Diversity in Career Preferences of Future Health Workers in Rwanda: Where, Why, and for How Much?

8/9/2019 Diversity in Career Preferences of Future Health Workers in Rwanda: Where, Why, and for How Much?

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] K X L @ H E N J ] K X J C N M Q E Q D X N K . 5 6 3

E O X C G E F T B E N @ D _ D L K Q B D N P W D X C D W

Pkbes LcdvdnsQcdtdr Wdrnddls I. @ebesgdnd Hutdre Emnds Wkuget

PFD ]KXL@ HENJ

@cvdrscty cn Gerddr Qrdodrdngds koOuturd Fdeltf ]krjdrs cn Xwen`e]fdrd, ]fy, en` okr Fkw Bugf;


2/54

] K X L @ H E N J ] K X J C N M Q E Q D X N K . 5 6 3

@cvdrscty cn GerddrQrdodrdngds ko OuturdFdeltf ]krjdrs cn Xwen`e

]fdrd, ]fy, en` okr Fkw Bugf;Pkbes LcdvdnsQcdtdr Wdrnddls Iden @ebesgdnd Hutdre Emnds Wkuget


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Gkpyrcmft 8151Pfd Cntdrnetcknel Henj okr Xdgknstrugtckn en` @dvdlkpbdnt/Pfd ]krl` Henj5656 F Wtrddt, N.].]esfcnmtkn, @.G. 81077, T.W.E.

Ell rcmfts rdsdrvd`Benuoegturd` cn tfd Tnctd` Wtetds ko EbdrcgeOcrst Qrcntcnm9 Bergf 8151

Qrcntd` kn rdgygld` pepdr

5 8 7 0 57 58 55 51

]krl` Henj ]krjcnm Qepdrs erd puhlcsfd` tk gkbbuncgetd tfd rdsults ko tfd Henjs wkrj tk tfd`dvdlkpbdnt gkbbuncty wctf tfd ldest pksschld `dley. Pfd benusgrcpt ko tfcs pepdr tfdrdokrd fes nkt hddn prdperd` cn eggkrèngd wctf tfd prkgdùrds epprkprcetd tk okrbelly d`ctd` tdxts. Wkbd skurgdsgctd` cn tfcs pepdr bey hd cnokrbel `kgubdnts tfet erd nkt rde`cly eveclehld.

Pfd ocn`cnms, cntdrprdtetckns, en` gknglusckns dxprdssd` fdrdcn erd tfksd ko tfd eutfkr(s) en` `knkt ndgdssercly rdoldgt tfd vcdws ko tfd Cntdrnetcknel Henj okr Xdgknstrugtckn en` @dvdlkpbdnt/Pfd]krl` Henj en` cts eooclcetd` krmenczetckns, kr tfksd ko tfd Dxdgutcvd @crdgtkrs ko Pfd ]krl` Henj krtfd mkvdrnbdnts tfdy rdprdsdnt.

Pfd ]krl` Henj `kds nkt muerentdd tfd egguregy ko tfd ète cnglu`d` cn tfcs wkrj. Pfd hkunèrcds, gklkrs, `dnkbcnetckns, en` ktfdr cnokrbetckn sfkwn kn eny bep cn tfcs wkrj `k nkt cbplyeny iu`mbdnt kn tfd pert ko Pfd ]krl` Henj ko tfd ldmel stetus ko eny tdrrctkry kr tfd dn`krsdbdnt kreggdptengd ko sugf hkunèrcds.

Pfd betdrcel cn tfcs puhlcgetckn cs gkpyrcmftd`. Gkpycnm en`/kr trensbcttcnm pkrtckns kr ell ko tfcswkrj wctfkut pdrbcssckn bey hd e vckletckn ko epplcgehld lew. Pfd Cntdrnetcknel Henj okrXdgknstrugtckn en` @dvdlkpbdnt/Pfd ]krl` Henj dngkuremds `cssdbcnetckn ko cts wkrj en` wcllnkrbelly mrent pdrbcssckn prkbptly tk rdprkùgd pkrtckns ko tfd wkrj.

Okr pdrbcssckn tk pfktkgkpy kr rdprcnt eny pert ko tfcs wkrj, pldesd sdn` e rdqudst wctf gkbpldtdcnokrbetckn tk tfd Gkpyrcmft Glderengd Gdntdr, Cng., 888 Xksdwkk` @rcvd, @envdrs, BE 15387, TWE,Pdl9 3=6 =41 6011, Oex9 3=6 =41 00=1, www.gkpyrcmft.gkb.

Ell ktfdr qudrcds kn rcmfts en` lcgdnsds, cnglu`cnm suhsc`cery rcmfts, sfkul` hd e``rdssd` tk tfdKoocgd ko tfd Quhlcsfdr, Pfd ]krl` Henj, 5656 F Wtrddt N], ]esfcnmtkn, @G 81077, TWE, Oex9 818 4888088, dbecl9 puhrcmftsAwkrl`henj.krm.

CWHN9 3=6 1 6857 6773 5dCWHN9 3=6 1 6857 6701 =CWWN9 5=8? 46=6 @KC9 51.543?/3=6 1 6857 6773 5

Lchrery ko Gknmrdss Getelkmcnm cn Quhlcgetckn @ete fes hddn rdqudstd`.


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Gkntdnts

Okrdwkr` ..................................................................................................................................... v Egjnkwld`mbdnts ................................................................................................................... vc Egrknybs en` Ehhrdvcetckns .............................................................................................. vcc Dxdgutcvd Wubbery ............................................................................................................... vccc 5. Wtu`y Xetckneld ..................................................................................................................... 5

Wubbery ..............................................................................................................................5 Bktcvetckn ............................................................................................................................5

8. Wurvdy Bdtfk` en` Webpld @dsgrcptckn .......................................................................... 0 Wubbery ..............................................................................................................................0

Webplcnm Bdtfk` ............................................................................................................... 0 @dbkmrepfcg en` Wkgckdgknkbcg Qrkocld ko Wtu`dnts ...................................................4 Bd`cgel Jnkwld`md Pdst Xdsults ...................................................................................... = ]krj Dxpdrcdngd ................................................................................................................. 6

7. Pfd @dgcsckn tk Hdgkbd e Fdeltf ]krjdr ...................................................................... 51 Wubbery ............................................................................................................................51 Gfkkscnm e Gerddr cn Fdeltf ........................................................................................... 51 ]fk Oun`s tfd Precncnm; ................................................................................................ 55

0. Lknm tdrb Gerddr Qrdodrdngds en` Cngkbd Dxpdgtetckns ............................................. 54 Wubbery ............................................................................................................................54 Lknm tdrb Gerddr Qrdodrdngds.........................................................................................54 Dxpdgtetckns ehkut Cngkbd ..............................................................................................56

4. Gfkkscnm hdtwddn Trhen en` Xurel Qkstcnm ................................................................. 85 Wubbery ............................................................................................................................85 Xdsdrvetckn ]emd tk ]krj cn e Xurel Erde .................................................................. 88 Nkn wemd Ikh Ettrchutds .................................................................................................80

?. Cntdrnetcknel Bcmretckn ...................................................................................................... 8? Wubbery ............................................................................................................................8? Qrdodrdngd okr ]krj Ehrke` ........................................................................................... 8?

=. FC_ en` EC@W......................................................................................................................86 Wubbery ............................................................................................................................86 Fdeltf ]krjdrs en` FC_/EC@W ...................................................................................... 86 Jnkwld`md ehkut en` Oebclcercty wctf FC_/EC@W ..................................................... 86 Ettctu`ds tkwer`s FC_/EC@W .......................................................................................... 83 ]cllcnmndss tk ]krj cn en Erde wctf Fcmf FC_ Qrdveldngd ...................................... 75 Ettctu`ds tkwer` Xcsj ...................................................................................................... 77

6. Dxplkrcnm tfd Xkld ko Eltrucsb es Cntrcnscg Bktcvetckn .............................................. 74 Wubbery ............................................................................................................................74 Gknsc`drcnm Cntrcnscg Bktcvetckn ...................................................................................74 Dxplkrcnm Bdesurds ko Cntrcnscg Bktcvetckn .................................................................7? Gkrrdletckns ko Eltrucsb wctf @dbkmrepfcg Gferegtdrcstcgs ..................................... 7= Gkrrdletckns ko Bdesurds ko Cntrcnscg Bktcvetckn wctf Fdeltf ]krjdr Gfkcgds ...... 7=


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cv Gkntdnts

Xdodrdngds .................................................................................................................................73 Eppdn`cxds ............................................................................................................................... 01

Eppdn`cx E. Nurscnm en` Bd`cgel Wtu`dnts Gurrdntly Dnrklld` cn Xwen`e ......... 01 Eppdn`cx H. Gkntcnmdnt _eluetckn Uudstckn okr Cntdrnetcknel Bcmretckn ............... 05

PehldsPehld 8.5. Pfd Webpld ko Nurscnm en` Bd`cgel Wtu`dnts .................................................... 4 Pehld 8.8. @dbkmrepfcg Gferegtdrcstcgs ko Wurvdy Qertcgcpents .........................................? Pehld 8.7. Bd`cgel Jnkwld`md Pdst ........................................................................................ = Pehld 8.0. Qest ]krj Dxpdrcdngd ............................................................................................. 6 Pehld 7.5. Fdeltf Wdgtkr Dntry (cn %) ....................................................................................55 Pehld 7.8. Oun`cnm okr Fdeltf D`ugetckn ............................................................................. 57 Pehld 0.5. Ocvd yder Dxpdgtetckns okr Wdgtkr ko ]krj en` Ktfdr Ikh Gferegtdrcstcgs

(cn %) ..................................................................................................................................5= Pehld 0.8. Lknm tdrb Ikh Qrdodrdngds en` Bd`cub tdrb Ikh Dxpdgtetckns (cn %) ......... 56 Pehld 0.7. Cngkbd Dxpdgtetckn en` Dbplkybdnt Dxpdgtetckns cn Ocvd Sders Pcbd ............ 53 Pehld 0.0. Wdldgtd` Cn`cgetkrs okr Cngkbd Dxpdgtetckns ......................................................81 Pehld 4.5. Xenj Kr`dr ko Bkst Cbpkrtent Xurel en` Trhen Ikh Gferegtdrcstcgs ............ 84 Pehld =.5. FC_ en` EC@W Xdletd` Uudstckns .......................................................................71 Pehld =.8. Gkbpercskn ko Lkttdry Mebd en` Lkttdry Uudstckn Kutgkbds ..................... 77 Pehld 6.5. Cn`cgetckns ko tfd Doodgt ko Cntrcnscg Bktcvetckn kn Fdeltf ]krjdr Lehkr

Berjdt Hdfevckr ............................................................................................................... 76

Ocmurds

Ocmurd 7.5. Mkvdrnbdnt es e Wkurgd ko Oun`cnm .................................................................58 Ocmurd 7.8. Wtu`dnts Qdrgdptckns ko Pfdcr Khlcmetckns tkwer` tfd Wtu`y Oun`cnm

Qerty ...................................................................................................................................57 Ocmurd 0.5. Lknm tdrb Wdgtkr Qrdodrdngds vdrsus Bd`cub tdrb Dxpdgtetckns ............... 5? Ocmurd 0.8. Xurel Erde Lknm tdrb Qrdodrdngd vdrsus Bd`cub tdrb Dxpdgtetckn .......... 5= Ocmurd 0.7. Cngkbd Dxpdgtetckns wctf Quhlcg Wdgtkr Bd`cub Pdrb Gerddr

Dxpdgtetckns ......................................................................................................................56 Ocmurd 4.5. @dmrdds ko Xurel Wdgtkr Qrdodrdngds ..................................................................88 Ocmurd 4.8. Xurel Wdrvcgd Xdsdrvetckn ]emds ko Nurscnm Wtu`dnts ..................................87 Ocmurd 4.7. Cntrcnscg Bktcvetckn en` Xurel Wdrvcgd Xdsdrvetckn ]emds ko Nurscnm

Wtu`dnts .............................................................................................................................80 Ocmurd 4.0. Xdeskns tk Gfkksd Trhen vdrsus Xurel Wdrvcgd ............................................... 84 Ocmurd ?.5. Xdsdrvetckn ]emds okr e Ikh cn Jcmelc vdrsus Cntdrnetcknel Bcmretckn ........ 8= Ocmurd =.5. Wdlo rdpkrtd` Jnkwld`md ko en` Oebclcercty wctf FC_ en` EC@W ................83 Ocmurd =.8. Xdsdrvetckn ]emds Xdletcnm tk Ikh Qkstcnms wctf e Fcmf FC_

Qrdveldngd (cn %) ..............................................................................................................78 Ocmurd =.7. Nurscnm Wtu`dntsIkhs cn Erdes wctf Fcmf FC_ Qrdveldngd vdrsus

Xurel Wdrvcgd9 Gubuletcvd @cstrchutckn ko Dxpdgtd` Welery ......................................77 Ocmurd =.0. Gkbpercskn ko @coodrdnt Bdesurds ko Xcsj Ettctu`ds..................................... 70 Ocmurd 6.5. @cstrchutckn ko e @cgtetkr Mebd Kutgkbds ......................................................7?


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v

Okrdwkr`

kst gkuntrcds cn Wuh Weferen Eorcge wcll nkt rdegf tfd B@Ms cn lermd pert ùd tken cnsuoocgcdnt, en` cne`dquetdly pdrokrbcnm en` `cstrchutd` fdeltf wkrjokrgd.

Wkbd gkuntrcds fkwdvdr `k hdttdr tfen ktfdrs. Es tfd rdgdnt dvklutckn ko fdeltfkutgkbds cs sfkwcnm, Xwenè bey hd knd ko tfd odw Eorcgen gkuntrcds kn e petf tkrdegfcnm bkst ko tfd fdeltf rdletd` B@Ms. Xwenè fes sfkwn strknm mkvdrnbdntgkbbctbdnt tk tfd `dvdlkpbdnt ko Fuben Xdskurgds Okr Fdeltf, hy cbpldbdntcnmcnnkvetcvd ocnengcnm rdokrbs ecbd` et uscnm eveclehld rdskurgds doocgcdntly en`cbprkvcnm tfd pdrokrbengd ko dxcstcnm FXF cn `dlcvdrcnm fdeltf sdrvcgds. Pfdmkvdrnbdnt cs lkkjcnm tk ourtfdr `ddpdn cts rdokrbs hdykn` tfd B@Ms en` tkwer`s cts

ebhctckus _csckn 8181.Pfd Netcknel FXF Wtretdmcg Qlen gells okr ourtfdr strdnmtfdncnm tfd fdeltf

wkrjokrgd, pertcgulerly tfd cndquctehld `cstrchutckn ko jdy fdeltf ge`rds egrkss tfdgkuntry. Es dvdrywfdrd, tfd pkkr erd kotdn ldot kut orkb rdgdcvcnm tfd sebd gerd es tfdrcgf, cn pert ùd tk tfd urhen prdodrdngd ko beny fdeltf wkrjdrs. Xdbecncnmpdrokrbengd prkhldbs, bel `cstrchutckn en` lkw bkreld ko fdeltf wkrjdrs erd kotdntfd gknsdqudngds ko cnepprkprcetd cngdntcvd strugturd. Pfd mkvdrnbdnt ko Xwenè cs`dtdrbcnd` tk `dscmn pklcgcds tk e``rdss tfdsd prkhldbs. Pfcs gells okr e hdttdrun`drsten`cnm ko tfd enelytcgel en` dbpcrcgel okunètckns ko fdeltf wkrjdr gfkcgd en` hdfevckr.

Pfcs puhlcgetckn, prkùgd` hy tfd FXF Pdeb ko tfd Eorcge Xdmckn Fdeltf Wystdbsokr Kutgkbds Qrkmreb, ettdbpts tk gkntrchutd tk tfcs dookrt hy beppcnm tfdbktcvetckns ko fdeltf wkrjdrs cn Xwenè en` tfdcr rdspknscvdndss tk verckus okrbs kocngdntcvds. Dvc`dngd ko wfet bktcvetds `coodrdnt prkoclds en` ge`rds ko fdeltf wkrjdrstk rdlkgetd tk rurel erdes kr tk pdrokrb bkrd e`dquetdly wcll ultcbetdly ellkw tfdmkvdrnbdnt ko Xwenè tk rdocnd en` `dscmn pklcgcds en` prkmrebs kn FXF tfet wclleggdldretd prkmrdss dvdn ourtfdr. Pfcs stu`y elsk sdts en dxebpld ko rcmkrkus stenèr`sokr quelctetcvd rdsdergf ecbcnm et cnokrbcnm pklcgy wfcgf C fkpd wkul` hd encnspcretckn okr ktfdr Eorcgen gkuntrcds.

Sew EnsuWdgtkr @crdgtkr, Fuben @dvdlkpbdnt

Eorcge Xdmckn]krl` Henj

B


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vc

Egjnkwld`mbdnts

kkpdretckn wctf tfd Bcncstry ko Fdeltf cn Xwenè, en` ocnengcel suppkrt orkb tfdPfd Hcll en` Bdlcnè Metds Okunètckn, tfd mkvdrnbdnt ko Orengd, tfd

mkvdrnbdnt ko Nkrwey, en` tfd ]krl` Henj 5 erd mrdetly egjnkwld`md`.]d elsk tfenj Eldx Jeburesd, en` Gfrcs Fdrhst okr tfdcr gkntcnukus suppkrt tk

tfcs stu`y: en` Pfdkmdnd Pwemcrcbene, Wtretkn Nzehkncbene, en` Hdrtfcl`dTwebwdzc okr tfd beny lknm èys cbpldbdntcnm tfd ète gklldgtckn. Wpdgcel tfenjs mktk @encle Wdrre wfk wctfkut oeltdrcnm gkkr`cnetd` tfd ète gklldgtckn prkgdss en``dscmnd` en` cbpldbdntd` tfd hdfevckrel mebds, en` tk Iksd M. Bkntelvk en`Bemnus Lcn`dlkw okr tfdcr e`vcgd.

Pfd stu`y `dscmn mrdetly hdndoctd` orkb gkbbdnts en` summdstckns orkb EldxJeburesd, Qeulcn Hescnme, Qrkodsskr Ehdl @usfcbcbene, Hkncte Hecnmene, HkncoegdHenyenme, Bercd Burdhweycrd, Gyetwe Nmerebhd, Iden Bercd Prkbbd, CbdlèHemebhejc, en` Dbbenudl Nmcrehdme.

]d wkul` elsk lcjd tk tfenj ell nurscnm en` bd`cgel stu`dnts wfk pertcgcpetd` cntfd survdy okr sfercnm tfdcr vcdws wctf us. ]d fkpd tfcs stu`y wcll gkntrchutd tkcbprkvcnm tfdcr wkrj dnvcrknbdnt en` fdeltf sdrvcgd `dlcvdry cn mdndrel cn Xwenè.

Nktd

5

Pfd ocn`cnms, cntdrprdtetckns en` gknglusckns dxprdssd` cn tfcs pepdr erd dntcrdly tfksd ko tfdeutfkrs en` `k nkt ndgdssercly rdprdsdnt tfd vcdws ko tfd ]krl` Henj, cts Dxdgutcvd @crdgtkrs, krtfd gkuntrcds tfdy rdprdsdnt.

G


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vcc

Egrknybs en` Ehhrdvcetckns

G@O Gubuletcvd `cstrchutckn oungtcknDCG_ Dnqutd Cntmreld sur lds Gkn`ctckns `d _cd `ds bnemdsFC_/EC@W Fuben cbbunk`docgcdngy vcrus/egqucrd` cbbund `docgcdngy

syn`rkbdBkF Bcncstry ko FdeltfNMK Nknmkvdrnbdntel krmenczetcknQL]FE Qdrskn lcvcnm wctf FC_/EC@WXO Xwen`dsd orengTNEC@W Pfd Ikcnt Tnctd` Netckns Qrkmrebbd kn FC_/EC@W


9/54

vccc

Dxdgutcvd Wubbery

fd mkvdrnbdnt ko Xwenè fes c`dntcocd` fuben rdskurgds okr fdeltf es knd ko ctspklcgy prckrctcds. Pfcs stu`y ecbs tk gkntrchutd tk hucl`cnm e hdttdr un`drsten`cnm

ko fdeltf wkrjdr gfkcgd en` hdfevckr, en` tk cbprkvd dvc`dngd hesd` pklcgcds. Pfdwkrj wes un`drtejdn hy Pfd Bcncstry ko Fdeltf cn e gkllehkretcvd dookrt wctf tfd]krl` Henj, hucl`cnm kn tfd rdsults ko quelctetcvd prd rdsdergf, en` cs tfd ocrst wevd koe gkfkrt survdy wctf bd`cgel en` nurscnm stu`dnts.

@ete wes gklldgtd` orkb e sebpld gknscstcnm ko 866 nurscnm stu`dnts en` 580bd`cgel stu`dnts rdprdsdntcnm 47 en` == pdrgdnt, rdspdgtcvdly, ko tfdcr gkfkrt. Pfdsurvdy usd` e sdlo e`bcncstdrd` qudstcknnecrd, e tdst kn bd`cgel jnkwld`md, en` twk

hdfevckrel mebds.Xdspkn`dnts gkbd orkb ell kvdr Xwenè (en` skbd orkb ehrke`). Bd`cgel

stu`dnts tdn` tk gkbd orkb gkbperetcvdly rcgfdr fkusdfkl`s tfen nurscnm stu`dnts.Wcxty pdrgdnt ko nurscnm stu`dnts gerrcd` kut pregtcgel wkrj cn urhen erdes, gkbperd`tk 60 pdrgdnt okr bd`cgel stu`dnts. Pfd beikrcty ko nurscnm stu`dnts (?6 pdrgdnt) csodbeld, wfcld tfd beikrcty ko bd`cgel stu`dnts (=7 pdrgdnt) cs beld.

Pfd lermd beikrcty ko nurscnm stu`dnts (31 pdrgdnt) en` bd`cgel stu`dnts (?7pdrgdnt) stetd tfdy jndw et tfd emd ko 58 tfet tfdy wentd` tk hdgkbd e fdeltf wkrjdr.Pfksd wfk jndw elsk stetd bkrd kotdn tfet tfdy wdrd cnoludngd` hy perdnts, tdegfdrs,kr e fdeltf wkrjdr wfdn bejcnm tfdcr gerddr gfkcgd. Pfdy elsk gctd bkrd kotdn tfet tfdydntdrd` tfd prkodssckn tk fdlp pdkpld.

Bkrd tfen tfrdd quertdr ko nurscnm stu`dnts en` ehkut felo ko tfd bd`cgel stu`dntsstetd tfdy dntdrd` tfd fdeltf sdgtkr tk fdlp pdkpld. Okr knly knd tdntf ko nurscnmstu`dnts en` knd ocotf ko bd`cgel stu`dnts tfd rdeskn wes tfet tfdy wentd` e ikh, kr e ikh tfet peys wdll.

Pfd mkvdrnbdnt cs hy oer tfd becn oun`dr okr fdeltf stu`dnts tuctckn odd, lcvcnmdxpdnsds, en` eggkbbkètckn. Bd`cgel stu`dnts rdgdcvd bkrd mkvdrnbdnt suppkrtgkbperd` tk nurscnm stu`dnts: en` stu`dnts gkbcnm orkb e pkkr hegjmrkun` rdgdcvdbkrd mkvdrnbdnt suppkrt tfen tfksd gkbcnm orkb hdttdr koo fkusdfkl`s.

Knd tfcr` ko stu`dnts rdgdcvcnm suppkrt stetd tfdy `k nkt fevd en khlcmetckn tkoulocll cn rdturn. Bkst ko tfksd wfk hdlcdvd tfdy fevd en khlcmetckn tk oulocll dxpdgt tfcswcll tejd tfd okrb ko wkrjcnm okr tfd mkvdrnbdnt: tfd ktfdrs rdpkrt tfdy fevd tk rdpeye lken. Fkwdvdr, stu`dnts `k nkt ndgdssercly plen tk oulocll tfd wkrj khlcmetckn. Okrtytfrdd pdrgdnt ko nurscnm stu`dnts en` 8= pdrgdnt ko bd`cgel stu`dnts rdpkrt tfdy wcllscbply rdndmd kn tfd khlcmetckn en` knd tfcr` rdpkrts ct cs pksschld tk huy kndsdlo kut.

Pfd puhlcg sdgtkr cs tfd hcmmdst dbplkydr cn tfd Xwen`dsd fdeltf sdgtkr, hut nktndgdssercly tfd bkst pkpuler knd. Cn tfd lknm tdrb, knly 01 pdrgdnt ko nurscnm stu`dntsen` 75 pdrgdnt ko bd`cgel stu`dnts dxpdgt tk wkrj cn tfd puhlcg sdgtkr. Ehkut felo kotfd stu`dnts rdpkrt tfet tfdy dxpdgt tk stcll hd wkrjcnm okr tfd puhlcg sdgtkr cn ocvd

yders tcbd.Fdeltf stu`dnts mdndrelly dxpdgt tfet tfdcr selery wcll dxgdd` tfet ko e typcgeldntry ldvdl puhlcg sdgtkr ikh. Nurscnm stu`dnts dxpdgt 61 pdrgdnt bkrd, wfcld bd`cgel

P


10/54

Dxdgutcvd Wubbery cx

stu`dnts dxpdgt 41 pdrgdnt bkrd. Bkrdkvdr, 84 pdrgdnt ko nurscnm en` 41 pdrgdnt kobd`cgel stu`dnts dxpdgt scmncocgent selery tkp ups orkb ikh rdletd` hknusds en` skbddxpdgt dxtre cngkbd orkb fdeltf wkrj kn tfd sc`d.

Pfksd dxpdgtcnm tk hd wkrjcnm kutsc`d tfd puhlcg sdgtkr, cn urhen erdes, cn puhlcgfdeltf, ehrke`, kr kutsc`d tfd fdeltf sdgtkr elsk dxpdgt fcmfdr derncnms. Pfd wcllcnmndsstk wkrj cn e rurel erde vercds gknsc`drehly egrkss stu`dnts, wctf bd`cgel stu`dntsmdndrelly ldss cnglcnd` tfen nurscnm stu`dnts. Pfd `coodrdngd cn prdodrdngd okr rurelsdrvcgd, bdesurd` hy tfd rdsdrvetckn wemd tk wkrj cn e rurel erde uscnm gkntcnmdntveluetckn bdtfk`s, sfkws suhstentcel vercetckn. Pfd vest beikrcty ko stu`dnts wkul`lcjd tk wkrj cn en urhen gdntdr cn tfd lknm tdrb, hut e suhstentcel pert dxpdgts tk stcll hdwkrjcnm cn e rurel erde cn ocvd yders tcbd. Bkrd tfen e tfcr` ko hktf bd`cgel en`nurscnm stu`dnts erd jddn tk stert tfdcr gerddr cn e rurel sdttcnm.

E scbpld scbuletckn summdsts tfet co tfd mkvdrnbdnt wkul` lcjd tk mdt 61 pdrgdntko tfd nurscnm stu`dnts tk tejd up e rurel pkst, tfdn gurrdnt evdremd selercds wkul`fevd tk cngrdesd hy 61 pdrgdnt. Fkwdvdr, e suhstentcel nubhdr ko nurscnm stu`dnts (80pdrgdnt) cs wcllcnm tk tejd up e rurel pkst okr e selery hdlkw tfd gurrdnt stertcnm selery,en` rdsdrvetckn wemds erd lkwdr okr tfksd nurscnm en` bd`cgel stu`dnts wfk cn`cgetdtfet tfd ocrst rdeskn tk tejd up e rurel pkst cs tk fdlp tfd pkkr.

Pk bejd rurel pksts bkrd ettregtcvd tk tfksd gurrdntly kptcnm okr en urhen ikh,pksctckns cn rurel erdes sfkul` prkvc`d e``ctcknel ikh ettrchutds lcjd eggdss tk ourtfdrtrecncnm en` spdgcelczetckn, e mkk` wkrjcnm dnvcrknbdnt, en` e`dquetd eggdss tksgfkklcnm okr gfcl`rdn.

Cn gkbpercskn wctf ktfdr Eorcgen gkuntrcds, bcmretckn ko fdeltf wkrjdrs ehrke`

bey hd ldss ko e prkhldb okr Xwenè. Pfd stu`y ocn`s tfet 61 pdrgdnt ko nurscnm en`bd`cgel stu`dnts rdpkrt tk fevd nk cntdntckn tk bcmretd ehrke` cn tfd gkbcnm ocvdyders. Tscnm e gkntcnmdnt veluetckn bdtfk` tk bdesurd tfd rdsdrvetckn wemd tkbcmretd, wd ocn` tfet et tfd gurrdnt puhlcg sdgtkr stertcnm selery bkrd tfen felo tfdstu`dnts wkul` gfkksd e ikh cn Jcmelc cnstde` ko mkcnm ehrke`. Hut tfdrd cs gknsc`drehldfdtdrkmdndcty cn tfd wcllcnmndss tk wkrj ehrke`. Okr dxebpld, stu`dnts wfk erdberrcd` kr dnmemd` erd ldss lcjdly tk bkvd ehrke`. Skunmdr bd`cgel stu`dnts rdqucrd efcmfdr evdremd selery tk stey cn Xwenè gkbperd` tk kl`dr stu`dnts.

Eltfkumf Xwenè fes e rdletcvdly lkw FC_ prdveldngd gkbperd` tk ktfdr Eorcgengkuntrcds, tfdrd erd prkhldbs wctf ettctu`ds tk FC_/EC@W, eltfkumf tfd ettctu`ds `coodr

mrdetly hdtwddn stu`dnts, wctf bd`cgel stu`dnts gknscstdntly bkrd pksctcvd tfennursds. Bd`cgel stu`dnts sgkrd fcmfdr tfen nursds kn bd`cgel jnkwld`md rdletd` tkFC_/EC@W, fevd fcmfdr ldvdls ko sdlo rdpkrtd` jnkwld`md kn EC@W, en` erd elsk bkrdoebclcer wctf FC_. Fdeltf stu`dnts erd mdndrelly evdrsd tk tejcnm up wkrj cn fcmf FC_prdveldngd erdes hut prdodrdngds very wc`dly, es cs rdoldgtd` cn tfd wc`d spen kordsdrvetckn wemds tk eggdpt e ikh cn e fcmf FC_ prdveldngd erde. Wtu`dnts erd ldsswcllcnm tk wkrj cn fcmf FC_ prdveldngd erdes tfen tk tejd up rurel sdrvcgd.


11/54


12/54

5

G F E Q P D X 5

Wtu`y Xetckneld

Wubbery

]ctf fdeltf kutgkbds ebknm tfd wkrst cn tfd wkrl`, tfd mkvdrnbdnt ko Xwenè fesc`dntcocd` fuben rdskurgds okr fdeltf es knd ko cts pklcgy prckrctcds. Wfkrtemds ko sjclld`

lehkr, lkw eveclehclcty ko wkrjdrs cn rurel erdes, en` prkhldbs ko pkkr pdrokrbengden` lkw bkreld erd skbd ko tfd jdy prkhldbs en` tfd mkvdrnbdnt rdgkmnczds tfet tfdygen hd `delt wctf hy prkvc`cnm e`dquetd cngdntcvds en` cbprkvcnm fuben rdskurgdpklcgcds. Pk cbprkvd pklcgcds hesd` kn dvc`dngd e hdttdr un`drsten`cnm cs ndd`d` kofdeltf wkrjdr gfkcgd en` hdfevckr. Pfcs stu`y ecbs tk gkntrchutd tk tfet cnscmft.

Pfcs pepdr rdpkrts tfd rdsults ko e quentctetcvd stu`y un`drtejdn hy tfd Bcncstryko Fdeltf cn e gkllehkretcvd dookrt wctf tfd ]krl` Henj. Pfd stu`y hucl`s kn tfd rdsultsko e quelctetcvd prd rdsdergf en` cs tfd ocrst wevd ko e gkfkrt survdy wctf bd`cgel en`nurscnm stu`dnts.

Bktcvetckn@dspctd trdbdn`kus dookrts hy tfd mkvdrnbdnt ko Xwenè fdeltf kutgkbds cn Xwenèerd ebknm tfd wkrst cn tfd wkrl`. Cn 8118, lcod dxpdgtengy et hcrtf wes 76 yders,betdrnel bkrtelcty wes 5,1=5 pdr 511,111 lcvd hcrtfs en` cnoent bkrtelcty retd wes 51=pdr 5,111 lcvd hcrtfs (Mkvdrnbdnt ko Xwenè 8114). Pfd mkvdrnbdnt ko Xwenèe``rdssds tfdsd gfelldnmds tfrkumf sdvdn gkbpldbdntery pklcgy prkmrebs. Fubenrdskurgds cn fdeltf cs knd ko tfd prckrcty prkmrebs.

Cnsuoocgcdnt nubhdrs ko e`dquetdly trecnd` fdeltf wkrjdrs erd knd ko tfd beikrgfelldnmds oegcnm tfd fuben rdskurgds cn fdeltf sdgtkr. Fkwdvdr, fuben rdskurgdgfelldnmds mk hdykn` bdrd sfkrtemds ko fdeltf wkrjdrs. Pfd fdeltf sdgtkr cn Xwenè cssuoodrcnm orkb cbhelengds cn tfd `cstrchutckn ko fdeltf wkrjdrs cn oevkr ko urhen erdes,bcmretckn ko wkrjdrs tk tfd prcvetd sdgtkr, en` lkw ldvdls ko bktcvetckn en`pdrokrbengd cn tfd puhlcg sdgtkr. Gurrdntly =4 pdrgdnt ko ell `kgtkrs en` bkrd tfen 41pdrgdnt ko nursds wkrj cn Jcmelc (Mkvdrnbdnt ko Xwenè 8114) geuscnm sdvdrdcndqucty cn eggdss tk fdeltf sdrvcgds. Lkw bkreld en` bktcvetckn eoodgts tfd quelcty kosdrvcgds en` gkntrchutds tkwer`s fcmf ldvdls ko ehsdntddcsb en` sfcrjcnm.

Pfd mkvdrnbdnt rdgkmnczds tfet pdrokrbengd prkhldbs, undquel `cstrchutckn, en`lkw bkreld erd tfd gknsdqudngds ko en cnepprkprcetd cngdntcvd strugturd en` cs`dtdrbcnd` tk `dscmn pklcgcds tk cbpegt fdeltf wkrjdr hdfevckr. Kutsten`cnm

gfelldnmds gkbprcsd tfd rdocndbdnt en` pregtcgel cbpldbdntetckn ko tfdsd pklcgy`crdgtckns. Pfcs cn`crdgtly gells okr e hdttdr un`drsten`cnm ko tfd enelytcgel en`dbpcrcgel okunètckns ko fdeltf wkrjdr gfkcgd hdfevckr.


13/54

8 ]krl` Henj ]krjcnm Qepdr

Pfcs stu`y ettdbpts tk gkntrchutd tk tfd un`drsten`cnm ko wkrjdr gfkcgd hdfevckr.Ct cs knd gkbpkndnt ko e gkllehkretcvd Bcncstry ko Fdeltf]krl` Henj prkmreb koenelytcgel wkrj kn fuben rdskurgd cssuds cn tfd fdeltf sdgtkr cn Xwenè. Pfd stu`yelsk hucl`s kn e scbcler knd gerrcd` kut cn Dtfckpce (okr `dscmn spdgcocgetckns sdd(Wdrnddls, Lcn`dlkw dt el. 8114)), ecbcnm okr cnokrbetcvd grkss gkuntry gkbpercskn.

]ctfcn tfcs prkmreb cn Xwenè wd gerrcd` kut quelctetcvd prd rdsdergf cn 8114.Pfd wkrj wes `dscmnd` tk dxplkrd e hrke` renmd ko cssuds en` tk c`dntcoy jdyfypktfdsds en` erdes ko okgus okr ourtfdr wkrj, en` tk un`drsten` tfd neturd en`rdletcvd cbpkrtengd ko `coodrdnt fuben rdskurgd cssuds. Okgus mrkup `csgussckns wdrdkrmenczd` wctf `coodrdnt typds ko fdeltf wkrjdrs en` fdeltf usdrs (Wdrnddls en`Lcdvdns 8116: Lcdvdns, Lcn`dlkw dt el. 8113).

Pfd quelctetcvd enelyscs ocn`s summdstcvd dvc`dngd tfet skbd fdeltf wkrjdrs mdtorustretd` tfrkumf tfd egtuel pkst ellkgetckn pklcgy, tfet bkst fdeltf wkrjdrs legjgerddr pdrspdgtcvds, en` tfet bktcvetckn en` ikh setcsoegtckn vercds scmncocgently wctfcntfd wkrjokrgd. ]d elsk ocn` tfet beny fdeltf wkrjdrs, dspdgcelly `kgtkrs cn urhenerdes, gkbhcnd puhlcg en` prcvetd sdgtkr wkrjkotdn et tfd gkst ko tfd quelcty kopuhlcg sdgtkr fdeltf gerd `dlcvdryen` erd kotdn ehsdnt orkb wkrj. Hktf tfdpdrokrbengd pey cnctcetcvds (wfcgf wdrd tfdn pclktd`) en` tfd cnvklvdbdnt kogkbbuncty rdprdsdntetcvds cn tfd benemdbdnt ko lkwdr ldvdl fdeltf oegclctcds wdrdsddn tk bejd e pksctcvd gkntrchutckn tk fdeltf wkrjdr pdrokrbengd, hut erd elsk nktwctfkut gfelldnmds ko tfdcr kwn. Pfd prd rdsdergf un`drlcnds tfet tfd essubptckns knwfcgf fuben rdskurgd pklcgcds erd kotdn hesd` `k nkt ndgdssercly fkl`. Fdeltf wkrjdrserd nkt pesscvd egtkrs cn tfd fdeltf systdb, hut retfdr bejd gfkcgds ehkut wfdrd,

wfdn, en` fkw tk wkrj kn tfd hescs ko pdrsknel gferegtdrcstcgs en` gcrgubstengds, en`tfd cnstctutcknel en` krmenczetcknel dnvcrknbdnt cn wfcgf tfdy kpdretd. Fdeltfwkrjdrs erd elsk nkt uncokrb9 tfdy very cn bktcvetckn en` gkbbctbdnt. Nkt tejcnmtfcs rdelcty cntk eggkunt gen rdsult cn bcsmuc`d` fuben rdskurgd pklcgcds.

Xwenè cs nkt elknd cn legjcnm dbpcrcgel dvc`dngd tk cnokrb fuben rdskurgdpklcgy. @dspctd en cntdrnetcknel gknsdnsus kn tfd cbpkrtengd ko fdeltf wkrjdr hdfevckr okr fdeltf systdb pdrokrbengd, tfdrd erd meps cn kur un`drsten`cnm ko tfdsdcssuds. Bugf ko tfd lctdreturd kn fuben rdskurgds fes okgusd` kn begrk cssudsgkngdrncnm, okr dxebpld, tfd nubhdr, sjcll bcx, en` `cstrchutckn ko tfd wkrj okrgd(Bertcndz en` Bertcndeu 5336). Pfdsd pklcgy gkngdrns rdbecn cbpkrtent. Fkwdvdr,

tfdrd cs elsk e mrkwcnm hk`y ko dvc`dngd tfet lkw ldvdls ko dookrt en` kppkrtuncstcg hdfevckr hy fdeltf wkrjdrs cs febpdrcnm hktf quelcty en` doocgcdngy cn sdrvcgd`dlcvdry. Pfcs cs nkt bdrdly westdoul: quelcty prkhldbs gen elsk fevd e `dldtdrckuscbpegt kn hktf sdrvcgd utclczetckn en` fdeltf kutgkbds (Gkllcdr, @drgkn dt el. 8118). Cnrdspknsd tk tfdsd gkngdrns, e mrkwcnm lctdreturd okgusds kn tfd gkpcnm stretdmcds kofdeltf wkrjdrs. 5 Fkwdvdr, beny ko tfdsd stu`cds rdly kn quelctetcvd ète kr sbellsebplds. Cn gknsdqudngd, tfdy `k nkt prkvc`d cnokrbetckn ehkut tfd bemnctu`d ko tfdprkhldb, en` `k nkt dnehld tdstcnm okr e geusel rdletcknsfcp.

Pfcs survdy ko nurscnm en` bd`cgel stu`dnt rdprdsdnts en dookrt tk strdnmtfdn tfddbpcrcgel hescs okr pklcgy bejcnm. Pfd stu`y cs gkngdrnd` wctf un`drsten`cnm tfd

lehkr berjdt gfkcgds ko outurd fdeltf wkrjdrs. Pfd ète prkvc`d `dtecld` `dsgrcptcvden` enelytcgel cnokrbetckn tfet wcll gkntrchutd tk tfd cbprkvd` pklcgy `dscmn en``celkmud. Eltfkumf tfd ocn`cnms rdpkrtd` fdrd rdodr tk e scnmld pkcnt cn tcbd, tfd


14/54

@cvdrscty cn Gerddr Qrdodrdngds ko Outurd Fdeltf ]krjdrs cn Xwenè 7

cntdntckn cs tfet tfd stu`dnts wfk wdrd cntdrvcdwd` okr tfd stu`y wcll hd okllkwd` kvdrtcbd es tfdy dntdr tfd lehkr berjdt. E outurd rkun` ko tfd gkfkrt stu`y wcll prkvc`dcnokrbetckn kn rdel lcod gerddr gfkcgds en` kutgkbds, es wdll es tfdcr `dtdrbcnents.Pfcs rdpkrt sfkul` fdngd hd sddn es tfd ocrst stdp cn e lknmdr tdrb dookrt. Beny ko tfdqudstckns pfresd` ehkvd gen ultcbetdly knly hd cnvdstcmetd` hy survdycnm en`khsdrvcnm fdeltf wkrjdrs cn tfdcr ikh. Pfcs wcll hd tfd ecb ko tfd sdgkn` wevd ko tfdgkfkrt stu`y.

Pfd okgus ko tfd rdpkrt cs kn tfd `dsgrcptcvd rdsults en` outurd enelyscs wcllcnvdstcmetd tfd geuselcty ko khsdrvd` rdletcknsfcps.

Pfd rdbecn`dr ko tfd rdpkrt cs strugturd` es okllkws. Gfeptdr 8 prkvc`ds skbd`dtecls kn tfd sebplcnm stretdmy. Gfeptdr 7 `dsgrchds tfd gferegtdrcstcgs ko tfdrdspkn`dnts, tfdcr dxpksurd tk pregtcgel wkrj cn tfd fdeltf sdgtkr, en` tfdcr bd`cgeljnkwld`md. Gfeptdr 0 cs ehkut fdeltf sdgtkr dntry en` trcds tk un`drsten` wfystu`dnts gfksd okr tfd fdeltf sdgtkr en` wfk oun`d` tfdcr stu`cds. Gfeptdr 4 okgusds knfdeltf stu`dnts prdodrdngds. ]d mcvd en kvdrvcdw ko tfdcr prdodrdngds okr erde en`sdgtkr ko wkrj ebknm ktfdrs en` lkkj cntk tfdcr cngkbd dxpdgtetckns. Gfeptdrs ?, =,en` 6 erd dntcrdly `dvktd` tk tfd tkpcgs ko rurel sdrvcgd, cntdrnetcknel bcmretckn, en`FC_/EC@W, rdspdgtcvdly. Gfeptdr 3 prkvc`ds skbd kptckns okr ourtfdr rdsdergf ehkutcntrcnscg bktcvetckn en` tfd rdletcknsfcp hdtwddn rcsj prdodrdngds en` lehkr berjdtgfkcgds.

Nktds

5 Wdd, okr dxebpld, Odrrcnfk en` _en Ldrhdrmfd (Odrrcnfk en` _en Ldrhdrmfd 8111: _en

Ldrhdrmfd dt el. 8118) okr en kvdrvcdw ko gkpcnm stretdmcds ko fdeltf wkrjdrs: Odrrcnfk dt el. (5336)okr e `csgussckn ko ehsdntddcsb: Dnskr en` ]cttdr (8115) en` Jcllcnmswkrtf dt el. (5333) okrdvc`dngd kn cnokrbel peybdnts. BgQejd dt el. (5333) prkvc`d e `dtecld` en` quentcocdèssdssbdnt ko tfd dxtdnt en` cbplcgetckns ko cnokrbel dgknkbcg egtcvctcds ko fdeltf wkrjdrs cnTmenè.


15/54

0

G F E Q P D X 8

Wurvdy Bdtfk` en`Webpld @dsgrcptckn

Wubbery

Pfcs stu`y usds ète gklldgtd` orkb nurscnm en` bd`cgel stu`dnts. Pfd sebpld gknscstsko 866 nurscnm stu`dnts spdgcelczcnm cn glcncgel nurscnm, bc`wcodry, kr bdntel fdeltf,en` 580 bd`cgel stu`dnts. Pfdy rdprdsdnt 47 en` == pdrgdnt, rdspdgtcvdly, ko tfdcrgkfkrt. Pfd stu`dnts gkbd orkb puhlcg en` gfurgf kwnd` sgfkkls. Pfd survdy usd` esdlo e`bcncstdrd` qudstcknnecrd, e tdst kn bd`cgel jnkwld`md, en` twk hdfevckrelmebds.

Xdspkn`dnts gkbd orkb ell kvdr Xwenè en` wctf skbd orkb ehrke`. Bd`cgelstu`dnts tdn` tk gkbd orkb gkbperetcvdly rcgfdr fkusdfkl`s tfen nurscnm stu`dnts.Nurscnm stu`dnts `c` kn evdremd ocvd bkntfs ko pregtcgel wkrj, bd`cgel stu`dnts okur

bkntfs. Wcxty pdrgdnt ko nurscnm stu`dnts gerrcd` kut tfdcr pregtcgel wkrj cn urhenerdes, gkbperd` tk 60 pdrgdnt okr bd`cgel stu`dnts.

Webplcnm Bdtfk`

Pfd khidgtcvd ko tfd stu`y cs tk un`drsten` gerddr prdodrdngds en` dxpdgtetckns koykunm fdeltf prkodsscknels hdokrd tfdy dntdr tfd lehkr berjdt. 5 Pfd sebplcnm stretdmytermdts nurscnm en` bd`cgel stu`dnts orkb egrkss `coodrdnt sgfkkls, en` orkb `coodrdntyders. Pfcs ellkws us tk mdt en cnscmft cn tfdcr gurrdnt prdodrdngds wfcld rdvcsctcnm tfdbcn tfd outurd wcll dlcgct gfenmds cn tfdcr prdodrdngds en` ettctu`ds kvdr tcbd.

Pehld 8.5 prkvc`ds en kvdrvcdw ko tfd sebpld. Okr nurscnm stu`dnts wd okllkwd` e

twk stdp sebplcnm stretdmy, ocrst sdldgtcnm tfd sgfkkls en` tfdn tfd stu`dnts. Epertorkb tfd beikr mkvdrnbdnt kwnd` nurscnm sgfkkl, Jcmelc Fdeltf Cnstctutd, tfdrd erdocvd sbelldr nurscnm sgfkkls lkgetd` kutsc`d Jcmelc wfcgf trecn becnly mdndrel nursds. 8 ]fcld ell tfdsd sgfkkls rdgdcvd mkvdrnbdnt oun`cnm, twk ko tfdb hdlknm tk tfd oectf hesd` NMKs. Knd prcvetd okr prkoct nurscnm sgfkkl wes dxglu`d` orkb tfd sebpld hdgeusd ct wes nkt eggrd`ctd`, nkr wes eggrd`ctetckn dnvcsemd` cn tfd nder outurd.

Pk rdoldgt tfd `coodrdngd cn kwndrsfcp wd sdldgt, epert orkb Jcmelc Fdeltf Cnstctutd,knd mkvdrnbdnt kwnd` (Nyemeterd) en` knd NMK kwnd` nurscnm sgfkkl(Xwebemene) kutsc`d Jcmelc. ]d elsk ldevd kut tfd sgfkkls tfet wd usd` okr pclktcnmtfd survdy cnstrubdnts. Ell sdldgtd` sgfkkls erd eggrd`ctd`, koodrcnm e tfrdd yderprkmreb okr mdndrel glcncgel nurscnm (E5), bc`wcodry, kr bdntel fdeltf nurscnm. ]ctfcndegf sgfkkl wd survdyd` stu`dnts tfet wdrd prdsdnt et tfd èy ko tfd cntdrvcdw,okguscnm es bugf es pksschld kn ocnel yder stu`dnts.


16/54


Bd`cgel stu`dnts cn Xwenè ell ettdn` tfd Netcknel Tncvdrscty, wfcgf cs lkgetd` cnHuterd, tfd sdgkn` lermdst gcty cn tfd gkuntry. Bd`cgel sgfkkl lests ? yders, wctf tfd ocrsttwk yders koodrcnm mdndrel trecncnm en` tfd lest okur yders lehdld` es `kgtkretd, krbd`cgel trecncnm (@kg 5 0). @urcnm tfd ocnel yder (@kg 0) stu`dnts `k en cntdrnsfcp cne fdeltf oegclcty: wd survdy stu`dnts hdokrd tfdy dntdr tfdcr cntdrnsfcp en` survdyd` ellstu`dnts wfk wdrd prdsdnt et tfd èy ko survdy vcsct, sebplcnm bkrd stu`dnts ko tfdocnel yder hdokrd `kcnm tfdcr cntdrnsfcp. 7

Kur ocnel sebpld ko stu`dnts gknscsts ko 866 nurscnm stu`dnts, spdgcelczcnm cnglcncgel nurscnm, bc`wcodry kr bdntel fdeltf, en` rdprdsdntcnm 47 pdrgdnt ko tfd tktelgkrrdspkn`cnm gkfkrt. Kur sebpld ko bd`cgel stu`dnts gkunts 580 stu`dnts,rdprdsdntcnm == pdrgdnt ko tfd gkfkrt. 0

Pehld 8.5. Pfd Webpld ko Nurscnm en` Bd`cgel Wtu`dnts

Nubhdr ko stu`dnts survdyd`

Nurscnm Bd`cgel

Xwebemene Nurscnm Wgfkkl Mdndrel nurscnm ?0

Nyemeterd Nurscnm Wgfkkl Mdndrel nurscnm =8

Jcmelc Fdeltf Cnstctutd Mdndrel nurscnm, bc`wcodry en` bdntel fdeltf 548

Netcknel Tncvdrscty ko Xwenè Bd`cgcnd 580

Pktel 866 580

Wkurgd9Eutfkrs.

Pfd survdy usds tfrdd `coodrdnt cnstrubdnts9 e sdlo e`bcncstdrd` qudstcknnecrd, etdst kn bd`cgel jnkwld`md, en` twk hdfevckrel mebds, wfcgf wdrd pclktd` en`rdvcsd`. Pfd survdy tkkj erkun` knd en` e felo fkur tk gkbpldtd, wfcld tfd bd`cgeltdst lestd` 71 bcnutds. Wtu`dnts wdrd mcvdn tfd gfkcgd hdtwddn Orengkpfknd enÈnmlkpfknd ète gklldgtckn cnstrubdnts. Pfd mebds tkkj en e``ctcknel 04 bcnutds.Wdldgtd` stu`dnts wdrd ocrst dxplecnd` tfd oungtckncnm ko tfd @cgtetkr Mebd, wfcgfrdsults cn e bdesurd ko skgcel prdodrdngds, en` e Lkttdry Mebd, wfcgf bdesurds rcsjettctu`d, en` tfdn esjd` tk pley hktf ko tfd mebds. Pk evkc` gkntebcnetckn rdmer`cnmtfd survdy qudstckns, tdst, en` mebds, tfd stu`dnts wdrd survdyd` cn okur hegj tk hegjsdssckns pdr èy, wctf nk bkrd tfen 81 stu`dnts cn degf sdssckn. Pfd survdy wescbpldbdntd` hdtwddn Eprcl 54 en` Bey 8, 8116.

@dbkmrepfcg en` Wkgckdgknkbcg Qrkocld ko Wtu`dnts

Pk hdttdr un`drsten` wfk kur suhidgts erd, wd mcvd e hrcdo kvdrvcdw ko tfdcr`dbkmrepfcg en` skgckdgknkbcg gferegtdrcstcgs. Pehld 8.8 subberczds tfd stetcstcgs.

Pfd bden emd ko bd`cgel stu`dnts cn tfd sebpld cs 8= en` tfet ko nurscnm stu`dnts8?. Es dxpdgtd` hktf `cstrchutckns erd sjdwd` tk tfd ldot wctf odw kl`dr stu`dntsdnrkllcnm. Nursds erd kvdrwfdlbcnmly odbeld (?6 pdrgdnt) wfcld bd`cgel stu`dnts erdbkstly beld (=7 pdrgdnt). Nurscnm stu`dnts erd bkrd kotdn berrcd` kr dnmemd` tfenbd`cgel stu`dnts (74 vdrsus 75 pdrgdnt) en` ehkut knd kut ko okur nurscnm stu`dnts (80

pdrgdnt) en` knd kut sdvdn bd`cgel stu`dnts (54 pdrgdnt) fes et ldest knd gfcl`. Kotfksd tfet `knt fevd gfcl`rdn tfd mrdet beikrcty (6? pdrgdnt) plens tk fevd gfcl`rdn cntfd outurd en` entcgcpetds fevcnm gfcl`rdn kn evdremd okur yders eotdr ldevcnm sgfkkl.


17/54

? ]krl` Henj ]krjcnm Qepdr

Pfd `cstrchutckn egrkss rdlcmckns cs vdry scbcler okr nurscnm en` bd`cgel stu`dnts,en` ehkut okur ocotfs ko hktf tfd nurscnm en` bd`cgel stu`dnts rdpkrts tfet rdlcmckn cscbpkrtent kr vdry cbpkrtent cn tfdcr lcod.

Pfd `cstrchutckn ko tfd mdkmrepfcgel krcmcn cs scbcler okr nurscnm en` bd`cgelstu`dnts wctf twk dxgdptckns9 wfcld 81 pdrgdnt ko nurscnm stu`dnts gkbd orkb tfd Dest,knly 0 pdrgdnt ko bd`cgel stu`dnts `k, en` wfcld knly = pdrgdnt ko nurscnm stu`dntsgkbd orkb ehrke`, 85 pdrgdnt ko bd`cgel stu`dnts `k. Pfd lettdr, wd dxpdgt, bey fevde `crdgt doodgt kn tfd qudstckns rdletd` tk cntdrnetcknel bcmretckn.

Pehld 8.8. @dbkmrepfcg Gferegtdrcstcgs ko Wurvdy Qertcgcpents

Nurscnm stu`dnts Bd`cgel stu`dnts

Bden emd 84.46 8=.18Wtenèr` `dvcetckn 0.3= 7.?7

Odbeld ?6% 8=%Berrcd` kr dnmemd` 74% 75%Fes gfcl`rdn 80% 54%

XdlcmcknGetfklcgQrktdstentKtfdr GfrcstcenKtfdr

06%8=%87%5%

47%80%50%=%

Xdlcmckn cs vdry kr quctd cbpkrtent (4-pkcnt Lcjdrt sgeld) 61% =6%

Hkrn cnDest

JcmelcNkrtfWkutf]dst Ehrke`

81%

87%57%53%5=%=%

0%

80%58%85%5=%85%

EggkbbkètcknXkkb cn `krbctkry Et fkbd/wctf rdletcvdsKtfdr

43%8?%54%

==%54%55%

Bden `cstengd ko fkusd wfdrd s/fd mrdw up orkb glksdst ell-wdetfdr rke` =.66 4.73Bden `dpdn`dngy retck cn fkusdfkl` wfdrd s/fd mrdw up 0.6? 0.75

Bden nubhdr ko pdrskns cn tfd fkusdfkl` et emd 58 =.4? 6.17Nubhdr ko rkkbs cn tfd `wdllcnm wfdrd s/fd mrdw up 7.67 0.8?Oetfdr gkbpldtd` pkst sdgknèry dùgetckn 6% 80%

Wkurgd9Eutfkrs.

Pk bdesurd tfd wdeltf ko tfd stu`dnts en` tfd fkusdfkl`s cn wfcgf tfdy mrdw upwd esjd` qudstckns kn essdt kwndrsfcp, wfcgf wd gkpcd` orkb tfd bkst rdgdntDnqutd Cntmreld sur lds Gkn`ctckns `d _cd `ds bnemds (DCG_ 8), tfd netcknellyrdprdsdntetcvd fkusdfkl` cngkbd en` dxpdn`cturd survdy qudstcknnecrds. 4 Tscnm tfdsdqudstckns wd gknstrugt e gkbpksctd bdesurd ko cn`cvcùel en` fkusdfkl` wdeltf. ]ddxpdrcbdnt wctf `coodrdnt bdesurds okr cn`cvcùel wdeltf en` ocn` tfet tfdrd cs nkscmncocgent `coodrdngd cn cn`cvcùel wdeltf hdtwddn bd`cgel en` nurscnm stu`dnts. ?


18/54

@cvdrscty cn Gerddr Qrdodrdngds ko Outurd Fdeltf ]krjdrs cn Xwenè =

Mcvdn tfd stu`dnts ykunm emd, tfd wdeltf ko tfd fkusdfkl` wfdrd fd kr sfd mrdwup cs prkhehly bkrd `csgrcbcnetkry. Tscnm tfd sebd bdtfk` hut nkw bejcnm usd kotfd qudstckns gkngdrncnm tfd fkusdfkl` wfdrd tfdy mrdw up, wd ocn` tfet nurscnmstu`dnts gkbd orkb rdletcvdly pkkrdr fkusdfkl`s tfen bd`cgel stu`dnts, wfdtfdr wdusd tfd nevd wdeltf cn`cgetkr, wfcgf fes e bden ko 3.11 okr bd`cgel stu`dnts en` =.5=okr nurscnm stu`dnts, wfcgf cs stetcstcgelly `coodrdnt (p21.15), kr tfd essdt cn`cgetkrkhtecnd` orkb prcngcpel gkbpkndnt enelyscs. =

Bd`cgel Jnkwld`md Pdst Xdsults

Pk bdesurd tfd sjclls en` gkbpdtdngd ko tfd stu`dnts wd gerrcd` kut e bd`cgeljnkwld`md tdst, prdvckusly `dvdlkpd` cn tfd gkntdxt ko Dtfckpce en` eèptd` tkXwenè wctf tfd fdlp ko tfd bd`cgel oegulty (tehld 8.7). Pfd tdst cs `coodrdnt okr bd`cgelen` nurscnm stu`dnts hut okllkws tfd sebd strugturd gknscstcnm ko twk perts9 tfd ocrst

pert tdsts jnkwld`md ko dvc`dngd hesd` bd`cgcnd wfcld tfd sdgkn` pert bdesurdstdgfncgel jnkw fkw tk `dlcvdr bd`cgel cntdrvdntckns. 6 Wtu`dnts wdrd mcvdn 71 bcnutdstk gkbpldtd tfd tdst wfcgf gkbprcsd` 47 (48) qudstckns okr nurscnm (bd`cgel) stu`dnts.Nkt ell stu`dnts wdrd ehld tk gkbpldtd ell qudstckns wctfcn felo en fkur. Pfd tehld hdlkw gkntecns skbd subbery stetcstcgs rdletcnm tk tfd tdst.

Pdst sgkrds okr hktf nurscnm en` bd`cgel stu`dnts erd rkumfly nkrbelly`cstrchutd`. Pfd sgkrds erd elsk pksctcvdly esskgcetd` wctf tfd stu`dnts sgfklestcgrdsults 3 (p2


19/54


Fcmfdr yder stu`dnts, hktf nurscnm en` bd`cgel, sgkrd rkumfly hdttdr kn tfd tdsttfen lkwdr yder stu`dnts. Pfd tdst sgkrds `k nkt gkrrdletd wctf tfd neturd ko prdvckussgfkklcnm (puhlcg kr prcvetd). Cntdrdstcnmly, tdst sgkrds erd ndmetcvdly gkrrdletd`(p21.51) wctf lknm tdrb puhlcg sdgtkr prdodrdngd okr nurscnm stu`dnts9 tfksd stu`dntstfet sgkrd kn evdremd wkrsd kn tfd tdst tdn` tk prdodr tk wkrj okr tfd puhlcg sdgtkr cntfd lknm tdrb.

]krj Dxpdrcdngd

Pfd vest beikrcty ko bd`cgel en` nurscnm stu`dnts fevd skbd jcn` ko wkrj dxpdrcdngd,bkstly hdgeusd pregtcgel wkrj cs en cbpkrtent dldbdnt ko tfd bd`cgel en` nurscnmgurrcgule cn Xwenè. Dcmfty ocvd pdrgdnt ko nurscnm stu`dnts en` 66 pdrgdnt ko bd`cgelstu`dnts fevd wkrj dxpdrcdngd es pert ko tfdcr trecncnm, wctf bd`cgel stu`dntsspdn`cnm kn evdremd ocvd bkntfs kn pregtcgel wkrj gkbperd` tk okur bkntfs okr

nurscnm stu`dnts Cntdrdstcnmly, bd`cgel stu`dnts fevd wkrjd` prd`kbcnently cn urhenerdes es pert ko tfdcr trecncnm (60 pdrgdnt), wfcld nursds prd`kbcnently wkrjd` cn rurelerdes (?1 pdrgdnt). 51 Ehkut felo ko hktf bd`cgel en` nurscnm stu`dnts dxpdgt tk mdt e ikhcn tfd oegclcty wfdrd tfdy fevd wkrjd` es pert ko tfdcr dùgetckn. Enktfdr skurgd kodxpdrcdngd gkbds orkb wkrjcnm kutsc`d tfd rdqucrdbdnts ko dùgetckn wctf kndquertdr ko nurscnm stu`dnts en` knd ocotf ko bd`cgel stu`dnts fevcnm wkrjd` kutsc`dtfd rdqucrdbdnts ko tfd trecncnm. Pfksd wfk fevd wkrjd` kutsc`d trecncnm fevd `kndsk okr scmncocgent pdrck`s, wctf nurscnm stu`dnts fevcnm bkrd tfen tfrdd ydersdxpdrcdngd en` bd`cgel stu`dnts elbkst twk yders. Wcx pdrgdnt ko nurscnm stu`dnts elskstu`cds pert tcbd, wfcld ell bd`cgel stu`dnts stu`y oull tcbd.

Pehld 8.0. Qest ]krj Dxpdrcdngd


@c` pregtcgel wkrj cn fdeltf ùrcnm trecncnm 64% 66%

@uretckn ko pregtcgel wkrj es pert ko trecncnm (bden) 0 bkntfs (0.4 bkntfs) 4 bkntfs (7.4 bkntfs)

@c` pec` wkrj cn fdeltf kutsc`d trecncnm rdqucrdbdnts 84% 85%

@uretckn ko pec` wkrj kutsc`d trecncnm (bden) 08 bkntfs (83) 81 bkntfs (81.4 bkntfs)

Qregtcgel wkrj es pert ko trecncnm wes cn urhen erde 01% 60%

Wtu`dnt dxpdgts tk mdt e ikh cn oegclcty wfdrds/fd `c` pregtcgel wkrj

46% 06%

Wtu`cds pert tcbd ?% 1%

Wkurgd9Eutfkrs.

Nktds

5 Ct cs cbpkrtent tfet pertcgcpents cn tfd survdy `k nkt fevd `crdgt wkrj dxpdrcdngd ydt hdgeusd ctcs lcjdly tk fevd e scmncocgent doodgt kn tfdcr gerddr prdodrdngds en` dxpdgtetckns. Pfd cbpegt kowkrj dxpdrcdngd gkul` hd `crdgtly e``rdssd` cn tfd outurd hy gklldgtcnm e sdgkn` wevd ko ète kntfd sebd gkfkrt ko stu`dnts en` gkbpercnm tfd rdspkn`dnts enswdrs es stu`dnts en` es fdeltfprkodsscknels. Ct cs elsk cbpkrtent tfet tfd pertcgcpents cn tfd survdy erd es glksd es pksschld tk tfd

dn` ko tfdcr prkmreb ko stu`y, sk tfet tfdy erd lcjdly tk fevd en un`drsten`cnm ko tfdcr outurd ikhgferegtdrcstcgs en` tfdcr gerddr prkspdgts.


20/54


8 Pfdsd sgfkkls erd lkgetd` cn tfd tkwns ko Jchunmk, Hyubhe, Mcterebe, Xwebemene, en`Nyemeterd.7 ]d okun` nk cn`cgetckn tfet tfdrd wes sdlo sdldgtckn cn tfd sebpld ko nursds kr `kgtkrs tfet

sfkwd` up tfet èy.0 ]d gknùgtd` sdvdrel pclkts cnvklvcnm 558 nurscnm stu`dnts en` 58 bd`cgel stu`dnts. Qclktsuhidgts orkb ykunmdr yders en`/kr ktfdr sgfkkls wdrd suhsdqudntly dxglu`d` orkb tfd survdy cnkr`dr tk evkc` gkntebcnetckn cn survdy qudstckns, tdsts en` mebds. Okr oull `dtecls ko tfd pclkt sddWdrre (8116).4 Xdmrdsscnm fkusdfkl` dxpdn`cturds kn fkusdfkl` essdts okr tfcs netcknelly rdprdsdntetcvd ètesdt, wd sdldgt tfd essdts okr wfcgf tfd gkdoocgcdnt cs scmncocgent kr lermd en` cnglu`d tfdgkrrdspkn`cnm essdt qudstckn cn kur qudstcknnecrd. Pfcs dnehlds us tk prd`cgt fkusdfkl`dxpdn`cturds okr tfd fkusdfkl` wfdrd tfd stu`dnt mrdw up.? ]d gknsc`dr twk `coodrdnt bdesurds. Ocrst wd gknstrugt e nevd wdeltf cn`dx, wfcgf cs tfdscbpld sub ko tfd enswdrs tk tfd essdt kwndrsfcp qudstckns. Wdgkn`, wd usd prcngcpel gkbpkndnt

enelyscs en` rdtecn tfd ocrst tfrdd dcmdnvdgtkrs es essdt wdeltf prd`cgtkrs scngd tkmdtfdr tfdyeggkunt okr twk tfcr`s ko tfd vercengd cn tfd 51 essdt vercehlds.= Emecn, wd rdtecn tfrdd dcmdnvdgtkrs, wfcgf tkmdtfdr eggkunt okr 41 pdrgdnt ko tfd vercengd.6 Cn tfd Dvc`dngd hesd` Bd`cgcnd bkùld tfd stu`dnts wdrd esjd` tk c`dntcoy tfd doodgtcvdndssko spdgcocg cntdrvdntckns kn gfcl` bkrtelcty, betdrnel bkrtelcty, belerce, en` cllndss ùd tk FC_en` EC@W. Cn tfd Pdgfncgel Jnkw fkw bkùld stu`dnts erd esjd` jnkwld`md qudstckns ehkutbd`cgel oegts en` cntdrvdntckns. Degf enswdr wes mcvdn tfd sebd wdcmft en` sgkrds erd khtecnd`tfrkumf scbpld e``ctckn (5 pkcnt pdr gkrrdgt enswdr: 1 okr wrknm enswdrs).3 Wgfklestcg pdrokrbengd cs bdesurd` hy tfd stu`dnts lest yder ocnel berj.51 Pfcs cs rdberjehly scbcler tk tfd dvdntuel wkrj pettdrn, wfdrd bkrd tfen =4 pdrgdnt ko bd`cgel`kgtkrs cn Xwenè wkrj cn Jcmelc. Pfcs bey elsk hd e gknsdqudngd ko tfd bkrd rurel hegjmrkun`

ko nursds, okr wfcgf tfd `cstengd ko tfd fkusdfkl` cn wfcgf tfd stu`dnt mrdw up tk tfd nderdst ellwdetfdr rke` cs scmncocgently lknmdr gkbperd` wctf bd`cgel stu`dnts (6 jb vdrsus 4 jb: p21.18),eltfkumf bultcvercetd enelyscs cs ndd`d` tk tdst tfcs ourtfdr.


21/54

51

G F E Q P D X 7

Pfd @dgcsckn tk Hdgkbde Fdeltf ]krjdr

Wubbery

Bkrd tfen tfrdd quertdrs ko nurscnm stu`dnts en` ehkut felo ko tfd bd`cgel stu`dntsstetd tfdy dntdrd` tfd fdeltf sdgtkr tk fdlp pdkpld. Okr knly knd tdntf ko nurscnmstu`dnts en` knd ocotf ko bd`cgel stu`dnts tfd rdeskn wes tfet tfdy wentd` e ikh, kr e ikh tfet peys wdll.

Ncndty pdrgdnt ko nurscnm stu`dnts en` ?7 pdrgdnt ko bd`cgel stu`dnts stetd tfdyjndw et tfd emd ko 58 tfet tfdy wentd` tk hdgkbd e fdeltf wkrjdr. Pfksd wfk stetdtfdy jndw wdrd bkrd kotdn cnoludngd` hy perdnts, tdegfdrs, kr e fdeltf wkrjdr wfdnbejcnm tfdcr gerddr gfkcgd. Pfdy elsk gctd bkrd kotdn tfet tfdy dntdrd` tfd prkodssckntk fdlp pdkpld.

Pfd mkvdrnbdnt cs hy oer tfd becn oun`dr okr fdeltf stu`dnts tuctckn odd, lcvcnmdxpdnsds en` eggkbbk`etckn. Bd`cgel stu`dnts rdgdcvd bkrd mkvdrnbdnt suppkrtgkbperd` tk nurscnm stu`dnts: en` stu`dnts orkb pkkr hegjmrkun`s rdgdcvd bkrd ec`tfen stu`dnts orkb rcgfdr hegjmrkun`s.

Knd tfcr` ko stu`dnts rdgdcvcnm suppkrt stetd tfdy `k nkt fevd en khlcmetckn tkoulocll cn rdturn. Bkst ko tfksd wfk hdlcdvd tfdy fevd en khlcmetckn tk oulocll dxpdgt tfcswcll tejd tfd okrb ko wkrjcnm okr tfd mkvdrnbdnt: tfd ktfdrs rdpkrt tfdy fevd tk rdpeye lken. Wkbd stu`dnts hdlcdvd tfdy fevd tk wkrj tfdcr dntcrd gerddr okr mkvdrnbdnt.Ktfdr stu`dnts tfcnj tfdy gen hd rdldesd`, cn wfcgf gesd nurscnm stu`dnts dxpdgt tfettfdy fevd tk wkrj scx yders okr tfd mkvdrnbdnt: bd`cgel stu`dnts tfcnj tfcs cs knly

tfrdd yders. Hut stu`dnts `k nkt ndgdssercly plen tk oulocll tfd wkrj khlcmetckn. Okrtytfrdd pdrgdnt ko nurscnm stu`dnts en` 8= pdrgdnt ko bd`cgel stu`dnts rdpkrt tfdy wcllscbply rdndmd kn tfd khlcmetckn en` knd tfcr` rdpkrts ct cs pksschld tk huy kndsdlo kut.

Gfkkscnm e Gerddr cn Fdeltf

Pfd beikrcty ko nurscnm en` bd`cgel stu`dnts un`drsgkrd tfdcr `dscrd tk fdlp pdkpld estfd prcngcpel bktcvetckn tk dntdr e gerddr cn tfd fdeltf sdgtkr. Hut tfdrd cs e `coodrdngd hdtwddn nurscnm en` bd`cgel stu`dnts, wctf == pdrgdnt ko nurscnm stu`dnts en` 47pdrgdnt ko bd`cgel stu`dnts cn`cgetcnm tk fdlp pdkpld es tfdcr ocrst rdeskn tk hdgkbde fdeltf wkrjdr (tehld 7.5). Pfd sdgkn` bkst gctd` rdeskn cs tk mdt e ikh kr e ikh tfetpeys wdll en` cs gctd` hy knd tdntf ko nurscnm en` knd ocotf ko bd`cgel stu`dnts(stetcstcgelly `coodrdnt et p21.15 pdrgdnt).


22/54


Cn mdndrel, stu`dnts oddl tfet tfdy fevd be`d tfd `dgcsckn tk dntdr tfd fdeltf sdgtkrlermdly eutknkbkusly. Ldss tfen felo ko tfd stu`dnts emrdd` kr strknmly emrdd` (kn e 4pkcnt Lcjdrt sgeld) tfet perdnts, tdegfdrs, kr e fdeltf wkrjdr fe` e hcm cnoludngd kntfdcr `dgcsckn, eltfkumf nurscnm stu`dnts fevd hddn scmncocgently bkrd cnoludngd` tfenbd`cgel stu`dnts (p21.15). 5 Pfd beikrcty ko stu`dnts elsk cn`cgetd tfet tfdcr orcdn`sepprkvd ko tfdb hdgkbcnm e fdeltf wkrjdr (=8 pdrgdnt okr nurscnm stu`dnts en` =4pdrgdnt okr bd`cgel stu`dnts), en` glksd tk felo ko tfd stu`dnts emrdd tfet tfd oegt tfet`kgtkrs en` nursds erd fcmfly rdspdgtd` cn tfd skgcdty fe` e hcm cnoludngd tk hdgkbd efdeltf wkrjdr (07 pdrgdnt okr nurscnm stu`dnts en` 04 pdrgdnt okr bd`cgel stu`dnts).

Dspdgcelly, nurscnm stu`dnts (31 pdrgdnt) sddb tk fevd jnkwn elrde`y et emd 58tfet tfdy wentd` tk hdgkbd e fdeltf wkrjdrvdrsus ?7 pdrgdnt ko bd`cgel stu`dnts.Pfksd wfk sddb tk fevd jnkwn et tfd emd ko 58 tfet tfdy wentd` tk hdgkbd e fdeltfwkrjdr erd elsk bugf bkrd lcjdly tk rdpkrt tfet tfdy dntdrd` tfd fdeltf sdgtkr tk fdlppdkpld. 8

Pehld 7.5. Fdeltf Wdgtkr Dntry (cn %)

Nurscnmstu`dnts

Bd`cgelstu`dnts

Bkst cbpkrtent rdeskn tk hdgkbd e nursd kr `kgtkr

Fdlp pdkpldMdt e ikh/Mdt e ikh tfet peys wdll

==51

4785

Fe` e hcm cnoludngd kn by `dgcsckn tk hdgkbd e fdeltf wkrjdr (emrdd kr strknmly emrdd)

By perdnts

By tdegfdrs E fdeltf wkrjdr C jndw

0?

7?0=

8?

5684

By orcdn`s tfcnj ct cs e mkk` c`de tk hdgkbd e fdeltf wkrjdr (emrdd kr strknmly emrdd) =8 =4

Fcmf rdspdgt okr `kgtkrs en` nursds cn skgcdty fe` e hcm cnoludngd kn by `dgcsckn tk hdgkbd efdeltf wkrjdr (emrdd kr strknmly emrdd) 07 04

]fdn yku wdrd 58 yders kl` wfet `c` yku went tk hdgkbd letdr cn lcod;

Fdeltf wkrjdr 31 ?7

Wkurgd9Eutfkrs.

]fk Oun`s tfd Precncnm;

Pfd mkvdrnbdnt ko Xwenè cs tfd bkst cbpkrtent skurgd ko oun`cnm okr tfd tuctcknodds, eggkbbkètckn en` lcvcnm dxpdnsds okr hktf nurscnm en` bd`cgel stu`dnts(ocmurd 7.5). Fkwdvdr, bkrd bd`cgel stu`dnts sddb tk mdt tfdcr tuctckn odds en` lcvcnmdxpdnsds gkvdrd` hy tfd mkvdrnbdnt tfen nursds. Kvdrell, stu`dnts gkbcnm orkb epkkrdr hegjmrkun` mdt bkrd mkvdrnbdnt suppkrt okr tfdcr tuctckn odds (p21.15), es wdlles okr eggkbbkètckn (p21.17) en` lcvcnm dxpdnsds (p21.15).

Ehkut felo ko tfd nurscnm en` bd`cgel stu`dnts wfk rdgdcvd dxtdrnel oun`cnm tfcnjtfdy fevd tk oulocll en khlcmetckn tkwer`s tfd oun`cnm perty. ]fdn tfd dxtdrnel oun`drcs tfd mkvdrnbdnt, ehkut twk tfcr` ko stu`dnts sey tfdy fevd tk oulocll en khlcmetckntkwer`s mkvdrnbdnt: gknvdrsdly, knd tfcr` glecbs tfdy fevd nk khlcmetckn tk oulocll.


23/54


Ocmurd 7.5. Mkvdrnbdnt es e Wkurgd ko Oun`cnm

Wkurgd9Eutfkrs.

]fdn en khlcmetckn cs essubd`, tfcs typcgelly tejds tfd okrb ko fevcnm tk wkrj cn epksctckn prkpksd` hy tfd oun`cnm perty (?8 pdrgdnt), hut gen elsk bden fevcnm tkrdpey tfd lken (7? pdrgdnt). Bd`cgel stu`dnts erd bkrd lcjdly tk fevd tk rdpey e lken tk

mkvdrnbdnt (48 pdrgdnt gkbperd` tk 83 pdrgdnt okr nurscnm stu`dnts), wfcld nurscnmstu`dnts sddb bkrd lcjdly tk fevd tk tejd up e ikh prkpksd` hy tfd mkvdrnbdnt (?3pdrgdnt ko nurscnm stu`dnts gkbperd` tk 06 pdrgdnt ko bd`cgel stu`dnts). Pfdrd elsksddbs tk hd e `coodrdngd cn tfd ldnmtf ko tfd khlcmetckn essubd`. Wkbd stu`dnts tfcnjtfdy ndd` tk wkrj lcodlknm (71 yders kr bkrd) okr mkvdrnbdnt (50 pdrgdnt nurscnmstu`dnts: 4 pdrgdnt ko bd`cgel stu`dnts). Ko tfksd stu`dnts wfk tfcnj tfdy ndd` tk wkrjldss tfen lcod lknm, nurscnm stu`dnts stetd tfdy fevd tk wkrj scx yders okr mkvdrnbdnt,wfdrdes bd`cgel stu`dnts stetd tfdcr khlcmetckn cs tk lest tfrdd yders (tehld 7.8).

Kn tfd ktfdr fen`, =6 pdrgdnt (68 pdrgdnt) ko tfd nurscnm stu`dnts sey tfdy gendxprdss e prdodrdngd okr tfd lkgelcty (oegclcty) ko tfdcr wkrj khlcmetckn, gkbperd` tk 40

pdrgdnt (06 pdrgdnt) ko bd`cgel stu`dnts. Bkrd tfen knd tfcr` ko tfd nurscnm (7?pdrgdnt) en` bd`cgel (7= pdrgdnt) stu`dnts sey tfdy gen huy tfdbsdlvds kut ko enykhlcmetckn tkwer`s tfd oun`cnm perty. ]fdn esjd` co tfdy tfcnj tfdy wcll oulocll tfdcrkhlcmetckn, 07 pdrgdnt ko nurscnm stu`dnts sey tfdy wcll nkt, gkbperd` tk 8= pdrgdnt kobd`cgel stu`dnts. Ehkut twk tfcr`s ko bd`cgel stu`dnts en` felo ko tfd nurscnmstu`dnts wctf wkrj khlcmetckns tfcnjs tfd mkvdrnbdnt wcll nkt try tk mdt cts bkndy hegj orkb tfdb kr tfdcr oebcly co tfdy `dgc`d nkt tk oulocll tfdcr khlcmetckn (ocmurd 7.8).

Mkvdrnbdnt cs tfd becn skurgd ko oun`cnm okr

1

84

41

=4

511

Puctckn odd Lcvcnm dxpdnsds Eggkbbk`etckn

Q d r g d n t



24/54


Pehld 7.8. Oun`cnm okr Fdeltf D`ugetckn


Neturd ko tfd khlcmetckn tkwer`s mkvdrnbdnt tfet peys okr tuctckn odds

]krjcnm cn e pksctckn koodrd` hy tfd oun`cnm perty ?3% 06%Xdpey tfd lken tk tfd oun`cnm perty 83% 48%

Ktfdr 8% 1%

C hdlcdvd C fevd tk wkrj 71 yders kr lknmdr okr mkvdrnbdnt 51% 8.4%

Nubhdr ko yders tfet ykurd dxpdgtd` tk wkrj okr tfd mkvdrnbdnt (bden),co ldss tfen 71 yders

4.= (0.=) 7.1 (7.3)

Co by khlcmetckn cs tk eggdpt e pksctckn koodrd` hy tfd mkvdrnbdnt,

C gen dxprdss e prdodrdngd okr tfd lkgelcty wfdrd C fevd tk wkrj =6% 40%

C gen dxprdss e prdodrdngd okr tfd oegclcty wfdrd C fevd tk wkrj 68% 06%

C gen huy bysdlo kut ko by khlcmetckn 7?% 7=%

C wcll nkt oulocll by khlcmetckn 07% 8=%C `k nkt tfcnj tfd mkvdrnbdnt wcll try tk mdt cts bkndy hegj orkb byoebcly co C `knt oulocll by khlcmetckn

06% ?4%

Wkurgd9Eutfkrs.

Ocmurd 7.8. Wtu`dnts Qdrgdptckns ko Pfdcr Khlcmetckns tkwer` tfd Wtu`y Oun`cnm Qerty

Wkurgd9Eutfkrs.

Co by khlcmetckn cs tk eggdpt e pksctckn koodrd` hy tfd

mkvdrnbdnt ...

1 84 41 =4 511

C `k nkt tfcnj tfd mkvdrnbdnt wcll try tkmdt cts bkndy hegj orkb by oebcly co C `knt

oulocll by khlcmetckn

C wcll nkt oulocll by khlcmetckn

C gen huy bysdlo kut ko by khlcmetckn

C gen dxprdss e prdodrdngd okr tfd oegclctywfdrd C fevd tk wkrj

C gen dxprdss prdodrdngd okr tfd lkgelctywfdrd C fevd tk wkrj

%



25/54


Nktds

5 Pwk sebpld ]clgkxkn renj sub tdst.8 Co tfd stu`dnt jndw tfet s/fd wkul` hdgkbd e fdeltf wkrjdr et tfd emd ko 58, tfd prkhehclcty cs

fcmfdr (p


26/54

54

G F E Q P D X 0

Lknm tdrb Gerddr Qrdodrdngdsen` Cngkbd Dxpdgtetckns

Wubbery

Pfd puhlcg sdgtkr cs tfd hcmmdst dbplkydr cn tfd Xwen`dsd fdeltf sdgtkr, hut nktndgdssercly tfd bkst pkpuler knd. Cn tfd lknm tdrb, knly 01 pdrgdnt ko nurscnm stu`dntsen` 75 pdrgdnt ko bd`cgel stu`dnts dxpdgt tk wkrj cn tfd puhlcg sdgtkr. Ehkut felordpkrts tfet tfdy dxpdgt tk stcll hd wkrjcnm okr tfd puhlcg sdgtkr cn ocvd yders tcbd.

Pfd vest beikrcty ko stu`dnts wkul` lcjd tk wkrj cn en urhen gdntdr cn tfd lknmtdrb, hut e suhstentcel pert dxpdgts tk stcll hd wkrjcnm cn e rurel erde cn ocvd yders tcbd.Bkrd tfen e tfcr` erd jddn tk stert tfdcr gerddr cn e rurel sdttcnm (73 pdrgdnt ko nurscnmstu`dnts en` 7= pdrgdnt ko bd`cgel stu`dnts).

Fdeltf stu`dnts mdndrelly fevd selery dxpdgtetckns tfet erd ehkvd tfd selery okr e

ocrst puhlcg sdgtkr ikh. Nurscnm stu`dnts dxpdgt 61 pdrgdnt bkrd: bd`cgel stu`dnts 41pdrgdnt. Bkrdkvdr, fdeltf stu`dnts dxpdgt scmncocgent selery tkp ups orkb ikh rdletd` hknusds en` skbd fdeltf stu`dnts (84 pdrgdnt ko nurscnm en` 41 pdrgdnt ko bd`cgelstu`dnts) dxpdgt dxtre cngkbd orkb fdeltf wkrj kn tfd sc`d.

Pfksd dxpdgtcnm tk hd wkrjcnm kutsc`d tfd puhlcg sdgtkr, cn urhen erdes, cn puhlcgfdeltf, ehrke`, kr kutsc`d tfd fdeltf sdgtkr elsk dxpdgt fcmfdr derncnms.

Lknm-tdrb Gerddr Qrdodrdngds

Es cn bkst gkuntrcds tfd puhlcg sdgtkr cs tfd `kbcnent dbplkydr cn tfd fdeltf sdgtkr, hut tfcs cs nkt dntcrdly rdoldgtd` cn tfd gerddr prdodrdngds ko fdeltf wkrjdrs. Okrty

pdrgdnt ko nurscnm stu`dnts prdodr tk wkrj okr tfd puhlcg sdgtkr cn tfd lknm tdrb: 75pdrgdnt okr en NMK. Bd`cgel stu`dnts cn gkntrest prdodr tk wkrj okr en NMK (06pdrgdnt) retfdr tfen tfd puhlcg sdgtkr (75 pdrgdnt) cn tfd lknm tdrb (ocmurd 0.5). Hut tfdstu`dnts `cstcnmucsf tfdsd lknm tdrb prdodrdngds orkb wfet tfdy dxpdgt wcll feppdn cntfd bd`cub tdrb, es bkrd tfen felo ko bd`cgel en` nurscnm stu`dnts tfcnj tfdy wcllstcll hd wkrjcnm okr tfd puhlcg sdgtkr cn ocvd yders tcbd (44 pdrgdnt en` 40 pdrgdntrdspdgtcvdly): en` cnvdrsdly, knly ehkut e quertdr ko bd`cgel en` nurscnm stu`dntsdxpdgt tk wkrj okr en NMK cn ocvd yders tcbd (86 pdrgdnt en` 84 pdrgdnt rdspdgtcvdly). 5

]fet ehkut tfd prdodrdngds tk wkrj cn en urhen kr rurel erde; Cn tfd lknm run, =6pdrgdnt ko tfd fdeltf wkrjdr stu`dnts wkul` prdodr tk wkrj cn en urhen erde. Pfcs cs esfcmf es 38 pdrgdnt okr bd`cgel stu`dnts, gkbperd` tk =7 pdrgdnt okr nurscnm stu`dnts(scmncocgently `coodrdnt et p21.15).


27/54

5? ]krl` Henj ]krjcnm Qepdr

Ocmurd 0.5. Lknm-tdrb Wdgtkr Qrdodrdngds vdrsus Bd`cub-tdrb Dxpdgtetckns

Wkurgd9Eutfkrs.

Cn ocvd yders tcbd, fkwdvdr, knly ?6 pdrgdnt ko nurscnm stu`dnts en` =6 pdrgdnt kobd`cgel stu`dnts hdlcdvd tfdy wcll hd wkrjcnm cn urhen erdes (ocmurd 0.8). Et tfd sebdtcbd ehkut 0 kut ko 51 stu`dnts erd cntdrdstd` cn wkrjcnm cn e rurel erde okr tfd ocrsttfrdd yders ko tfdcr gerddr en` suhsdqudntly tejd up e pkst cn Jcmelc (73 pdrgdnt okrnurscnm stu`dnts en` 7= pdrgdnt ko bd`cgel stu`dnts), cn`cgetcnm tfet e suhstentcel

mrkup ko stu`dnts eggdpts stertcnm tfdcr gerddr cn e rurel pkst en` bkvcnm tk en urhenerde kvdr tcbd.

Bd`cgel stu`dntssdgtkr ko wkrj

Lknm-tdrb prdodrdngds vdrsus bd`cub-tdrb dxpdgtetckns

1% 84% 41% =4%

NMK

Qrcvetd

Oectf-hesd`

Quhlcg

Lknm-tdrb prdodrdngd Ocvd-yder dxpdgtetckn

Nurscnm stu`dntssdgtkr ko wkrj


1% 84% 41% =4%

NMK

Qrcvetd

Oectf-hesd`

Quhlcg

Lknm-tdrb prdodrdngd Ocvd-yder dxpdgtetckn


28/54

@cvdrscty cn Gerddr Qrdodrdngds ko Outurd Fdeltf ]krjdrs cn Xwenè 5=

Ocmurd 0.8. Xurel Erde Lknm-tdrb Qrdodrdngd vdrsus Bd`cub-tdrb Dxpdgtetckn

Wkurgd9Eutfkrs.

E grkss tehuletckn ko fdeltf stu`dnts dxpdgtetckns ehkut tfd typd ko ikh tfdy wcllfevd cn ocvd yders tcbd (tehlds 0.5 en` 0.8) sfkws tfet wkrjcnm cn tfd puhlcg sdgtkrbkrd tfen tfd ktfdr sdgtkrs cs esskgcetd` wctf dbplkybdnt cn e rurel erde (76 pdrgdnt)

kr e ikh cn glcncgel fdeltf gerd (=6 pdrgdnt) es kppksd` tk puhlcg fdeltf en` wkrj cnXwenè (37 pdrgdnt). Et tfd ktfdr dxtrdbd, wkrjcnm okr en NMK bkrd tfen tfd ktfdrsdgtkrs cs esskgcetd` wctf wkrjcnm cn en urhen erde en` cn puhlcg fdeltf, wfcld e ikh cne oectf hesd` krmenczetckn cs esskgcetd` bkst wctf wkrjcnm ehrke`. Ourtfdr enelyscscn`cgetds tfet tfksd wfk plen tk ldevd tfd fdeltf sdgtkr erd bkst lcjdly tk bkvd tk tfdprcvetd sdgtkr (57 pdrgdnt), kr en NMK (58 pdrgdnt).

Pehld 0.5. Ocvd-yder Dxpdgtetckns okr Wdgtkr ko ]krj en` Ktfdr Ikh Gferegtdrcstcgs(cn %)

Cn ocvd yders C dxpdgt tk wkrj cn E rurel erde E glcncgel ikh Cn Xwenè

Quhlcg sdgtkr 76 =6 37

Oectf-hesd` sdgtkr 7? ?0 ?0

Qrcvetd sdgtkr 53 ?3 ??

NMK 5? 06 =1

Wkurgd9 Eutfkrs.Nktd9 Pfcs tehld rde`s es okllkws9 ko tfksd tfet dxpdgt tk wkrj cn tfd puhlcg sdgtkr, 76 pdrgdnt dxpdgtselsk tk wkrj cn e rurel erde (en` gknsdqudntly ?8 pdrgdnt cn en urhen erde): en` sk kn.

Nurscnm en` bd`cgel stu`dntsrurel erde


1% 51% 81% 71% 01%

Nurscnm stu`dnts

Bd`cgel stu`dnts

Cntdrdstd` cn wkrjcnm cn rurel erde tfd ocrst tfrdd yders ko gerddr

Dxpdgts tk wkrj cn e rurel erde cn ocvd yders tcbd

Lknm-tdrb prdodrdngd okr wkrjcnm cn e rurel erde


29/54


Pehld 0.8. Lknm-tdrb Ikh Qrdodrdngds en` Bd`cub-tdrb Ikh Dxpdgtetckns (cn %)


Cn tfd lknm tdrb prdodrs tk wkrj cnQuhlcg sdgtkrQrcvetd sdgtkrNMKOectf-hesd` sdgtkr

015=7?=

755406=

Trhen Erde =7 38Cn ocvd yders tcbd C tfcnj by dbplkybdnt sctuetckn wcll hd

Quhlcg sdgtkrQrcvetd sdgtkrNMKOectf-hesd` sdgtkr

405=840

4457860

Trhen erde ?6 =6Glcncgel fdeltf

Quhlcg fdeltf

?4

74

=?

80Cb cntdrdstd` tk wkrj tfd ocrst tfrdd yders ko by gerddr cn e rurel erde(en` tfdn tejd up wkrj cn Jcmelc) 73 7=

Wkurgd9Eutfkrs.

Dxpdgtetckns ehkut Cngkbd

]fdn esjd` fkw bugf tfdy dxpdgt tk dern mrkss pdr bkntf (dxglu`cnm hdndocts en` hdokrd texds), nurscnm stu`dnts dxpdgt tk dern kn evdremd XO 731,111 (ehkut TW$=11)pdr bkntf: bd`cgel stu`dnts dxpdgt kn evdremd XO 478,111 (ehkut TW$3=1) 8 Pfcs cs wdllehkvd tfd egtuel bkntfly mrkss selery wfdn dntdrcnm tfd puhlcg sdgtkr, wfcgf cs ehkut

XO 854,111 okr nursds en` XO 741,111 okr `kgtkrs. Pfd puhlcg sdgtkr cs ko gkursd nkt tfdknly dbplkydr okr fdeltf wkrjdrs cn Xwen`e en` e oecr sferd ko fdeltf stu`dnts fesrdpkrtd` tfet tfdy cntdn` tk sddj dbplkybdnt kutsc`d tfd puhlcg sdgtkr wfdrd tfdydxpdgt wemds tk hd fcmfdr (sdd ocmurd 0.7).

Ocmurd 0.7. Cngkbd Dxpdgtetckns wctf Quhlcg Wdgtkr Bd`cub-PdrbGerddr Dxpdgtetckns

Wkurgd9Eutfkrs.

Cngkbd dxpdgtetckns okr stu`dnts wctf puhlcg sdgtkr

bd`cub-tdrb gerddr dxpdgtetckns

1

541,111

711,111

041,111

Egtuel bkntflyselery puhlcg

sdgtkr/ocrst pkst

Dxpdgtd` mrkssbkntfly selery

(bden)

Dxpdgtd`bkntfly hknus,

pdr `cdb, dtg.(bden)

Dxpdgtd` cngkbdorkb `uel pregtcgd

(bden)

X w e n

` d s d

o r e n g s



30/54


Wcngd tfd puhlcg sdgtkr cs stcll hy oer tfd hcmmdst dbplkydr okr fdeltf wkrjdrs cnXwen`e 7 , ct cs wkrtf zkkbcnm cntk tfd rdbundretckn dxpdgtetckns ko tfksd fdeltfstu`dnts wfksd ocvd yder dbplkybdnt dxpdgtetckn cs wctf tfd puhlcg sdgtkr. Nurscnmstu`dnts tfet dxpdgt tk hd wctf tfd puhlcg sdgtkr cn ocvd yders tcbd dxpdgt tk dern knevdremd XO 7??,111: bd`cgel stu`dnts dxpdgt XO 413,111 (tehld 0.7). Pfdsd stu`dntsmdndrelly elsk dxpdgt skbd cngkbd orkb hknusds, pdr `cdbs, en` ktfdr ikh rdletd` hdndocts9 nurscnm stu`dnts dxpdgt XO 535,111: bd`cgel stu`dnts dxpdgt ehkut XO 85?,111pdr bkntf. Cn e``ctckn, 84 pdrgdnt (03 pdrgdnt) ko nurscnm (bd`cgel) stu`dnts dxpdgts tkbejd bkndy orkb `kcnm fdeltf wkrj kn tfd sc`d en` tfcnj ct wcll mdndretd en dxtreXO 548,111 (XO 808,111) kn evdremd pdr bkntf.

Pfd mep hdtwddn dxpdgtd` en` egtuel derncnms, en` tfd tdn`dngy tk `k wkrj kntfd sc`d, cs gknocrbd` hy tfd oegt tfet ehkut knd tfcr` ko tfd bd`cgel stu`dnts en` kndquertdr ko tfd nurscnm stu`dnts wkul` gknsc`dr `kcnm nknfdeltf wkrj kn tfd sc`d cnkr`dr tk tkp up tfdcr derncnms. Okrty twk pdrgdnt ko tfd bd`cgel stu`dnts wkul`gknsc`dr ldevcnm tfd fdeltf sdgtkr co pey en` kppkrtunctcds wdrd hdttdr dlsdwfdrd:wfcld 8= pdrgdnt ko nurscnm stu`dnts wkul` (p21.1=).

Pehld 0.7. Cngkbd Dxpdgtetckn en` Dbplkybdnt Dxpdgtetckns cn Ocvd Sders Pcbd


XO%

`coodrdngd

p-veludokr

`coodrdngdhdtwddnbdens XO

%`coodrdngd

p-veludokr

`coodrdngdhdtwddnbdens

Dxpdgtcnm tk hd wkrjcnm cn tfd puhlcgsdgtkr cn ocvd yders tcbd

706,111 53 1.15 063,111 57 1.58

Dxpdgtcnm tk hd wkrjcnm cn enktfdr sdgtkrcn ocvd yders tcbd

05?,111 448,111

Dxpdgtcnm tk hd wkrjcnm cn e rurel erde cnocvd yders tcbd

7?0,111 51 1.5= 081,111 70 1.15

Dxpdgtcnm tk hd wkrjcnm cn en urhen erdecn ocvd yders tcbd

733,111 4?4,111

Dxpdgtcnm tk hd wkrjcnm wctfcn Xwen`e cnocvd yders tcbd

7=5,111 87 1.15 477,111 1 1.35

Dxpdgtcnm tk hd wkrjcnm ehrke` cn ocvdyders tcbd

044,111 48=,111

Dxpdgtcnm tk hd `kcnm glcncgel wkrj cn ocvdyders tcbd

7=8,111 51 1.58 488,111 6 1.75

Dxpdgtcnm tk hd `kcnm puhlcg fdeltf wkrjcn ocvd yders tcbd

055,111 4?4,111

Dxpdgtcnm tk hd wkrjcnm cn tfd fdeltfsdgtkr cn ocvd yders tcbd

767,111 56 1.5? 486,111 8 1.64

Dxpdgtcnm tk hd wkrjcnm kutsc`d tfdfdeltf sdgtkr cn ocvd yders tcbd

045,111 401,111

Wkurgd9Eutfkrs.


31/54


E glksdr lkkj et tfd esskgcetckn hdtwddn tfd stu`dnts cngkbd dxpdgtetckns en`tfdcr ocvd yder dbplkybdnt dxpdgtetckns sfd`s lcmft kn tfd `rcvcnm okrgds okrkggupetcknel gfkcgd. Pfd ocmurds cn tehld 0.7 cn`cgetd tfet nurscnm stu`dnts dxpdgtcnm tk hd wkrjcnm cn tfd puhlcg sdgtkr cn ocvd yders tcbd dxpdgt tk dern ldss gkbperd` tk tfksdwfk dxpdgt tk hd wkrjcnm cn tfd prcvetd okr prkoct, NMK, kr oectf hesd` sdgtkrs(p21.15). Wcbclerly nurscnm stu`dnts wfk dxpdgt tfdy wcll hd wkrjcnm ehrke` fevdscmncocgently fcmfdr cngkbd dxpdgtetckns tfen tfksd wfk dxpdgt tk hd wkrjcnm wctfcnXwenè. Ktfdr `coodrdngds erd nkt scmncocgent okr nurscnm stu`dnts. Okr bd`cgelstu`dnts, tfksd wfk dxpdgt tk hd wkrjcnm cn rurel erdes cn ocvd yders tcbd fevd cngkbddxpdgtetckns tfet erd 70 pdrgdnt lkwdr tfen tfksd wfk dxpdgt tk hd wkrjcnm cn en urhenerde.

Eltfkumf nkt ell `coodrdngds erd scmncocgent, tfdrd cs e glder pettdrn cn tfd ète tfetcs scbcler okr nurscnm en` bd`cgel stu`dnts, wctf tfksd dxpdgtcnm tk hd wkrjcnm kutsc`dtfd puhlcg sdgtkr, cn urhen erdes, cn puhlcg fdeltf, ehrke` en` kutsc`d tfd fdeltf sdgtkrdxpdgtcnm fcmfdr derncnms.

Wcbclerly wd ocn` selery dxpdgtetckns ko stu`dnts tfet `k nkt wcsf tk wkrj tfd ocrsttfrdd yders ko tfdcr gerddr cn e rurel erde erd fcmfdr gkbperd` tk tfksd tfet `k wcsf tkwkrj cn e rurel erde tfd ocrst 7 yders ko tfdcr gerddr. (XO 018,480 vdrsus XO 7?4,768 okrnurscnm stu`dnts: XO 4==,0?= vdrsus XO 046,555 okr bd`cgel stu`dnts)

Pehld 0.0. Wdldgtd` Cn`cgetkrs okr Cngkbd Dxpdgtetckns

Nurscnmstu`dnts

Bd`cgelstu`dnts

Mrkss bkntfly selery dxpdgtetckn (bden) XO 731,111 XO 478,111Bkntfly hknus en` pdr-`cdb dxpdgtetckn XO 817,111 XO 87?,111

Qrkpkrtckn ko stu`dnts tfet dxpdgts cngkbd orkb ùel pregtcgd 8?% 36%

Evdremd bkntfly e``ctcknel cngkbd dxpdgtetckn orkb ùel pregtcgd XO 545,111 XO 806,111

C bey gfkksd e ikh kutsc`d tfd fdeltf sdgtkr hdgeusd tfd pey en` kppkrtunctcds erdhdttdr (emrdd/strknmly emrdd) 8=% 08%

C wcll `k fdeltf wkrj kn tfd sc`d tk dern dxtre bkndy (emrdd/strknmly emrdd) 80% 03%

C wcll `k nknfdeltf wkrj kn tfd sc`d tk dern dxtre bkndy (emrdd/strknmly emrdd) 80% 78%

Wkurgd9Eutfkrs.

Nktds5 E ourtfdr hrdej`kwn sfkws tfet tfksd wfk dxprdss e prdodrdngd tk wkrj okr en NMK elskprdodr tk wkrj cn en urhen erde, summdstcnm tfet wkrj okr NMKs cs prd`kbcnently pdrgdcvd` es hdcnm wkrj cn en urhen erde.8 Ell ocmurds cn tfcs sdgtckn erd rkun`d` tk tfd nderdst 5,111.7 Wcxty twk pdrgdnt ko tfd fdeltf wkrjokrgd cs fcrd` hy tfd BkF: 84 pdrgdnt hy tfd oectf hesd`sdgtkr (emrdd): 50 pdrgdnt `crdgtly hy NMKs, `cstrcgts, dtg. Nk ocmurds erd eveclehld okr tfd prcvetdokr prkoct sdgtkr hut tfdsd erd essubd` tk hd vdry sbell (BkF, Fuben Xdskurgds okr FdeltfWtretdmcg Qlen 811?/51).


32/54

85

G F E Q P D X 4

Gfkkscnm hdtwddn Trhenen` Xurel Qkstcnm

Wubbery

Pfd wcllcnmndss tk wkrj cn e rurel erde vercds gknsc`drehly egrkss stu`dnts. Bd`cgelstu`dnts erd mdndrelly ldss cnglcnd` tfen nurscnm stu`dnts tk wkrj cn e rurel erde, hutell stu`dnts erd bkrd cnglcnd` derly kn cn tfdcr gerddr.

Pfd `coodrdngd cn prdodrdngds okr rurel sdrvcgd cs rdoldgtd` cn tfd `coodrdntrdsdrvetckn wemds tk wkrj cn e rurel erde, wfcgf sfkws suhstentcel vercetckn.

E scbpld scbuletckn sfkws tfet co wd went 61 pdrgdnt ko tfd nurscnm stu`dnts tktejd up e rurel pkst tfd gurrdnt evdremd selercds wkul` fevd tk hd cngrdesd` wctf 61pdrgdnt tk rdegf XO 731,111. Fkwdvdr, e suhstentcel nubhdr ko nurscnm stu`dnts (80pdrgdnt) cs wcllcnm tk tejd up e rurel pkst okr e selery hdlkw tfd gurrdnt stertcnm selery.

Xdsdrvetckn wemds erd lkwdr okr tfksd nurscnm en` bd`cgel stu`dnts wfk cn`cgetd tfettfd ocrst rdeskn tk tejd up e rurel pkst cs tk fdlp tfd pkkr.Pk bejd rurel pksts bkrd ettregtcvd tk tfksd gurrdntly kptcnm okr en urhen pkst,

rurel pksts sfkul` elsk prkvc`d eggdss tk ourtfdr trecncnm en` spdgcelczetckn, koodr emkk` wkrjcnm dnvcrknbdnt, en` prkvc`d e`dquetd eggdss tk sgfkklcnm okr tfd gfcl`rdnko fdeltf wkrjdrs.

]d fevd elrde`y rdpkrtd` tfet 73 pdrgdnt ko nurscnm stu`dnts en` 7= pdrgdnt kobd`cgel stu`dnts erd cn oevkr ko spdn`cnm tfd ocrst tfrdd yders ko tfdcr gerddr cn rurelerdes (ocmurd 4.5). Ko tfcs mrkup, 76 pdrgdnt ko nurscnm stu`dnts rdpkrts tfet tfdy dxpdgttk hd stcll cn rurel erdes ocvd yders eotdr tfd stert ko tfdcr gerddr. Pfcs cs 75 pdrgdnt okr

bd`cgel stu`dnts. Fkwdvdr, ko tfksd tfet went tk spdn` tfd ocrst tfrdd yders ko tfdcrgerddr cn rurel erdes, 75 pdrgdnt ko nurscnm stu`dnts en` 5? pdrgdnt ko bd`cgel stu`dntsrdpkrt tfet tfdy prdodr rurel sdrvcgd cn tfd lknm tdrb. Pfdsd rdsults summdst tfrdd scbpldbdssemds9 (c) tfd prdodrdngd tk wkrj cn e rurel erde vercds gknsc`drehly egrkss stu`dnts:(cc) bd`cgel stu`dnts erd mdndrelly ldss cnglcnd` tk wkrj cn rurel erdes gkbperd` tknurscnm stu`dnts: en` (ccc) hktf bd`cgel en` nurscnm stu`dnts erd bkstly cnglcnd`tkwer`s rurel sdrvcgd derly kn cn tfdcr gerddr.

Pk hdttdr un`drsten` tfd gfkcgd hdtwddn urhen en` rurel pkstcnms, wd esjd` bkrd`dtecld` qudstckns ehkut tfd wemd okr wfcgf stu`dnts wkul` gfkksd tk wkrj cn e rurelerde, en` wfet ktfdr ikh gferegtdrcstcgs erd cbpkrtent.


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Ocmurd 4.5. @dmrdds ko Xurel Wdgtkr Qrdodrdngds

Wkurgd9Eutfkrs.

Xdsdrvetckn ]emd tk ]krj cn e Xurel Erde

Pfd enelyscs cn tfd prdvckus sdgtckn cn`cgetds tfet wemds pley en cbpkrtent rkld cn tfdgerddr gfkcgd ko outurd fdeltf wkrjdrs. Pk mdt e hdttdr cnscmft cntk tfd gfkcgd hdtwddnrurel en` urhen pkstcnm wd tfdrdokrd esjd` tfd stu`dnts gerdoul gkntcnmdnt veluetcknqudstckns kn tfd rdsdrvetckn wemd tk wkrj cn e rurel erde. Pfd nurscnm stu`dnts wdrdprdsdntd` wctf tfd okllkwcnm qudstckn9

Cbemcnd tfet wfdn yku ocncsf ykur stu`cds yku erd koodrd` twk ikhs es e fdeltf wkrjdr cn tfd puhlcg sdgtkr, knd cn Jcmelc en`knd cn e rurel erde511jb orkb Jcmelc. Hktf gkntregts erd okr et ldest 7 yders en` tfd ikhs erd ktfdrwcsd c`dntcgel. Skurbkntfly selery okr tfd ikh cn Jcmelc wkul` hd 854,111 Xwen`dsd orengs. ]fcgf ikh wkul` yku gfkksd co5 Skur bkntfly selery okr tfd rurel ikh wkul` hd 5?4,111 Xwen`dsd orengs9

C wkul` gfkksd tfd ikh cn Jcmelc C wkul` gfkksd tfd ikh cn tfd rurel erde8 Skur bkntfly selery okr tfd rurel ikh wkul` hd 531,111 Xwen`dsd orengs9



C wkul` gfkksd tfd ikh cn Jcmelc C wkul` gfkksd tfd ikh cn tfd rurel erde4 Skur bkntfly selery okr tfd rurel ikh wkul` hd 7?4,111 Xwen`dsd orengs9

C wkul` gfkksd tfd ikh cn Jcmelc C wkul` gfkksd tfd ikh cn tfd rurel erde? Skur bkntfly selery okr tfd rurel ikh wkul` hd 001,111 Xwen`dsd orengs9

C wkul` gfkksd tfd ikh cn Jcmelc C wkul` gfkksd tfd ikh cn tfd rurel erde= Skur bkntfly selery okr tfd rurel ikh wkul` hd 454,111 Xwen`dsd orengs9

C wkul` gfkksd tfd ikh cn Jcmelc C wkul` gfkksd tfd ikh cn tfd rurel erdeCo yku fevd nkt eggdptd` e ikh cn tfd rurel erde cn eny ko tfd qudstckns ehkvd, wfet wkul` hd tfd bcncbub selery emecnstwfcgf yku gfkksd tfd rurel ikh;[[[[[[[[[[[[[[Xwen`dsd orengs.

Ko tfksd tfet went tk spdn` ocrst tfrdd yders ko gerddr cn rurel erdes

1

4

51

54

81

84

71

74

01


Dxpdgts tk hd cn rurel erde ocvd yders knwer s Qrdodrs rurel sdrvcgd cn tfd lknm run


34/54


Cn tfcs qudstckn, tfd rdodrdngd selery, XO 854,111, rdoldgts tfd evdremd stertcnmselery okr e nursd cn tfd puhlcg sdgtkr. Pfd qudstckn wes pclktd` sdvdrel tcbds en` tfdsgeld wes e`eptd` cn kr`dr tk gepturd tfd rdsdrvetckn wemd okr tfd beikrcty ko stu`dnts.Pfd sebd qudstckn wctf e `coodrdnt rdodrdngd selery (XO 741,111) en` e `coodrdnt sgeldwes prdsdntd` tk tfd bd`cgel stu`dnts

Ocmurd 4.8 plkts tfd gubuletcvd `cstrchutckn oungtckn (G@O) okr nurscnm en`bd`cgel stu`dnts khtecnd` orkb tfd `ete. Pfd mrepf cn`cgetds tfet et tfd gurrdntbkntfly selery (XO 854,111) 7? pdrgdnt ko tfd nursds wkul` tejd up e rurel pkst. Co tfdselery wkul` hd fcmfdr, tfcs prkpkrtckn wkul` elsk cngrdesd. E scbpld scbuletcknsfkws tfet, okr dxebpld, tk mdt 61 pdrgdnt ko nursds tejd up e rurel pkstehkut 61pdrgdnt ko tfd pkpuletckn lcvds cn rurel erdese selery ko XO 731,111 cs rdqucrd`. Pfd Wsfepd` gurvd cn`cgetds tfet odwdr e``ctcknel fdeltf stu`dnts gen hd ettregtd` tk wkrjcn e rurel erde es tfd wemd cngrdesds. Cntdrdstcnmly, e scmncocgent nubhdr ko nursds (80pdrgdnt) cs wcllcnm tk tejd up e rurel pkst okr e selery hdlkw tfd gurrdnt stertcnm selery(XO 854,111).

Ocmurd 4.8. Xurel Wdrvcgd Xdsdrvetckn ]emds ko Nurscnm Wtu`dnts

Wkurgd9Eutfkrs.

Pfd enelyscs cn tfd ndxt sdgtckn cn`cgetds tfet tfd bkst cbpkrtent rdeskn tk gfkksde rurel pkst cs tk went tk fdlp tfd pkkr, wfcgf gen hd sddn es e prkxy okr eltrucsb krbktcvetckn. ]d ocn` tfet tfksd wfk went tk wkrj cn e rurel erde hdgeusd ct prkvc`ds enkppkrtuncty tk fdlp tfd pkkr fevd scmncocgently lkwdr rdsdrvetckn wemds kn evdremd(XO 840,111 vdrsus XO 743,111, p velud 1.15). Qlkttcnm tfd G@O sdperetdly okr tfksd wfkwent tk wkrj cn e rurel erde hdgeusd ct prkvc`ds en kppkrtuncty tk fdlp tfd pkkrvdrsus ktfdr glcdnts rdvdels tfet tfdy elsk fevd e lkwdr rdsdrvetckn wemd, es cs glder

orkb ocmurd 4.7.

1

84

41

=4

511

Nurscnm stu`dnts en` rurel sdrvcgd9 gubuletcvd `cstrchutckn kodxpdgtd` selery


35/54


Ocmurd 4.7. Cntrcnscg Bktcvetckn en` Xurel Wdrvcgd Xdsdrvetckn ]emds ko NurscnmWtu`dnts

Wkurgd9Eutfkrs.

Pfd G@O gen hd plkttd` okr `coodrdnt suhmrkups. Qlkttcnm e sdperetd G@O okr bdnen` wkbdn rdvdels tfet hktf mrkups fevd scbcler rdsdrvetckn wemds. En` wfdn `kcnme scbcler dxdrgcsd okr `coodrdnt emd mrkups, wd gknscstdntly ocn` tfet ykunmdr nurscnmstu`dnts tdn` tk fevd fcmfdr rdsdrvetckn wemds.

Tscnm e scbcler enelyscs okr bd`cgel stu`dnts, wd ocn` tfet 51 pdrgdnt ko tfdbd`cgel stu`dnts erd prdperd` tk tejd up e rurel pksctckn et tfd gurrdnt stertcnm seleryko XO 741,111. Bd`cgel stu`dnts wfk renj fdlp tfd pkkr es bkst cbpkrtent rdeskn tkwkrj cn e rurel erde fevd e lkwdr rdsdrvetckn wemd, hut tfd rdsults erd nkt scmncocgent(p21.57). Lcjd okr nurscnm stu`dnts tfdrd cs nk scmncocgent `coodrdngd hdtwddnrdsdrvetckn wemds egrkss mdn`dr, en` ykunmdr stu`dnts tdn` tk rdqucrd fcmfdr selercds.

Nkn-wemd Ikh Ettrchutds

Pk hdttdr un`drsten` tfd rkld ko nknwemd ikh gferegtdrcstcgs ko cbpkrtengd tk stu`dntswfdn ct gkbds tk rurel vdrsus urhen pkstcnm, stu`dnts wdrd esjd` tk renj tfd rdesknswfy tfdy prdodr tk wkrj cn e rurel kr urhen pkst cn tfd lknm tdrb. Pfd becn rdeskn tkwkrj cn e rurel erde cs tfd Kppkrtuncty tk fdlp tfd pkkr (86 pdrgdnt), wctf eggdss tkmkk` fdeltf gerd (84 pdrgdnt) en` glksdndss tk oebcly en` orcdn`s (50 pdrgdnt) cnsdgkn` en` tfcr` plegd rdspdgtcvdly. Pfksd wfk prdodr en urhen pkst put eggdss tkourtfdr trecncnm en` spdgcelczetckn es tfd bkst cbpkrtent rdeskn (0? pdrgdnt) okllkwd` hy Qrkbktckn kppkrtunctcds (58 pdrgdnt) en` Uuelcty ko wkrjcnm dnvcrknbdnt (55pdrgdnt).

En eltdrnetcvd wey cs tk lkkj hdykn` tfd ocrst renjcnm, tejcnm cntk eggkunt tfetskbd rdeskns erd nkt gknscstdntly renjd` ocrst, hut erd gknscstdntly renjd` fcmf kvdrellwctfkut ndgdssercly hdcnm renjd` ocrst. Orkb tfcs pdrspdgtcvd, Eggdss tk ourtfdrtrecncnm cs renjd` cn tfd tkp tfrdd okr hktf tfksd prdodrrcnm urhen en` rurel pkstcnm.Pfksd wctf e rurel lknm tdrb ikh prdodrdngd renj Eggdss tk mkk` fdeltf gerd en`Kppkrtuncty tk fdlp tfd pkkr cn tfd tkp tfrdd en` Uuelcty ko tfd wkrjcnm

Nurscnm stu`dnts en` rurel sdrvcgd9 gubuletcvd `cstrchutckn ko dxpdgtd` selery Ocrst rdeskn tk gfkksd lkgetckn ko wkrj cs Kppkrtuncty tk fdlp tfd pkkr

Nurscnm stu`dnts - fdlp[pkkr cs ocrst rdeskn tk gfkksd lkgetckn ko wkrj

Nurscnm stu`dnts - fdlp[pkkr cs nkt ocrst rdeskn tk gfkksd lkgetckn ko wkrj

1

81

01

?1

61

511

5?4,111 531,111 854,111 831,111 7?4,111 001,111 454,111 ?11,111 =11,111 611,111


36/54


dnvcrknbdnt en` Eggdss tk mkk` d`ugetckn okr gfcl`rdn erd renjd` ebknm tfd tfrddbkst cbpkrtent gferegtdrcstcgs hy tfksd prdodrrcnm urhen sdrvcgd. Kppkrtuncty tk fdlptfd pkkr cs renjd` lest hy tfksd wctf en urhen sdrvcgd prdodrdngd, bejcnm tfcsgferegtdrcstcg fcmfly `csgrcbcnetkry.

Ocmurd 4.0. Xdeskns tk Gfkksd Trhen vdrsus Xurel Wdrvcgd

Wkurgd9Eutfkrs.

Pehld 4.5. Xenj Kr`dr ko Bkst Cbpkrtent Xurel en` Trhen Ikh Gferegtdrcstcgs

Xurel sdrvcgd Trhen sdrvcgd

Eggdss tk ourtfdr trecncnm Pkp 7 Pkp 7

Eggdss tk mkk` fdeltf gerd Pkp 7 Nkt tkp 7

Kppkrtuncty tk fdlp tfd pkkr Pkp 7 Nkt tkp 7

Uuelcty ko wkrj dnvcrknbdnt Nkt tkp 7 Pkp 7

Eggdss tk mkk` d ugetckn okr gfcl`rdn Nkt tkp 7 Pkp 7

Wkurgd9Eutfkrs.

Pfdsd rdsults summdst tfet tk bejd rurel pksts bkrd ettregtcvd tk tfksd gurrdntlykptcnm okr en urhen pkst, rurel pksts sfkul` elsk prkvc`d eggdss tk ourtfdr trecncnm en`spdgcelczetckn, koodr e mkk` wkrjcnm dnvcrknbdnt, en` prkvc`d e`dquetd eggdss tksgfkklcnm okr tfd gfcl`rdn ko fdeltf wkrjdrs.

Pfd ocrst rdeskn tk gfkksd dctfdr rurel kr urhen ikhs cn tfd lknmdr tdrb

1 4 51 54 81 84 71 74 01 04 41

Qrkbktckn kppkrtunctcds

Kppkrtunctcds tk ocn` enktfdr ikh

Eggdss tk ktfdr cngkbd mdndretcnm kppkrtunctcds

Glksdndss tk oebcly en` orcdn`s

Eggdss tk mkk` d`ugetckn okr gfcl`rdn

Eggdss tk mkk` fdeltf gerd

Kppkrtuncty tk fdlp tfd pkkr

Eggdss tk ourtfdr trecncnm cnglu`cnm spdgcelczetckn

Uuelcty ko wkrjcnm dnvcrknbdnt

Qdrgdnt

Xurel erde cs lknm-tdrb prdodrdngdTrhen erde cs lknm-tdrb prdodrdngd


37/54

8?

G F E Q P D X ?

Cntdrnetcknel Bcmretckn

Wubbery

Cn gkntrest tk ktfdr Eorcgen gkuntrcds, bcmretckn ko fdeltf wkrjdrs ehrke` bey nkt hdsk cbpkrtent okr Xwenè. Pfd stu`y ocn`s tfet 61 pdrgdnt ko nurscnm en` bd`cgel

stu`dnts rdpkrt tk fevd nk cntdntckn tk bcmretd ehrke` cn tfd gkbcnm ocvd yders. En`wfdn prdsdntd` wctf e fypktfdtcgel gfkcgd hdtwddn wkrjcnm `kbdstcgelly en`cntdrnetcknel bcmretckn, 44 pdrgdnt ko nurscnm stu`dnts en` elsk 44 pdrgdnt ko bd`cgelstu`dnts rdpkrt tfet tfdy wkul` tejd up e ikh cn Jcmelc dvdn co tfcs wkul` hd pec` ldsstfen tfd gurrdnt dntry selery, wfcld ?0 pdrgdnt ko nurscnm stu`dnts en` stcll 44 pdrgdntko bd`cgel stu`dnts wkul` stey cn Xwenè co koodrd` e ikh et tfd gurrdnt dntry selery.

Hut tfdrd cs gknsc`drehld fdtdrkmdndcty cn tfd wcllcnmndss tk wkrj ehrke` wctfstu`dnts wfk erd berrcd` kr dnmemd` fevcnm fcmfdr rdsdrvetckn wemds tk bkvd ehrkeèn` tfdrdokrd bkrd lcjdly tk stey cn Xwenè. Skunmdr bd`cgel stu`dnts rdqucrd efcmfdr evdremd selery tk stey cn Xwenè gkbperd` tk kl`dr stu`dnts.

Qrdodrdngd okr ]krj Ehrke`

Beny Eorcgen gkuntrcds oegd tfd gfelldnmd ko tfdcr fdeltf wkrjdrs bcmretcnm tk wkrjehrke`. Pfdrd cs nk dxcstcnm fer` dvc`dngd okr Xwenè. Uuelctetcvd prd rdsdergfsummdstd` tfet nkt beny `kgtkrs en` nursds gknsc`drd` ldevcnm tfd gkuntry es e gerddrgfkcgd. Pfcs cs tk skbd dxtdnt gknocrbd` hy kur ète, es bkrd tfen 61 pdrgdnt ko fdeltfstu`dnts `k nkt dxpdgt tk bcmretd ehrke` cn tfd gkbcnm ocvd yders (67 pdrgdnt okrbd`cgel stu`dnts en` 65 pdrgdnt okr nurscnm stu`dnts). Ndvdrtfdldss, tfcs ldevds glksdtk knd ocotf ko tfd fdeltf wkrjdrs gknsc`drcnm bcmretckn ehrke`. Pk ocn` kut tfd ldvdl koocnengcel cngdntcvds tfet wkul` hd rdqucrd` tk jddp fdeltf wkrjdrs cn Xwenè, wdesjd` fdeltf stu`dnts okr tfdcr rdsdrvetckn wemd uscnm tfd stetd` prdodrdngd qudstckncn Eppdn`cx H.

Pfd rdsults okr nurscnm stu`dnts erd `cspleyd` cn ocmurd ?.5 en` cn`cgetd tfet tfdbeikrcty (44 pdrgdnt) `kds nkt went tk bcmretd, dvdn co tfdy wkul` hd pec` 84 pdrgdntldss tfen tfd stertcnm selery cn e puhlcg sdgtkr pkst, en` tfus dern ?1 pdrgdnt ldss tfentfdy gen gurrdntly dxpdgt. Pfd ocmurd elsk cn`cgetds tfet et tfd gurrdnt stertcnm selery koXO 854,111, ?0 pdrgdnt ko nurscnm stu`dnts wkul` stey cn Xwenè. Ourtfdr enelyscscn`cgetds tfet tfdrd erd nk `coodrdngds egrkss mdn`dr, en` tfksd wfk erd nkt berrcd` krdnmemd` tdn` tk fevd e fcmfdr rdsdrvetckn wemd tk stey cn Xwenè, en` tfus tdn` tk hd

bkrd lcjdly tk bcmretd ehrke`, (XO 718,111 vdrsus XO 8?7,111), eltfkumf tfd rdsult csnkt stetcstcgelly scmncocgent (p21.53).


38/54

@cvdrscty cn Gerddr Qrdodrdngds ko Outurd Fdeltf ]krjdrs cn Xwen`e 8=

Ocmurd ?.5. Xdsdrvetckn ]emds okr e Ikh cn Jcmelc vdrsus Cntdrnetcknel Bcmretckn

Wkurgd9Eutfkrs.

Pfd enelyscs okr bd`cgel stu`dnts mcvds scbcler rdsults, wctf ehkut 44 pdrgdnt kobd`cgel stu`dnts nkt wentcnm tk ldevd tfd gkuntry en` rde`y tk eggdpt e ikh cn Jcmelctfet cs pec` 58 pdrgdnt hdlkw tfd gurrdnt stertcnm selery cn tfd puhlcg sdgtkr. Glksd tk 61pdrgdnt ko bd`cgel stu`dnts wkul` prdodr tk stey cn Xwen`e co tfdy erd pec` tfdcr kwndxpdgtd` bkntfly selery (XO 478,111). Pfdrd erd nk `coodrdngds egrkss mdn`dr, en`bd`cgel stu`dnts wfk erd nkt berrcd` kr dnmemd` fevd fcmfdr rdsdrvetckn wemds, hutemecn tfd `coodrdngd cs nkt scmncocgent. Cn gkntrest wctf nurscnm stu`dnts, bd`cgelstu`dnts wfk erd ykunmdr fevd fcmfdr rdsdrvetckn wemds rdletcvd tk kl`dr stu`dnts, huttfd rdsults erd nkt stetcstcgelly scmncocgent.

Nurscnm en` Bd`cgel stu`dnts - Cntdrnetcknel bcmretckn

Gubuletcvd `cstrchutckn ko dxpdgtd` selery orkb gkntcnmdnt veluetckn qudstckn

1

81

01

?1

61

511

5 ? 4

, 1 1 1

5 3 1

, 1 1 1

8 5 4

, 1 1 1

8 3 1

, 1 1 1

7 5 1

, 1 1 1

7 4 1

, 1 1 1

7 ? 4

, 1 1 1

7 3 1

, 1 1 1

0 0 1

, 1 1 1

0 = 1

, 1 1 1

4 5 4

, 1 1 1

4 4 1

, 1 1 1

? 1 1

, 1 1 1

? 7 1

, 1 1 1

= 1 1

, 1 1 1

= 5 1

, 1 1 1

6 1 1

, 1 1 1

3 1 1

, 1 1 1



39/54

86

G F E Q P D X =

FC_ en` EC@W

Wubbery

Bd`cgel stu`dnts `k hdttdr tfen nursds cn bd`cgel jnkwld`md ehkut en` oebclcerctywctf FC_/EC@W. Pfdy sgkrd fcmfdr kn tfd bd`cgel jnkwld`md rdletd` tk FC_/EC@W,

fevd fcmfdr ldvdls ko sdlo rdpkrtd` jnkwld`md kn EC@W, en` erd elsk bkrd oebclcerwctf FC_.

]d khsdrvd suhstentcel fdtdrkmdndcty cn fdeltf stu`dnts ettctu`ds tk FC_/EC@W, hut bd`cgel stu`dnts fevd gknscstdntly bkrd pksctcvd ettctu`ds tfen nursds.

Fdeltf stu`dnts erd mdndrelly evdrsd tk tejd up wkrj cn fcmf FC_ prdveldngderdes. Wtu`dnts erd wcllcnm tk eggdpt sugf e ikh okr selercds renmcnm orkb XO 5?4,111 tkXO 5,111,111 cn`cgetcnm tfet `coodrdnt stu`dnts fevd quctd `coodrdnt prdodrdngdsrdmer`cnm dbplkybdnt cn erdes wctf fcmf FC_ prdveldngd. ]d elsk ocn` tfet stu`dntserd bkrd unwcllcnm tk wkrj cn fcmf FC_ prdveldngd erdes tfen tk tejd up rurel sdrvcgd.

Pfdrd cs gknsc`drehld fdtdrkmdndcty cn fdeltf stu`dnts mdndrel ettctu`ds tkwer`s

rcsj. Gknsc`drcnm tfd rkld ko e fdeltf wkrjdrs mdndrel ettctu`d tkwer`s rcsj, wd ocn`tfet nurscnm stu`dnts erd bkrd rcsj evdrsd tfen bd`cgel stu`dnts, tfet ykunmdrstu`dnts erd

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