Diversity in living organisms

By: lakshya bansalClass 9th BRoll No. 05

ClassificationEarly Attempts at ClassificationOrganisms need to be grouped

into meaningful categoriesOver time categorization has

become much more specific and simplified

Naming organismsJohn Ray - first to use the term

“species”SPECIES - Organisms that are

similar in shape/structure and they reproduce with each other to create viable offspring

EvolutionEvolution or change

over time, is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.

Charles Darwin first described this idea of evolution in 1859 in his book origin of species .

Seven classification groups of living thingsKingdomPhylumClassOrder

FamilyGenusSpecies

Two Kingdom System

Two kingdom system was given by a famous taxonomist Linnaeus ( also known as father of taxonomy ).

the two kingdoms which were given by him were Plantea and Animalia.

KingdomsGiven by Linnaeus

PLANTEA ANIMALIA

Five Kingdom system

Some scientist encloses Euglena in a room where no light or air can come. Being a plant euglena should die. But it doesn't happened and it still alive. This means it`s must be a heterotrophic. On this basis scientist think of more kingdoms.

Who gave five kingdoms ??? Whittaker an another taxonomist

introduced the idea of five kingdoms in 1969. He named these kingdoms: Monera, Protista , Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.

Monera oldest and most abundant organismProkaryoticUndergo asexual reproductionThey don’t well defined body.Unicellular structureMode of nutrition –heterotropes/autotropes Cell wall is made up of pepidoglycan.EXAMPLE: bacterium, mycoplasma etc.

BACTERIAA structure of bacteria consist of 70

ribosome and a chromosome which is not encloses in nucleus( called prokaryotic) .

ARCHAEBACTERIA: these are very ancient bacteria.

EUBACTERIA: these are more and more modern bacteria ( true bacteria).

Structure of bacteria

BASIC SHAPES OF BACTERIACOCCUS: spherical shapeBACILLUS: rod shapedSPERILLA: spiral shapedVIBRIYO: comma shaped ( , )

Fungus kingdom

EukaryoticMade up of hyphaeNo root, stem and leafNo chlorophyll

◦ Saprophytic or parasiticReproduce by forming sporesCell wall is made up of Chitin.EXAMPLE: yeast, mushrooms etc.

Benefits Of Fungi

Use in making alcoholVarious acidsBread ( yeast )cheese

Protista kingdomUnicellular; microscopicNucleus present

◦EukaryoticAutotrophic or heterotrophicEXAMPLE: amoeba, paramecium,

euglena etc.

PROTISTA

Plant KingdomEukaryoticMost plants contains photosynthetic

pigments (e.g. chlorophyll) for photosynthesis◦ Autotrophic

Can be divided into two groups:◦ Non-flowering plants◦ Flowering plants

Thallophyta (thallos- undifferentiated; phyta- plant)

AquaticMay be unicellular or multicellularNo root, stem or leafContain photosynthetic pigments (e.g.

chlorophyll) for photosynthesisVascular tissues are absent.EXAMPLE: algae

Bryophyta (Bryon- moss; phyta- plant)Amphibians of plant kingdom .Have stems & leaves of the

structure.No tissues for water . E.g. –finaria, marchantia

PTERIDOPHYTA

These are green autotrophic plants.

The plant body is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves.

Vascular tissues are present.Sex organs are multicellular.EXAMPLES: ferns, club moss, water

fern etc.

PTERIPHYTES

Gymnosperms

Reproduction by producing seeds◦Seeds develop in

cones, not enclosed by fruits

naked seedsNeedle-shaped

leaves to reduce water loss

EXAMPLE: cycas, pinus etc.

AngiospermsThese are called

flowering plants.These have two

types of plants -MonocotyledonsDicotyledonsWith flowers for

reproductionSeeds are

produced inside the fruit (matured ovary)

TYPES OF ANGIOSPERMS

Angiosperms, on the basis of the number of cotyledons present inside the seed, are divided into two classes.

DICOTYLEDONAE1. Seeds contain two cotyledons in the embryo.

2. Leaves are dorsiventral.

3. Tap root is present.

MONOCOTYLEDONAE4. Seeds contain only one cotyledon in the embryo

5. Leaves are isobilateral.

6. Fibrous root system is present.

DIFFERENCE IN GYMNOSPERMS AND ANGIOSPERMS

GYMNOSPERMSeeds are naked.Xylem lack

vessels and Phloem lack companion cells.

The ovules are not contained in the ovary.

ANGIOSPERMSeeds are

enclosed bye fruit wall.

Xylem contains vessels and phloem contains companion cell.

The ovules are contained in the ovary.

ANIMALIAGENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:• Most complex of all kingdoms

• Multicellular (made of many cells)

• They obtain food from OUTSIDE SOURCES

• They move from place to place to get food

• They swallow their food and they digest food inside the body.

9 Phyla of the Animal kingdom

PoriferaCoelenterata PlathyhelminthesNematodaAnnelidaArthropodaMolluscaEchinodermChordataVertabrata

PORIFERA (porous animals)

They live mostly in the sea.

They have cellular organization.

they are non motile.

The body is porous; the pores are called Ostia.

Mouth and canals are absent.

COELENTERATA (hollow sac animals)

o All coelenterates are found in water. Most of the forms live in the sea.oBody is radially symmetrical.oThey have a tissue level of organization.o Exoskeleton is present.o Reproduction is both asexual as well as sexual.o Coelenterate have a central cavity called coelenterons.EXAMPLE: hydra, physalia, etc.

PLATHYHELMINTHES

Bilateral symmetry of body.

Tissue organizations

Triploblastic. Lack of body cavity.Parasitic animals.Exoskeleton is

absentEXAMPLE: planaria,

liver fluke etc.

Nematoda

Bilaterally symmetricalTriploblasticPseudocoelumTissues present, no real organs presentNormal parasitic e.g.: ascariesFilaria worm EXAMPLE: ascaris, enterobius

AnnelidaTriploblastic, well differentiatedTrue coelum presentWell organized bodySegmentedHabitat – soil, waterEXAMPLE: earthworm, leech

Arthropoda:Makes up 75% of the animal kingdomBasic Characteristics:

hard external skeletonsegmented bodyjointed legs

Ex: beetle, milli & centipede, spider, crab

Molluska:Hard shell surrounding soft body parts

Live in water & damp places

Examples:Snail, & Sea Scallop

Only a few do not have shells: Octopus & Sea slug

Echinoderms:Means “spiny-skin”Star shapedSpinyEx: Starfish & Sea Urchin

ProtochordataLong rod-like structure which

separte the nerve system from gutMuscles helps into movement

attachBilaterally symmetricalTriploblasticBody cavity - e.g. : harmonia,

aphiorus

Vertabrata

Presence of vertebral columnPresence of notochordDorsel nerve chordTriploblastic Body cavity presentThese are grouped into 5 classes

PiscesAquatic organismsStreamlined bodyRespiratory organ – gills Scales are presentTwo chambered heartSkeleton structure

AmphibianOviparousScales presentMucus skin3 chambered heartRespiratory organ: lungs or gillsHabitat – water and landE.g. : toad, frog

ReptillaOviparous, lay egg in landTough skinRespiratory system : Lung 3 chambered heartE.g. : snake, cobra, flying lizards

AvesOviparous, lay egg in landSkin covered with feathersRespiratory organ: lung4 chambered heartE.g. : ostrich, crow, etc

MammalsViviparous, give birth to young

onesRespiratory organ – lung4 chambered heartWarm blooded organismsPresence of sweet, oil, mammary

glands – e.g.: whale, dolphin.

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