Diversity of Wisconsin · 2018. 4. 3. · Pollen presentation 3. Diverse secondary chemistry **Asteraceae - aster family The head or capitulum is a cluster of 1 or 2 distinct flower

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. . . bellflowers and asters . . .

Diversity of Wisconsin Asterids

**Campanulaceae - bellflower familyA family mostly of herbs, but some secondarily woody, widely distributed in the temperate regions and in the montane tropics. Contains 65 genera and over 2200 species, with half belonging to Campanula and Lobelia.

• Family has alternate leaves and milky latex.

• Flowers are 5 merous and inferior ovaried.

**Campanulaceae - bellflower familyThe family is divided into two distinct subfamilies - Campanuloideae and Lobelioideae - distinguished by floral symmetry, staminal fusion, and carpel number. They were often considered as separate families.

Campanulastrum - bellflowerSubfamily Campanuloideae

Lobelia - lobeliaSubfamily Lobelioideae

**Campanulaceae - bellflower familySubfamily Campanuloideae

CA (5) CO (5) A 5 G (3-5)__

Campanula and relatives have actinomorphic flowers, stamens not fused, and 3-5 fused carpels. Note the 3 styles of Campanula to the left.

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**Campanulaceae - bellflower family

Triodanis perfoliata - Venus looking glass

Secondary pollen presentation


Campanulastrum americana - tall bellflower


Campanula rapunculoidesEuropean bellflower

Campanula rotundifoliaBluebell - circumboreal

**Campanulaceae - bellflower familySubfamily Lobelioideae

CA (5) CO (5) A (5) G (2)__

Lobelia and relatives have zygomorphic flowers, stamens fused into a tube in which the pollen is shed, and 2 fused carpels. Style pushes pollen out through the tube.

Staminal tube

Style

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Lobelia cardinalisCardinal flower

male phase “beard

female phase

Lobelia cardinalisCardinal flower



Lobelia siphilitica L.Great blue lobelia


Lobelia inflataIndian tobacco

Lobelia spicataSpiked lobelia

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Lobelia kalmiiBog lobelia


Lobelia dortamannaWater lobelia

Menyanthaceae - bog buckbean familyAquatic, or semi-aquatic family. Flowers 5 merous with fringed petals. Gynoecium of 2 fused superior carpels. Our one species is restricted to bogs, fens, cedar swamps and has trifoliate leaves. Spring flowering.

Menyanthes trifoliataBog buckbean

Menyanthaceae - bog buckbean familyNymphoides (E. North America et al.) - convergence! mimic of Nymphaea

The DNR forced the Botany Dept in 2010 to dig up the Botany Garden pond that had Nymphoides

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Diversity of Wisconsin Asterids

. . . asters and chickory . . .

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**Asteraceae - aster family

Wisconsin flora

**Asteraceae - aster familyOne of the most successful of all flowering plant families with over 1500 genera and 23,000 species.

Family has 3 specialized features important in this radiation:

1. Special inflorescence “head”

2. Pollen presentation

3. Diverse secondary chemistry

**Asteraceae - aster familyThe head or capitulum is a cluster of 1 or 2 distinct flower types. The family is also called “Compositae” referring to this clustering.

The head is surrounded by special bracts called the involucre or phyllaries.

The involucre is important in the classification and identification within the family.

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CA X CO (5) A (5) G (2)__

Calyx is reduced to a pappus of scales, awns, bristles, or absent

Corolla has 5 petals but variously fused or zygomorphic

Pollen presentation – anthers fused Inferior ovary - achene


Main floret types:

1. Disk or tubular florets are actinomorphic

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Main floret types:


2. Ray florets are usually 3 long fused petals + 2 short petals

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Main floret types:


2. Ray florets are usually 3 long fused petals + 2 short petals

3. Ligulate florets are 5 fused petals but split open

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The fruit is a one-seeded achene with the pappus serving as the fruit disperser (e.g., barbs for animal dispersal, hairs for wind dispersal)

CA X CO (5) A (5) G (2)__


These various types of florets come together to form a number of different looking heads. The 3 most important ones are:

Radiate head: disk or tubular florets in the center, ray florets along the edge (these usually pistillate only)

Discoid head: only disk or tubular florets comprise the entire head

Ligulate head: only ligulate florets comprise the entire head (note 5 lobed florets) Symphyotrichum - aster




Ligulate head: only ligulate florets comprise the entire head (note 5 lobed florets) Liatris - blazing star





Ligulate head: only ligulate florets comprise the entire head (note 5 lobed florets)

Taraxacum - dandelion


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**Asteraceae - aster familyTribe Lactuceae (Cichorieae)

Only have ligulate heads, milky latex in vegetative parts

Dandelion, goat’s-beard, chickory, hawkweed

Taraxacum - dandelion

**Asteraceae - aster familyCichorium intybus - chickory

Eurasian weed - totally naturalized


Krigia biflora - false dandelion

Hieracium caespitosum - yellow hawkweed

**Asteraceae - aster familyPrenanthes alba - lion’s foot

Leaves come up early in spring; note the various spring ephemerals below (common names?)

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Tribe Cardueae (Cynareae)

Plants with spiny phyllaries and often leaves and stems

Flowers never radiate

Petals white or cynanic colors (blues, purples)

Thistle, knapweed, burdock

Cirsium vulgareBull thistle

Cirsium pitcheriDune thistle


Centaurea stoebe - Spotted knapweed Arctium - burdock

**Asteraceae - aster familyTribe Vernonieae

Alternate leavesPurple flowers

Resembles joe-pye weeds

Vernonia fasciculataironweed


Ratibida pinnata - coneflower Helianthus annuus - sunflower

Tribe Heliantheae Large tribe with radiate (sometimes discoid heads), multi-layered phyllaries, rays mostly yellow, tendency for opposite leaves

Coneflower, sunflower, rosinweed, ox-eye, black-eyed Susan, prairie dock, coreopsis, Peruvian daisy

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Biden cernuus - bur marigold Echinacea pallida - purple coneflower


Tribe HeliantheaeSubtribe Ambrosieae

Unisexual and wind pollinated, rays absent, stamens not fused

Ragweed, cocklebur

Ambrosia artemisiifoliaragweed

Male florets

Female florets

**Asteraceae - aster familyTribe HeliantheaeSubtribe Eupatorieae

Eupatorium maculatumJoe-pye weed

Eutrochium perfoliatumBoneset

Opposite or whorled leaves

Discoid heads

Corolla never yellow

Joe-pye weed, boneset, snakeroot, blazing star


Solidago rigida - stiff goldenrod Symphyotrichum novae-angliae –New England aster

Tribe Astereae

Conspicuous rays in radiate head, pappus of plumose bristles; asters, goldenrods, fleabanes

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**Asteraceae - aster familyTribe Anthemideae

Leucanthemum vulgareOx-eye daisy, chrysanthemum

Aromatic plants, with dissected, alternate leaves; pappus of awns or scales or missing

Ox-eye daisy, yarrow, wormwood, tansy, dog fennel

Tanacetum bipinnatum - Lake Huron tansy


Achillea millefolium - yarrow

Matricaria discoidea - pineapple weed

Antennaria plantaginifolia - pussy toes


Tribe Gnaphalieae (Inuleae) Plants usually covered with white hairs, pappus of bristles or hairs

Pussy toes, cudweed, pearly everlasting


Anaphalis margaritacea - pearly everlasting

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Packera aurea - golden ragwort

Tribe Senecioneae

Alternate or basal leaved, phyllaries in 1 row, capillary pappus; ragwort, Indian plantain

Documents

Diversity of Wisconsin · 2018. 4. 3. · Pollen presentation 3. Diverse secondary chemistry **Asteraceae - aster family The head or capitulum is a cluster of 1 or 2 distinct flower