MAGNOLIOPHYTAMAGNOLIOPHYTAMAGNOLIOPHYTAMAGNOLIOPHYTA(ANGIOSPERMAE)(ANGIOSPERMAE)(ANGIOSPERMAE)(ANGIOSPERMAE)

Terdiri atas 2 Kelas :Terdiri atas 2 Kelas :Magnoliopsida (Dycotiledoneae)Magnoliopsida (Dycotiledoneae)Liliopsida (Monocotyledoneae)Liliopsida (Monocotyledoneae)

MONOCOTS DICOTS

Embryo with single cotyledon Embryo with two cotyledons Pollen with single furrow or

Pollen with three furrows or

pore pores Flower parts in multiples of three

Flower parts in multiples of four or five

Major leaf veins parallel Major leaf veins reticulated Stem vacular bundles scattered

Stem vascular bundles in a ring scattered ring

Roots are adventitious Roots develop from radicle

Secondary growth absent Secondary growth often Secondary growth absent y gpresent

Now let's have a test!

Is the Day Flower (Commelina communis) shown a monocot or a dicot?

This is sort of tricky, but nature is full of tricky blossoms. The leaves appear to have parallel veins, so there's a vote for "monocot." However, this flower seems to have only two petals, and that doesn't fit either monocot or dicot.If you could examine the stamens you'd see that there are three with anthers and three that are "sterile," or without anthers, so there's another vote for "monocot."Well, fact is, it is a monocot. The main proof is that actually there is a third petal, a much reduced, translucent one at the flower's bottom, so there are also three petals. Therefore: Monocot.

The two large blue petal limbs and their claws The two large blue petal limbs and their claws attaching them to the floral axis are visible; the attaching them to the floral axis are visible; the smaller lower white petal is mostly obscured; the smaller lower white petal is mostly obscured; the three yellowthree yellow staminodesstaminodes with central maroon spotswith central maroon spotsthree yellow three yellow staminodesstaminodes with central maroon spots with central maroon spots are above, the central fertile stamen with maroon are above, the central fertile stamen with maroon connective is below them, and the two brown lateral connective is below them, and the two brown lateral fertile stamens and the curving style between them fertile stamens and the curving style between them are lowest; notice the contrasting veins on the spathe are lowest; notice the contrasting veins on the spathe surrounding the flowersurrounding the flowersurrounding the flower surrounding the flower two relatively large blue petals and one very reduced two relatively large blue petals and one very reduced white petal. white petal. spathespathe, a modified leaf. , a modified leaf. The 2 upperThe 2 upper petalspetals are blue toare blue to indigoindigo in colour whilein colour while

3 steril stamenThe 2 upper The 2 upper petalspetals are blue to are blue to indigoindigo in colour, while in colour, while the much smaller lower petal is white. the much smaller lower petal is white. There are three anticous (i.e. on the lower part of the There are three anticous (i.e. on the lower part of the flower) fertile flower) fertile stamensstamens, and three posticous (i.e. on , and three posticous (i.e. on the upper part of the flower) infertile stamens termed the upper part of the flower) infertile stamens termed staminodesstaminodes The fertile stamens areThe fertile stamens are dimorphicdimorphic: the: thestaminodesstaminodes. The fertile stamens are . The fertile stamens are dimorphicdimorphic: the : the lateral pair have lateral pair have maroonmaroon to indigo to indigo anthersanthers that that measure about 2measure about 2 mm (0.8mm (0.8 in) long and are elliptic with in) long and are elliptic with a a sagittatesagittate (i.e. arrowhead(i.e. arrowhead--shaped) base. Their shaped) base. Their filamentsfilaments are about 10are about 10––1212 mm (0.39mm (0.39––0.470.47 in) long. in) long. The central fertile stamen has a yellow elliptic antherThe central fertile stamen has a yellow elliptic anther 3 fertil stamen :The central fertile stamen has a yellow, elliptic anther The central fertile stamen has a yellow, elliptic anther with a maroon with a maroon connectiveconnective and a hastate (i.e. and a hastate (i.e. spearheadspearhead--shaped, but with lobes at right angles) shaped, but with lobes at right angles) base. The anther measures about 2.5base. The anther measures about 2.5 mm (0.1mm (0.1 in) in) long while its filament is about 5long while its filament is about 5––66 mm (0.2mm (0.2––0.240.24 in) in) longlong [4][4] The three staminodes are all alike withThe three staminodes are all alike with

3 fertil stamen :dimorfik

1 i tillong.long.[4][4] The three staminodes are all alike with The three staminodes are all alike with yellow, cruciform (i.e. crossyellow, cruciform (i.e. cross--shaped) antherodes that shaped) antherodes that are about 2are about 2 mm (0.08mm (0.08 in) long on filaments about in) long on filaments about 33 mm (0.12mm (0.12 in) long.in) long.[3][3][4][4] Sometimes the antherodes Sometimes the antherodes will have a central maroon spot.will have a central maroon spot.[3][3] Each antherode Each antherode has two abortive lateral pollen sacks Thehas two abortive lateral pollen sacks The ovaryovary isis

1 pistil

has two abortive lateral pollen sacks. The has two abortive lateral pollen sacks. The ovaryovary is is ellipsoid, about 2ellipsoid, about 2 mm (0.08mm (0.08 in) long and has a in) long and has a stylestylethat is about 1.3that is about 1.3 cm (0.51cm (0.51 in) long in) long

K l M li id iliki 6 k k l Kelas Magnoliopsida memiliki 6 anak kelas :

1 M liid1.Magnoliidae

2 Hamamelidae2.Hamamelidae

3.Caryophyllidaey p y

4.Dilleniidae

5.Rosidae

6.Asteridae

KELAS MAGNOLIOPSIDA KELAS MAGNOLIOPSIDA Terdiri atas 6 anak kelasTerdiri atas 6 anak kelasTerdiri atas 6 anak kelasTerdiri atas 6 anak kelas

65

2

4

2

3

1

Dugaan hubungan evolusi anak-anak kelas Magnoliopsida

1

1. Bangsa MAGNOLIALES (10 suku)Anak kelas Magnoliidae

g ( )Pilihan suku didasarkan atas besarnya jumlah jenis, kepentingan ekonominya dan adanya sifat-sifat yang istimewa

Suku MAGNOLIACEAE

Pohon, perdu

Daun tunggal, tersebar ada stipulaDaun tunggal, tersebar ada stipula

Perbungaan : umumnya tunggal

Bunga :Bisex jarang unisex aktinomorfPerigonium 6 18 dalam spiral atau Perigonium 6 – 18, dalam spiral atau lingkaranStamen ~, pistilum ~, tersusun spiral pada kepanjangan dasar bunga pada kepanjangan dasar bunga (torus). Ovarium superus, satu ruang/karpel

Magnolia grandiflora

Buah : folikulus (bumbung), baka (buni), samara kadangagregat berupa kerucut mengkayuagregat berupa kerucut mengkayu

Kepentingan ekonomi suku ini : beberapa jenisnya merupakanp g p j y p1. tanaman hias dengan bunga yang harum 2. ada yang merupakan penghasil kayu

Manglieta figo – cempaka ambon

M. glauca – manglit, kayu

T l m d lii mp k d kTalauma candolii – cempaka gondok

Michelia champaca – cempaka kuningKulit kayu : tonikum, penurun demam, pengharum anti kanker

M. alba – cempaka putih, kantilDaun bunga : penurun demampengharum, anti kanker

Daun, akar : peluruh cacing, urus-urusBunga : kosmetikKandungan kimia : minyak atsiri

Daun, bunga : penurun demam,aromatikum, astringen, antikanker.Kandungan kimia sama denganKandungan kimia : minyak atsiri,

alkaloid, fenol, asam benzoatg g

M. champaca

Suku ANNONACEAE (Kenanga-kenangaan)Suku ANNONACEAE (Kenanga-kenangaan)

Pohon, perdu, lianaPohon, perdu, lianaDaun tunggal, tersebar, tanpa Daun tunggal, tersebar, tanpa stipulastipulastipulastipulaBunga : Bunga :

tunggal/infloresens simosatunggal/infloresens simosaBi j i kti i fBi j i kti i fBisex jarang unisex aktinimorfBisex jarang unisex aktinimorfPeriantium 3 + 3 + 3, (3 Periantium 3 + 3 + 3, (3 lingkaran @ 3)lingkaran @ 3)S t t 2 li k l S t t 2 li k l Satu atau 2 lingkaran luar Satu atau 2 lingkaran luar sepaloid sepaloid Stamen ~, pistilum bbrp Stamen ~, pistilum bbrp -- ~, ~, Ovarium superusOvarium superusOvarium superusOvarium superus

Buah : baka (Buah : baka (AnnonaAnnona –– agregat)agregat)Pohon buah, tanaman hias, Pohon buah, tanaman hias, penghasil kayupenghasil kayupenghasil kayupenghasil kayu

Contoh-contoh

Cananga odorata (kenanga)

The flower is greenish yellow (rarely pink) curly like a starfish and yields a highly The flower is greenish yellow (rarely pink), curly like a starfish, and yields a highly fragrant essential oil. The main aromatic component of ylang-ylang is methyl anthranilate The essential oil of ylang-ylang is used in aromatherapy. It is believed to relieve high blood pressure,

l f k l d d d h dnormalize sebum secretion for skin problems, and is considered to be an aphrodisiac

Annona muricata (sirsak)D tik• Daun : emetikum

• Daun & bunga : meredakan kejang• Daun muda : jerawat• Buah masak : sariawan penghalus kulit • Buah masak : sariawan, penghalus kulit

• processed into ice creams, and drinks, but fiber-free varieties are often eaten raw

• Biji/buah muda : astringenBiji/buah muda astringen• Kandungan kimia : protein, kalsium, fosfor, vitamin A & C .

Custard AppleAnnona reticulata(buah nona anon)

Almost exclusively eaten fresh Custard apple's have an advantage over other Annona's in that they tend to ripen slightly later in the year than

(buah nona, anon) A. squamosa A. squamosa (sarikaya) (sarikaya) Sugar-apple fruit

Daun : scabies bisulthey tend to ripen slightly later in the year than their relatives, so during certain times of the year, only custard apple's are available

Daun : bisul eksim

Daun : scabies, bisulBuah & biji muda : anti helmintik,insektisida, diare, disentri, astringenDaun : bisul, eksim

Kulit kayu : diare, disentri, cacingBiji : diare, disentri Kandungan kimia : tannin alkaloid

astringenAkar : pencaharKandungan Kimia : resin, asamamino,anonainKandungan kimia : tannin alkaloid ,

Stelechocarpus burahol (burahol) :

Very rare and endangered tree from Southeast Asia. Fruit is borne on the lower trunk and is said to have a spicy, mango-like flavor.

Ancient Indonesians believed that eating the fruit would cause body secretions nafas, keringat, urine to take on a perfume scent.

Suku MYRISTICACEAE (PalaSuku MYRISTICACEAE (Pala--palaan)palaan)Pohon, jarang perdu, aromatis, Pohon, jarang perdu, aromatis, Mengandung myristicin Mengandung myristicin (komponen yyfenolik yang psikotrofik)UnisexUnisexDaun tunggal, tersebar tanpa Daun tunggal, tersebar tanpa gg , pgg , pstipulastipulaBunga :Bunga :

rasemus/cymosa rasemus/cymosa ♀♀ ♂♂rasemus/cymosa rasemus/cymosa ♀♀,,♂♂..Periantium sepaloid, Unisex, Periantium sepaloid, Unisex, Bunga Bunga ♂♂ : stamen 2 : stamen 2 -- ~. ~. monadelfusmonadelfusmonadelfusmonadelfusBunga Bunga ♀♀ : carpel 1, stigma : carpel 1, stigma sesil, ovul 1sesil, ovul 1

B h b i hB h b i hBuah : buni, memecahBuah : buni, memecahBiji berarilus, endosperm Biji berarilus, endosperm berminyakberminyak

Horsfieldia glabra pengusir nyamuk obat bisul

Myristica fatua (pala laki-l ki) k b h b

Horsfieldia glabra, pengusir nyamuk, obat bisul

laki), kayu bahan bangunan, kulit kayu aprodisiakNative to the Moluccas islands. Smaller than nutmeg, slands. Smaller than nutmeg, and not as fragrant, the brazilian or false nutmeg is sometimes used much like its

ll k i well known cousin.

Myristica fragrans nutmegThe dried nuts are arils are used as spices. There are a variety of medicinal uses.

2. Bangsa LAURALESSuku LAURACEAE (Medang-medangan)

Pohon perdu (kecuali Cassytha Pohon, perdu (kecuali Cassytha, herba), aromatis (minyak, kayu)

Daun tunggal, tersebar tanpa i l (C h d k i)

pstipula (Cassytha : tereduksi)

Bunga :P b p ik l m Perbungaan panikula, rasemus, spika, umbelaAda hypanthium (floral tube formed by the fusion of the ybasal portions of sepals, petals and stamens and from which rest of floral parts emanate)

* (aktinomorf), bisex (kadang unisex), perigonium sepaloid dalam 2 O (3 + 3)

Cinnamomum burmanni (kayu manis), minyak atsiri dari kulit kayu, untuk ramuan makanan dan jamu

Stamen 4 O, 3 O melekat pada tabung kaliks, 1 O dalamstaminodia (sterile stamen does not produce pollen, variable( p pin structures, petallike), antera membuka dengan klep (2 – 4)

Ovarium superus, 1 karpel, 1 ruang, 1 ovul

Buah : baka/drupaBiji tanpa endospermT di i 30 2000 2500 j iTerdiri > 30 marga, 2000 – 2500 jenis,tropis/subtropics kebanyakan di Asia Tenggara

ContohContoh--contoh :contoh :

C. culilawan C. culilawan (lawang) (lawang) Barks has a Barks has a ( g)( g)mucilaginous, aromatic taste, and mucilaginous, aromatic taste, and a mixed odor of cinnamon, a mixed odor of cinnamon, sassafras, and cloves.sassafras, and cloves.

Eusideroxylon zwageri Eusideroxylon zwageri (kayu besi)(kayu besi)Actinodaphne Actinodaphne sppspp. . Beilschmeidia Beilschmeidia spp.spp.C C Cryptocarya Cryptocarya spp.spp.Phoebe Phoebe spp.spp.

Cinnamomum cassia Cinnamomum cassia (‘chinese cinnamon)(‘chinese cinnamon)

C. Zeylanicum flower

This cinnamon is used the same as the commercial C. zeylanicum spice, having the smell and nearly the same flavor. It is an attractive shrubby 35' tree with shiny ovate leaves. Aside from its use as a spice this specie is also known for various medicinal its use as a spice this specie is also known for various medicinal uses derived from its bark.

Litsea cubebaLitsea cubeba (lemo, (lemo, May Chang) : :

Litsea cubeba oil obtained from the small pepper shaped fruits which resemble peppers.Th t f M Ch h b d t The scent of May Chang has been compared to lemongrass and lemon verbena.

Having Therapeutic properties Having Therapeutic properties, Integumentary system, Respiratory system, Circulatory system, Nervous system http://www cherylsherbs com/Essential oilhttp://www.cherylsherbs.com/Essential_oil_profile_litsea_cubeba.htm

Persea americana Persea americana (alpokat)(alpokat)

Unripe avocados are said to be toxic. Two resins derived from the skin of the fruit are toxic Dopamine has been found in the leaves. Consists of many varieties, not all varieties are equally toxic.

Craigmill et al. at Davis, California, have confirmed deleterious effects on lactating goats which ll lwere allowed to graze on leaves of 'Anaheim' avocado an hour each day for 2 days. Milk was curdled

and not milkable, the animals ground their teeth, necks were swollen and they coughed,

Avocado seed extracts injected into guinea pigs have caused only a few days of hyperexcitability and f h lf d h lf l d h f h d d anorexia. At Davis, mice given 10 to 14 g of half-and-half normal ration and either fresh or dried

avocado seed died in 2 or 3 days, though one mouse given 4 times the dose of the others survived for 2 weeks.

h d d h b h h b l l f f d The seed and the roots contain an antibiotic which prevents bacterial spoilage of food. It is the subject of two United States patents.The bark contains 3.5% of an essential oil which has an anise odor and is made up largely of methyl chavicol with a little anethole.

Cinnamomum camphora Cinnamomum camphora (kamper)(kamper)pp ( p )( p )native to China and Japan where it has been commercially used for its timber and essential oils for hundreds of years Camphor tree leaves are distinctively fragrant when crushed and ripe berries that are consumed by some bird species.

Camphor in large doses is toxic to humans. It stimulates the central nervous system and may affect respiration or cause convulsions. In Chinese medicine, camphor is forbidden for pregnant women and those with a deficiency of vital

y p

energy or yin. Camphor does not have serious predators or diseases outside its native range. Seedlings and root sprouts are abundant near mature trees, but individual trees pop up far from seed sources.The Plant Conservation Alliance lists this species as an Alien Invader and it is listed as a Category I invasive exotic species by the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council, which means that it is known to be "invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida." Become weed in USA, Australia

Eusideroxylon zwageri (kayu besi)

Cassytha Cassytha (called love-vine in the Bahamas) bears an uncanny resemblance to dodder (the genus Cuscuta) but is not related to it at all! C th i i L th f il S f d d Cassytha is in Lauraceae, the same family as Sassafras, avocado, and cinnamon whereas dodder is in Convolvulaceae and is related to morning-glory vines. If one looks closely at the flowers, love-vine is quite clearly a member of Lauraceaemember of Lauraceae.

Ipomoea purpurea morning glory

Cuscuta is commonly used in long term tonic programs. It is a gentle tonic for the Kidney Yin and Yang, and also helps nourish Chi. It helps the Kidney to consolidate the Chi. It is widely used to improve vision, nourish the

d t th b d i d t t th l sperm and marrow, strengthen bones and sinews and to strengthen sexual functions.

Convolvulaceae

Suku HERNANDIACEAE (Kampis-kampisan)

Hernandia peltata ‘jack in the Hernandia peltata, jack in the box’Kayu bahan bangunan, minyak untuk lampuuntuk lampu

Uses: is sometimes planted by seed to make a Uses: is sometimes planted by seed to make a windbreak. Its hard wood is used for firewood, as building material, on canoes as parts for holding the sail, to make handles for fans, and sometimes to make the frame of a food grinder make the frame of a food grinder.

The fruit ("nut") is also occasionally used to make handicrafts.

The leaves are used for medicinal baths for children and adults, and parts of the plant are sometimes used in a preparation p p pto treat headaches.

Have been used as a traditional medicine for boils, cough, diarrhea, abdominal pains, anticonvulsive treatment, eye problems, and a number of other indications that appear to include anticancer, antiviral, and antiparasite.

Hernandia nymphaeifolia

3. Bangsa PIPERALESSuku PIPERACEAE (sirih-sirihan)Suku PIPERACEAE (sirih sirihan)

Herba, perdu, pohon kecil, liana, aromatis (minyak atsiri di aromatis (minyak atsiri di parenkim), alkaloid amina atau aporfin atau dari kelompok piridinIkatan pembuluh dalam > 10 atau ptersebar, tapi ada kambium intrafasikulerDaun tunggal, tersebar, urat daun i t / l t d ti l

Piper nigrum (lada) – piperin

pinnatus/palmatus, ada stipulaBunga :

Spika / rasemus* l *, bi- atau unisexual, tanpa periantiumStamen 1 – 10, ovarium sup us 2 4 p l 1 u n superus, 2 – 4 carpel, 1 ruang, 1 biji

Buah : drupaTerdiri atas + 10 marga, 1400 –2000 jenis, tropis

Peperomia sandersii, tanaman hias

P. pellucida (seuseureuhan), tanaman hias

P. betle (sirih)Sakit mata Eksim bau mulut kulit gatal

Piper nigrum (lada) – piperinSakit mata, Eksim, bau mulut, kulit gatal, menghilangkan jerawat; pendarahan gusi, mimisan,bronkhitis, batuk, sariawan, luka; keputihan, sakit

jantung sifilis alergi/biduren diare Sakit gigi; jantung, sifilis, alergi/biduren, diare, Sakit gigi; It is often chewed in combination with the betel nut (Areca catechu), as a stimulatory. Some evidence suggests that betel leaves have immune boosting properties as well as anti-cancer properties

P t f t ( b j b j ) t k b d k

In P. retrofractum (long pepper), piperine, piperlonguminine, sylvatine, guineensine piperlongumine filfiline sitosterol methyl piperate and a

P. retrofractum (cabe jawa, cabe panjang) : untuk bandrek

guineensine, piperlongumine, filfiline, sitosterol, methyl piperate and a series of piperine-analog retrofractamides are reported. (Phytochemistry, 24, 279, 1985)

Buah : kejang perut, perut kembung, diare, sakit kepala, sakit gigi, batuk, demam, tekanan darah rendah.

P. Aduncum(gedebong, kiseureuh)

Provides food and cover for wildlife, can be used for revegetating disturbed areas, and contributes to the biomass of forests (Francis, 2003). In Papua New Guinea stakes are used to create terraces for agriculture and to prevent In Papua New Guinea stakes are used to create terraces for agriculture and to prevent erosion (Bourke, 1997).Wood can be used for basic construction, fuel, stakes and fences. Has ornamental value and the fruit is used to season food.

Essential oils from this species have antibacterial properties and may also be used as an insecticide and a molluscicide. Tea made from the leaves and roots is used to treat diarrhea dysentery Tea made from the leaves and roots is used to treat diarrhea, dysentery, vomiting, ulcers, and can also be used for the control of bleeding (Francis, 2003).

P. methysticum (kawa), akar mengandung narkotik metistidin

Bangsa ILLICIALES

Suku ILLICIACEAEPerdu atau pohon kecil yang aromatisPerdu atau pohon kecil yang aromatis

Terdiri dari 1 marga dengan + 40 jenis

Illicium verum (star anise)Illicium verum (star anise)

Bangsa RANUNCULALES (8 suku) Suku MENISPERMACEAE (Sirawan sirawanan)Suku MENISPERMACEAE (Sirawan-sirawanan)

Umumnya liana atau herbaBi d Biasanya mengandung

sesquiterpenoid dan diterpenoid yang sangat pahit dan beracunB b iBerberin

Beberapa jenis dipakai seagai bahan ramuan obat

Cyclaea barbata (cincau rambat)daun bahan cincau

Tinospora crispaTinospora crispa

Arcangelisia flava (sirawan) – bayang, biji untuk obatmengandung berberin menisperminmengandung berberin, menispermin

Bangsa PAPAVERALES (2 suku)

Suku PAPAVERACEAE (Deruju–derujuan)

Herba jaran perdu den an etah seperti susu atau berwarnaHerba, jarang perdu, dengan getah seperti susu atau berwarnaMengandung berbagai alkaloidaBanyak jenis yang merupakan tanaman hias, Y i d l h P if b i (Yang terpenting adalah Papaver somniferum, sumber opium (yangdisadap dari buah yang belum matang) – narkotik

Papaver somniferumPapaver somniferum

Argemone mexicana (deruju) Mexican Poppy Mexican Prickly Poppy or Poppy, Mexican Prickly Poppy or CardosantoUseful Parts: Roots, leaves, seeds and yellow juice.

the plant is diuretic. purgative and destroys worms. It cures lepsory, skin-diseases, inflammations and bilious fevers. Roots are anthelmintic Juice is used to cure ophthalmia and opacity of cornea Roots are anthelmintic. Juice is used to cure ophthalmia and opacity of cornea. Seeds are purgative and sedative. Seeds resemble mustard seeds and in India it is used to adulterate mustard seed Seed yield non edible toxic oil and causes lethal dropsy when used with seed. Seed yield non edible toxic oil and causes lethal dropsy when used with mustard oil for cooking.

Other uses: The plant is found suitable for the reclamation of alkaline soils Other uses: The plant is found suitable for the reclamation of alkaline soils. Dried and powdered plants are recommended as green manure as it contain sufficient amount of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium