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Diversity of Benthic Animals. Categories of Benthic Animals. >1 mm macrobenthos
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Diversity of Benthic Animals
Categories of Benthic Animals
• >1 mm macrobenthos• <.1 mm microbenthos• Between .1 and 1 mm meiobenthos
Major Taxonomic Groups of Benthos
• Porifera• Coelenterata– Hydrozoa
• Platyhelminthes– Turbellaria
• Gastrotricha• Rotifera• Nematoda• Bryozoa
• Annelida– Oligochaeta– Hirundinella
• Mollusca– Gastropoda– Pelecypoda
• Arthropoda– Crustacea– Insecta
Major Functional Groups of Benthos
Functional Feeding Groups• Predators (prd)• Omnivores• Collectors– Filtering Collectors (c-f)– Gathering Collectors (c-g)
• Scrapers (scr)• Shredders (shr)• Piercers
Habitat & Behavior• Clinger• Climber• Sprawler• Burrower• Swimmer
Hilsenhoff Biotic IndexBiotic Index Water Quality Degree of Organic Pollution
0.00-3.50 Excellent No apparent organic pollution
3.51-4.50 Very good Possible slight organic pollution
4.51-5.50 Good Some organic pollution
5.51-6.50 Fair Fairly significant organic pollution
6.51-7.50 Fairly poor Significant organic pollution
7.51-8.50 Poor Very significant organic pollution
8.51-10.00 Very poor Severe organic pollution
1929-2011
Porifera
• Spongilla (5)
Coelenterata
• Hydrozoa– Hydra (5)
– Craspedacusta
Platyhelminthes
• Turbellaria– Dugesia (6)
Gastrotricha
Rotifera
• Bdelloid rotifers
Bryozoa
• Plumatella
• Pectinatella
• statoblast
Annelida
• Oligochaeta (e.g. Tubifex; 10)
Annelida
• Hirundinella– Hirudo (6)
– Glossiphonia (8)
Mollusca, scr
• Gastropoda– Physa (8)
– Helisoma (6)
– Pleurocera (6)
Mollusca, c-f
• Pelecypoda (Bivalvia)– Corbicula (6)
– Dreissena (8)
– Sphaerium (6)
Mollusca, c-f
• Pelecypoda (Bivalvia)– Elliptio (8)
– Lampsilis (6)
Aquatic Arachnid Arthropods, prd
• Water Mites (e.g. Arrenurus, 6)
• Fishing Spiders (e.g. Dolomedes)
Benthic Crustacean Arthropods
• Copepoda• Ostracoda• Isopoda• Amphipoda• Decapoda
Benthic Copepods
• Harpacticoida (8)
Ostracoda, c-g
• Seed Shrimp (e.g. Cypria, 8)
Isopoda, c-g
• Aquatic sow bugs (e.g. Asellus, 8)
Amphipoda, c-g
• Side swimmers or scuds– Hyalella (8)
– Gammarus (4-6)
Decapoda, c-g
• Crawfish (e.g. Orconectes)(6)
– (Procambarus)
• Glass Shrimp (e.g. Natania)
Orders of Aquatic Insects and Collembola
• Collembola -spring tails• Plecoptera –stoneflies• Ephemeroptera –mayflies• Odonota –dragonflies and damselflies• Hemiptera –true bugs• Megaloptera – dobsonflies (hellgrammites)• Neuroptera –spongillaflies• Coleoptera –beetles• Trichoptera –caddisflies• Diptera –flies, mosquitoes, and midges
Collembola (5-10), c-g
Plecoptera
• Winter and Spring Stoneflies– Broadbacks (e.g. Taeniopteryx, 2) shr
– Slender Winter Stoneflies (e.g. Capnia, 1-3) shr)
Plecoptera• Summer Stoneflies– Giant Stoneflies• Pteronarcys (0) shr
– Common Stoneflies• Perla (0-4) prd
Ephemeroptera
• Suborder Schistonota– Minnow-Like Mayflies
• Ameletus (0)c-g
• Isonychia (2)c-f
• Baetis (4-6)c-g
Ephemeroptera
• Suborder Schistonota– Flatheaded Mayflies• Epeorus (0) scr
Ephemeroptera
• Suborder Schistonota– Pronggills• Leptophlebia (4)
c-g
– Burrowers• Ephemera (2)
c-g
Ephemeroptera
• Suborder Pannota– Crawlers• Ephemerella (0-1) c-g
– Squaregills• Caenis (6-7) c-g
– Shellbacks• Baetisca (3-4) c-g
Odonata
• Zygoptera (Damselflies)– Broadwinged damselfly• Calopteryx (6) prd
– Spreadwinged damselfly• Lestes (6) prd
Odonata
• Aeshnoid Dragonflies – Graybacks, Clubtails, & Darners• Aeshna (3-5) prd
Odonata
• Biddies or Spiketails– Cordulegaster (3) prd
Odonata
• Skimmers– Epitheca (2-5)
prd
– Sympetrum prd(2 or 9 family)
Hemiptera, prd
• Backswimmers (Notonectids)– Buenoa
– Notonecta
Hemiptera, prd
• Water Scorpions (e.g. Nepa)
• Giant Water Bugs (e.g. Lethocerus)
Hemiptera, prd
• Water Boatman (Corixids – e.g. Sigara, 3-5)
• Water Striders (e.g. Gerris)
Megaloptera, prd• Alderflies (e.g. Sialis, 4)
• Dobsonflies (e.g. Corydalus, 4)
Neuroptera, prd
• Spongillaflies (e.g. Climacea)– (5)
Coleoptera
• Crawling Water Beetles (e.g. Haliplus, 5) shr
• Predaceous Diving Beetles (e.g. Dytiscus, 5) prd
Coleoptera
• Whirligig Beetles (e.g. Gyrinus, 4) prd
• Water Scavenger Beetles (e.g. Berosus, 4) c-g
Coleoptera
• Water Pennies (e.g. Psephenus, 4) scr
• Riffle Beetles (e.g. Stenelmis, 5) scr
Trichoptera
• Net Spinning Caddisflies– Fingernail netspinners (e.g. Chimarra 2-4) c-f
– Nettube Caddis (e.g. Psychomyia, 2) c-g
Trichoptera
• Net Spinning Caddisflies– Trumpetnet Caddis (e.g. Polycentropus, 6) prd
– Common Netspinners (e.g. Hydropsyche, 0-6) c-f
Trichoptera
• Free-living Caddisflies– Rhyacophila (0-1) prd
– Hydroptila (6) scr
Trichoptera
• Tubecase Makers– Humpless Case Makers (e.g. Brachycentrus, 0-1) c-f
– Northern Case Makers (e.g. Limnephilus, 3) shr
Trichoptera
• Tubecase Makers– Lepidostomid Case Makers (e.g. Lepidostoma, 1) shr
– Strongcase Makers (e.g. Psilotreta, 0) scr
Trichoptera
• Tubecase Makers– Snailcase Makers (e.g. Helicopsyche, 3) scr
– Longhorned Case Makers (e.g. Nectopsyche, 3) shr
Diptera
• Crane Flies (e.g. Tipula, 6) shr
• Phantom Crane Flies (e.g. Bittacomorpha, 9) c-g
Diptera
• Phantom Midges (e.g. Chaeoborus, 8) prd
• Mosquitoes c-f – Anopheles (8)
– Aedes (8)
– Culex (8)
Diptera
• Biting Midges (Culicoides, 10) prd
• Midges – Chironomus (9-10) c-g
– Tanytarsus (6) c-f
Diptera
• Black Flies (e.g. Simulium, 4-7) c-f
• Horse and Deer Flies (Tabanus, 5) prd
Diptera
• Rattailed Maggots (Eristalis, 10) c-g
• Shore Flies or Brine Flies (Ephydra, 6) shr