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Division and Reconciliation Unit Review. Spirituals. LITERARY TERMS. Spiritual- Folk songs by slaves with biblical references Refrain- Repeats, effects on song Repetition- Reinforced ideas, what was repeated in each Rhyme & Rhythm- Used for effect & reinforcement. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Division and Reconciliation Unit Review
Spirituals
LITERARY TERMS• Spiritual- Folk songs by slaves with
biblical references• Refrain- Repeats, effects on song• Repetition- Reinforced ideas, what was
repeated in each• Rhyme & Rhythm- Used for effect &
reinforcement
“Swing Low, Sweet Chariot”
• Expresses desire for eternal salvation in heaven.• Longing for freedom and from slavery.• “Band of Angels” is symbol of the
underground railroad.• Based on Old Testament story.
“Go Down, Moses”
• Typical spiritual for biblical reference.• Moses is appropriate, led Israelites out
of Egypt to freedom.• Slaves identify because both suffered
oppression.
My Bondage and My Freedom
Frederick Douglass
Frederick Douglass• Gifted writer and speaker• Famous for efforts to fight for abolition
of slavery• Education was key• Helped women win the right to vote as
well• Proponent for fair and equal rights
Literary Terms•Autobiography – an individual’s
written account of his/her own life• Tone – author’s attitude toward
the subject
My Bondage and My Freedom
• Consumed with learning and want for freedom, he grows to hate the institution of slavery.• Message is that slavery harms ALL
involved.• Douglass’s attitude toward slavery was
that it goes against the nature of both slave & owner.
An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge
Ambrose Bierce“Bitter Bierce”
Literary Terms• Omniscient- narrator is an objective observer
of everything.• Third-person limited – narrator relate the
inner thoughts and feelings of the character.• Stream-of-consciousness - thoughts and ideas
the way the human mind thinks. Short bursts, not always clear or logical.
• Chronological order - represent the order of events.
An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge
• Civil war hanging of a southern planter who tried to sabotage the North.• As Peyton Farquhar prepares to
die, his imagination takes over. • Surprise ending!
The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County
&The Outcasts of Poker Flat
Mark Twain & Bret Harte
Mark Twain• Real name was Samuel Clemens• Known as the greatest American
author• Life on the Mississippi River
(setting of many of his stories)• Traveled all over country & Europe• Riverboat pilot, printer, journalist
and lecturer
HUMOR = EVOKE LAUGHTER• Use of exaggeration
(hyperbole)• Embellish incidents• Regional dialect – language
specific to a particular area• Use of a serious narrator that
has ridiculous qualities but is unaware (understatement)
The Notorious Jumping Frog…• Simon Wheeler tells story of a
betting man (Jim Smiley)• Smiley is clever & competitive.• Wanted a stranger to bet on Dan’l.• Simon Wheeler does not recognize
how ridiculous his tale is which adds to the humor
“THE OUTCASTS OF POKER FLAT”
By: Bret Harte
REGIONALISM• Depicts the unique qualities of a
particular place and it’s people• Use of LOCAL COLOR= highlights
characteristics unique to a time and place• Popular when America was
expanding, mid-to-late-1800’s
“The Outcasts of Poker Flat”• Typical Southwest town• Certain “characters” have been
banished from town• Mr. Oakhurst is the main
character tries to “save” them all• EACH character is flat in order to
illustrate specific traits.
“The Outcast of Poker Flat”
•Author’s attitude toward the outcasts is sympathetic.•Main message: punishment
without justice is as bad as the crime.
“I Will Fight No More Forever”
Chief Joseph
Literary Terms• TONE – the quality of language revealing distinct emotions and expresses the author’s attitude .• MOOD – the feeling created in the reader through the use of the tone.
BackgroundNative Americans used the land, but felt that they did not own it!
Culture of hunters so they ranged over a vast territory.
• Settlers felt differently feeling they owned the land they settled on.
• Created strong opposing view points.
Background• Originally from the Oregon area, Joseph was leader of the Nez Perce.• Government tried to relocate his people to Idaho.• Reluctantly signed treated giving the gov. control over their land.• He thought it was illegal and refused to recognize it.
Background• War erupts and his forces join with the Sioux.• Great leadership helped them to win many battles but were eventually forced to surrender.• Forced to live in the barren Oklahoma territory, many became ill and died.
I Will Fight No More Forever
• Emotionally charged• Became a symbol of the Native American’s tragic plight.
“To Build a Fire”
Jack London
Literary Terms
• Internal & External Conflict• Dramatic Irony• Predictions
To Build A Fire• Along the Yukon river of the frozen Northern wilderness of Alaska.
• An inexperienced yet confident man & his dog make a long & dangerous journey on foot toward camp.
• Temperatures are much colder than the man anticipated: 1st mistake!
• Builds a fire in the wrong spot: 2nd mistake, proves to be fatal!
To Build a Fire
•Nature is the antagonist.•Man’s overconfidence contributes to his downfall.
The Story of an Hour
by
Kate Chopin
Kate Chopin• Powerful & controversial
writers of the time• Influenced by American
Regionalists• Uses local color to capture the
essence of life in Louisiana.
Kate Chopin• Explored bold & radical themes
such as:–Nature of marriage–Racial prejudice–Women’s desire for social,
economical, and political equality
Kate Chopin• Novel The Awakening was
banned for content of a women’s search for independence and fulfillment• Today, it is in the top 5 most read
in colleges and universities
IRONY• VERBAL – use of words to suggest
the opposite of usual meaning.• DRAMATIC – reader is aware of
events and yet the character is not.• SITUATIONAL – outcome of an action
or situation is different from what one expects.
The Story of an Hour• Involves a keen sense of irony• Focus on reaction Mrs. Mallard’s has
about the death of husband• Watch for:– Specific details –Climax of story–Expected outcomes–Actual outcomes
“Douglass” & “We Wear the Mask”
Paul Laurence Dunbar
Poetry Terms• Exact rhyme – ways and days• Slant rhyme – prove and love• End rhyme – occurs at the ends of two or more poetic
lines• Internal rhyme – appear within a single line• Symbol – anything that stands for, or represents
something else• Simile – an explicit comparison between two different
things using “like” or “as”• Metaphor –an implied comparison made between two
unlike things that actually have something in common.
“Douglass” & “We Wear the Mask”
• Storm symbolizes the turmoil & hardship they still faced.• Wished Douglass was still alive to
guide them.• Dunbar suggest that the world sees
African Americans only when they hide their feelings.
Edwin Arlington Robinson &
Edgar Lee MastersPOETRY
FIVE
Robinson• Successful American poet of
the 20’s• Focus on people’s inner
struggles• Mostly desperate characters
who view their lives as trivial and meaningless• He used traditional style
Robinson
• Two poems address pain of a loss• Luke cannot figure how to go
on without his beloved• Richard Cory, the town is
mourning
Masters• Law by day, Chicago film critic• Abandoned conventional rhyme
& meter• Series of poems about people in
rural southern Illinois
Masters• Anthology consists of 244 epitaphs
for characters, buried in mythical Spoon River• The dead ARE the speakers, reveal
secrets kept hidden during their lifetime• Some happy, most filled with
frustration and despair
Masters• In the two poems, two
different characters and their abilities to face life in a changing world.• BOTH speak about their lives
from the graves.