Diversity and checklist of tree species in Thattekkad Bird

Microsoft Word - 3.ISCA-IRJBS-2017-079.docxInternational Science Community Association
Review Paper Diversity and checklist of tree species in Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary, Kerala,
Rijuraj M.P. 1Indian Institute of Information Technology
2Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary, Kerala Forest Department (KFD), Thattekad, Kerala, India
Available online at: Received 14th August
Abstract
The present study is a unique attempt to know more about the tree species in Thattekkadu bird sanctuary. Trees are the
dominant plant group of Thattekkad bird sanctuary. To analysis the tree species, we prepare checklist of tree species and to
study the diversity we calculated richness at level of genus and species. Our study reveals good results. This sanctuary
contains 163 tree species which belong to 111 genera and 48 families. Family with maximum number of tree species includes
Fabaceae with 16 tree species. 27.60 % tree species are endemics and considerable percentages of tree species are needed
to be conserved. The finding of the study suggests that the forest of the sanctuary stands undisturbed and healthy. This for
area of the sanctuary could be managed and conserved for multi sectional uses like ecotourism, forest ecology, research and
education rather than a Bird sanctuary.
Keywords: Thattekkad, Fabaceae, Endemics, Trees species and Ecotourism.
Introduction
Trees are useful to the social communities and also play a major
role in the maintenance of natural ecosystem. Conservation
international organized India is one of the 12 mega diverse
countries in the world. The conservation and scientific
management of the tree species for betterment of soil, live
stock management, socio economic development and ecological
significance. Biodiversity is the variety and variability of plant
and animal species including microorganism on our nature. 12%
of the world floras are found in Indian forest. Biodiversity is the
formation of human existence.
In 1980 Lovejoy was first used the term “biodiversity” in its
long version (biological diversity) 1 . The word “Biodiversity”
was defined as the diversity of life in all its forms and its levels
of organization. Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary is considered to be
one of the most diverse regions of forest in Ernakulam District
in Kerala state. About one third portion of this forest is covered
by tree species. This area is situated in Kothamangalam Taluk.
The area lying on the northern bank of river Periyar was
declared as Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary by the Govt of Kerala. In
1997 the Sanctuary was renamed as Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary in
view of honoring Dr. Salim Ali who had ident
recognized the importance of birds in Thattekkad.
The recorded forest area of Kerala under the Kerala forest
department is 11309.5032 Km 2 . Kerala has two bird sanctuaries.
One of the two is Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary (area is 25.16
Km 2 ) and other one is Mangalavanam Bird sanctuary (area is
Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________
(2017)
Association
Diversity and checklist of tree species in Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary, Kerala,
India Rijuraj M.P.
1* , Joseph M.D.
[email protected]
Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me August 2017, revised 7th October 2017, accepted 9th October 2017
versity we calculated richness at level of genus and species. Our study reveals good results. This sanctuary
cies. 27.60 % tree species are endemics and considerable percentages of tree species are needed
to be conserved. The finding of the study suggests that the forest of the sanctuary stands undisturbed and healthy. This for
managed and conserved for multi sectional uses like ecotourism, forest ecology, research and
Thattekkad, Fabaceae, Endemics, Trees species and Ecotourism.
Trees are useful to the social communities and also play a major
role in the maintenance of natural ecosystem. Conservation
international organized India is one of the 12 mega diverse
countries in the world. The conservation and scientific
agement of the tree species for betterment of soil, live-
stock management, socio economic development and ecological
significance. Biodiversity is the variety and variability of plant
and animal species including microorganism on our nature. 12%
rld floras are found in Indian forest. Biodiversity is the
In 1980 Lovejoy was first used the term “biodiversity” in its
. The word “Biodiversity”
of organization. Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary is considered to be
one of the most diverse regions of forest in Ernakulam District
in Kerala state. About one third portion of this forest is covered
ated in Kothamangalam Taluk.
The area lying on the northern bank of river Periyar was
declared as Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary by the Govt of Kerala. In
1997 the Sanctuary was renamed as Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary in
view of honoring Dr. Salim Ali who had identified and
recognized the importance of birds in Thattekkad.
The recorded forest area of Kerala under the Kerala forest
. Kerala has two bird sanctuaries.
One of the two is Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary (area is 25.16
) and other one is Mangalavanam Bird sanctuary (area is
0.0274 Km 2 ). Major vegetation types of sanctuary are tropical
wet ever green forest, tropical semi ever green forest, moist
deciduous forest and plantation of teak. The climate of
sanctuary is tropical and humid climate. Two main water
sources for this area are river Periyar and Idamalayar. The
sanctuary is bounded by the Periyar and Kuttampuzha rivers on
the two sides and Kolombathodu and Orulamthannithodu on the
other two sides. Rainfall is the most important factor depends on
biodiversity. This sanctuary received rainfall both during south
west and northwest monsoon seasons. During June to mid
September 75% of south west monsoon precipitation occurs.
But January and February are generally dry
average rain fall of this area is 30 cm. The speed of wind during
the monsoon through this sanctuary is 60 km
Another important peculiarity of sanctuary is wetlands. These
wetlands create more divisible environment. Wetland is a
complex ecosystem, interacted many organisms. Wet lands are
defined as the “submerged or water saturated lands, both natural
or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or
flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water,
the depth of which does not exceed six meters”
there are 11 major wetlands, which include 6 coastal and 5
inland wetlands 3 . Wetland consists of a wide range of flora and
fauna. It also provides wide range of many ecological, climatic
and communal functions. The literature revealed that number of
work has been done on biodiversity in Kerala; no detailed
account on the tree species diversity in Thattekkad bird
sanctuary is available.
11
Diversity and checklist of tree species in Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary, Kerala,
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary, Kerala Forest Department (KFD), Thattekad, Kerala, India
versity we calculated richness at level of genus and species. Our study reveals good results. This sanctuary
cies. 27.60 % tree species are endemics and considerable percentages of tree species are needed
to be conserved. The finding of the study suggests that the forest of the sanctuary stands undisturbed and healthy. This forest
managed and conserved for multi sectional uses like ecotourism, forest ecology, research and
). Major vegetation types of sanctuary are tropical
wet ever green forest, tropical semi ever green forest, moist
deciduous forest and plantation of teak. The climate of
tropical and humid climate. Two main water
sources for this area are river Periyar and Idamalayar. The
sanctuary is bounded by the Periyar and Kuttampuzha rivers on
the two sides and Kolombathodu and Orulamthannithodu on the
e most important factor depends on
biodiversity. This sanctuary received rainfall both during south
west and northwest monsoon seasons. During June to mid
September 75% of south west monsoon precipitation occurs.
But January and February are generally dry months. The
average rain fall of this area is 30 cm. The speed of wind during
the monsoon through this sanctuary is 60 km\hr.
Another important peculiarity of sanctuary is wetlands. These
wetlands create more divisible environment. Wetland is a
cosystem, interacted many organisms. Wet lands are
defined as the “submerged or water saturated lands, both natural
or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or
flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water,
epth of which does not exceed six meters” 2 . In Kerala,
there are 11 major wetlands, which include 6 coastal and 5
. Wetland consists of a wide range of flora and
fauna. It also provides wide range of many ecological, climatic
unctions. The literature revealed that number of
work has been done on biodiversity in Kerala; no detailed
account on the tree species diversity in Thattekkad bird
International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ________________________________________________ISSN 2278-3202
Vol. 6(10), 11-22, October (2017) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci.
International Science Community Association 12
This study was undertaken, to listing tree species across
disturbed and undisturbed areas of these forests. And also this
study was conducted to assess family level richness, genus level
richness and species level richness in each family of the
ecosystem in Thattekkad bird sanctuary. The present study is
again focused on to find out to identify conservation status of
tree species.
The study area: The study was conducted in Thattekkad Bird
Sanctuary which got Periyar as the southern portion of the
sanctuary. The study area starts from southern side of the
sanctuary and goes along the eastern boundary of sanctuary up
to northern end of sanctuary. A transect measuring skins starting
from the northern side of river Periyar, a long the reserve forest
of the Thattekkad bird sanctuary up to Urulantanni is selected as
the study area. It is located between longitudes 76 0
40’ and
0 7’ and 11
drained by river Periyar and Idamalayar. Also that region
presents small seasonal streams. Due to their geographical
location, the Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary is characterized by
small climatic change. Annual average rainfall of that area is
3000 mm. Maximum annual precipitation bring at south-west
monsoon. In December- January temperature varies between 20
to 30 0 C in December- January and 22
0 C to 32
O C in April-may.
Methodology: An extensive field survey of the study area was
carried out year 2011 for listing the tree species. Most of the
forest areas were covered in accordance with the phenologic
period of species for getting flowering and fruiting specimen for
identification. For the study we took a truck path from Ovunkal
to Urulantanni. First section is from Ovunkal to Mathewthpara.
Second section is from Mathewthpara to Bharannikuzhi. And
third is from Bharannikuzhi to Urulanthanni. Dissections have
been done on the fresh flowering specimens and identified with
the help of diagnostic keys provided for the different taxa by
Gamble 4 , Biswas and Calder
5 and Subramanyam
6 . Tree species
are arranged into different families based on Flowering Plants of
the Western Ghats, India 7 . The data of importance of species is
collected from the authentic literature of Rama Rao 8 , Cais
9 ,
and P.C.
Vssishta 14
. To assess family level richness, genus level richness,
species level richness and G/S in each family of the ecosystem
in Thattekkad bird sanctuary.
During the present study 163 tree species belonging to 48
angiosperm families have been collected and identified.
Detailed list of trees species in Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary of
Ernakulum district with their updated botanical names, family,
conservation status, phenology is presented in Table-1. Our
study shows that this bird sanctuary contains 163 tree species
belonging to 111 genera and 48 families. Area also which
possess many number of monocots. Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss.
and Ochlandra travancirica (Bedd.) Benth. ex
Gamble.(Poaceae) are the most dominant monocot species in
this area. Other dominant monocots are Sclyralera lythophora,
Amonum cannicarpum, Alloteropsis cimicina(L.)Stapf.,
Eragrostis plumose(Retz)Link., Digitaria oilaris(Retz.)Koeler.,
Mariscus paniceus(Rottb.)Vahl., Cryrtococcum trigonum(Retz.)
etc.
Argyreia cymosa(Roxb)Sweet., Almania species, Mukia
maderaspatana,Zonia diphylla(L)Pers, Mimosa pudica L,
Acacia caesia(A.intsia),Clerodendrum infortunatum L etc.
Cycas circinalis and Gnetum edule are two gymnosperm species
get from the study area. And also number of pteridophytes and
bryophytes are growing very healthy in this study area.
November-February is the best flowering and fruiting season of
above identified trees. The most of the tree species are for
flowering in winter season. But some trees are flowering in all
season that means flowering and fruiting throughout. Mainly
three types of trees are present in that area. They are deciduous,
evergreen and semi-deciduous. Evergreen trees are placed only
after deciduous tree. So that whole region shows deciduous trees
are most dominant.
highest family richness. Sterculiaeceae shows second level. But
in section 2 (Mathewthpara to Bharannikuzhi ) found that
Xanthophyllaceae is highest level. Secondly Sterculiaceae and
third is Euphorbiaceae. In section 3 (Bharannikuzhi to
Urulanthanni) family euphorbiaceae members exhibit highest
level. So that section included plants are primitive because
family euphorbiaceae placed the middle of classification.
Xanthophyllaceae, leguminosae and apocynaceae are other
dominant families of this section.
Table-1: List of trees in Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary.
Scientific name Family Vernacular
Actinodaphne madarspatana Bedd.ex Hook.f. Lauraceae Irolimarom Endemic July-March
Actinodaphne malabarica N.P.Balakr Lauraceae Neyaram Endemic Through out
Aglaia barberi Gamble Meliaceae Karaakhil
Rare, Lower
risk/ near
Albizia amara (Roxb.) Boivin Fabaceae Charavatta
(chalavaka) April-August
December
least concern June-March
Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.)R.Parker Meliaceae Chemmaram July – March
Aporosa lindleyana (Wight) Baill. Euphorbiaceae Vetti December-June
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam Moraceae Pilavu Through out
Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. Moraceae Aanjili Endemic December-June
Atuna travancorica (Bedd.) Kosterm.) Clusiaceae Kallankaimaram Endemic November- June
Averrhoa carambola L. Averrhoaceae Aarambuli Exotic September-June
Baccaurea courtallensis (Wight) Muell. Euphorbiaceae Mootilpuli Endemic November-July
Bauhinia purpurea L. Fabaceae Chuvanna
Mandaram Least concern
December
Brineya retusa (Dennst.) Alston Euphorbiaceae Ekdania February-
September
Rare,
vulnerable,
Indeterminate
October-
January
Calophyllum austroindicum Kosterm. Ex
April
least concern
September
Caryota urens L. Arecaceae Olatty Through Out
Cassia fistula L. Fabaceae Kanikonna March-October
Catunaregam spinosa (Thumb.) Tirvengadum Rubiaceae Malakkara Throughout
Chionanthus malaelengi (Dennst.) P.S. Green ssp.
malaelengi Oleaceae Mala elengi Endemic October- April
Cinnamomum macrocarpum Hook.f. Lauraceae Karuva Endemic ,
rare
December-
April
Cinnamomum riparium Gamble Lauraceae Aattuvayana
Endemic,
rare,
vulnerable.
December-
March
April
Cullenia exarillata A.Robyns Bombacaceae Mullan chakka Endemic Through out
Dalbergia lanceolaria L.f. ssp. lanceolaria Fabaceae Vallitty Through Out
Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Fabaceae Eetty Vulnerable Throughout
Dalbergia sissoides Graham ex Wight & Arn. Fabaceae Velitti February –
November
Dillenia indica L. Dilleniaceae Pattypunna May-February
Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. Dilleniaceae Punna Through out
Dimocarpus longan Lour Sapindaceae Chempoovam December-
August
Dipterocarpus bourdilloni Brandis Dipterocarpaceae Karanjili
Endemic,
rare,
Critically
endangered
January-June
Endangered February-June
Endangered March- July
Elaeocarpus variabilis Zmarzty Elaeocarpaceae Kattukara Endemic Through out
Erythina stricta Roxb. Fabaceae Mullumuruku January-June
Ficus arnottiana (Miq) Miq. Var. arnottiana Moraceae Arrayal December-
April
Ficus talbotii King Moraceae Ithi November-June
Ficus tinctoria (Blume) Corner Moraceae Itthi Through out
Ficus tsjahela Burm.f. Moraceae Chital October-May
Flacourtia montana,grahm. Bixaceae Thalir November-June
Garcinia cambogia Clusiaceae Kodumpuli September-
December
August
Endemic,
Rare,
Vulnerable
November –
April
May
Trimen Euphorbiaceae Nellikkapuli Endangered March – May
Gmelina arborea Roxb. Verbenaceae Kumbil Least concern November- June
Gomphandra coriaceaWight Icacinaceae Kambilichedi Through out
Gomphandra tetrandra (Wall. Ex Roxb.) Icacinaceae Through out
Grewia tiliifolia Vahl Tiliaceae Unnam February-
August
Vulnerable March – August
Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.)Wallich ex
Holigrana arnottiana Hook.f. Anacardiaceae Charu Endemic December-
August
Endemic
,Rare,
Vulnerable
October-March
Endangered January – Nov.
Endangered
November –
May
Endemic,
Endangered,
Vulnerable
November-
August
rare December- July
Isonandra perrottiana A.DC. Sapotaceae Karimpala Endemic January April
Ixora arborea Roxb.ex Sm. Rubiaceae Soochimulla January – May
Knema attenuata Warb. Myristicaceae Chorapathri
Endemic,
Lagerstromia reginae Roxb. Lythraceae Manimaruthu Through out
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.)Merr. Anacardiaceae Klayam February-June
Leea indica (Burm.f.)Merr. Leeaceae Nalugu Throughout
Lepisanthes tetraphylla (Vahl) Radlk. Sapindaceae Kalpoovathi Through out
Lophopetalum wightianum Arn. Celastraceae Vembala
Lower
risk/least
concern
Madhuca longifolia (J.Koenig ex L.) J.F.Macbr. Sapotaceae Ellupi February- May
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell. Arg. Euphorbiaceae Chemkolli July- April
Mangifera indica L Anacardiaceae Mavu December- June
Mastixia arborea (Wight) Bedd. ssp. arborea Cornaceae Erambamaram Lower risk/
least concern January – may
K.M.Matthew ex Ramamoorthy Cornaceae Neerkurunnu Endemic
February-
October
Nassakam
critically
endangered,
endangered
Throughout
Miliusa tomentosa (Roxb.) J.Sinclair Annonaceae Kaitha mavu October- May
Myristica beddomei King Myristicaceae Kattujathi Through out
Myristica malabarica Lam. Myristicaceae Kattujathika Endemic, rare,
vulnerable November- June
August
Olea dioica Roxb. Oleaceae Iripa October- April
Ormosia travancorica Bedd. Fabaceae Malamanchadi February– April
Otonephelium stipulaceum (Bedd.) Radlk. Sapindaceaae Kalpoovathi Endemic February-
August
August
Thomson) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Bedd. Annonaceae Nadunaru
December-
October
Premna tomentosa Willd. Verbenaceae Naithekku February – May
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Fabaceae Venga July-April
Pterygota alata (Roxb.) R.Br. Sterculiaceae Pothandi Through Out
Racosperma auriculiforme (Benth.) Padley Fabaceae Acacia maram Exotic December-July
Sapindus trifoliate L. Sapindaceae Urulungi November-
April
Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb. Santalaceae Erumullu Lower risk/
least concern August-May
December
Sterculia urens Roxb. Sterculiaceae Thondi October-April
Sterculia villosa Roxb. ex Sm Sterculiaceae Vakka Februry-May
Stereospermum cholonoides (L.f.) Dc. Bignoniaceae Pathri January-
September
February-
October
Strychnos potatorum L.f. Loganiaceae Thettanparil
kanjiram March – June
Symplocos racemosa Roxb. Symplocaceae Podipari November-
April
Vulnerable December-June
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Myrtaceae Njaval Throughout
Syzygium jambos (L.)Alston Myrtaceae Chamba Throughout
Syzygium laetum (Buch.-Hum.) Gandhi Myrtaceae Kollinjaval Endemic Throughout
Syzygium muindagam (Bourd.) Chithra Myrtaceae Kattuchamba Endemic, February –
August
Endemic,
Termanalia alata B. Heyne ex Roth. Compertaceae Karimaruth Throughout
Termanalia paniculata Roth. Combretaceae Maruth Endemic Throughout
Terminalia bellirica L. Combretaceae Thanni March-January
Tetrameles nudiflora R.Br. Datiscaceae Cheenimaram
Lower
risk/least
concern
February-May
Toona ciliata M Roem. Meliaceae Akil Throughout
Trema orienalis (L.) Blume Ulmaceae Amapotti Throughout
Trewia polycarpa Benth. Euphorbiaceae Pabbarakumbil Endemic January-May
Trichilia connaroides (Wight & Arn.) Bentv. Meliaceae Karakkodi Throughout
Turpinia malabarica Gamble Staphyleaceae Marali June – April
Vateria indica L. Dipterocapaceae Painmaram
Endemic,
Critically
endangered
February –
November
Endemic,
rare,
Critically
September-
June
Vitex altissima L.f. Verbenaceae Mayila March –
October
Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) W. Theob. Fabaceae Erull February-
December
Figure-2: Diversity of tree species in Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary.
Figure-3: Genus richness and species richness of different families.
Figure-4: Conservation status of trees in Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary.
Table-2: Species richness, genus richness, G/S ratio and percentage of endemism in different families of tree species in Thattekkad
Bird Sanctuary.
Family Genus
Arecaceae 0.90 0.61 1 -
Asteraceae 0.90 0.61 1 -
Averrhoaceae 0.90 0.61 1 -
Bignoniaceae 0.90 1.23 0.50 -
Bixaceae 0.90 0.61 1 -
Bombacaceae 1.80 1.23 1 -
Burseraceae 0.90 0.61 1 -
Celastraceae 0.90 0.61 1 -
Datiscaceae 0.90 0.61 1 -
Dilleniaceae 0.90 1.23 0.50 -
Ebenaceae 0.90 1.23 0.50 -
Icacinaceae 0.90 1.23 0.50 -
Family Genus
Malvaceae 0.90 0.61 1 -
Rhamnaceae 0.90 0.61 1 -
Rubiaceae 5.41 3.68 1 -
Rutaceae 2.70 1.23 1 -
Santalaceae 0.90 0.61 1 -
Staphyleaceae 0.90 0.61 1 -
Sterculiaceae 2.70 3.07 0.60 -
Symplocaceae 0.90 1.23 0.50 -
Tiliaceae 0.90 0.61 1 -
Ulmaceae 1.80 1.23 1 -
Urticaceae 0.90 0.61 1 -
Verbenaceae 3.60 2.45 1 -
A careful analysis of the data revealed that 27.60 % (45 species)
tree species are endemics, 4.29 % are critically endangered, 4.91
% are vulnerable, 5.52 % are at lower risk and 6.75% are least
concern species. Family with maximum number of species is
Fabaceae with 16 species, followed by Euphorbiaceae with 13
species. Third palace occupied by Anacardiaceae, Clusiaceae
and Moraceae with 9 species. 16 families are represented as
monospecific. Family Dipterocarpaceae and Xanthophyllaceae
are 100 % endemic. 43.75 % of families are having endemic
tree species. 9.91 is the highest value of genus richness exhibit
by Euphorbiaceae and Fabaceae. Fabaceae shows highest
species richness 9.82. Most diverse family is Myrtaceae with
lowest species genus ratio 0.17. 26 families shows doesn’t show
any diversity (G/S = 1). The present study clearly indicates that
forest of sanctuary have conservation pockets of some rare and
endemic tree species.
Conclusion
In present study identified that 163 tree species belonging to 111
genera and 48 families. 27.60% tree species are endemics,
5.52% are lower risk, 6.75% are least concern, 4.91% are
vulnerable and 4.29% are critically endangered tree species.
Family Fabaceae carries more number of tree species. The
increase in species richness may be due to decrease in biotic
pressure. At present there is no problem in that area. Our
findings of this study could be used as a primary source of
information and to provide starting point used for comparison of
data for assessing the tree species diversity of ecosystem in the
sanctuary. Also the finding of the study suggests that the forest
of the sanctuary stands undisturbed and healthy. This forest area
of the sanctuary could be managed and conserved for multi
sectional uses like ecotourism, forest ecology, research and
education rather than a bird sanctuary. Similar studies are
inevitable for understanding plant diversity in the forest so as to
identify and conserve our valuable plant wealth for the sake of
posterity.
Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to the emirates professor, Dr C S P Iyer
and Dr Jaishankar, Co-ordinator, School of Ecological
Informatics, IIITM-K, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala for various
help in their research activities. We also express my sincere
gratitude to KFD, Mr T K Dinesh Kumar, Selection Grade
Lecturer in University College, Thiruvananthapuram and Dr.
Ravi Rt Lecturer in NSS college Kollam.
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Diversity and checklist of tree species in Thattekkad Bird