch 1 v 2 v i n h a u v x u n g H i u q u v i c n y s c h o m t m i t r n g d n i n 2 .5 0 0 m m x 7 5 m m . N u i n t r t c, lp li phng php trn nhiu ln n khi in tr c tha m n. V i t a n g s d n g , k t h p c n g n h i u m n g l i c n g t t . d n g d u n g d c h 1 , dch 1 thm ht, dng dung dch 2 v sau lp ton b mng li li. T r c k h i d n g h p c h t, l m b o h O tgv p H p h n b v i c c h a c h t. 2a i i s37
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S c i th i n i n tr t05 0 th k h n g c g b t t h n g k h i d n g h p c h t ti p t 9 % C n n h n m n h r n g m i n g d n g th u k h c n h a u , d o k t q u c n g k h c m t b s t o r a m t i n t r t t h c h h p t r n h n 5 m d y i n t i p t t r o n xu nht v 1 5m trong t xu . H p cht tip t cng c di dn g m t b 40Kg 2.6.2. Nhng phng php tip t thng dng * Dy n, ni u: Kt qu km khi st ch c m t ng. in th t cao ti ni bt st. * T i p t r , q u tn g t ia r q u t t n g c h o v n g c t r k h n g t r u n g b n h v n h nh : L n r qut di n 30m. in st s tch ra lm 6 ng. * Tip t r qut, r qut hnh chn chim: L t n g v n g c t r k h n g t c a o h n . T o t h n h n h i u n g c h o i n s t v hp vi t cao. Ghi ch: t do (st, nho) thng c hiu qu cao vi tip t r qut. * Tip t bng thp m ng: Hiu qu ch vi mt ct khi c mc nc trong t cao. * Tip t nhiu ct: t c c c t t y t h u c v o c h i u s u n g t t n h t v i c t 1 . K h o n g c c h g i a c 2 x chiu su. * Tip t khoan su C n v n g k h r o v n i m c n c n g m t h p - c h y u t o s ti p x c t h n g thnh l v ct. Khoan bn v t do s rt hiu qu. * Tip t vi vng gii hn v gn ni giao thng (ngi i b) D n g l k h o a n s u v t 1 h a y 2 n g n h a n g t m t r n n h 3 - 4 m . b p h n pht trin in th t mt.
2.6.3. Ct khong MIN - in cc tip t khong Ct khong M IN - LP1 l m t k tc ca in cc tip t truyn thng. M t c t M IN g m m t i n c c n g r n g d i 2 m v i 5 l n h . L n y c h o p h p h nhin cc hp cht bn trong c gii phng chm t gia in cc v khi t. c i n t r t t h p h n n a , h n h p d n i n t ( C E C ) c t r n v i t khi y v lm cng l khoan 200mm ng knh. C t k h o n g M IN c d y n i c h i u d i 3 0 0 m m t itth d inn ti nmcm o v i c n i c t v i 2 u 50 h thit b tip t. C t M I N t r n n h o n c h n h v i m t l t , c h o p h p t i p c n d d n g v i n p c nh ct. S thay m i nh k hp cht bn trong c thc hin qua np nh.
Cch dng ct khongCt khong thch hp cho mi ng dng tip t - Tip t chng st - Tip t nn thng - Tip t cho my tnh - Tip t cho nh38
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- Tip t cho trm xe in - Tip t chng tng in p v qu nht thi ca thit b L t n g c h o l p t n i v n g b h n c h , n h n h c a o t n g , t n g h. m , i l c n
u im:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. T r o n g p h n l n c c t r n g h p l p t , m t c t k h o n g s t c i n t r Thit b c gi thp hn v ch cn mt ct khong. Tng chi ph thp hn do thi gian lp t gim. o bi h hi v vic lm p tr li mt bng t nht. Din tch lp t t nht. S bo tr t nht. iu kin ca t c gi lin tc nh hp cht bn trong.
2. 3. Chng st bng in cc Interceptor - LCT :(Lightning Capture Terminal). S p h t t r i n c a i n c c t h u s t In t e r c e p t o r g n y n h t t h e o m t n g u y n t c in cc thu st ny c cc c tnh sau:
a. Vng thu st c tng lnV n g t h u s t t c b n g c c h l m t n g h i u q u t i p t k h i k h n g c m k h n g g ia n t n h . S k c h h o t c c io n d n i n x y r a c h k h i k n h s t n g n . C c pha trn gip cho vic kch hot tia cn i ngc ln.
b. Cc nguyn tc thit k n gin:
D o In t e r c e p t o r c t h i t k r i n g c h o c c n h c c a o t h p h o c t r u n g b n h g i n , c h c n m t i n c c t y t h u c v o k c h t h c c a c n g t r n h . B n k n h b o v Interceptor ph thuc vo mc bo v v c trnh by theo bng 6.2
Hnh 11.2u thu Interceptor
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Bng6.2: Bn knh bo v ca mt in cc Interceptor c a o c a n h , m c a o c a In t e r c e p t o r t r n c n g tr n h x y d n g , m Mc bo v cao 10 48 53 54 15 56 59 60 20 63 63 65 25 67 68 69 30 70 72 73 Mc bo v chun 10 63 68 69 15 70 75 78 20 72 80 84 25 78 84 90 30 83 90 92
c. Khng gy nhiu v tuyn: d. Khng cn Acquy, Pin mt tri hoc cc thit b p in khc:
D o t h i t b l t h n g , c h c k c h h o t t r o n g v i m ilig i y t r c k h i s t n h g n . In t e r c e p t o r k h n g l m t n g b t k n h i u v t u y n n o t r n m c c a b n t h n k
In t e r c e p t o r l t h i t b t h n g , t h m c h k h i c m t c n d n g t r n u . N s v s in h r a c c io n t n n g l n g l n c h a t r o n g k n h s t n g n t r o n g k h o n g v i m st nh xung t.
e. Hon ton c lp: f. Khng phi bo qun:In te r c e p to r c k t c u th n g v c h c c h n v c h c n n c tu i th p h c hn cc thanh Franklin.
I n t e r c e p t o r k h n g y u c u d y r i n g , d n g c c d y d n x u n g t h n g t h n g t v quy tc khc nhau c khuyn ngh.
g. Vic lp t l n gin:I n t e r c e p t o r c t h c l p t k h n g c n la o n g l n h n g h , k h n g c n c c d y r i n g , k h n g c n t h m c c n g h h o c c c v t li u c c h i n . I n t e r c e p t o r n i v i m t n g k im lo i v n i t i m t h t h n g t i p t c th e o c tcr t i un cnhhutnl 1 0 i n l v qui tc thch hp.
h. Chi ph thp:
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D o t h i t k c c k n g i n n n c h i p h s n x u t t h p k h n g c n c c v t li u h t n c n g o i a v o . In t e r c e p t o r l m t t r o n g c c h t h n g c h n g s t c h i u q u t h t r n g , n c n h i u u v i t h n s o v i c c t h a n h F r a n k lin t h n g t h n g h o c c c in khc.
i. Cc vng bo v:
V n g b o v t h c t c b i u d i n b n k n h t h u h t s t n h t r o n g b n g . i x y d n g c k c h t h c v t q u v n g b o v c a m t i n c c In t e r c e p t o r , m t c c t h m s c c i n c c y u c u c h o n k h i t o n b c n g t r n h x y d n g h o c v n g ra.
j. Lp t:
V i c l p t c h n g s t s d n g i n c c I n t e r c e p t o r c n m t h o c n h i u d y d s d y n i t t n g n g t h e o c c q u i t c p d n g t h c t . V i c k i m t r a h t h n g c tin hnh hng nm. Cc kch thc in cc: Di x rng = 460mm x 100mm Trng lng: Khong 2,5kg
Cc thun li ca InterceptorRt hiu qu D lp t Kn o v c din mo va . i hi bo dng t Interceptor l thit b th ng ,do khng cn thay th Interceptor c thit k theo cng ngh gn y nht Kinh t nht
2.4. Thit k h thng chng st: M t c o m p u t e r c h u y n d n g c h o t h i t k p h n t c h c c u n g c p c h o s l 3 0 0 0 , In te r c e p t o r p h n m m n y v i d u n g l n g l n t i 6 0 M B . C n g n g h h i n i c c h o v i c p h n t c h b n k n h h p d n c a c u t r c d i c c i u k i n s t k h c n h a u d n h p c l y t c c p h p o , p h n tc h l th u y t, th n g k v c h tr b i th c thit k ngi thit k yu cu cung cp nhng thng tin sau: 1. Mc ch s dng ca cng trnh ? V d: Chung c, bnh vin.... 2 . M t n g i tr o n g c n g t r n h k i n t r c h a y v n g b o v c c a o k h n g 3. Bao nhiu ngy c st / nm c ghi nhn trong vng ? 4 . c i m a h n h n h i, c y c i, c c k i n t r c k h c v c a o , k h o nhiu n cng trnh kin trc ? 5 . c i m c a c n g t r n h k i n t r c n h a n t e n t iv i / r a d io , b n g q u n g c o l g ? 6 . C g i i h n n o v c h i u c a o k h n g ? C / K h n g . N u c c h o c h i t i t k b n g m t. 7. cao ca cng trnh kin trc so vi mt bin ?41
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T n h n g y u c u tr n n g i th i t k s n p v o c o p u te r c c th n g s s Dng hnh hc ca cu trc v rng. Chiu cao cu trc. Bng trc a cng trnh v bn a phng. in tch tia phng xung. Cng in trng. Bin thng k ca st v xc xut xy ra. T s gia tia phng xung / tia i ln.
B/ CC PHN MM LIN QUAN : 1/ GEM: 1.1-c tnh ca GEM :
1.1.1-Tnh hiu qa ca GEM Lm gim in tr t Gi in tr ca h thng t l hng s sau khi lp t c s dng trong tt c iu kin t mc d trong c ma kh
1.1.2-Tnh bn vng ca GEM Khng b phn hy hay mc ra trong 10 nm in tr sut tng khng qu 10% khi ng li Khng i hi bo tr Khng ph thuc vo s hin din lin tc ca nc duy tr tnh dn in
1.1.3-GEM khng gy nhim mi trng Khng gy tc hi cho t Khng lm nhim bn mch nc ngm c gp trong cc yu cu ca c quan bo v mi trng L vt liu an ton c th c yu cu s dng
1.1.4-GEM d dng s dng
Bao GEM c trng lng 11,3kg rt d vn chuyn Ch cn 1 ngi thi cng D lp t vng t t hay kh D dng ha ln thnh bn Khng cn trn khi t kh, ch m ra xung N h a n h c h n g h p th h i n c t t k h i s d n g k h v n g l i tr n g th i C t h g i m k c h t h c c a h t h n g t n i m c c p h n g p h p t r u y n t h n g c
1.1.5-Cc c tnh ca GEM
G E M l b n v n g m k h n g c n b o t r ( k h n g c n l m l i g i n g n h m u i h a y k h c c t h b p h n h y t h e o t h i g ia n ) v n n h i n t r t . G E M c c u t o c h 42
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p h n h y h a y m c r a , k h n g g y n h i m c h o t h a y v n g t x u n g q u a n h . G E M l p t n i v n g k h h a y v n g h n h p n c b n . G E M k h n g p h t h u c v o s h i n n c d u y tr tn h d n i n . G E M d n g s d n g c i n tr s u t k h n g v t q u c m 1.2- Thng tin phn mm GEM
2.1-M t phn mm GEM
C h u n g t r n h t n h t o n i n t r t c s d n g h a c h t g i m t r t E R IC O S g i t t v h p l c h o h th n g th a n h c h n n g a n g v c c n g th n g n g . C h u n g t hng dn lp t h thng cc in cc chn ngang hay chn ng
2.2-Cc gii hn
E R IC O k h n g c h o p h p h a y c h p n h n v m t p h p l c h o p h p s d n g p h n t n h t p h n g t r n h c s d n g t r n c s c c c n g t h c c c n g n h n v c n g b i n v i n t . V i c s d n g c h n g t r n h n y v v i c l a c h n t h n g s b a n u q u y t c a n g i k s c h o m i n g d n g c th . C h n g trn h n y c tn h to n d p h p g n n g . c c c t h n g t in c h i t i t h n v c c t h n g s n y x in x e m p h n
1.2.3-Tnh khi lng s dng
S l n g t n h t o n c a G E M r t v a p h i. K t q a t n h t o n c l m t r n v i s ( 2 5 p o u n d /b a o ) g n n h t. T r o n g m t v i tr n g h p b n s c n t h n k h i l n g G E t r n h k t q a h i n t h . T r o n g t r n g h p n y t h c h n h s c h c a E R IC O l c h p n h n cn d vi iu kin l: a-GEM c bo qun trong iu kin tt. b- Bn chu chi ph chuyn ch. c- Ch c tr li trong vng 60 ngy.
1.2.4-Phng php tnh
C n g t h c p d n g t n h i n t r t d a t r n c n g t h c m p h n g i n c c t h Dwight v in cc thng ng ca Sunde C n g t h c m p h n g g i n h n h c a i n c c t h n g n g l g n v i m t t . K i n c c t h n g n g c t n h . T h u t t o n g i n h c c i n c c c c h n t h e o c n h g i a c c i n c c l b n g h a y l n h n c h i u d i c a i n c c t h n g n g . C n g t bng in cc thanh ngang gi s cc in cc ny l thng hng C 2 c n g t h c t n h i n t r t h a n h n g a n g v t h n g n g c t n h c h o d n g 1 c h s t h p . C 2 c c h t r n s d n g t n g n g n h a u , k h i c i n v o , n g k n h c a t n h t o n c a t c G E M x u n g q u a n h . C n g t h c m p h n g g i n h r n g i n t r s n h t . i n t r t i p x c g i a v t d n v G E M b a o x u n g q u a n h c b q u a t r o n g t t.
2-BENJI2.1-Gii thiu chng trnh thit k BENJI :
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B E N JI l c h n g tr n h t r g i p th i t k tr n m y v i tn h , p h t tr i n b i c n g ty G lo T e c n o lo g y c l n g c n g i n tr n g k im t h u s t D y n a s p h e r e s o v i c n g i m c n h t r a n h ( g c t a n h , r b r a ,a n t e n , t h i t b , .) B n k n h b o v c a k im c t n h t o n v s o s n h v i b n k n h c n h t r a n h c u n g c p b i c c c a o i m c n h t Chng trnh ny quan tm n cc tiu chun sau: a.Cu trc hnh hc v mc bn vng ca cng trnh . b.Cng tia tin o. c.Chiu cao cng trnh . d.Cng in trng. e.T l vn tc tin o i xung vi vn tc i ln. f. Mt bng cng trnh. g. Mt ct v a hnh cng trnh. h. Cng st v xc sut xut hin. C n g tr n h y u c u b o v th v l i n g i n b n g c h n g trn h th i t k B E N JI. S t r n h c l n g i m m s p h t r a t ia t i n o u t i n i l n g p v i t ia t i n o i n c h n h t r v t h e o n g d n p h n g i n l n h a y x u n g v b n k n h t h u c a m c tn h . u k im D y n a s p h e re c l p t n i th c h h p v b n k n h th u c a n s n h v i b n k n h t h u c a c c i m c n h t r a n h . S b o v t c m c m o n g m thu ca kimbao trm ln bn knh thu ca cc im cnh tranh. C h n g t r n h x c n h t h t c h t h u c a c c i m n h l n t r n c u t r c v t c h b i b o v v n c c a c c i m k h c . X c s u t t n h t h e o p h n t r m b o v s t t h o n g q nh. T r o n g k h i s d n g m h n h t h tc h h p t h u n g i k s c t h t i u h a b n th n g b o v c h n g s t b n g b o v t p tru n g c h o n h n g p h n c a c u tr c c th h n t r o n g k h i t r n h l n g p h b o v c h n g s t c h o c c c n g t r n h m k h n n g s . 2.2.Yu cu thit k :
2.2.1/ Tng qut :
N u y u c u t h i t k s d n g p h n m m B e n ji b n p h i h o n t h n h k i u m u B e n ji. V i k i u m u h o n t h n h n y c h n g t i m b o n h n c c c t h n h t in c n th n h th i t k . B n p h i c u n g c p y b n v x y d n g c a c n g trn h c n b o v S b n v p h i g h i y c h i u d i, c h i u r n g , c a o c a c n g t r n h . N mt phn cng trnh th xin vui lng nh du vo vng lin quan. N u c n g t r n h c c u t r c p h c t p b n c n p h i g i c h o p c h n g t i b n g c c a s t r o n g c g h i y k c h t h c . T u y n h i n , n u v i c m t c u t r c y u bn phi ghi kch thc trn m i bn v m t ct hay phn nh ln ca cu trc.
2.2.2/ Thit k chi tit :
C h n g t i y u c u t t c c c t h n g t in li n q u a n p h i y t r o n g m u y u c m b o r n g c s v d li u c a c h n g t i v t h i t k c c h n h x c , t h n g t in c cng nh cng ty v v tr cng trnh ca d n44
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2.2.3/ Thng s thit k :
a . N u s k h n g c h o c a o s o v i m c n c b i n th g i tr n y c m c n h b . N u m c b o v c b i t t h y u c u b o v c b i t . T u y n h i n c h n g t i s lu c u n g c p m c b o v c a o n h t c th c . N u k h n g y u c u c th v m c b o v cao nht s c s dng. c . C h n g t i y u c u c a o c t c c i c h o p h p tr o n g d n p h i c g h i. C t 5 m s c s d n g n u b o v y c th t c v i c a o D y n a s p h e re c th cao ti a c mc bo v y v kinh t. d. Chiu cao ti thiu ca ct c chp nhn l 4m. 2.3.Bo v chng st nh trc tip : T i u c h u n n g h : B o v c c t a n h c h n g l i s t n h t r c t i p b n g c c t h n g c h n g s t t h e o c c h m c c u t h u c a n t h i t l p c c v n g b o v b a o t r c v H t h n g c h n g s t n n c l p t m t v t r t h i t l p c c v n g b o v c a t a n h h a y c u t r c b p h i r a c h o s t n h t r c t i p c n c c p h n k h c n m t r n h i n d o c c p h n c a o h n v b p h i r a n h i u h n . C n g h a l t i u c h u n m i c u n n g k c c y u c u v c h n g s t c c m t h n g c a c c c u tr c c a o . (T h e o c c k vn cao hin i th cc phn hng ca ta nhc b tr xp t cong nh). l m r t h m v s t i n b c a t i u c h u n m i t a c t h x e m t i u c h u n A u 1 9 8 3 g i i th i u p h n g p h p q a c u l n (R o llin g s p h e re m e th o d ). .P h n g p h t r n m t k h o n g c c h n h 4 5 m v i m t c s t 1 0 K A , n li n q u a n t i v i c l n m t t n g b n k n h 4 5 m x u n g q u a n h v t r n m t c u t r c 3 c h i u ( m i t i n o s t t m q a c u ). N h v y s c n h n g i m b m t q a c u c h m v i m t t h a y c c c u t r c , n h n g i m c h m c t h l n h n g i m s t n h . C c u t h u s t l n h h a y n h n g d i n g a n g t y t h u c v o h o n c n h c x e m n h l c n t h i t n h n g n c u c h m p h i c u t r c h a y c c p h n g n v o c u t r c n h a n t e n h a y t h n h la n c a n th u b n g n g v c c d i n g p h n g c n i v i d y x u n g b n g n g (h a y t n g m i 3 0 m c a c h u v i c u t r c . V i c g h p n i c c b p h n b n g k im lo i l r a ( n h k h l p x i m ) l c n t h i t t r n c c b m t b p h i r a . N u t h c h i n c c h n h x c
