Diversity and Evolution of Rosids

Diversity and Evolutionof Rosids

. . . gourds, walnuts, and maples . . .

Cucurbitales• previously recognized group of 7families (some N2 fixers)• palmate leaves, cucurbitoid teeth,imperfect flowers, parietalplacentation

DatiscaceaeCucurbitaceae

Begoniaceae

N2 fixingclade

Cucurbitaceae - melonsMainly tropical and subtropical family of 118 genera,845 species of herbaceous or woody vines with tendrils(modified inflorescences)

Gurania in Panama Cucumis in Wisconsin

• flowers unisexual andplants usually dioecious,cultivated ones monoecious

Male flower

Female flower

• fusion of perianth (Asterid-like!); stamens are weird,female flower is epigynous

Cucurbitaceae - melons

Fruit is a berry with leatheryrind = pepo (pumpkin, melon,pickle, gourd)

Female flower


Echinocystis lobata wild cucumber

Note the many small maleflowers and few femaleflowers going into fruit andspiny pepo


Sicyos angulata - bur cucumber

Small “burred” cucumberor pickle-like fruits can beseen on bottom right

Cucurbitaceae - melons *Fagales• core “Amentiferae” of Engler &Prantl and subclass “Hamamelidae”of Cronquist - wind pollinated

N2 fixingclade

• trees with unisexualflowers in aments/catkins• inferior G (2-3)• nut - bony 1-seeded

*FagalesNothofagaceae - southern beeches -are sister to all others

• North Temperate family of 7 genera, 670 species (1/2 are oaks)

Castanea - chestnut Quercus - oak

*Fagaceae - beeches

Fagus - beech

• simple leaves and nut enclosed by subtending bracts

• Fagus (beech) is characteristic of mesic forests in northtemperate deciduous forests• easy to recognize with gray bark

Fagus grandifolia -American beech

• 2 pistillate flowers (2 nuts)surrounded by one set of bracts

Fagus sylvatica - Europe

Fagus grandifolia - N. America

*Fagaceae - beeches

• Quercus, the oaks, have bracts belowfemale flower that coalesce into awoody cup of the acorn fruit (nut)

• hybridizing group and taxonomicallychallenging

*Fagaceae - oaks

• White oaks - rounded leaf lobes,thinner walled xylem of summer wood,fruit matures in 1 yr

• Red oaks - bristle tipped leaf lobes,thicker xylem, fruit matures in 2 yrs

*Fagaceae - oaks

white oak red oak

Quercus alba - white oak

White oak - Alleghenian species typicalof more mesic woodlands in Wisconsin

*Fagaceae - oaks

Bur oak - Ozarkian element species ofxeric oak woodlands and oak savannas

Quercus macrocarpa - bur oak

*Fagaceae - oaksRed oak - more mesic member of the redoak group; black oak, hill’s oak are morexeric tolerant

Quercus rubra - red oak

*Fagaceae - oaks

• Castanea, the chestnuts, have 2female flowers per spiny involucre

Castanea dentata - American chestnut

*Fagaceae - chestnuts

Castanea dentata - Americanchestnut original distribution

American chestnutsMassachusetts in late1800s prior to 1904chestnut blight

Japanese chestnut inConnecticut -resistant

*Fagaceae - chestnuts

Well known tree family containing walnuts, hickories, andpecans

10 genera and 50 species are divided into two subfamilies

*Juglandaceae - walnuts

Engelhardia Juglans

• Leaves pinnately compound,alternate• Leaves often aromatic from resinouspeltate glands; allelopathic

Juglans cineraButternut, white walnut

Carya ovatashagbark hickory


• Trees aremonoecious

• Wind pollinatedfeatures

Juglans nigra - Black walnut

Female flower

Male inflorescence


• male flowers apetalous andarranged in pendulous catkins oraments on older stems

• calyx small; each flower bracted

CA 3-6 CO 0 A 3-∞ G 0

Juglans regiaEnglish walnut

*Juglandaceae - walnutsJuglans cinera

Butternut, white walnut

CA 4 CO 0 A 0 G (2)

• female flowers apetalous and in asmall group on this year’s new growth

• calyx small, persistant, often fused toinvolucral bracts; 2 stigma feathery


Juglans nigraBlack walnut


Carya cordiformis Bitternut hickory


• fruit a nut - single ovule fused to ovary wall• surrounded often by persistant involucral bracts which canbecome fleshy; thus sometimes mistakenly called a “drupe”

Juglans nigraBlack walnut


Juglans nigra - black walnut

• black walnut: one of the mostprized of all lumber trees for finefurniture

*Juglandaceae - walnuts• shagbark hickory: common tree ofmore mesic to xeric forests over muchof North America - oak/hickory forests

Carya ovata - shagbark hickory

*Juglandaceae - hickories

*Betulaceae - birchesNorth Temperate family of 6 genera and110 species of shrubs to trees - birchesand alders

• both female and male (drooping)inflorescences are in aments/catkins

• flowers possess no perianth

• fruit a small nut or 1 seeded samara,subtended by 3-lobed bract

*Betulaceae - birches

Betula papyrifera - paper birch

Female inflorescence

Male inflorescence


Betula papyrifera -paper birch

Betula allegheniensisYellow birch


Ostrya virginiana - easternhop hornbeam, ironwood

Alnus, the alders

Corylus americanaHazelnut, filbert

Myrica gale - sweet gale Comptonia peregrina - sweet fern

• Small family 3 genera that fixatmospheric nitrogen

• Dioecious shrubs or subshrubswith sweet aromatic smell

Myricaceae - sweet gale

Casuarina -evergreen withequisetoid leaves

Casuarinaceae• small family of 100 species -the she oaks of Australia

*Sapindales• long recognized group of 9 families• woody, compound leaves• nectar disk

RutaceaeGeijera multiflorum

SapindaceaeAcer platanoides

• 1-2 seeded fruit

*Sapindales

Bitter triterpenoids

• chemically distinct (lemon smells)• preferential herbivory by hemipteranCalophya

Calophya on Schinus(Anacardiaceae)

Rhus glabra - smooth sumac

Woody, worldwide family (70/985)with alternate, compound leaves andpungent, often nasty volatiles orblack exudates (phenolics)

*Anacardiaceae - sumacs

• flowers are small, congested,variously unisexual or perfectbut with diskRhus glabra - smooth sumac

Semecarpus

Magnifera -mango

*Anacardiaceae - sumacsCA 5 CO 5 A 5, 10 G (2-3)

• one-seeded drupes (mango,pistachio, cashew)

Rhus glabra - smooth sumac

Semecarpus

Magnifera -mango

*Anacardiaceae - sumacsCA 5 CO 5 A 5, 10 G (2-3)

Rhus hirta - staghorn sumac


Toxicodendron radicans - poison ivy: variable in habitToxicodendron includes our 3 poisonous species


Toxicodendron vernix - poison sumacMulti-stemmed shrub in wetlands


One of the most poisonous members of this family isthe source of Chinese or Japanese lacquer. What is thespecies?

*Anacardiaceae - sumacs *Sapindaceae - maplesLargely tropical woody family of 735 genera and 1600 species andincludes previously recognized smaller temperate families (maples- Aceraceae, buckeyes - Hippocastanaceae)

• most have opposite, compound leaves• 1-2 seeded drupes or samaras

Sapindus -soapberry

Acer saccharum - sugar maple Acer rubrum - red maple

*Sapindaceae - maplesThe family includes 2 of the most important or dominant treespecies in many of our forest types - sugar maple and red maple CA 4-5 CO 0 or 4-5 A 8, 10 G

(2)• maple flowers typically unisexual by abortion. Perianth 4-5 merous, butpetals lacking in sugar and silver maples and boxelder

• nectariferous disk is often present in the whorl associated with stamens

Acer platanoides - Norwaymaple

Introduced ornamental

Male flower

*Sapindaceae -maples

• superior pistil composed of 2 carpels and 2 extended styles

Female flower

*Sapindaceae -maples

• note reduced and probably non-functional stamens

CA 4-5 CO 0 or 4-5 A 8, 10 G(2)

Acer platanoides - Norway maple

• fruit is a schizocarp - each carpelseparates into a one seeded mericarp

• fruit is also a samara - 2 wingedachenes

*Sapindaceae - maples

One of the most dominantmesic forest tree speciesthroughout Wisconsin isthe sugar maple; leavessmoothed lobed; flowerswithout petals


Acer saccharum/nigrumSugar/black maple

Another dominanthydric-xeric forest treespecies throughoutWisconsin and easternNorth America


Acer rubrum - Red maple

Acer saccharinum - silver maple

Silver maple is characteristic of wet conditions, fastgrowing, and with whitish underside to leaves; likesugar maple has no petals

*Sapindaceae - maplesAcer negundo - boxelder• only dioecious

species of maple andonly one withcompound leaves

• initially male only,as they age theyswitch to female


Aesculus glabra -Ohio buckeye

• horsechestnuts are now included inSapindaceae along with the maples.

• leaves are palmately compound and opposite.


Aesculus hippocastanum -horsechestnut

Ailanthus altissima - tree of heaven

The tree-of-heaven is originally from Asia,widely planted, and somewhat naturalized.

Like most members of the family, the tree isstrongly (pungently) odored.

Simaroubaceae - tree of heaven

Largely alternate, compound leaved family(except oranges and relatives)

Family is well known for its volatile terpenoidcompounds that the leaves & flowers emit

Ptelea trifoliata (hop tree,wafer-ash) - medicinal plnat

Rutaceae - citrus

Citrus sinensis

Zanthoxylum americanumPrickly-ash

Native clonal and spiny armedshrub with pinnately compoundleaves; flowers reduced

Potentially invasive shrub in drierhabitats

Rutaceae - citrus

Meliaceae - mahoganyMahogany - Swietenia brasiliensis - important lumber tree inNeotropics

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Diversity and Evolution of Rosids