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«Organization» Moorvensedijk 13 5674 XC Nuenen T +31 40 283 98 24 M +31 6 139 70 006 «Email» www.WaterIQ.nl
DIWALI WATER CONCEPTS
“Dutch Indian Water Alliance for Leadership Initiative”
A joint water technology initiative by the Indian Department for Science & Technology and the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs
2
Table of Content
Background
1.1 DIWALI initiative 3
2. Project phases 4
2.1 Concept development 4
2.2 Search for potential partners 4
3 Contact 5
Priority Concepts
4.1 New Urban Sanitation Concept 6
4.2 The Recycling Greenhouse Concept 9
Other Concepts
5.1 Low Cost Desalination 13
5.2 Water Farming 14
5.3 Mineral Mining 15
5.4 Small scale groundwater purification 16
5.5 Concentrated solar power & purification 17
5.6 The purification windmill 18
5.7 The water greenhouse 19
3
Background
1.1 DIWALI initiative The water related challenges in India are growing strongly by economic growth and climate
change. There is a great need for innovative solutions. The Netherlands has a strong
knowledge and innovation base due to high investments in R&D for water technology. Many
new applications and technologies have been developed over the last years.
The Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs has a partnership with the Indian Department for
Science & Technology (DST) in the field of water called DIWALI (Dutch indian Water Alliance
for Leadership Initiative). A cooperation with the Netherlands on addressing water challenges
is of great strategic and economic importance. This offers opportunities for technological
cooperation between Dutch and Indian private and public parties.
Target
The DIWALI initiative aims to develop joint Indian – Dutch innovative technological solutions
which can be applied for addressing the worlds challenges on water. It brings best available
technologies from both countries together in unique solutions. They can be applied on many
locations and offer great market opportunities The solutions will be demonstrated by two
launching projects in India. This document describes 9 innovative water treatment concepts
and 2 of these concepts are priority concepts and will be developed first.
The concepts will be developed by forming a coalition of Dutch and Indian private companies
and demonstrated in India. This will be done in close co-operation with the Indian and Dutch
government.
Dutch technology (D) Indian engineering (I) Government (G)
Innovative water technology
solutions
Develop and engineer for
application in India
Dutch government develops
strategic plan for bilateral
cooperation and supports Dutch
companies
Coalition for water technology solution Indian government supports
Indian companies
4
The Indian demonstration projects will be developed in area 4. The Indian-Dutch co-operation
will develop solutions for the world market in a joint-venture in area 3.
Work fields Indian technology providers (I), Dutch technology (D) and Indian Dutch government (G)
2 Project phases
2.1 Concept development Based on a water challenge sites list of DST and information from other Indian sources 9
potential concepts were developed by the Dutch company Water IQ. This company is
subcontracted by the Dutch government and acts as an independent faciilitator for developing
innovative projects between India and the Netherlands.
In close collaboration with DST 2 priority concepts were identified and these will be
developed first. These priority concepts called “New Urban Sanitation” and “The
Recycling Greenhouse” are desribed in detail in paragraph 4 followed by the other 7
concepts in paragraph 5. The project concepts have to be developed for application in the
Indian market. The development will be done by Indian and Dutch parties jointly.
2.2 The search for potential partners The concepts described are a “stepping stone” for parties that seek for innovative and cost
effective water solutions in combination with excellent business opportunities. The concepts
have a unique revenue - costs model which distinguish these concepts from traditional
solutions. This will encourage the community to implement the solution for a demonstration
project.
The aim of this document is to identify potential parties from India
and the Netherlands that are interested in further developing Indian
– Dutch consortia and to set up first pilots.
1
23 4
DG
I
5
3 Contact
If you’re interested in one of these concepts please feel free to contact one of the persons
below
India
Department for Science & Technology
Sanjay Bajpai
Director Scientist F
Technology Mission Cell
T: +91 11 26590283
The Netherlands
Ministry of Economic Affairs / Agency NL
Bart Jeroen Bierens
Senior Advisor Water Technology
T: +31 88 6025145
M: +31 6 524 711 37
Water IQ B.V.
Freddy Dekkers
Director
T: +31 613970006
Royal Netherlands Embassy in India
Ms. Maya Acharia
Economic attache
T: +91 11 24197607
6
4. Priority concepts The first two concepts (“New Urban Sanitation” and “Recycling Greenhouse”) were selected
out of nine concepts. These two received priority for establishing Indian – Dutch consortia and
to set up pilots.
4.1 New Urban Sanitation Concept Business potential
Prices of energy and nutrients are increasing and threaten crop- and industrial production
worldwide. The situation will become even worse if there is a shortage of fresh water. The
New Urban Sanitation System aims to recover energy and nutrients from wastewater. The
recovered nutrients can be directly used in irrigation or distributed to the fertilisers market.
The recovered energy can be utilized to purify polluted ground water for drinking or process
water production. The New Urban Sanitation System can be applied on many locations in India
and decentralized wastewater treatment has a large market potential worldwide.
The New Urban Sanitation System recovers energy and minerals from wastewater whereas
conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment consumes a lot of energy for aeration.
The technology for recovery of energy from diluted wastewater streams has been developed
and practiced in the Netherlands
Set-up The New Urban Sanitation concept separates the organic pollution from urban (or industrial)
wastewater.
7
The wastewater is fed into a electro treatment reactor where flocculation of the organic
fraction occurs. After the reactor the flocs are seperated from the water by means of
sedimentation and or filtration. The water is discharged (for irrigation purposes). The
sediment is mainly organic sludge and can be digested in an anaerobic digester. The produced
biogas energy can be recovered from the wastewater. A biogas driven turbine generates
electricity which is used for membrane ultra and nano filtration of polluted ground water. The
fertilisers in the digestate are used for farming application.
The technology setup generates electricity from wastewater, minerals from the digestate and
drinking water.
Technology partners Desah has a proven track record on urban decentralised wastewater purification and new type
of anaerobic digestion in the Netherlands.
In the Netherlands three partners (Wazutec, Hellebrekers and Nijhuis) can be identified who
have experience and specific knowledge on the field of electro-flocculation technology. The
reactor design and set-up is crucial for proper functioning of the separation of the waste from
the wastewater.
Alternatively, in stead of the electroflocculation-separation-degestion technology, the recently
developed anaerobic MBR technology can be applied to directly digest the wastewater. This
technology has been tested in the Netherlands on industrial wastewater.
For groundwater purification two types of technology set-ups can be applied; membrane
based nano-filtration or membrane evaporation. Recently new types of low pressure nano
membranes have been developed in the Netherlands by two potential partners which are very
energy efficient compared to reverse osmosis membranes. In the membrane evaporation set-
up heat from a biogas burner can be used to run the process. Two Dutch partners are
identified for this technology.
System
integrati
on
Electro-
flocculation
Separation Digester and
biogas
Membrane
filtration
Membrane
evaporation
1 Dutch Dutch Indian Indian Dutch Dutch
Potential Indian partners:
The Indian technology partners have to be committed to work in international coalitions,
developing innovative projects for Indian market and worldwide.
For the progress of developing this project a potential partner must decide on a relatively
short term to take part in a consortium
8
The companies should have a clear focus on innovation and have the experience or ambition
to develop new water treatment solutions not only for Indian market but also outside India.
The Indian technology partner has a track record on construction of installations to the
international standards.
The Indian technology partner has experience with research and development projects and is
willing to share expertise and skills in coalitions.
The Indian partner has engineering capacity and preferably unique detailed knowledge on the
required technology. The intellectual property is adding to the project.
The Indian technology partner operates throughout India and has project experience with
communities and industry water treatment.
Specific requirements Indian technology partners New Urban
Sanitation System
Membrane filtration systems and polishing filters.
• Experienced in engineering and construction membrane installations.
• Experienced with construction of drinking water production installations (ability to meet
the sanitation criteria).
Digester, biogas generator and separator.
• Track record on digester construction.
• Experienced in utilising biogas in generator set (purification of biogas).
• Experienced on biomass separation technology.
System integration and control.
• Knowledge of biological processes and specifically anaerobic wastewater treatment.
• Local player, (experienced) man power on project site.
Profile New Urban Sanitation end user For a successful project the Indian end user has to be committed to the business case.
Preferably the end user has an economic advantage by implementing the technology into a
full-scale project. This means that the products of this business case, drinking water and
irrigation water hold a value proposition for the end user to the market. The characteristics of
the target market, distribution model and revenue model have to be clear. The revenue model
has to be discussed with the potential end user.
Ideally the end user of this project should be a community, village or city and interested to
establish a pilot with a capacity of 10 – 20 m3/ h. This community should have a sewerage
network ( or a collection system for sewage water) and drinking water network (or a non-
piped system (local tap points)).
9
4.2 The Recycling Greenhouse
Concept Business potential
Closing the loops of minerals, energy and water are becoming the key processes for a
sustainable “zero waste” society. Producing drinking water, energy and fertilizers for crop
production from waste, that is what “the recycling greenhouse” is about. The drivers of this
business concept are greenhouse products like food and drinking water. The Recycling
Greenhouse has a position in closing the loops of energy, minerals and water. The Recycling
Greenhouse is ideally located nearby communities and food processing industries, who have
are relying on local crop production.
Set-up A greenhouse is very efficient for cultivating crops under controlled conditions. The
Netherlands has a high level of experience and knowledge on greenhouse cultivation methods.
Modern greenhouses have a very high water efficiency. Plants evaporate about 75% of their
water consumption for cooling purposes (the photosynthesis process). This water evaporates
and increases the humidity of the air when cultivation is in a greenhouse. A big part of this
humid air condensates at the glass or plastic ceiling of the greenhouse and can be collected in
the roof area with a rain gutter system. The evaporation is driven by the photosynthesis
process of the plant at day light. The condensation is accelerated when the ceiling is cooled by
recirculating cool water through the ceiling. This cooling water can be by harvested at night
and collected in a water storage system. At daylight this cold water cools the ceiling in a
closed circuit during daylight. This cool ceiling enables advanced condensation of humid air in
the greenhouse during daylight.
The Recycling Greenhouse has to harvest cool water at nights. To achieve this the night
radiation should be high (bright nights) and the days sunny for high photosynthesis activity.
These factors determine the optimal location of this project.
10
In the Recycling Greenhouse idea the irrigation water for greenhouse cultivation is produced
from wastewater treatment with electro-flocculation, separation and digestion of the sludge.
The irrigation water contains the minerals from the wastewater and is fed into the greenhouse
crops. The crops evaporate and the condensate water is collected and stabilised by polishing
marble filters.
Technology partners The greenhouse technology is very important for recovering condensation water in this
concept. In the Netherlands several innovative greenhouse construction companies can be
identified. Technokas, Priva, Enthoven or combinations are just examples. These companies
can also involve companies who can deliver the material for construction of the greenhouse
roof with the condensation mechanism.
Hellebrekers has experience with the electrochemical treatment for production of irrigation
water in the IRIS project. However Wazutec and Nijhuis Water Technology can also provide
this technology.
System
integrati
on
Electro-
flocculation
Separation Digester
and biogas
Membrane
filtration
Condensatio
n system
greenhouse
Polishin
g filter
1 Dutch Dutch Indian Indian Dutch Dutch Indian
11
Potential Indian partners The Indian technology partners have to be committed to work in international coalitions,
developing innovative projects for Indian market and worldwide.
For the progress of developing this project a potential partner must decide on a relatively
short term to take part in a consortium
The companies should have a clear focus on innovation and have the experience or ambition
to develop new water treatment solutions not only for Indian market but also outside India.
The Indian technology partner has a track record on construction of installations to the
international standards.
The Indian technology partner has experience with research and development projects and is
willing to share expertise and skills in coalitions.
The Indian partner has engineering capacity and preferably unique detailed knowledge on the
required technology. The intellectual property is adding to the project.
The Indian technology partner operates throughout India and has project experience with
communities and industry water treatment.
Specific requirements technology partners
Membrane filtration systems and polishing filters.
• Experienced in engineering and construction membrane installations.
• Experienced with construction of drinking water production installations (ability to meet
the sanitation criteria).
Digester, biogas generator and separator.
• Track record on digester construction.
• Experienced in utilising biogas in generator set (purification of biogas).
• Experienced on biomass separation technology.
System integration and control.
• Knowledge of biological processes and specifically anaerobic wastewater treatment.
• Local player, (experienced) man power on project site.
12
System integration and control Recycling Greenhouse.
3 Knowledge of biological processes.
4 Agronomic knowledge on crop cultivation in greenhouse.
5 Local player, (experienced) man power on project site.
Profile project end users For a successful project the Indian end user has to be committed by the business case.
Preferably the end user has an economic advantage by implementing the technology into a
full-scale project. This means that the products, greenhouse products and water hold a value
proposition.
A typical stakeholder could be an Indian food processing industry that sources locally. The
food processing industry is an important stake-holder in the agro-food production chain. In
many cases this industry sources their products locally. The Recycling Greenhouse project
enables the food industry sustainable sourcing and a further grip on the supply chain. This is
of strategic importance to the food industry.
13
5. Other Concepts The concepts described below have the potential to become cooperration project in the Indian
context. As for this moment these concepts have less priority we invite Indian and Dutch
parties to express their interest if they see opportunities for collaboration.
5.1 Low Cost Desalination The desalination process with reverse osmosis membranes is well known. Scaling and fouling
are common problems when polluted seawater or brackish groundwater is used. Mostly
flocculation chemicals are applied for operating membrane installation for brackish
groundwater desalination. These chemicals are costly and have a negative impact on the
performance in terms of capacity. The discharged brine quality is also affected by the usage of
chemicals. Application of electroflocculation pre-treatment followed by ultrafiltration is an
alternative method with several advantages: easy operation, low quantities of produced
sludge, avoidance of chemical use and no anions added (chloride or sulfate). The
electrochemical pre-treatment of polluted groundwater has been studied and practiced in the
Netherlands. From practical experience this alternative pre-treatment showed improved RO
membrane performance (flux).
Value proposition
Desalination of polluted brackish groundwater is difficult. Application of an innovative pre-
treatment method enables cost effective drinking water production on remote sites. The Low
Cost Desalination system has a special electro-chemical pre-treatment process which removes
heavy metals, Calcium and organic pollution. This pre-treatment lowers the TDS and increases
the reverse osmosis membrane flux.
Consortium
Dutch technology Indian expertise
Electro chemical pre-treatment technology. Reverse osmosis and UF filtration.
Develop application, operation, contracting,
installation for Indian market.
Lowering of the TDS levels will benefit the specific electrical energy usage of the desalination.
Revenue model
The pre-treatment increases the performance of the desalination process. The operational
revenues are;
• lower electricity consumption of membrane based desalination.
• no chemicals.
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Technology setup The pre-treatment electro chemical reactor consists of an aerated electrode plate reactor in
which the water treated electro chemically. In this reactor a chemical sludge is formed which
is precipitated and removed. After the sedimentation the water passes through a UF -RO or
NANO membrane unit.
5.2 Water Farming Climate change and pollution have an impact on the groundwater quality and availability.
Aquifers are over exploited and groundwater levels are lowering. Rainwater harvesting and
surface infiltration is getting more important to recharge the groundwater aquifers. Aquifer
recharging is a challenging operation. Pollution can disrupt the recharge process. Water
farming is a concept in which purified surface water is recharged in the groundwater in a
controlled way. A water farmer controls the recharge area and runs the adsorption sand filters
which purify the water before recharging.The ground quality is controlled ensuring a proper
drinking water supply.
Value proposition
Utilising aquifer for water conservation and polishing is very effective and low cost method.
Good quality drinking water can be extracted from the aquifer when the infiltration conditions
are good. During dry season the aquifer is recharged with purified water from rivers. The
purification is with adsorption and eventually advanced oxidation methods. The drinking water
facility is controlled by water farmers, who are dedicated to control the groundwater level and
groundwater quality.
Consortium
Dutch technology Indian expertise
Groundwater soil purification technology. Recharge systems.
Advanced oxidation adsorption systems to remove
micro pollutants and heavy metals.
Develop application, operation, contracting,
installation
This concept enables full low cost recycling rainwater.
Revenue model
Water farming is a combination of cost effective purification and governance. The operational
revenues are;
• cost effective water purification by utilising soil
• drinking water storage and production from rainwater.
15
Technology setup Rainwater is collected re-charged and reused for drinking water production.
5.3 Mineral Mining Polluted groundwater contains minerals which can be recovered by the eutectic freeze
concentration process, which has been developed by Technical University Delft, the
Netherlands. The groundwater polluted with minerals is concentrated with a reverse osmosis
membrane process. The permeate water is used for drinking water and the brine is treated in
the EFC process. The basic principle of the eutectic freeze crystallisation process is the
existence of the eutectic point of a salt-water mixture. At this point there exists is an
equilibrium between ice, salt and a solution of a specific concentration and at this temperature
simultaneous crystallisation of both ice and salt occurs. This feature enables the EFC process
to separate pure crystal salts enabling recovery of valuable minerals.
Value proposition
Mineral mining is cost efficient if the mineral crystals recovered from the waste stream have a
value. The Eutectic Freezing Concentration process is too costly if the only value is clean
water.
Consortium
Dutch technology Indian expertise
Eutectic Freeze Crystallisation Technology. Reverse osmosis and UF filtration.
Develop application, operation, contracting,
installation for Indian market.
Revenue model
The EFC process recycles minerals in a very pure form. The operational revenues mainly
depend on the value of the recovered pure minerals;
• High quality minerals.
• High quality water.
Technology setup Before freeze crystallisation the incoming wastewater or groundwater is concentrated by
reverse osmosis membrane filtration. The brine is treated in a Eutectic Freeze Crystallisation
Reactor where pure mineral crystals are formed from the concentrated brine. Very pure water
and crystals are the end products of this process.
16
5.4 Small scale groundwater purification Groundwater pollution, contamination with Fluoride and or Arsenic is a major problem in India
and throughout the world. Whereas groundwater is the major source for drinking water
production high levels of Fluoride and or Arsenic can cause health problems if not removed.
The common used treatment methods are based on adsorption with granulated activated
Alumina, reverse osmosis or electrodialyses are expensive. Basically this pollution can be
removed from groundwater with Aluminium precipitation / adsorption and complexing
techniques. An electro-chemical treatment with Aluminium-iron electrodes followed by ultra or
nano filtration membranes or media filtration enables effective removal of the pollutants. The
electrochemical treatment forms strongly complexing reagens which bind and precipitate the
pollution. The technology is low cost, reliable and can be applied on small scale.
Value proposition
Small scale low cost reliable electro-chemical groundwater purification.
Consortium
Dutch technology Indian expertise
Electro flocculation and media adsorption. UF filtration.
Develop application, operation, contracting,
installation for Indian market.
Revenue model
The EFC process recycles minerals in a very pure form. The operational revenues are;
• High quality minerals.
• High quality water.
17
Technology setup Decentralised drinking water production with electro flocculation and/or multi media filtration
followed by membrane filtration.
5.5 Concentrated solar power & purification Energy is becoming a major cost factor for water treatment. The electricity costs for
desalination are the largest price factor. Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technologies use
systems of mirrored concentrators to focus direct beam solar radiation to receivers that
convert the energy to high temperature for power generation. Typically, this heat is
transformed to mechanical energy through a steam turbine and then into electricity. Practical
operating temperatures are from 150 to 400 �. The waste heat is normally applied for
industrial heating processes, however can also be applied for purification of salty water with
the membrane evaporation technology.
Concentrated solar power projects are being developed in India (140 MW in Mathania
Rajasthan). The waste heat from CSP plants is very suitable for water purification with
membrane evaporation. This technology requires warm water at a temperature of 60 - 80 �.
The technology is very efficient for purifying polluted brackish or salty water. The permeate is
very clean and the concentration factor is very high (low brine output).
Value proposition
The CSP can be engineered at a small scale, providing enough energy to power a micro
turbine. The waste heat can be used for a membrane evaporation unit. The electricity can be
used for further groundwater purification with nano membrane technology.
Consortium
Dutch technology Indian expertise
Membrane evaporation. CSP
Develop application, operation, contracting,
installation for Indian market.
18
Revenue model
The combined CSP - MD process purifies brackish groundwater at low costs. The operational
revenues are;
• Drinking water.
• Electricity.
Technology setup A small scale CSP - micro turbine system generates electricity and hot water. The waste heat
hot water is used for membrane evaporation of polluted brackish groundwater. The multi
stage vacuum flash membrane distillation extracts very pure water by concentrating up to five
times.
5.6 The purification windmill Wind energy can be used for directly treating polluted brackish groundwater. In this concept
wind energy is used for directly driving a built in flash evaporation - condensation unit by
means of a heat pump. This windmill utilises renewable energy for treatment of polluted
brackish groundwater. This concept successfully has been developed and tested in the
Netherlands.
Value proposition
The purification windmill enables off grid production of drinking water from polluted
groundwater by utilisation of renewable energy.
Consortium
Dutch technology Indian expertise
Windmill integrated purification. Flash evaporation condensation technology.
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Dutch technology Indian expertise
Develop application, operation, contracting,
installation for Indian market.
Revenue model
The purification windmill purifies brackish polluted groundwater with renewable resources. The
operational revenues are;
• Drinking water.
Technology setup The windmill utilises wind energy for decentralised water purification by a build in vacuum
evaporation-condensation unit.
5.7 The water greenhouse Plants evaporate about 75% of their water consumption for cooling purposes (the
photosynthesis process). This water evaporates and increases the humidity of the air when
cultivation is in a greenhouse. This humid air condensates at the glass or plastic ceiling of the
greenhouse and can be collected in the roof area with a rain gutter system. The evaporation is
driven by the photosynthesis process of the plant at day light. The condensation process is
accelerated when the ceiling is cooled by recirculating cool water through a hollow-core plastic
sheet at the greenhouse ceiling. This cool water can be by harvested by collecting radiation
cooling at night. The cold water is collected and stored in a water buffer tank. At daylight this
cold water cools the ceiling in a closed circuit. This cool ceiling enables advanced condensation
of humid air in the greenhouse. Salt resistant crops (e.g. tomatoes) are suitable for
cultivation with brackish irrigation water.
The condensate water collected at the roof system is polished using marble filters or ground
passage filtration.
20
Value proposition
The water greenhouse enables water production in dry areas, where e.g. only brackish
groundwater is available. The water greenhouse recycles water and can grow salt tolerant
horticulture crops.
Consortium
Dutch technology Indian expertise
Greenhouse technology. Greenhouse construction.
Develop application, operation, contracting,
installation for Indian market.
Revenue model
The water greenhouse generates high quality water from brackish polluted groundwater. The
operational revenues are;
• Drinking water.
• Greenhouse crops.
Technology setup A water purification greenhouse. The greenhouse roof consists of low cost hollow-core
polycarbonate or other plastic sheets in which water flows. This water is cooled by harvesting
radiation cooling during night. The cool water is stored in a buffer tank and used for cooling
the greenhouse roof during daytime. In this way the humidity of the greenhouse is controlled.
The cold roof will enhance the condensation. This condensation water is collected and used for
drinking water production. The evaporated irrigation water is condensed by utilisation of wind
energy and or cold harvesting for production of cooling water at night. The condensate is
conditioned for drinking water distribution.
