DNA Technology How is DNA fingerprinting used to identify a person? What is the use of polymerase...
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DNA Technology How is DNA fingerprinting used to identify a person? What is the use of polymerase chain reactions (PCR)? How is bacterial transformation
DNA Technology How is DNA fingerprinting used to identify a
person? What is the use of polymerase chain reactions (PCR)? How is
bacterial transformation used in medicine? How is gel
electrophoresis used in DNA technology?
Slide 2
Vocabulary Polymerase Chain Reaction Gel Electrophoresis
Bacterial Transformation DNA Fingerprinting
Slide 3
Polymerase Chain Reaction Used to make many copies of small
pieces of DNA What is the use of polymerase chain reactions
(PCR)?
Slide 4
Slide 5
DNA Fingerprinting Uses gel electrophoresis to observe the
patterns that are unique to each person How is DNA fingerprinting
used to identify a person?
Slide 6
Gel Electrophoresis a technique used to separate the DNA
fragments according to their size How is gel electrophoresis used
in DNA technology?
Slide 7
Bacterial Transformation Bacteria can pick up DNA from their
environment and incorporate it into their DNA How is bacterial
transformation used in medicine?
Slide 8
Biotechnology Provides:
Slide 9
9 Biotechnology Breakthroughs Insulin (1982) Insulin (1982)
First commercial biotech product Reliable, inexpensive source of
insulin Rice Rice Enriched with beta-carotene and iron Bananas
Bananas Containing edible hepatitis vaccine Insulin (1982) Insulin
(1982) First commercial biotech product Reliable, inexpensive
source of insulin Rice Rice Enriched with beta-carotene and iron
Bananas Bananas Containing edible hepatitis vaccine
Slide 10
Biotechnology Breakthroughs Potatoes with higher solid content
Potatoes with higher solid content Garlic that lowers cholesterol
Garlic that lowers cholesterol Fruits and vegetables that reduce
risks of cancer and heart disease Fruits and vegetables that reduce
risks of cancer and heart disease Potatoes with higher solid
content Potatoes with higher solid content Garlic that lowers
cholesterol Garlic that lowers cholesterol Fruits and vegetables
that reduce risks of cancer and heart disease Fruits and vegetables
that reduce risks of cancer and heart disease
Slide 11
Environmental Benefits Reduced pesticide use Lower energy
requirements Cleaner water Less soil erosion Reduced pesticide use
Lower energy requirements Cleaner water Less soil erosion
Slide 12
Genetic Engineering and Bioethics How has genetic engineering
influenced food and medicine? How is cloning currently used in food
and medicine? How is stem cell research being used to benefit
humans? What are the bioethics issues surrounding stem cell
research and cloning? What is the relationship of evolution to
biological resistance?
Cloning How is cloning currently used in food and medicine? egg
cell A body cell from one organism and an egg cell from another are
fused The resulting cell divides like a normal embryo Making an
identical copy of an organism
Slide 15
Transgenic animals made by introducing genes from one species
into the genome of another organism. Transgenic animals may be
created to exploit the attributes of new genes (for example, genes
for faster growth or larger muscles). Agricultural scientists have
engineered a number of crop plants with genes for desirable
traits.
Slide 16
Stem Cells Is an unspecialized cell that can reproduce itself
indefinitely and differentiate into specialized cells How is stem
cell research being used to benefit humans?
Slide 17
Biological Resistance Genetically based resistance to pests,
disease, drought, etc. What is the relationship of evolution to
biological resistance?
Slide 18
18 Herbicide Resistant Crops Soybeans: Roundup Ready Corn:
Roundup Ready, Liberty Link Cotton: BXN, Roundup Ready Canola:
Liberty Link, Roundup Ready + CP4 EPSPS = Roundup gene Ready
Slide 19
Bioethics study of the controversies brought about by advances
in biology What are the bioethics issues surrounding stem cell
research and cloning? How has genetic engineering influenced food
and medicine?
Slide 20
Chromosomes and Mutations and Biological Resistance How do
mutations affect evolution? What are genetic diseases that are
caused by mutations? What are the different types of mutations that
can occur in organisms? What is the relationship of evolution to
biological resistance?
Slide 21
Vocabulary Single gene mutations Polygenic mutations
Chromosomal mutations Mitochondrial DNA mutations nondisjunction
insertion substitution deletion chromosomal translocation mutagenic
factors (radiation, chemical) biological resistance point mutation
frame shift mutation
Slide 22
Gene Mutations Change in genes caused by change in structure of
the DNA DNA bases may be substituted, added, or removed to cause
gene mutation When genes are added or removed, the mutation is
called a frame shift mutation Adding or Removing a genes is called
a point mutation
Slide 23
point mutation VS. frameshift mutations A point mutation is a
simple change in one base of the gene sequence. Original The fat
cat ate the wee rat. Point Mutation The fat hat ate the wee rat. In
a frame shift mutation, one or more bases are inserted or deleted.
Original The fat cat ate the wee rat. Frame Shift The fat caa tet
hew eer at
Slide 24
mutations Single gene and Polygenic A permanent change in DNA
Single gene mutation deals with 1 gene and polygenic mutations deal
with more than 1 gene
Slide 25
Chromosomal mutations Mutations in a cells chromosome
Mitochondrial DNA mutations Mutations in the chromosome of
mitochondrial DNA
Slide 26
nondisjunction Sister chromatids do not separate properly
during meiosis Results in gametes that do not have the correct
number of chromosomes Inversion occurs when a piece of a chromosome
breaks off & reattaches to the same place but in the reverse
order Inversion
Slide 27
(Mutations) insertion Results in the addition of extra DNA
Insertions can cause frameshift mutations, and general result in a
nonfunctional protein. Original The fat cat ate the wee rat.
Insertion The fat cat xlw ate the wee rat.
Slide 28
(Mutations) Substitution Mutation results from genes or single
nitrogen bases being switched. Duplications occur when a section of
a chromosome is doubled (Mutations) Duplication
Slide 29
(Mutations) deletion Mutations that result from sections of DNA
being deleted. Deletions occur when the end of a chromosome breaks
off & is lost These can be small, such as the removal of just
one "word," or longer deletions that affect a large number of genes
on the chromosome. Deletions can also cause frameshift mutations.
In this example, the deletion eliminated the word cat. Original The
fat cat ate the wee rat. Deletion The fat ate the wee rat.
Slide 30
chromosomal translocation Translocation occurs when a
chromosome segment breaks off & attaches to a different
chromosome Parts of a chromosome braking off and reattaching during
crossing over in meiosis.
Slide 31
mutagenic factors chemical or physical agents that change DNA
to cause mutations. (radiation, chemical)
Slide 32
1.What are the different types of mutations that can occur in
organisms?
Slide 33
2.What are genetic diseases that are caused by mutations?
Slide 34
3.How do mutations affect evolution?
Slide 35
What is the relationship of evolution to biological
resistance?
